InstSimplify: Require instruction be parented

Unlike every other analysis and transform, simplifyInstruction
permitted operating on instructions which are not inserted
into a function. This created an edge case no other code needs
to really worry about, and limited transforms in cases that
can make use of the context function. Only the inliner and a handful
of other utilities were making use of this, so just fix up these
edge cases. Results in some IR ordering differences since
cloned blocks are inserted eagerly now. Plus some additional
simplifications trigger (e.g. some add 0s now folded out that
previously didn't).