[Clang] Eagerly instantiate used constexpr function upon definition. (#73463)

Despite CWG2497 not being resolved, it is reasonable to expect the
following code to compile (and which is supported by other compilers)

```cpp
  template<typename T> constexpr T f();
  constexpr int g() { return f<int>(); } // #1
  template<typename T> constexpr T f() { return 123; }
  int k[g()];
  // #2
```

To that end, we eagerly instantiate all referenced specializations of
constexpr functions when they are defined.

We maintain a map of (pattern, [instantiations]) independent of
`PendingInstantiations` to avoid having to iterate that list after each
function definition.

We should apply the same logic to constexpr variables, but I wanted to
keep the PR small.

Fixes #73232