[flang][lowering] Add support for lowering of the `i{a}char` intrinsics

This patch adds support for lowering of the `i{a}char` intrinsics from
Fortran to the FIR dialect of MLIR.

This is part of the upstreaming effort from the `fir-dev` branch in [1].

[1] https://github.com/flang-compiler/f18-llvm-project

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D121790



Co-authored-by: Jean Perier <jperier@nvidia.com>
Co-authored-by: Valentin Clement <clementval@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: V Donaldson <vdonaldson@nvidia.com>
Co-authored-by: zacharyselk <zrselk@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Eric Schweitz <eschweitz@nvidia.com>