docs/markdown/Localisation.md


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---
short-description: Localization with GNU Gettext
...

# Localisation

Localising your application with GNU gettext takes a little effort but is quite straightforward. We'll create a `po` subdirectory at your project root directory for all the localisation info.

## Generating .pot and .po files
In your main meson.build file include the `po` subdirectory in the build process.

    subdir('po')

In this `po` subdirectory we need:
- `LINGUAS`: Space separated list of languages
- `POTFILES`: List of source files to scan for translatable strings.
- `meson.build`: Localization specific meson file

### LINGUAS
File with space separated list of languages. A sample LINGUAS might look like this.

    aa ab ae af

### POTFILES
File that lists all the source files that gettext should scan in order to find strings to translate. The syntax of the file is one line per source file and the line must contain the relative path from source root. A sample POTFILES might look like this.

    src/file1.c
    src/file2.c
    src/subdir/file3.c
    include/mything/somefile.h

### meson.build
Localization specific meson file. It imports and uses the `i18n` module. If not defined before it needs to define the `GETTEXT_PACKAGE` global.
```meson
i18n = import('i18n')
# define GETTEXT_PACKAGE
add_project_arguments('-DGETTEXT_PACKAGE="intltest"', language:'c')
i18n.gettext(meson.project_name(),
    args: '--directory=' + meson.source_root()
)
```
The first command imports the `i18n` module that provides gettext features. The fourth line does the actual invocation. The first argument is the gettext package name. This causes two things to happen. The first is that Meson will generate binary mo files and put them to their proper locations when doing an install. The second is that it creates a build rule to regenerate the main pot file. If you are using the Ninja backend, this is how you would invoke the rebuild.

### generate .pot file

Then we need to generate the main pot file. The potfile can have any name but is usually the name of the gettext package. Let's say the project is called *intltest*. In this case the corresponding pot file would be called `intltest.pot`.

Run the following command from your build folder to generate the pot file. It is recommended to inspect it manually afterwards and fill in e.g. proper copyright and contact information.

```console
$ ninja intltest-pot
```

### generate .po files

For each language listed in the array above we need a corresponding `.po` file. Those can be generated by running the following command from your build folder.

```console
$ ninja intltest-update-po
```
# Copyright 2012-2016 The Meson development team

# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at

#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.

import os, pickle, re
from .. import build
from .. import dependencies
from .. import mesonlib
from .. import mlog
from .. import compilers
import json
import subprocess
from ..mesonlib import MesonException, OrderedSet
from ..mesonlib import classify_unity_sources
from ..mesonlib import File
from ..compilers import CompilerArgs
from collections import OrderedDict
import shlex

class CleanTrees:
    '''
    Directories outputted by custom targets that have to be manually cleaned
    because on Linux `ninja clean` only deletes empty directories.
    '''
    def __init__(self, build_dir, trees):
        self.build_dir = build_dir
        self.trees = trees

class InstallData:
    def __init__(self, source_dir, build_dir, prefix, strip_bin,
                 install_umask, mesonintrospect):
        self.source_dir = source_dir
        self.build_dir = build_dir
        self.prefix = prefix
        self.strip_bin = strip_bin
        self.install_umask = install_umask
        self.targets = []
        self.headers = []
        self.man = []
        self.data = []
        self.po_package_name = ''
        self.po = []
        self.install_scripts = []
        self.install_subdirs = []
        self.mesonintrospect = mesonintrospect

class TargetInstallData:
    def __init__(self, fname, outdir, aliases, strip, install_name_mappings, install_rpath, install_mode):
        self.fname = fname
        self.outdir = outdir
        self.aliases = aliases
        self.strip = strip
        self.install_name_mappings = install_name_mappings
        self.install_rpath = install_rpath
        self.install_mode = install_mode

class ExecutableSerialisation:
    def __init__(self, name, fname, cmd_args, env, is_cross, exe_wrapper,
                 workdir, extra_paths, capture):
        self.name = name
        self.fname = fname
        self.cmd_args = cmd_args
        self.env = env
        self.is_cross = is_cross
        self.exe_runner = exe_wrapper
        self.workdir = workdir
        self.extra_paths = extra_paths
        self.capture = capture

class TestSerialisation:
    def __init__(self, name, project, suite, fname, is_cross_built, exe_wrapper, is_parallel,
                 cmd_args, env, should_fail, timeout, workdir, extra_paths):
        self.name = name
        self.project_name = project
        self.suite = suite
        self.fname = fname
        self.is_cross_built = is_cross_built
        self.exe_runner = exe_wrapper
        self.is_parallel = is_parallel
        self.cmd_args = cmd_args
        self.env = env
        self.should_fail = should_fail
        self.timeout = timeout
        self.workdir = workdir
        self.extra_paths = extra_paths

class OptionProxy:
    def __init__(self, name, value):
        self.name = name
        self.value = value

class OptionOverrideProxy:
    '''Mimic an option list but transparently override
    selected option values.'''
    def __init__(self, overrides, *options):
        self.overrides = overrides
        self.options = options

    def __getitem__(self, option_name):
        for opts in self.options:
            if option_name in opts:
                return self._get_override(option_name, opts[option_name])
        raise KeyError('Option not found', option_name)

    def _get_override(self, option_name, base_opt):
        if option_name in self.overrides:
            return OptionProxy(base_opt.name, base_opt.validate_value(self.overrides[option_name]))
        return base_opt

# This class contains the basic functionality that is needed by all backends.
# Feel free to move stuff in and out of it as you see fit.
class Backend:
    def __init__(self, build):
        self.build = build
        self.environment = build.environment
        self.processed_targets = {}
        self.build_to_src = os.path.relpath(self.environment.get_source_dir(),
                                            self.environment.get_build_dir())

    def get_target_filename(self, t):
        if isinstance(t, build.CustomTarget):
            if len(t.get_outputs()) != 1:
                mlog.warning('custom_target {!r} has more than one output! '
                             'Using the first one.'.format(t.name))
            filename = t.get_outputs()[0]
        else:
            assert(isinstance(t, build.BuildTarget))
            filename = t.get_filename()
        return os.path.join(self.get_target_dir(t), filename)

    def get_target_filename_abs(self, target):
        return os.path.join(self.environment.get_build_dir(), self.get_target_filename(target))

    def get_builtin_options_for_target(self, target):
        return OptionOverrideProxy(target.option_overrides,
                                   self.environment.coredata.builtins)

    def get_base_options_for_target(self, target):
        return OptionOverrideProxy(target.option_overrides,
                                   self.environment.coredata.builtins,
                                   self.environment.coredata.base_options)

    def get_compiler_options_for_target(self, target):
        return OptionOverrideProxy(target.option_overrides,
                                   # no code depends on builtins for now
                                   self.environment.coredata.compiler_options)

    def get_option_for_target(self, option_name, target):
        if option_name in target.option_overrides:
            override = target.option_overrides[option_name]
            return self.environment.coredata.validate_option_value(option_name, override)
        return self.environment.coredata.get_builtin_option(option_name)

    def get_target_filename_for_linking(self, target):
        # On some platforms (msvc for instance), the file that is used for
        # dynamic linking is not the same as the dynamic library itself. This
        # file is called an import library, and we want to link against that.
        # On all other platforms, we link to the library directly.
        if isinstance(target, build.SharedLibrary):
            link_lib = target.get_import_filename() or target.get_filename()
            return os.path.join(self.get_target_dir(target), link_lib)
        elif isinstance(target, build.StaticLibrary):
            return os.path.join(self.get_target_dir(target), target.get_filename())
        elif isinstance(target, build.Executable):
            if target.import_filename:
                return os.path.join(self.get_target_dir(target), target.get_import_filename())
            else:
                return None
        raise AssertionError('BUG: Tried to link to {!r} which is not linkable'.format(target))

    def get_target_dir(self, target):
        if self.environment.coredata.get_builtin_option('layout') == 'mirror':
            dirname = target.get_subdir()
        else:
            dirname = 'meson-out'
        return dirname

    def get_target_dir_relative_to(self, t, o):
        '''Get a target dir relative to another target's directory'''
        target_dir = os.path.join(self.environment.get_build_dir(), self.get_target_dir(t))
        othert_dir = os.path.join(self.environment.get_build_dir(), self.get_target_dir(o))
        return os.path.relpath(target_dir, othert_dir)

    def get_target_source_dir(self, target):
        # if target dir is empty, avoid extraneous trailing / from os.path.join()
        target_dir = self.get_target_dir(target)
        if target_dir:
            return os.path.join(self.build_to_src, target_dir)
        return self.build_to_src

    def get_target_private_dir(self, target):
        return os.path.join(self.get_target_dir(target), target.get_id())

    def get_target_private_dir_abs(self, target):
        return os.path.join(self.environment.get_build_dir(), self.get_target_private_dir(target))

    def get_target_generated_dir(self, target, gensrc, src):
        """
        Takes a BuildTarget, a generator source (CustomTarget or GeneratedList),
        and a generated source filename.
        Returns the full path of the generated source relative to the build root
        """
        # CustomTarget generators output to the build dir of the CustomTarget
        if isinstance(gensrc, (build.CustomTarget, build.CustomTargetIndex)):
            return os.path.join(self.get_target_dir(gensrc), src)
        # GeneratedList generators output to the private build directory of the
        # target that the GeneratedList is used in
        return os.path.join(self.get_target_private_dir(target), src)

    def get_unity_source_file(self, target, suffix):
        # There is a potential conflict here, but it is unlikely that
        # anyone both enables unity builds and has a file called foo-unity.cpp.
        osrc = target.name + '-unity.' + suffix
        return mesonlib.File.from_built_file(self.get_target_private_dir(target), osrc)

    def generate_unity_files(self, target, unity_src):
        abs_files = []
        result = []
        compsrcs = classify_unity_sources(target.compilers.values(), unity_src)

        def init_language_file(suffix):
            unity_src = self.get_unity_source_file(target, suffix)
            outfileabs = unity_src.absolute_path(self.environment.get_source_dir(),
                                                 self.environment.get_build_dir())
            outfileabs_tmp = outfileabs + '.tmp'
            abs_files.append(outfileabs)
            outfileabs_tmp_dir = os.path.dirname(outfileabs_tmp)
            if not os.path.exists(outfileabs_tmp_dir):
                os.makedirs(outfileabs_tmp_dir)
            result.append(unity_src)
            return open(outfileabs_tmp, 'w')

        # For each language, generate a unity source file and return the list
        for comp, srcs in compsrcs.items():
            with init_language_file(comp.get_default_suffix()) as ofile:
                for src in srcs:
                    ofile.write('#include<%s>\n' % src)
        [mesonlib.replace_if_different(x, x + '.tmp') for x in abs_files]
        return result

    def relpath(self, todir, fromdir):
        return os.path.relpath(os.path.join('dummyprefixdir', todir),
                               os.path.join('dummyprefixdir', fromdir))

    def flatten_object_list(self, target, proj_dir_to_build_root=''):
        return self._flatten_object_list(target, target.get_objects(), proj_dir_to_build_root)

    def _flatten_object_list(self, target, objects, proj_dir_to_build_root):
        obj_list = []
        for obj in objects:
            if isinstance(obj, str):
                o = os.path.join(proj_dir_to_build_root,
                                 self.build_to_src, target.get_subdir(), obj)
                obj_list.append(o)
            elif isinstance(obj, mesonlib.File):
                obj_list.append(obj.rel_to_builddir(self.build_to_src))
            elif isinstance(obj, build.ExtractedObjects):
                if obj.recursive:
                    obj_list += self._flatten_object_list(obj.target, obj.objlist, proj_dir_to_build_root)
                obj_list += self.determine_ext_objs(obj, proj_dir_to_build_root)
            else:
                raise MesonException('Unknown data type in object list.')
        return obj_list

    def serialize_executable(self, exe, cmd_args, workdir, env={},
                             extra_paths=None, capture=None):
        import hashlib
        if extra_paths is None:
            # The callee didn't check if we needed extra paths, so check it here
            if mesonlib.is_windows() or mesonlib.is_cygwin():
                extra_paths = self.determine_windows_extra_paths(exe, [])
            else:
                extra_paths = []
        # Can't just use exe.name here; it will likely be run more than once
        if isinstance(exe, (dependencies.ExternalProgram,
                            build.BuildTarget, build.CustomTarget)):
            basename = exe.name
        else:
            basename = os.path.basename(exe)
        # Take a digest of the cmd args, env, workdir, and capture. This avoids
        # collisions and also makes the name deterministic over regenerations
        # which avoids a rebuild by Ninja because the cmdline stays the same.
        data = bytes(str(sorted(env.items())) + str(cmd_args) + str(workdir) + str(capture),
                     encoding='utf-8')
        digest = hashlib.sha1(data).hexdigest()
        scratch_file = 'meson_exe_{0}_{1}.dat'.format(basename, digest)
        exe_data = os.path.join(self.environment.get_scratch_dir(), scratch_file)
        with open(exe_data, 'wb') as f:
            if isinstance(exe, dependencies.ExternalProgram):
                exe_cmd = exe.get_command()
                exe_needs_wrapper = False
            elif isinstance(exe, (build.BuildTarget, build.CustomTarget)):
                exe_cmd = [self.get_target_filename_abs(exe)]
                exe_needs_wrapper = exe.is_cross
            else:
                exe_cmd = [exe]
                exe_needs_wrapper = False
            is_cross_built = exe_needs_wrapper and \
                self.environment.is_cross_build() and \
                self.environment.cross_info.need_cross_compiler() and \
                self.environment.cross_info.need_exe_wrapper()
            if is_cross_built:
                exe_wrapper = self.environment.cross_info.config['binaries'].get('exe_wrapper', None)
            else:
                exe_wrapper = None
            es = ExecutableSerialisation(basename, exe_cmd, cmd_args, env,
                                         is_cross_built, exe_wrapper, workdir,
                                         extra_paths, capture)
            pickle.dump(es, f)
        return exe_data

    def serialize_tests(self):
        test_data = os.path.join(self.environment.get_scratch_dir(), 'meson_test_setup.dat')
        with open(test_data, 'wb') as datafile:
            self.write_test_file(datafile)
        benchmark_data = os.path.join(self.environment.get_scratch_dir(), 'meson_benchmark_setup.dat')
        with open(benchmark_data, 'wb') as datafile:
            self.write_benchmark_file(datafile)
        return test_data, benchmark_data

    def determine_linker_and_stdlib_args(self, target):
        '''
        If we're building a static library, there is only one static linker.
        Otherwise, we query the target for the dynamic linker.
        '''
        if isinstance(target, build.StaticLibrary):
            if target.is_cross:
                return self.build.static_cross_linker, []
            else:
                return self.build.static_linker, []
        l, stdlib_args = target.get_clink_dynamic_linker_and_stdlibs()
        return l, stdlib_args

    @staticmethod
    def _libdir_is_system(libdir, compilers):
        for cc in compilers.values():
            if libdir in cc.get_library_dirs():
                return True
        return False

    def rpaths_for_bundled_shared_libraries(self, target, exclude_system=True):
        paths = []
        for dep in target.external_deps:
            if not isinstance(dep, (dependencies.ExternalLibrary, dependencies.PkgConfigDependency)):
                continue
            la = dep.link_args
            if len(la) != 1 or not os.path.isabs(la[0]):
                continue
            # The only link argument is an absolute path to a library file.
            libpath = la[0]
            libdir = os.path.dirname(libpath)
            if exclude_system and self._libdir_is_system(libdir, target.compilers):
                # No point in adding system paths.
                continue
            # Windows doesn't support rpaths, but we use this function to
            # emulate rpaths by setting PATH, so also accept DLLs here
            if os.path.splitext(libpath)[1] not in ['.dll', '.lib', '.so', '.dylib']:
                continue
            if libdir.startswith(self.environment.get_source_dir()):
                rel_to_src = libdir[len(self.environment.get_source_dir()) + 1:]
                assert not os.path.isabs(rel_to_src), 'rel_to_src: {} is absolute'.format(rel_to_src)
                paths.append(os.path.join(self.build_to_src, rel_to_src))
            else:
                paths.append(libdir)
        return paths

    def determine_rpath_dirs(self, target):
        link_deps = target.get_all_link_deps()
        result = set()
        for ld in link_deps:
            if ld is target:
                continue
            result.add(self.get_target_dir(ld))
        result.update(self.rpaths_for_bundled_shared_libraries(target))
        return list(result)

    def object_filename_from_source(self, target, source):
        assert isinstance(source, mesonlib.File)
        build_dir = self.environment.get_build_dir()
        rel_src = source.rel_to_builddir(self.build_to_src)

        # foo.vala files compile down to foo.c and then foo.c.o, not foo.vala.o
        if rel_src.endswith(('.vala', '.gs')):
            # See description in generate_vala_compile for this logic.
            if source.is_built:
                if os.path.isabs(rel_src):
                    rel_src = rel_src[len(build_dir) + 1:]
                rel_src = os.path.relpath(rel_src, self.get_target_private_dir(target))
            else:
                rel_src = os.path.basename(rel_src)
            # A meson- prefixed directory is reserved; hopefully no-one creates a file name with such a weird prefix.
            source = 'meson-generated_' + rel_src[:-5] + '.c'
        elif source.is_built:
            if os.path.isabs(rel_src):
                rel_src = rel_src[len(build_dir) + 1:]
            targetdir = self.get_target_private_dir(target)
            # A meson- prefixed directory is reserved; hopefully no-one creates a file name with such a weird prefix.
            source = 'meson-generated_' + os.path.relpath(rel_src, targetdir)
        else:
            if os.path.isabs(rel_src):
                # Not from the source directory; hopefully this doesn't conflict with user's source files.
                source = os.path.basename(rel_src)
            else:
                source = os.path.relpath(os.path.join(build_dir, rel_src),
                                         os.path.join(self.environment.get_source_dir(), target.get_subdir()))
        return source.replace('/', '_').replace('\\', '_') + '.' + self.environment.get_object_suffix()

    def determine_ext_objs(self, extobj, proj_dir_to_build_root):
        result = []

        # Merge sources and generated sources
        sources = list(extobj.srclist)
        for gensrc in extobj.genlist:
            for s in gensrc.get_outputs():
                path = self.get_target_generated_dir(extobj.target, gensrc, s)
                dirpart, fnamepart = os.path.split(path)
                sources.append(File(True, dirpart, fnamepart))

        # Filter out headers and all non-source files
        sources = [s for s in sources if self.environment.is_source(s) and not self.environment.is_header(s)]

        # extobj could contain only objects and no sources
        if not sources:
            return result

        targetdir = self.get_target_private_dir(extobj.target)

        # With unity builds, there's just one object that contains all the
        # sources, and we only support extracting all the objects in this mode,
        # so just return that.
        if self.is_unity(extobj.target):
            compsrcs = classify_unity_sources(extobj.target.compilers.values(), sources)
            sources = []
            for comp in compsrcs.keys():
                osrc = self.get_unity_source_file(extobj.target,
                                                  comp.get_default_suffix())
                sources.append(osrc)

        for osrc in sources:
            objname = self.object_filename_from_source(extobj.target, osrc)
            objpath = os.path.join(proj_dir_to_build_root, targetdir, objname)
            result.append(objpath)

        return result

    def get_pch_include_args(self, compiler, target):
        args = []
        pchpath = self.get_target_private_dir(target)
        includeargs = compiler.get_include_args(pchpath, False)
        p = target.get_pch(compiler.get_language())
        if p:
            args += compiler.get_pch_use_args(pchpath, p[0])
        return includeargs + args

    @staticmethod
    def escape_extra_args(compiler, args):
        # No extra escaping/quoting needed when not running on Windows
        if not mesonlib.is_windows():
            return args
        extra_args = []
        # Compiler-specific escaping is needed for -D args but not for any others
        if compiler.get_id() == 'msvc':
            # MSVC needs escaping when a -D argument ends in \ or \"
            for arg in args:
                if arg.startswith('-D') or arg.startswith('/D'):
                    # Without extra escaping for these two, the next character
                    # gets eaten
                    if arg.endswith('\\'):
                        arg += '\\'
                    elif arg.endswith('\\"'):
                        arg = arg[:-2] + '\\\\"'
                extra_args.append(arg)
        else:
            # MinGW GCC needs all backslashes in defines to be doubly-escaped
            # FIXME: Not sure about Cygwin or Clang
            for arg in args:
                if arg.startswith('-D') or arg.startswith('/D'):
                    arg = arg.replace('\\', '\\\\')
                extra_args.append(arg)
        return extra_args

    def generate_basic_compiler_args(self, target, compiler, no_warn_args=False):
        # Create an empty commands list, and start adding arguments from
        # various sources in the order in which they must override each other
        # starting from hard-coded defaults followed by build options and so on.
        commands = CompilerArgs(compiler)

        copt_proxy = self.get_compiler_options_for_target(target)
        # First, the trivial ones that are impossible to override.
        #
        # Add -nostdinc/-nostdinc++ if needed; can't be overridden
        commands += self.get_cross_stdlib_args(target, compiler)
        # Add things like /NOLOGO or -pipe; usually can't be overridden
        commands += compiler.get_always_args()
        # Only add warning-flags by default if the buildtype enables it, and if
        # we weren't explicitly asked to not emit warnings (for Vala, f.ex)
        if no_warn_args:
            commands += compiler.get_no_warn_args()
        elif self.get_option_for_target('buildtype', target) != 'plain':
            commands += compiler.get_warn_args(self.get_option_for_target('warning_level', target))
        # Add -Werror if werror=true is set in the build options set on the
        # command-line or default_options inside project(). This only sets the
        # action to be done for warnings if/when they are emitted, so it's ok
        # to set it after get_no_warn_args() or get_warn_args().
        if self.get_option_for_target('werror', target):
            commands += compiler.get_werror_args()
        # Add compile args for c_* or cpp_* build options set on the
        # command-line or default_options inside project().
        commands += compiler.get_option_compile_args(copt_proxy)
        # Add buildtype args: optimization level, debugging, etc.
        commands += compiler.get_buildtype_args(self.get_option_for_target('buildtype', target))
        # Add compile args added using add_project_arguments()
        commands += self.build.get_project_args(compiler, target.subproject)
        # Add compile args added using add_global_arguments()
        # These override per-project arguments
        commands += self.build.get_global_args(compiler)
        if not target.is_cross:
            # Compile args added from the env: CFLAGS/CXXFLAGS, etc. We want these
            # to override all the defaults, but not the per-target compile args.
            commands += self.environment.coredata.get_external_args(compiler.get_language())
        # Always set -fPIC for shared libraries
        if isinstance(target, build.SharedLibrary):
            commands += compiler.get_pic_args()
        # Set -fPIC for static libraries by default unless explicitly disabled
        if isinstance(target, build.StaticLibrary) and target.pic:
            commands += compiler.get_pic_args()
        # Add compile args needed to find external dependencies. Link args are
        # added while generating the link command.
        # NOTE: We must preserve the order in which external deps are
        # specified, so we reverse the list before iterating over it.
        for dep in reversed(target.get_external_deps()):
            if not dep.found():
                continue

            if compiler.language == 'vala':
                if isinstance(dep, dependencies.PkgConfigDependency):
                    if dep.name == 'glib-2.0' and dep.version_reqs is not None:
                        for req in dep.version_reqs:
                            if req.startswith(('>=', '==')):
                                commands += ['--target-glib', req[2:]]
                                break
                    commands += ['--pkg', dep.name]
                elif isinstance(dep, dependencies.ExternalLibrary):
                    commands += dep.get_link_args('vala')
            else:
                commands += dep.get_compile_args()
            # Qt needs -fPIC for executables
            # XXX: We should move to -fPIC for all executables
            if isinstance(target, build.Executable):
                commands += dep.get_exe_args(compiler)
            # For 'automagic' deps: Boost and GTest. Also dependency('threads').
            # pkg-config puts the thread flags itself via `Cflags:`
            if dep.need_threads():
                commands += compiler.thread_flags(self.environment)
            elif dep.need_openmp():
                commands += compiler.openmp_flags()
        # Fortran requires extra include directives.
        if compiler.language == 'fortran':
            for lt in target.link_targets:
                priv_dir = self.get_target_private_dir(lt)
                commands += compiler.get_include_args(priv_dir, False)
        return commands

    def build_target_link_arguments(self, compiler, deps):
        args = []
        for d in deps:
            if not (d.is_linkable_target()):
                raise RuntimeError('Tried to link with a non-library target "%s".' % d.get_basename())
            d_arg = self.get_target_filename_for_linking(d)
            if not d_arg:
                continue
            if isinstance(compiler, (compilers.LLVMDCompiler, compilers.DmdDCompiler)):
                d_arg = '-L' + d_arg
            args.append(d_arg)
        return args

    def get_mingw_extra_paths(self, target):
        paths = OrderedSet()
        # The cross bindir
        root = self.environment.cross_info.get_root()
        if root:
            paths.add(os.path.join(root, 'bin'))
        # The toolchain bindir
        sys_root = self.environment.cross_info.get_sys_root()
        if sys_root:
            paths.add(os.path.join(sys_root, 'bin'))
        # Get program and library dirs from all target compilers
        if isinstance(target, build.BuildTarget):
            for cc in target.compilers.values():
                paths.update(cc.get_program_dirs())
                paths.update(cc.get_library_dirs())
        return list(paths)

    def determine_windows_extra_paths(self, target, extra_bdeps, is_cross=False):
        '''On Windows there is no such thing as an rpath.
        We must determine all locations of DLLs that this exe
        links to and return them so they can be used in unit
        tests.'''
        result = set()
        prospectives = set()
        if isinstance(target, build.BuildTarget):
            prospectives.update(target.get_transitive_link_deps())
            # External deps
            for deppath in self.rpaths_for_bundled_shared_libraries(target, exclude_system=False):
                result.add(os.path.normpath(os.path.join(self.environment.get_build_dir(), deppath)))
        for bdep in extra_bdeps:
            prospectives.update(bdep.get_transitive_link_deps())
        # Internal deps
        for ld in prospectives:
            if ld == '' or ld == '.':
                continue
            dirseg = os.path.join(self.environment.get_build_dir(), self.get_target_dir(ld))
            result.add(dirseg)
        if is_cross:
            result.update(self.get_mingw_extra_paths(target))
        return list(result)

    def write_benchmark_file(self, datafile):
        self.write_test_serialisation(self.build.get_benchmarks(), datafile)

    def write_test_file(self, datafile):
        self.write_test_serialisation(self.build.get_tests(), datafile)

    def write_test_serialisation(self, tests, datafile):
        arr = []
        for t in tests:
            exe = t.get_exe()
            if isinstance(exe, dependencies.ExternalProgram):
                cmd = exe.get_command()
            else:
                cmd = [os.path.join(self.environment.get_build_dir(), self.get_target_filename(t.get_exe()))]
            is_cross = self.environment.is_cross_build() and \
                self.environment.cross_info.need_cross_compiler() and \
                self.environment.cross_info.need_exe_wrapper()
            if isinstance(exe, build.BuildTarget):
                is_cross = is_cross and exe.is_cross
            if isinstance(exe, dependencies.ExternalProgram):
                # E.g. an external verifier or simulator program run on a generated executable.
                # Can always be run.
                is_cross = False
            if is_cross:
                exe_wrapper = self.environment.cross_info.config['binaries'].get('exe_wrapper', None)
            else:
                exe_wrapper = None
            if mesonlib.for_windows(is_cross, self.environment) or \
               mesonlib.for_cygwin(is_cross, self.environment):
                extra_bdeps = []
                if isinstance(exe, build.CustomTarget):
                    extra_bdeps = exe.get_transitive_build_target_deps()
                extra_paths = self.determine_windows_extra_paths(exe, extra_bdeps, is_cross)
            else:
                extra_paths = []
            cmd_args = []
            for a in t.cmd_args:
                if hasattr(a, 'held_object'):
                    a = a.held_object
                if isinstance(a, build.BuildTarget):
                    extra_paths += self.determine_windows_extra_paths(a, [])
                if isinstance(a, mesonlib.File):
                    a = os.path.join(self.environment.get_build_dir(), a.rel_to_builddir(self.build_to_src))
                    cmd_args.append(a)
                elif isinstance(a, str):
                    cmd_args.append(a)
                elif isinstance(a, build.Target):
                    cmd_args.append(self.get_target_filename(a))
                else:
                    raise MesonException('Bad object in test command.')
            ts = TestSerialisation(t.get_name(), t.project_name, t.suite, cmd, is_cross,
                                   exe_wrapper, t.is_parallel, cmd_args, t.env,
                                   t.should_fail, t.timeout, t.workdir, extra_paths)
            arr.append(ts)
        pickle.dump(arr, datafile)

    def generate_depmf_install(self, d):
        if self.build.dep_manifest_name is None:
            return
        ifilename = os.path.join(self.environment.get_build_dir(), 'depmf.json')
        ofilename = os.path.join(self.environment.get_prefix(), self.build.dep_manifest_name)
        mfobj = {'type': 'dependency manifest', 'version': '1.0', 'projects': self.build.dep_manifest}
        with open(ifilename, 'w') as f:
            f.write(json.dumps(mfobj))
        # Copy file from, to, and with mode unchanged
        d.data.append([ifilename, ofilename, None])

    def get_regen_filelist(self):
        '''List of all files whose alteration means that the build
        definition needs to be regenerated.'''
        deps = [os.path.join(self.build_to_src, df)
                for df in self.interpreter.get_build_def_files()]
        if self.environment.is_cross_build():
            deps.append(os.path.join(self.build_to_src,
                                     self.environment.coredata.cross_file))
        deps.append('meson-private/coredata.dat')
        if os.path.exists(os.path.join(self.environment.get_source_dir(), 'meson_options.txt')):
            deps.append(os.path.join(self.build_to_src, 'meson_options.txt'))
        for sp in self.build.subprojects.keys():
            fname = os.path.join(self.environment.get_source_dir(), sp, 'meson_options.txt')
            if os.path.isfile(fname):
                deps.append(os.path.join(self.build_to_src, sp, 'meson_options.txt'))
        return deps

    def exe_object_to_cmd_array(self, exe):
        if self.environment.is_cross_build() and \
           self.environment.cross_info.need_exe_wrapper() and \
           isinstance(exe, build.BuildTarget) and exe.is_cross:
            if 'exe_wrapper' not in self.environment.cross_info.config['binaries']:
                s = 'Can not use target %s as a generator because it is cross-built\n'
                s += 'and no exe wrapper is defined. You might want to set it to native instead.'
                s = s % exe.name
                raise MesonException(s)
        if isinstance(exe, build.BuildTarget):
            exe_arr = [os.path.join(self.environment.get_build_dir(), self.get_target_filename(exe))]
        else:
            exe_arr = exe.get_command()
        return exe_arr

    def replace_extra_args(self, args, genlist):
        final_args = []
        for a in args:
            if a == '@EXTRA_ARGS@':
                final_args += genlist.get_extra_args()
            else:
                final_args.append(a)
        return final_args

    def replace_outputs(self, args, private_dir, output_list):
        newargs = []
        regex = re.compile('@OUTPUT(\d+)@')
        for arg in args:
            m = regex.search(arg)
            while m is not None:
                index = int(m.group(1))
                src = '@OUTPUT%d@' % index
                arg = arg.replace(src, os.path.join(private_dir, output_list[index]))
                m = regex.search(arg)
            newargs.append(arg)
        return newargs

    def get_build_by_default_targets(self):
        result = OrderedDict()
        # Get all build and custom targets that must be built by default
        for name, t in self.build.get_targets().items():
            if t.build_by_default or t.install:
                result[name] = t
        # Get all targets used as test executables and arguments. These must
        # also be built by default. XXX: Sometime in the future these should be
        # built only before running tests.
        for t in self.build.get_tests():
            exe = t.exe
            if hasattr(exe, 'held_object'):
                exe = exe.held_object
            if isinstance(exe, (build.CustomTarget, build.BuildTarget)):
                result[exe.get_id()] = exe
            for arg in t.cmd_args:
                if hasattr(arg, 'held_object'):
                    arg = arg.held_object
                if not isinstance(arg, (build.CustomTarget, build.BuildTarget)):
                    continue
                result[arg.get_id()] = arg
            for dep in t.depends:
                assert isinstance(dep, (build.CustomTarget, build.BuildTarget))
                result[dep.get_id()] = dep
        return result

    def get_custom_target_provided_libraries(self, target):
        libs = []
        for t in target.get_generated_sources():
            if not isinstance(t, build.CustomTarget):
                continue
            for f in t.get_outputs():
                if self.environment.is_library(f):
                    libs.append(os.path.join(self.get_target_dir(t), f))
        return libs

    def is_unity(self, target):
        optval = self.get_option_for_target('unity', target)
        if optval == 'on' or (optval == 'subprojects' and target.subproject != ''):
            return True
        return False

    def get_custom_target_sources(self, target):
        '''
        Custom target sources can be of various object types; strings, File,
        BuildTarget, even other CustomTargets.
        Returns the path to them relative to the build root directory.
        '''
        srcs = []
        for i in target.get_sources():
            if hasattr(i, 'held_object'):
                i = i.held_object
            if isinstance(i, str):
                fname = [os.path.join(self.build_to_src, target.subdir, i)]
            elif isinstance(i, build.BuildTarget):
                fname = [self.get_target_filename(i)]
            elif isinstance(i, (build.CustomTarget, build.CustomTargetIndex)):
                fname = [os.path.join(self.get_target_dir(i), p) for p in i.get_outputs()]
            elif isinstance(i, build.GeneratedList):
                fname = [os.path.join(self.get_target_private_dir(target), p) for p in i.get_outputs()]
            else:
                fname = [i.rel_to_builddir(self.build_to_src)]
            if target.absolute_paths:
                fname = [os.path.join(self.environment.get_build_dir(), f) for f in fname]
            srcs += fname
        return srcs

    def get_custom_target_depend_files(self, target, absolute_paths=False):
        deps = []
        for i in target.depend_files:
            if isinstance(i, mesonlib.File):
                if absolute_paths:
                    deps.append(i.absolute_path(self.environment.get_source_dir(),
                                                self.environment.get_build_dir()))
                else:
                    deps.append(i.rel_to_builddir(self.build_to_src))
            else:
                if absolute_paths:
                    deps.append(os.path.join(self.environment.get_source_dir(), target.subdir, i))
                else:
                    deps.append(os.path.join(self.build_to_src, target.subdir, i))
        return deps

    def eval_custom_target_command(self, target, absolute_outputs=False):
        # We want the outputs to be absolute only when using the VS backend
        # XXX: Maybe allow the vs backend to use relative paths too?
        source_root = self.build_to_src
        build_root = '.'
        outdir = self.get_target_dir(target)
        if absolute_outputs:
            source_root = self.environment.get_source_dir()
            build_root = self.environment.get_build_dir()
            outdir = os.path.join(self.environment.get_build_dir(), outdir)
        outputs = []
        for i in target.get_outputs():
            outputs.append(os.path.join(outdir, i))
        inputs = self.get_custom_target_sources(target)
        # Evaluate the command list
        cmd = []
        for i in target.command:
            if isinstance(i, build.Executable):
                cmd += self.exe_object_to_cmd_array(i)
                continue
            elif isinstance(i, build.CustomTarget):
                # GIR scanner will attempt to execute this binary but
                # it assumes that it is in path, so always give it a full path.
                tmp = i.get_outputs()[0]
                i = os.path.join(self.get_target_dir(i), tmp)
            elif isinstance(i, mesonlib.File):
                i = i.rel_to_builddir(self.build_to_src)
                if target.absolute_paths:
                    i = os.path.join(self.environment.get_build_dir(), i)
            # FIXME: str types are blindly added ignoring 'target.absolute_paths'
            # because we can't know if they refer to a file or just a string
            elif not isinstance(i, str):
                err_msg = 'Argument {0} is of unknown type {1}'
                raise RuntimeError(err_msg.format(str(i), str(type(i))))
            elif '@SOURCE_ROOT@' in i:
                i = i.replace('@SOURCE_ROOT@', source_root)
            elif '@BUILD_ROOT@' in i:
                i = i.replace('@BUILD_ROOT@', build_root)
            elif '@DEPFILE@' in i:
                if target.depfile is None:
                    msg = 'Custom target {!r} has @DEPFILE@ but no depfile ' \
                          'keyword argument.'.format(target.name)
                    raise MesonException(msg)
                dfilename = os.path.join(outdir, target.depfile)
                i = i.replace('@DEPFILE@', dfilename)
            elif '@PRIVATE_OUTDIR_' in i:
                match = re.search('@PRIVATE_OUTDIR_(ABS_)?([^/\s*]*)@', i)
                if not match:
                    msg = 'Custom target {!r} has an invalid argument {!r}' \
                          ''.format(target.name, i)
                    raise MesonException(msg)
                source = match.group(0)
                if match.group(1) is None and not target.absolute_paths:
                    lead_dir = ''
                else:
                    lead_dir = self.environment.get_build_dir()
                i = i.replace(source, os.path.join(lead_dir, outdir))
            cmd.append(i)
        # Substitute the rest of the template strings
        values = mesonlib.get_filenames_templates_dict(inputs, outputs)
        cmd = mesonlib.substitute_values(cmd, values)
        # This should not be necessary but removing it breaks
        # building GStreamer on Windows. The underlying issue
        # is problems with quoting backslashes on Windows
        # which is the seventh circle of hell. The downside is
        # that this breaks custom targets whose command lines
        # have backslashes. If you try to fix this be sure to
        # check that it does not break GST.
        #
        # The bug causes file paths such as c:\foo to get escaped
        # into c:\\foo.
        #
        # Unfortunately we have not been able to come up with an
        # isolated test case for this so unless you manage to come up
        # with one, the only way is to test the building with Gst's
        # setup. Note this in your MR or ping us and we will get it
        # fixed.
        #
        # https://github.com/mesonbuild/meson/pull/737
        cmd = [i.replace('\\', '/') for i in cmd]
        return inputs, outputs, cmd

    def run_postconf_scripts(self):
        env = {'MESON_SOURCE_ROOT': self.environment.get_source_dir(),
               'MESON_BUILD_ROOT': self.environment.get_build_dir(),
               'MESONINTROSPECT': ' '.join([shlex.quote(x) for x in self.environment.get_build_command() + ['introspect']]),
               }
        child_env = os.environ.copy()
        child_env.update(env)

        for s in self.build.postconf_scripts:
            cmd = s['exe'] + s['args']
            subprocess.check_call(cmd, env=child_env)