# Common Tasks

This chapter presents several common tasks you perform when you work with the Yocto Project Linux kernel. These tasks include preparing a layer, modifying an existing recipe, iterative development, working with your own sources, and incorporating out-of-tree modules.

The examples presented in this chapter work with the Yocto Project 1.2.2 Release and forward.

## Creating and Preparing a Layer

If you are going to be modifying kernel recipes, it is recommended that you create and prepare your own layer in which to do your work. Your layer contains its own BitBake append files (`.bbappend`) and provides a convenient mechanism to create your own recipe files (`.bb`). For details on how to create and work with layers, see the following sections in the Yocto Project Development Manual:

- "Understanding and Creating Layers" for general information on layers and how to create layers.

- "Set Up Your Layer for the Build" for specific instructions on setting up a layer for kernel development.

## Modifying an Existing Recipe

In many cases, you can customize an existing linux-yocto recipe to meet the needs of your project. Each release of the Yocto Project provides a few Linux kernel recipes from which you can choose. These are located in the Source Directory in `meta/recipes-kernel/linux`.

Modifying an existing recipe can consist of the following:

- Creating the append file

- Applying patches

- Changing the configuration

Before modifying an existing recipe, be sure that you have created a minimal, custom layer from which you can work. See the "Creating and Preparing a Layer" section for some general resources. You can also see the "Set Up Your Layer for the Build" section of the Yocto Project Development Manual for a detailed example.

### Creating the Append File

You create this file in your custom layer. You also name it accordingly based on the linux-yocto recipe you are using. For example, if you are modifying the `meta/recipes-kernel/linux/linux-yocto_4.4.bb` recipe, the append file will typically be located as follows within your custom layer:

         your-layer/recipes-kernel/linux/linux-yocto_4.4.bbappend

The append file should initially extend the `FILESPATH` search path by prepending the directory that contains your files to the `FILESEXTRAPATHS` variable as follows:

         FILESEXTRAPATHS_prepend := "${THISDIR}/${PN}:"

The path `${` `THISDIR` `}/${` `PN` `}` expands to "linux-yocto" in the current directory for this example. If you add any new files that modify the kernel recipe and you have extended `FILESPATH` as described above, you must place the files in your layer in the following area:

         your-layer/recipes-kernel/linux/linux-yocto/

If you are working on a new machine Board Support Package (BSP), be sure to refer to the Yocto Project Board Support Package (BSP) Developer's Guide.

As an example, consider the following append file used by the BSPs in `meta-yocto-bsp`:

         meta-yocto-bsp/recipes-kernel/linux/linux-yocto_4.4.bbappend

The following listing shows the file. Be aware that the actual commit ID strings in this example listing might be different than the actual strings in the file from the `meta-yocto-bsp` layer upstream.

         KBRANCH_genericx86  = "standard/base"
         KBRANCH_genericx86-64  = "standard/base"

         KMACHINE_genericx86 ?= "common-pc"
         KMACHINE_genericx86-64 ?= "common-pc-64"
         KBRANCH_edgerouter = "standard/edgerouter"
         KBRANCH_beaglebone = "standard/beaglebone"
         KBRANCH_mpc8315e-rdb = "standard/fsl-mpc8315e-rdb"

         SRCREV_machine_genericx86    ?= "ad8b1d659ddd2699ebf7d50ef9de8940b157bfc2"
         SRCREV_machine_genericx86-64 ?= "ad8b1d659ddd2699ebf7d50ef9de8940b157bfc2"
         SRCREV_machine_edgerouter ?= "cebe1ad56aebd89e0de29412e19433fb441bf13c"
         SRCREV_machine_beaglebone ?= "cebe1ad56aebd89e0de29412e19433fb441bf13c"
         SRCREV_machine_mpc8315e-rdb ?= "06c0dbdcba374ca7f92a53d69292d6bb7bc9b0f3"

         COMPATIBLE_MACHINE_genericx86 = "genericx86"
         COMPATIBLE_MACHINE_genericx86-64 = "genericx86-64"
         COMPATIBLE_MACHINE_edgerouter = "edgerouter"
         COMPATIBLE_MACHINE_beaglebone = "beaglebone"
         COMPATIBLE_MACHINE_mpc8315e-rdb = "mpc8315e-rdb"

         LINUX_VERSION_genericx86 = "4.4.41"
         LINUX_VERSION_genericx86-64 = "4.4.41"
         LINUX_VERSION_edgerouter = "4.4.53"
         LINUX_VERSION_beaglebone = "4.4.53"
         LINUX_VERSION_mpc8315e-rdb = "4.4.53"

This append file contains statements used to support several BSPs that ship with the Yocto Project. The file defines machines using the `COMPATIBLE_MACHINE` variable and uses the `KMACHINE` variable to ensure the machine name used by the OpenEmbedded build system maps to the machine name used by the Linux Yocto kernel. The file also uses the optional `KBRANCH` variable to ensure the build process uses the appropriate kernel branch.

Although this particular example does not use it, the `KERNEL_FEATURES` variable could be used to enable features specific to the kernel. The append file points to specific commits in the Source Directory Git repository and the `meta` Git repository branches to identify the exact kernel needed to build the BSP.

One thing missing in this particular BSP, which you will typically need when developing a BSP, is the kernel configuration file (`.config`) for your BSP. When developing a BSP, you probably have a kernel configuration file or a set of kernel configuration files that, when taken together, define the kernel configuration for your BSP. You can accomplish this definition by putting the configurations in a file or a set of files inside a directory located at the same level as your kernel's append file and having the same name as the kernel's main recipe file. With all these conditions met, simply reference those files in the `SRC_URI` statement in the append file.

For example, suppose you had some configuration options in a file called `network_configs.cfg`. You can place that file inside a directory named `linux-yocto` and then add a `SRC_URI` statement such as the following to the append file. When the OpenEmbedded build system builds the kernel, the configuration options are picked up and applied.

         SRC_URI += "file://network_configs.cfg"

To group related configurations into multiple files, you perform a similar procedure. Here is an example that groups separate configurations specifically for Ethernet and graphics into their own files and adds the configurations by using a `SRC_URI` statement like the following in your append file:

         SRC_URI += "file://myconfig.cfg \
                     file://eth.cfg \
                     file://gfx.cfg"

Another variable you can use in your kernel recipe append file is the `FILESEXTRAPATHS` variable. When you use this statement, you are extending the locations used by the OpenEmbedded system to look for files and patches as the recipe is processed.

Other methods exist to accomplish grouping and defining configuration options. For example, if you are working with a local clone of the kernel repository, you could checkout the kernel's `meta` branch, make your changes, and then push the changes to the local bare clone of the kernel. The result is that you directly add configuration options to the `meta` branch for your BSP. The configuration options will likely end up in that location anyway if the BSP gets added to the Yocto Project.

In general, however, the Yocto Project maintainers take care of moving the `SRC_URI`-specified configuration options to the kernel's `meta` branch. Not only is it easier for BSP developers to not have to worry about putting those configurations in the branch, but having the maintainers do it allows them to apply 'global' knowledge about the kinds of common configuration options multiple BSPs in the tree are typically using. This allows for promotion of common configurations into common features.

### Applying Patches

If you have a single patch or a small series of patches that you want to apply to the Linux kernel source, you can do so just as you would with any other recipe. You first copy the patches to the path added to `FILESEXTRAPATHS` in your `.bbappend` file as described in the previous section, and then reference them in `SRC_URI` statements.

For example, you can apply a three-patch series by adding the following lines to your linux-yocto `.bbappend` file in your layer:

         SRC_URI += "file://0001-first-change.patch"
         SRC_URI += "file://0002-second-change.patch"
         SRC_URI += "file://0003-third-change.patch"

The next time you run BitBake to build the Linux kernel, BitBake detects the change in the recipe and fetches and applies the patches before building the kernel.

For a detailed example showing how to patch the kernel, see the "Patching the Kernel" section in the Yocto Project Development Manual.

### Changing the Configuration

You can make wholesale or incremental changes to the final `.config` file used for the eventual Linux kernel configuration by including a `defconfig` file and by specifying configuration fragments in the `SRC_URI` to be applied to that file.

If you have a complete, working Linux kernel `.config` file you want to use for the configuration, as before, copy that file to the appropriate `${PN}` directory in your layer's `recipes-kernel/linux` directory, and rename the copied file to "defconfig". Then, add the following lines to the linux-yocto `.bbappend` file in your layer:

         FILESEXTRAPATHS_prepend := "${THISDIR}/${PN}:"
         SRC_URI += "file://defconfig"

The `SRC_URI` tells the build system how to search for the file, while the `FILESEXTRAPATHS` extends the `FILESPATH` variable (search directories) to include the `${PN}` directory you created to hold the configuration changes.

The build system applies the configurations from the `defconfig` file before applying any subsequent configuration fragments. The final kernel configuration is a combination of the configurations in the `defconfig` file and any configuration fragments you provide. You need to realize that if you have any configuration fragments, the build system applies these on top of and after applying the existing `defconfig` file configurations.

Generally speaking, the preferred approach is to determine the incremental change you want to make and add that as a configuration fragment. For example, if you want to add support for a basic serial console, create a file named `8250.cfg` in the `${PN}` directory with the following content (without indentation):

         CONFIG_SERIAL_8250=y
         CONFIG_SERIAL_8250_CONSOLE=y
         CONFIG_SERIAL_8250_PCI=y
         CONFIG_SERIAL_8250_NR_UARTS=4
         CONFIG_SERIAL_8250_RUNTIME_UARTS=4
         CONFIG_SERIAL_CORE=y
         CONFIG_SERIAL_CORE_CONSOLE=y

Next, include this configuration fragment and extend the `FILESPATH` variable in your `.bbappend` file:

         FILESEXTRAPATHS_prepend := "${THISDIR}/${PN}:"
         SRC_URI += "file://8250.cfg"

The next time you run BitBake to build the Linux kernel, BitBake detects the change in the recipe and fetches and applies the new configuration before building the kernel.

For a detailed example showing how to configure the kernel, see the "Configuring the Kernel" section in the Yocto Project Development Manual.

### Using an "In-Tree" `defconfig` File

It might be desirable to have kernel configuration fragment support through a `defconfig` file that is pulled from the kernel source tree for the configured machine. By default, the OpenEmbedded build system looks for `defconfig` files in the layer used for Metadata, which is "out-of-tree", and then configures them using the following:

         SRC_URI += "file://defconfig"

If you do not want to maintain copies of `defconfig` files in your layer but would rather allow users to use the default configuration from the kernel tree and still be able to add configuration fragments to the `SRC_URI` through, for example, append files, you can direct the OpenEmbedded build system to use a `defconfig` file that is "in-tree".

To specify an "in-tree" `defconfig` file, edit the recipe that builds your kernel so that it has the following command form:

         KBUILD_DEFCONFIG_KMACHINE ?= defconfig_file

You need to append the variable with `KMACHINE` and then supply the path to your "in-tree" `defconfig` file.

Aside from modifying your kernel recipe and providing your own `defconfig` file, you need to be sure no files or statements set `SRC_URI` to use a `defconfig` other than your "in-tree" file (e.g. a kernel's `linux-`machine`.inc` file). In other words, if the build system detects a statement that identifies an "out-of-tree" `defconfig` file, that statement will override your `KBUILD_DEFCONFIG` variable.

See the `KBUILD_DEFCONFIG` variable description for more information.

## Using an Iterative Development Process

If you do not have existing patches or configuration files, you can iteratively generate them from within the BitBake build environment as described within this section. During an iterative workflow, running a previously completed BitBake task causes BitBake to invalidate the tasks that follow the completed task in the build sequence. Invalidated tasks rebuild the next time you run the build using BitBake.

As you read this section, be sure to substitute the name of your Linux kernel recipe for the term "linux-yocto".

### "-dirty" String

If kernel images are being built with "-dirty" on the end of the version string, this simply means that modifications in the source directory have not been committed.

         $ git status

You can use the above Git command to report modified, removed, or added files. You should commit those changes to the tree regardless of whether they will be saved, exported, or used. Once you commit the changes, you need to rebuild the kernel.

To force a pickup and commit of all such pending changes, enter the following:

         $ git add .
         $ git commit -s -a -m "getting rid of -dirty"

Next, rebuild the kernel.

### Generating Configuration Files

You can manipulate the `.config` file used to build a linux-yocto recipe with the `menuconfig` command as follows:

         $ bitbake linux-yocto -c menuconfig

This command starts the Linux kernel configuration tool, which allows you to prepare a new `.config` file for the build. When you exit the tool, be sure to save your changes at the prompt.

The resulting `.config` file is located in the build directory, `${` `B` `}`, which expands to `${` `WORKDIR` `}``/linux-``${` `PACKAGE_ARCH` `}-${` `LINUX_KERNEL_TYPE` `}-build`. You can use the entire `.config` file as the `defconfig` file as described in the "Changing the Configuration" section. For more information on the `.config` file, see the "Using `menuconfig`" section in the Yocto Project Development Manual.

You can determine what a variable expands to by looking at the output of the `bitbake -e` command:

         $ bitbake -e virtual/kernel

Search the output for the variable in which you are interested to see exactly how it is expanded and used.

A better method is to create a configuration fragment using the differences between two configuration files: one previously created and saved, and one freshly created using the `menuconfig` tool.

To create a configuration fragment using this method, follow these steps:

1. Complete a build at least through the kernel configuration task as follows:

            $ bitbake linux-yocto -c kernel_configme -f

   This step ensures that you will be creating a `.config` file from a known state. Because situations exist where your build state might become unknown, it is best to run the previous command prior to starting up `menuconfig`.

2. Run the `menuconfig` command:

            $ bitbake linux-yocto -c menuconfig

3. Run the `diffconfig` command to prepare a configuration fragment. The resulting file `fragment.cfg` will be placed in the `${` `WORKDIR` `}` directory:

            $ bitbake linux-yocto -c diffconfig

The `diffconfig` command creates a file that is a list of Linux kernel `CONFIG_` assignments. See the "Changing the Configuration" section for information on how to use the output as a configuration fragment.

You can also use this method to create configuration fragments for a BSP. See the "BSP Descriptions" section for more information.

The kernel tools also provide configuration validation. You can use these tools to produce warnings for when a requested configuration does not appear in the final `.config` file or when you override a policy configuration in a hardware configuration fragment. Here is an example with some sample output of the command that runs these tools:

         $ bitbake linux-yocto -c kernel_configcheck -f

         ...

         NOTE: validating kernel configuration
         This BSP sets 3 invalid/obsolete kernel options.
         These config options are not offered anywhere within this kernel.
         The full list can be found in your kernel src dir at:
         meta/cfg/standard/mybsp/invalid.cfg

         This BSP sets 21 kernel options that are possibly non-hardware related.
         The full list can be found in your kernel src dir at:
         meta/cfg/standard/mybsp/specified_non_hdw.cfg

         WARNING: There were 2 hardware options requested that do not
                  have a corresponding value present in the final ".config" file.
                  This probably means you are not getting the config you wanted.
                  The full list can be found in your kernel src dir at:
                  meta/cfg/standard/mybsp/mismatch.cfg

The output describes the various problems that you can encounter along with where to find the offending configuration items. You can use the information in the logs to adjust your configuration files and then repeat the `kernel_configme` and `kernel_configcheck` commands until they produce no warnings.

For more information on how to use the `menuconfig` tool, see the "Using `menuconfig`" section in the Yocto Project Development Manual.

### Modifying Source Code

You can experiment with source code changes and create a simple patch without leaving the BitBake environment. To get started, be sure to complete a build at least through the kernel configuration task:

         $ bitbake linux-yocto -c kernel_configme -f

Taking this step ensures you have the sources prepared and the configuration completed. You can find the sources in the build directory within the `source/` directory, which is a symlink (i.e. `${` `B` `}/source`). The `source/` directory expands to `${` `WORKDIR` `}``/linux-``${` `PACKAGE_ARCH` `}-${` `LINUX_KERNEL_TYPE` `}-build/source`. The directory pointed to by the `source/` symlink is also known as `${` `STAGING_KERNEL_DIR` `}`.

You can edit the sources as you would any other Linux source tree. However, keep in mind that you will lose changes if you trigger the `do_fetch` task for the recipe. You can avoid triggering this task by not using BitBake to run the `cleanall`, `cleansstate`, or forced `fetch` commands. Also, do not modify the recipe itself while working with temporary changes or BitBake might run the `fetch` command depending on the changes to the recipe.

To test your temporary changes, instruct BitBake to run the `compile` again. The `-f` option forces the command to run even though BitBake might think it has already done so:

         $ bitbake linux-yocto -c compile -f

If the compile fails, you can update the sources and repeat the `compile`. Once compilation is successful, you can inspect and test the resulting build (i.e. kernel, modules, and so forth) from the following build directory:

         ${WORKDIR}/linux-${PACKAGE_ARCH}-${LINUX_KERNEL_TYPE}-build

Alternatively, you can run the `deploy` command to place the kernel image in the `tmp/deploy/images` directory:

    	$ bitbake linux-yocto -c deploy

And, of course, you can perform the remaining installation and packaging steps by issuing:

    	$ bitbake linux-yocto

For rapid iterative development, the edit-compile-repeat loop described in this section is preferable to rebuilding the entire recipe because the installation and packaging tasks are very time consuming.

Once you are satisfied with your source code modifications, you can make them permanent by generating patches and applying them to the `SRC_URI` statement as described in the "Applying Patches" section. If you are not familiar with generating patches, refer to the "Creating the Patch" section in the Yocto Project Development Manual.

## Working With Your Own Sources

If you cannot work with one of the Linux kernel versions supported by existing linux-yocto recipes, you can still make use of the Yocto Project Linux kernel tooling by working with your own sources. When you use your own sources, you will not be able to leverage the existing kernel Metadata and stabilization work of the linux-yocto sources. However, you will be able to manage your own Metadata in the same format as the linux-yocto sources. Maintaining format compatibility facilitates converging with linux-yocto on a future, mutually-supported kernel version.

To help you use your own sources, the Yocto Project provides a linux-yocto custom recipe (`linux-yocto-custom.bb`) that uses `kernel.org` sources and the Yocto Project Linux kernel tools for managing kernel Metadata. You can find this recipe in the `poky` Git repository of the Yocto Project Source Repository at:

         poky/meta-skeleton/recipes-kernel/linux/linux-yocto-custom.bb

Here are some basic steps you can use to work with your own sources:

1. Copy the `linux-yocto-custom.bb` recipe to your layer and give it a meaningful name. The name should include the version of the Linux kernel you are using (e.g. `linux-yocto-myproject_3.19.bb`, where "3.19" is the base version of the Linux kernel with which you would be working).

2. In the same directory inside your layer, create a matching directory to store your patches and configuration files (e.g. `linux-yocto-myproject`).

3. Make sure you have either a `defconfig` file or configuration fragment files. When you use the `linux-yocto-custom.bb` recipe, you must specify a configuration. If you do not have a `defconfig` file, you can run the following:

            $ make defconfig

   After running the command, copy the resulting `.config` to the `files` directory as "defconfig" and then add it to the `SRC_URI` variable in the recipe.

   Running the `make defconfig` command results in the default configuration for your architecture as defined by your kernel. However, no guarantee exists that this configuration is valid for your use case, or that your board will even boot. This is particularly true for non-x86 architectures. To use non-x86 `defconfig` files, you need to be more specific and find one that matches your board (i.e. for arm, you look in `arch/arm/configs` and use the one that is the best starting point for your board).

4. Edit the following variables in your recipe as appropriate for your project:

   - `SRC_URI`: The `SRC_URI` should specify a Git repository that uses one of the supported Git fetcher protocols (i.e. `file`, `git`, `http`, and so forth). The `SRC_URI` variable should also specify either a `defconfig` file or some configuration fragment files. The skeleton recipe provides an example `SRC_URI` as a syntax reference.

   - `LINUX_VERSION`: The Linux kernel version you are using (e.g. "3.19").

   - `LINUX_VERSION_EXTENSION`: The Linux kernel `CONFIG_LOCALVERSION` that is compiled into the resulting kernel and visible through the `uname` command.

   - `SRCREV`: The commit ID from which you want to build.

   - `PR`: Treat this variable the same as you would in any other recipe. Increment the variable to indicate to the OpenEmbedded build system that the recipe has changed.

   - `PV`: The default `PV` assignment is typically adequate. It combines the `LINUX_VERSION` with the Source Control Manager (SCM) revision as derived from the `SRCPV` variable. The combined results are a string with the following form:

              3.19.11+git1+68a635bf8dfb64b02263c1ac80c948647cc76d5f_1+218bd8d2022b9852c60d32f0d770931e3cf343e2

     While lengthy, the extra verbosity in `PV` helps ensure you are using the exact sources from which you intend to build.

   - `COMPATIBLE_MACHINE`: A list of the machines supported by your new recipe. This variable in the example recipe is set by default to a regular expression that matches only the empty string, "(^$)". This default setting triggers an explicit build failure. You must change it to match a list of the machines that your new recipe supports. For example, to support the `qemux86` and `qemux86-64` machines, use the following form:

              COMPATIBLE_MACHINE = "qemux86|qemux86-64"

5. Provide further customizations to your recipe as needed just as you would customize an existing linux-yocto recipe. See the "Modifying an Existing Recipe" section for information.

## Working with Out-of-Tree Modules

This section describes steps to build out-of-tree modules on your target and describes how to incorporate out-of-tree modules in the build.

### Building Out-of-Tree Modules on the Target

While the traditional Yocto Project development model would be to include kernel modules as part of the normal build process, you might find it useful to build modules on the target. This could be the case if your target system is capable and powerful enough to handle the necessary compilation. Before deciding to build on your target, however, you should consider the benefits of using a proper cross-development environment from your build host.

If you want to be able to build out-of-tree modules on the target, there are some steps you need to take on the target that is running your SDK image. Briefly, the `kernel-dev` package is installed by default on all `*.sdk` images and the `kernel-devsrc` package is installed on many of the `*.sdk` images. However, you need to create some scripts prior to attempting to build the out-of-tree modules on the target that is running that image.

Prior to attempting to build the out-of-tree modules, you need to be on the target as root and you need to change to the `/usr/src/kernel` directory. Next, `make` the scripts:

         # cd /usr/src/kernel
         # make scripts

Because all SDK image recipes include `dev-pkgs`, the `kernel-dev` packages will be installed as part of the SDK image and the `kernel-devsrc` packages will be installed as part of applicable SDK images. The SDK uses the scripts when building out-of-tree modules. Once you have switched to that directory and created the scripts, you should be able to build your out-of-tree modules on the target.

### Incorporating Out-of-Tree Modules

While it is always preferable to work with sources integrated into the Linux kernel sources, if you need an external kernel module, the `hello-mod.bb` recipe is available as a template from which you can create your own out-of-tree Linux kernel module recipe.

This template recipe is located in the `poky` Git repository of the Yocto Project Source Repository at:

         poky/meta-skeleton/recipes-kernel/hello-mod/hello-mod_0.1.bb

To get started, copy this recipe to your layer and give it a meaningful name (e.g. `mymodule_1.0.bb`). In the same directory, create a new directory named `files` where you can store any source files, patches, or other files necessary for building the module that do not come with the sources. Finally, update the recipe as needed for the module. Typically, you will need to set the following variables:

- `DESCRIPTION`

- `LICENSE*`

- `SRC_URI`

- `PV`

Depending on the build system used by the module sources, you might need to make some adjustments. For example, a typical module `Makefile` looks much like the one provided with the `hello-mod` template:

         obj-m := hello.o

         SRC := $(shell pwd)

         all:
             $(MAKE) -C $(KERNEL_SRC) M=$(SRC)

         modules_install:
             $(MAKE) -C $(KERNEL_SRC) M=$(SRC) modules_install
         ...

The important point to note here is the `KERNEL_SRC` variable. The `module` class sets this variable and the `KERNEL_PATH` variable to `${`STAGING_KERNEL_DIR`}` with the necessary Linux kernel build information to build modules. If your module `Makefile` uses a different variable, you might want to override the `do_compile()` step, or create a patch to the `Makefile` to work with the more typical `KERNEL_SRC` or `KERNEL_PATH` variables.

After you have prepared your recipe, you will likely want to include the module in your images. To do this, see the documentation for the following variables in the Yocto Project Reference Manual and set one of them appropriately for your machine configuration file:

- `MACHINE_ESSENTIAL_EXTRA_RDEPENDS`

- `MACHINE_ESSENTIAL_EXTRA_RRECOMMENDS`

- `MACHINE_EXTRA_RDEPENDS`

- `MACHINE_EXTRA_RRECOMMENDS`

Modules are often not required for boot and can be excluded from certain build configurations. The following allows for the most flexibility:

         MACHINE_EXTRA_RRECOMMENDS += "kernel-module-mymodule"

The value is derived by appending the module filename without the `.ko` extension to the string "kernel-module-".

Because the variable is `RRECOMMENDS` and not a `RDEPENDS` variable, the build will not fail if this module is not available to include in the image.

## Inspecting Changes and Commits

A common question when working with a kernel is: "What changes have been applied to this tree?" Rather than using "grep" across directories to see what has changed, you can use Git to inspect or search the kernel tree. Using Git is an efficient way to see what has changed in the tree.

### What Changed in a Kernel?

Following are a few examples that show how to use Git commands to examine changes. These examples are by no means the only way to see changes.

In the following examples, unless you provide a commit range, `kernel.org` history is blended with Yocto Project kernel changes. You can form ranges by using branch names from the kernel tree as the upper and lower commit markers with the Git commands. You can see the branch names through the web interface to the Yocto Project source repositories at .

To see a full range of the changes, use the `git whatchanged` command and specify a commit range for the branch (commit`..`commit).

Here is an example that looks at what has changed in the `emenlow` branch of the `linux-yocto-3.19` kernel. The lower commit range is the commit associated with the `standard/base` branch, while the upper commit range is the commit associated with the `standard/emenlow` branch.

         $ git whatchanged origin/standard/base..origin/standard/emenlow

To see short, one line summaries of changes use the `git log` command:

         $ git log --oneline origin/standard/base..origin/standard/emenlow

Use this command to see code differences for the changes:

         $ git diff origin/standard/base..origin/standard/emenlow

Use this command to see the commit log messages and the text differences:

         $ git show origin/standard/base..origin/standard/emenlow

Use this command to create individual patches for each change. Here is an example that that creates patch files for each commit and places them in your `Documents` directory:

         $ git format-patch -o $HOME/Documents origin/standard/base..origin/standard/emenlow

### Showing a Particular Feature or Branch Change

Tags in the Yocto Project kernel tree divide changes for significant features or branches. The `git show` tag command shows changes based on a tag. Here is an example that shows `systemtap` changes:

         $ git show systemtap

You can use the `git branch --contains` tag command to show the branches that contain a particular feature. This command shows the branches that contain the `systemtap` feature:

         $ git branch --contains systemtap

## Adding Recipe-Space Kernel Features

You can add kernel features in the recipe-space by using the `KERNEL_FEATURES` variable and by specifying the feature's `.scc` file path in the `SRC_URI` statement. When you add features using this method, the OpenEmbedded build system checks to be sure the features are present. If the features are not present, the build stops. Kernel features are the last elements processed for configuring and patching the kernel. Therefore, adding features in this manner is a way to enforce specific features are present and enabled without needing to do a full audit of any other layer's additions to the `SRC_URI` statement.

You add a kernel feature by providing the feature as part of the `KERNEL_FEATURES` variable and by providing the path to the feature's `.scc` file, which is relative to the root of the kernel Metadata. The OpenEmbedded build system searches all forms of kernel Metadata on the `SRC_URI` statement regardless of whether the Metadata is in the "kernel-cache", system kernel Metadata, or a recipe-space Metadata. See the "Kernel Metadata Location" section for additional information.

When you specify the feature's `.scc` file on the `SRC_URI` statement, the OpenEmbedded build system adds the directory of that `.scc` file along with all its subdirectories to the kernel feature search path. Because subdirectories are searched, you can reference a single `.scc` file in the `SRC_URI` statement to reference multiple kernel features.

Consider the following example that adds the "test.scc" feature to the build.

1. Create a `.scc` file and locate it just as you would any other patch file, `.cfg` file, or fetcher item you specify in the `SRC_URI` statement.

   ### Notes

   - You must add the directory of the `.scc` file to the fetcher's search path in the same manner as you would add a `.patch` file.

   - You can create additional `.scc` files beneath the directory that contains the file you are adding. All subdirectories are searched during the build as potential feature directories.

   Continuing with the example, suppose the "test.scc" feature you are adding has a `test.scc` file in the following directory:

            my_recipe
               |
               +-linux-yocto
                  |
                  +-test.cfg
                  +-test.scc

   In this example, the `linux-yocto` directory has both the feature `test.scc` file and a similarly named configuration fragment file `test.cfg`.

2. Add the `.scc` file to the recipe's `SRC_URI` statement:

            SRC_URI_append = " file://test.scc"

   The leading space before the path is important as the path is appended to the existing path.

3. Specify the feature as a kernel feature:

            KERNEL_FEATURES_append = " test.scc"

   The OpenEmbedded build system processes the kernel feature when it builds the kernel.

   If other features are contained below "test.scc", then their directories are relative to the directory containing the `test.scc` file.