[Libomptarget] Move ELF symbol extraction to the ELF utility (#74717)

Summary:
We shouldn't have the format specific ELF handling in the generic plugin
manager. This patch moves that out of the implementation and into the
ELF utilities. This patch changes the SHT_NOBITS case to be a hard
error, which should be correct as the existing use already seemed to
return an error if the result was a null pointer.

This also uses a `const_cast`, which is bad practice. However,
rebuilding the `constness` of all of this would be a massive overhaul,
and this matches the previous behaviour (We would take a pointer to the
image that is most likely read-only in the ELF).