bcachefs: thread_with_stdio: convert to darray

 - eliminate the dependency on printbufs, so that we can lift
   thread_with_file for use in xfs
 - add a nonblocking parameter to stdio_redirect_printf(), and either
   block if the buffer is full or drop it on the floor - don't buffer
   infinitely

Signed-off-by: Kent Overstreet <kent.overstreet@linux.dev>