[mlir] Implement pass utils for 1:N type conversions.

The current dialect conversion does not support 1:N type conversions.
This commit implements a (poor-man's) dialect conversion pass that does
just that. To keep the pass independent of the "real" dialect conversion
infrastructure, it provides a specialization of the TypeConverter class
that allows for N:1 target materializations, a specialization of the
RewritePattern and PatternRewriter classes that automatically add
appropriate unrealized casts supporting 1:N type conversions and provide
converted operands for implementing subclasses, and a conversion driver
that applies the provided patterns and replaces the unrealized casts
that haven't folded away with user-provided materializations.

The current pass is powerful enough to express many existing manual
solutions for 1:N type conversions or extend transforms that previously
didn't support them, out of which this patch implements call graph type
decomposition (which is currently implemented with a Va...