[lldb][progress] Hook up new broadcast bit and progress manager (#83069)

This commit adds the functionality to broadcast events using the
`Debugger::eBroadcastProgressCategory`
bit (https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/81169) by keeping track
of these reports with the `ProgressManager`
class (https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/81319). The new bit is
used in such a way that it will only broadcast the initial and final
progress reports for specific progress categories that are managed by
the progress manager.

This commit also adds a new test to the progress report unit test that
checks that only the initial/final reports are broadcasted when using
the new bit.