[BOLT][NFC] Propagate BOLTErrors from Core, RewriteInstance, and passes (2/2) (#81523)

As part of the effort to refactor old error handling code that
would directly call exit(1), in this patch continue the migration
on libCore, libRewrite and libPasses to use the new BOLTError
class whenever a failure occurs.

Test Plan: NFC

Co-authored-by: Rafael Auler <rafaelauler@fb.com>