[libc++][hardening] Check that `_LIBCPP_HARDENING_MODE_DEFAULT` is defined (#80353)

If the `_LIBCPP_HARDENING_MODE_DEFAULT` macro is not defined,
`_LIBCPP_HARDENING_MODE` will be considered defined but fail the check
for a valid hardening mode, resulting in a slightly less understandable
error (that error is really meant more to prevent users from passing
incorrect values such as `0` or `1` directly rather than catching
configuration issues).