# Common Development Models

Many development models exist for which you can use the Yocto Project. However, for the purposes of this manual we are going to focus on two common models: System Development and User Application Development. System Development covers Board Support Package (BSP) development and kernel modification or configuration. User Application Development covers development of applications that you intend to run on some target hardware.

This chapter presents overviews of both system and application models. If you want to examine specific examples of the system development models, see the "BSP Development Example" appendix and the "Kernel Modification Example" appendix. For a user-space application development example that uses the Eclipse IDE, see the The Yocto Project Application Development Toolkit (ADT) User's Guide.

Aside from these two models, this chapter will also briefly introduce and discuss development using Hob, which is a graphical interface to the Yocto Project build system.

## System Development Workflow

System development involves modification or creation of an image that you want to run on a specific hardware target. Usually, when you want to create an image that runs on embedded hardware, the image does not require the same number of features that a full-fledged Linux distribution provides. Thus, you can create a much smaller image that is designed to use only the hardware features for your particular hardware.

To help you understand how system development works in the Yocto Project, this section covers two types of image development: BSP creation and kernel modification or configuration.

### Developing a Board Support Package (BSP)

A BSP is a package of recipes that, when applied, during a build results in an image that you can run on a particular board. Thus, the package, when compiled into the new image, supports the operation of the board.

For a brief list of terms used when describing the development process in the Yocto Project, see the "Yocto Project Terms" section.

The remainder of this section presents the basic steps used to create a BSP based on an existing BSP that ships with the Yocto Project. You can reference the "BSP Development Example" appendix for a detailed example that uses the Crown Bay BSP as a base BSP from which to start.

The following illustration and list summarize the BSP creation general workflow.

1. Set up your host development system to support development using the Yocto Project: See the "The Linux Distributions" and the "The Packages" sections both in the Yocto Project Quick Start for requirements.

2. Establish a local copy of the Yocto Project files on your system: You need to have the Yocto Project files available on your host system. Having the Yocto Project files on your system gives you access to the build process and to the tools you need. For information on how to get these files, see the "Getting Setup" section.

3. Establish a local copy of the base BSP files: Having the BSP files on your system gives you access to the build process and to the tools you need for creating a BSP. For information on how to get these files, see the "Getting Setup" section.

4. Choose a Yocto Project-supported BSP as your base BSP: The Yocto Project ships with several BSPs that support various hardware. It is best to base your new BSP on an existing BSP rather than create all the recipes and configuration files from scratch. While it is possible to create everything from scratch, basing your new BSP on something that is close is much easier. Or, at a minimum, leveraging off an existing BSP gives you some structure with which to start.

   At this point you need to understand your target hardware well enough to determine which existing BSP it most closely matches. Things to consider are your hardware’s on-board features, such as CPU type and graphics support. You should look at the README files for supported BSPs to get an idea of which one you could use. A generic Intel Atom-based BSP to consider is the Crown Bay that does not support the Intel Embedded Media Graphics Driver (EMGD). The remainder of this example uses that base BSP.

   To see the supported BSPs, go to the Download page on the Yocto Project website and click on “BSP Downloads.”

5. Create your own BSP layer: Layers are ideal for isolating and storing work for a given piece of hardware. A layer is really just a location or area in which you place the recipes for your BSP. In fact, a BSP is, in itself, a special type of layer.

   Another example that illustrates a layer is an application. Suppose you are creating an application that has library or other dependencies in order for it to compile and run. The layer, in this case, would be where all the recipes that define those dependencies are kept. The key point for a layer is that it is an isolated area that contains all the relevant information for the project that the Yocto Project build system knows about. For more information on layers, see the "Understanding and Creating Layers" section. For more information on BSP layers, see the "BSP Layers" section in the Yocto Project Board Support Package (BSP) Developer's Guide.

   The Yocto Project supports four BSPs that are part of the Yocto Project release: `atom-pc`, `beagleboard`, `mpc8315e`, and `routerstationpro`. The recipes and configurations for these four BSPs are located and dispersed within the Yocto Project Files. On the other hand, BSP layers for Crown Bay, Emenlow, Jasper Forest, N450, Cedar Trail, Fish River, Fish River Island II, Romley, sys940x, tlk, and Sugar Bay exist in their own separate layers within the larger `meta-intel` layer.

   When you set up a layer for a new BSP, you should follow a standard layout. This layout is described in the section "Example Filesystem Layout" section of the Board Support Package (BSP) Development Guide. In the standard layout, you will notice a suggested structure for recipes and configuration information. You can see the standard layout for the Crown Bay BSP in this example by examining the directory structure of the `meta-crownbay` layer inside the local Yocto Project files.

6. Make configuration changes to your new BSP layer: The standard BSP layer structure organizes the files you need to edit in `conf` and several `recipes-*` directories within the BSP layer. Configuration changes identify where your new layer is on the local system and identify which kernel you are going to use.

7. Make recipe changes to your new BSP layer: Recipe changes include altering recipes (`.bb` files), removing recipes you don't use, and adding new recipes that you need to support your hardware.

8. Prepare for the build: Once you have made all the changes to your BSP layer, there remains a few things you need to do for the Yocto Project build system in order for it to create your image. You need to get the build environment ready by sourcing an environment setup script and you need to be sure two key configuration files are configured appropriately.

   The entire process for building an image is overviewed in the section "Building an Image" section of the Yocto Project Quick Start. You might want to reference this information.

9. Build the image: The Yocto Project uses the BitBake tool to build images based on the type of image you want to create. You can find more information on BitBake here.

   The build process supports several types of images to satisfy different needs. See the "Reference: Images" appendix in The Yocto Project Reference Manual for information on supported images.

You can view a video presentation on "Building Custom Embedded Images with Yocto" at Free Electrons. You can also find supplemental information in The Board Support Package (BSP) Development Guide. Finally, there is wiki page write up of the example also located here that you might find helpful.

### Modifying the Kernel

Kernel modification involves changing the Linux Yocto kernel, which could involve changing configuration options as well as adding new kernel recipes. Configuration changes can be added in the form of configuration fragments, while recipe modification comes through the kernel's `recipes-kernel` area in a kernel layer you create.

The remainder of this section presents a high-level overview of the Linux Yocto kernel architecture and the steps to modify the Linux Yocto kernel. For a complete discussion of the kernel, see The Yocto Project Kernel Architecture and Use Manual. You can reference the appendix "Kernel Modification Example" for a detailed example that changes the configuration of a kernel.

#### Kernel Overview

Traditionally, when one thinks of a patched kernel, they think of a base kernel source tree and a fixed structure that contains kernel patches. The Yocto Project, however, employs mechanisms, that in a sense, result in a kernel source generator. By the end of this section, this analogy will become clearer.

You can find a web interface to the Linux Yocto kernel source repositories at . If you look at the interface, you will see to the left a grouping of Git repositories titled "Yocto Linux Kernel." Within this group, you will find several kernels supported by the Yocto Project:

- `linux-yocto-2.6.34` - The stable Linux Yocto kernel that is based on the Linux 2.6.34 release.

- `linux-yocto-2.6.37` - The stable Linux Yocto kernel that is based on the Linux 2.6.37 release.

- `linux-yocto-3.0` - The stable Linux Yocto kernel that is based on the Linux 3.0 release.

- `linux-yocto-3.0-1.1.x` - The stable Linux Yocto kernel to use with the Yocto Project Release 1.1.x. This kernel is based on the Linux 3.0 release

- `linux-yocto-3.2` - The stable Linux Yocto kernel to use with the Yocto Project Release 1.2. This kernel is based on the Linux 3.2 release

- `linux-yocto-dev` - A development kernel based on the latest upstream release candidate available.

The kernels are maintained using the Git revision control system that structures them using the familiar "tree", "branch", and "leaf" scheme. Branches represent diversions from general code to more specific code, while leaves represent the end-points for a complete and unique kernel whose source files when gathered from the root of the tree to the leaf accumulate to create the files necessary for a specific piece of hardware and its features. The following figure displays this concept:

Within the figure, the "Kernel.org Branch Point" represents the point in the tree where a supported base kernel is modified from the Linux kernel. For example, this could be the branch point for the `linux-yocto-3.0` kernel. Thus, everything further to the right in the structure is based on the `linux-yocto-3.0` kernel. Branch points to right in the figure represent where the `linux-yocto-3.0` kernel is modified for specific hardware or types of kernels, such as real-time kernels. Each leaf thus represents the end-point for a kernel designed to run on a specific targeted device.

The overall result is a Git-maintained repository from which all the supported Yocto Project kernel types can be derived for all the supported Yocto Project devices. A big advantage to this scheme is the sharing of common features by keeping them in "larger" branches within the tree. This practice eliminates redundant storage of similar features shared among kernels.

Keep in mind the figure does not take into account all the supported Linux Yocto kernel types, but rather shows a single generic kernel just for conceptual purposes. Also keep in mind that this structure represents the Yocto Project source repositories that are either pulled from during the build or established on the host development system prior to the build by either cloning a particular kernel's Git repository or by downloading and unpacking a tarball.

Storage of all the available kernel source code is one thing, while representing the code on your host development system is another. Conceptually, you can think of the Yocto Project kernel source repositories as all the source files necessary for all the supported kernels. As a developer, you are just interested in the source files for the kernel on on which you are working. And, furthermore, you need them available on your host system.

You make kernel source code available on your host development system by using Git to create a bare clone of the Linux Yocto kernel Git repository in which you are interested. Then, you use Git again to clone a copy of that bare clone. This copy represents the directory structure on your host system that is particular to the kernel you want. These are the files you actually modify to change the kernel. See the Linux Yocto Kernel item earlier in this manual for an example of how to set up the kernel source directory structure on your host system.

This next figure illustrates how the kernel source files might be arranged on your host system.

In the previous figure, the file structure on the left represents the bare clone set up to track the Yocto Project kernel Git repository. The structure on the right represents the copy of the bare clone. When you make modifcations to the kernel source code, this is the area in which you work. Once you make corrections, you must use Git to push the committed changes to the bare clone. The example in Modifying the Kernel Source Code provides a detailed example.

What happens during the build? When you build the kernel on your development system all files needed for the build are taken from the Yocto Project source repositories pointed to by the `SRC_URI` variable and gathered in a temporary work area where they are subsequently used to create the unique kernel. Thus, in a sense, the process constructs a local source tree specific to your kernel to generate the new kernel image - a source generator if you will.

The following figure shows the temporary file structure created on your host system when the build occurs. This build directory contains all the source files used during the build.

Again, for a complete discussion of the Yocto Project kernel's architcture and its branching strategy, see The Yocto Project Kernel Architecture and Use Manual. You can also reference the "Modifying the Kernel Source Code" section for a detailed example that modifies the kernel.

#### Kernel Modification Workflow

This illustration and the following list summarizes the kernel modification general workflow.

1. Set up your host development system to support development using the Yocto Project: See "The Linux Distributions" and "The Packages" sections both in the Yocto Project Quick Start for requirements.

2. Establish a local copy of the Yocto Project files on your system: Having the Yocto Project files on your system gives you access to the build process and tools you need. For information on how to get these files, see the bulleted item "Yocto Project Release" earlier in this manual.

3. Set up the `poky-extras` Git repository: This repository is the area for your configuration fragments, new kernel recipes, and the kernel `.bbappend` file used during the build. It is good practice to set this repository up inside the local Yocto Project files Git repository. For information on how to get these files, see the bulleted item "The `poky-extras` Git Repository" earlier in this manual.

   While it is certainly possible to modify the kernel without involving a local Git repository, the suggested workflow for kernel modification using the Yocto Project does use a Git repository.

4. Establish a local copy of the Linux Yocto kernel files on your system: In order to make modifications to the kernel you need two things: a bare clone of the Linux Yocto kernel you are modifying and a copy of that bare clone. The bare clone is required by the build process and is the area to which you push your kernel source changes (pulling does not work with bare clones). The copy of the bare clone is a local Git repository that contains all the kernel's source files. You make your changes to the files in this copy of the bare clone. For information on how to set these two items up, see the bulleted item "Linux Yocto Kernel" earlier in this manual.

5. Make changes to the kernel source code if applicable: Modifying the kernel does not always mean directly changing source files. However, if you have to do this, you make the changes in the local Git repository you set up to hold the source files (i.e. the copy of the bare clone). Once the changes are made, you need to use Git commands to commit the changes and then push them to the bare clone.

6. Make kernel configuration changes if applicable: If your situation calls for changing the kernel's configuration, you can use `menuconfig` to enable and disable kernel configurations. Using `menuconfig` allows you to interactively develop and test the configuration changes you are making to the kernel. When saved, changes using `menuconfig` update the kernel's `.config`. Try to resist the temptation of directly editing the `.config` file found in the Yocto Project Build Directory at `tmp/sysroots/<machine-name>/kernel`. Doing so, can produce unexpected results when the Yocto Project build system regenerates the configuration file.

   Once you are satisfied with the configuration changes made using `menuconfig`, you can directly examine the `.config` file against a saved original and gather those changes into a config fragment to be referenced from within the kernel's `.bbappend` file.

7. Add or extend kernel recipes if applicable: The standard layer structure organizes recipe files inside the `meta-kernel-dev` layer that is within the `poky-extras` Git repository. If you need to add new kernel recipes, you add them within this layer. Also within this area, you will find the `.bbappend` file that appends information to the kernel's recipe file used during the build.

8. Prepare for the build: Once you have made all the changes to your kernel (configurations, source code changes, recipe additions, or recipe changes), there remains a few things you need to do in order for the Yocto Project build system (BitBake) to create your image. If you have not done so, you need to get the build environment ready by sourcing the environment setup script described earlier. You also need to be sure two key configuration files (`local.conf` and `bblayers.conf`) are configured appropriately.

   The entire process for building an image is overviewed in the "Building an Image" section of the Yocto Project Quick Start. You might want to reference this information. Also, you should look at the detailed examples found in the appendices at at the end of this manual.

9. Build the image: The Yocto Project build system Poky uses the BitBake tool to build images based on the type of image you want to create. You can find more information on BitBake here.

   The build process supports several types of images to satisfy different needs. See the appendix "Reference: Images" in The Yocto Project Reference Manual for information on supported images.

10. Make your configuration changes available in the kernel layer: Up to this point, all the configuration changes to the kernel have been done and tested iteratively. Once they are tested and ready to go, you can move them into the kernel layer, which allows you to distribute the layer.

11. If applicable, share your in-tree changes: If the changes you made are suited for all Linux Yocto users, you might want to send them on for inclusion into the Linux Yocto Git repository. If the changes are accepted, the Yocto Project Maintainer pulls them into the master branch of the kernel tree. Doing so makes them available to everyone using the kernel.

## Application Development Workflow

Application development involves creation of an application that you want to be able to run on your target hardware, which is running a Linux Yocto image. The Yocto Project provides an Application Development Toolkit (ADT) that facilitates quick development and integration of your application into its run-time environment. Using the ADT you can employ cross-development toolchains designed for your target hardware to compile and link your application. You can then deploy your application to the actual hardware or to the QEMU emulator for testing. If you are familiar with the popular Eclipse IDE, you can use an Eclipse Yocto Plug-in to allow you to develop, deploy, and test your application all from within Eclipse.

While we strongly suggest using the Yocto Project ADT to develop your application, you might not want to. If this is the case, you can still use pieces of the Yocto Project for your development process. However, because the process can vary greatly, this manual does not provide detail on the process.

### Workflow Using the ADT and Eclipse

To help you understand how application development works in the Yocto Project ADT environment, this section provides an overview of the general development process. If you want to see a detailed example of the process as it is used from within the Eclipse IDE, see The Application Development Toolkit (ADT) User's Manual.

This illustration and the following list summarizes the application development general workflow.

1. Prepare the Host System for the Yocto Project: See "The Linux Distributions" and "The Packages" sections both in the Yocto Project Quick Start for requirements.

2. Secure the Linux Yocto Kernel Target Image: You must have a target kernel image that has been built using the Yocto Project.

   Depending on whether the Yocto Project has a pre-built image that matches your target architecture and where you are going to run the image while you develop your application (QEMU or real hardware), the area from which you get the image differs.

   - Download the image from `machines` if your target architecture is supported and you are going to develop and test your application on actual hardware.

   - Download the image from the `machines/qemu` if your target architecture is supported and you are going to develop and test your application using the QEMU emulator.

   - Build your image if you cannot find a pre-built image that matches your target architecture. If your target architecture is similar to a supported architecture, you can modify the kernel image before you build it. See the "Kernel Modification Workflow" section earlier in this manual for information on how to create a modified Linux Yocto kernel.

   For information on pre-built kernel image naming schemes for images that can run on the QEMU emulator, see the "Using Pre-Built Binaries and QEMU" section in the Yocto Project Quick Start.

3. Install the ADT: The ADT provides a target-specific cross-development toolchain, the root filesystem, the QEMU emulator, and other tools that can help you develop your application. While it is possible to get these pieces separately, the Yocto Project provides an easy method. You can get these pieces by running an ADT installer script, which is configurable. For information on how to install the ADT, see the "Using the ADT Installer" section in the Yocto Project Application Development (ADT) User's Manual.

4. If Applicable, Secure the Target Root Filesystem: If you choose not to install the ADT using the ADT Installer, you need to find and download the appropriate root filesystems. You can find these tarballs in the same areas used for the kernel images. Depending on the type of image you are running, the root filesystem you need differs. For example, if you are developing an application that runs on an image that supports Sato, you need to get root filesystem that supports Sato.

5. Create and Build your Application: At this point, you need to have source files for your application. Once you have the files, you can use the Eclipse IDE to import them and build the project. If you are not using Eclipse, you need to use the cross-development tools you have installed to create the image.

6. Deploy the Image with the Application: If you are using the Eclipse IDE, you can deploy your image to the hardware or to QEMU through the project's preferences. If you are not using the Eclipse IDE, then you need to deploy the application using other methods to the hardware. Or, if you are using QEMU, you need to use that tool and load your image in for testing.

7. Test and Debug the Application: Once your application is deployed, you need to test it. Within the Eclipse IDE, you can use the debubbing environment along with the set of user-space tools installed along with the ADT to debug your application. Of course, the same user-space tools are available separately to use if you choose not to use the Eclipse IDE.

### Workflow Without ADT

If you want to develop an application outside of the Yocto Project ADT environment, you can still employ the cross-development toolchain, the QEMU emulator, and a number of supported target image files. You just need to follow these general steps:

1. Install the cross-development toolchain for your target hardware: For information on how to install the toolchain, see the "Using a Cross-Toolchain Tarball" section in the Yocto Project Application Development (ADT) User's Manual.

2. Download the Target Image: The Yocto Project supports several target architectures and has many pre-built kernel images and root filesystem images.

   If you are going to develop your application on hardware, go to the `machines` download area and choose a target machine area from which to download the kernel image and root filesystem. This download area could have several files in it that support development using actual hardware. For example, the area might contain `.hddimg` files that combine the kernel image with the filesystem, boot loaders, etc. Be sure to get the files you need for your particular development process.

   If you are going to develop your application and then run and test it using the QEMU emulator, go to the `machines/qemu` download area. From this area, go down into the directory for your target architecture (e.g. `qemux86_64` for an Intel-based 64-bit architecture). Download kernel, root filesystem, and any other files you need for your process.

   In order to use the root filesystem in QEMU, you need to extract it. See the "Extracting the Root Filesystem" section for information on how to extract the root filesystem.

3. Develop and Test your Application: At this point, you have the tools to develop your application. If you need to separately install and use the QEMU emulator, you can go to QEMU Home Page to download and learn about the emulator.

## Image Development Using Hob

The Hob is a graphical user interface for the Yocto Project build system based on BitBake. You can use the Hob to build custom operating system images within the Yocto Project build environment. Hob simply provides a friendly interface over the build system used during system development. In other words, building images with the Hob lets you take care of common Yocto Project build tasks more easily.

For a better understanding of Hob, see the project page at on the Yocto Project website. The page has a short introductory training video on Hob. The following lists some features of Hob:

- You can setup and run Hob using these commands:

           $ source oe-init-build-env
           $ hob

- You can set the `MACHINE` for which you are building the image.

- You can modify various policy settings such as the package format used to build with, the parrallelism BitBake uses, whether or not to build an external toolchain, and which host to build against.

- You can manage layers.

- You can select a base image and then add extra packages for your custom build.

- You can launch and monitor the build from within Hob.