--- short-description: Contributing to Meson ... # Contributing to Meson A large fraction of Meson is contributed by people outside the core team. This documentation explains some of the design rationales of Meson as well as how to create and submit your patches for inclusion to Meson. Thank you for your interest in participating to the development. ## Submitting patches All changes must be submitted as [pull requests to Github](https://github.com/mesonbuild/meson/pulls). This causes them to be run through the CI system. All submissions must pass a full CI test run before they are even considered for submission. ## Keeping pull requests up to date It is possible that while your pull request is being reviewed, other changes are committed to master that cause merge conflicts that must be resolved. The basic rule for this is very simple: keep your pull request up to date using rebase _only_. Do not merge head back to your branch. Any merge commits in your pull request make it not acceptable for merging into master and you must remove them. ## Special procedure for new features Every new feature requires some extra steps, namely: - Must include a project test under `test cases/`, or if that's not possible or if the test requires a special environment, it must go into `run_unittests.py`. - Must be registered with the [FeatureChecks framework](Release-notes-for-0.47.0.md#feature-detection-based-on-meson_version-in-project) that will warn the user if they try to use a new feature while targeting an older Meson version. - Needs a release note snippet inside `docs/markdown/snippets/` with a heading and a brief paragraph explaining what the feature does with an example. ## Acceptance and merging The kind of review and acceptance any merge proposal gets depends on the changes it contains. All pull requests must be reviewed and accepted by someone with commit rights who is not the original submitter. Merge requests can be roughly split into three different categories. The first one consists of MRs that only change the markdown documentation under `docs/markdown`. Anyone with access rights can push changes to these directly to master. For major changes it is still recommended to create a MR so other people can comment on it. The second group consists of merges that don't change any functionality, fixes to the CI system and bug fixes that have added regression tests (see below) and don't change existing functionality. Once successfully reviewed anyone with merge rights can merge these to master. The final kind of merges are those that add new functionality or change existing functionality in a backwards incompatible way. These require the approval of the project lead. In a simplified list form the split would look like the following: - members with commit access can do: - documentation changes (directly to master if warranted) - bug fixes that don't change functionality - refactorings - new dependency types - new tool support (e.g. a new Doxygen-kind of tool) - support for new compilers to existing languages - project leader decision is needed for: - new modules - new functions in the Meson language - syntax changes for Meson files - changes breaking backwards compatibility - support for new languages ## Strategy for merging pull requests to trunk Meson's merge strategy should fulfill the following guidelines: - preserve as much history as possible - have as little junk in the repo as possible - everything in the "master lineage" should always pass all tests These goals are slightly contradictory so the correct thing to do often requires some judgement on part of the person doing the merge. Github provides three different merge options, The rules of thumb for choosing between them goes like this: - single commit pull requests should always be rebased - a pull request with one commit and one "fixup" commit (such as testing something to see if it passes CI) should be squashed - large branches with many commits should be merged with a merge commit, especially if one of the commits does not pass all tests (which happens in e.g. large and difficult refactorings) If in doubt, ask for guidance on IRC. ## Tests All new features must come with automatic tests that thoroughly prove that the feature is working as expected. Similarly bug fixes must come with a unit test that demonstrates the bug, proves that it has been fixed and prevents the feature from breaking in the future. Sometimes it is difficult to create a unit test for a given bug. If this is the case, note this in your pull request. We may permit bug fix merge requests in these cases. This is done on a case by case basis. Sometimes it may be easier to write the test than convince the maintainers that one is not needed. Exercise judgment and ask for help in problematic cases. The tests are split into two different parts: unit tests and full project tests. To run all tests, execute `./run_tests.py`. Unit tests can be run with `./run_unittests.py` and project tests with `./run_project_tests.py`. ### Project tests Subsets of project tests can be selected with `./run_project_tests.py --only` option. This can save a great deal of time when only a certain part of Meson is being tested. For example, a useful and easy contribution to Meson is making sure the full set of compilers is supported. One could for example test various Fortran compilers by setting `FC=ifort` or `FC=flang` or similar with `./run_project_test.py --only fortran`. Some families of tests require a particular backend to run. For example, all the CUDA project tests run and pass on Windows via `./run_project_tests.py --only cuda --backend ninja` Each project test is a standalone project that can be compiled on its own. They are all in the `test cases` subdirectory. The simplest way to run a single project test is to do something like `./meson.py test\ cases/common/1\ trivial builddir`. The one exception to this is `test cases/unit` directory discussed below. The test cases in the `common` subdirectory are meant to be run always for all backends. They should only depend on C and C++, without any external dependencies such as libraries. Tests that require those are in the `test cases/frameworks` directory. If there is a need for an external program in the common directory, such as a code generator, it should be implemented as a Python script. The goal of test projects is also to provide sample projects that end users can use as a base for their own projects. All project tests follow the same pattern: they are configured, compiled, tests are run and finally install is run. Passing means that configuring, building and tests succeed and that installed files match those expected. Any tests that require more thorough analysis, such as checking that certain compiler arguments can be found in the command line or that the generated pkg-config files actually work should be done with a unit test. Additionally: * `crossfile.ini` and `nativefile.ini` are passed to the configure step with `--cross-file` and `--native-file` options, respectively. * `mlog.cmd_ci_include()` can be called from anywhere inside Meson to capture the contents of an additional file into the CI log on failure. Projects needed by unit tests are in the `test cases/unit` subdirectory. They are not run as part of `./run_project_tests.py`. ### Configuring project tests The (optional) `test.json` file, in the root of a test case, is used for configuring the test. All of the following root entries in the `test.json` are independent of each other and can be combined as needed. Exanple `test.json`: ```json { "env": { "VAR": "VAL" }, "installed": [ { "type": "exe", "file": "usr/bin/testexe" }, { "type": "pdb", "file": "usr/bin/testexe" }, { "type": "shared_lib", "file": "usr/lib/z", "version": "1.2.3" }, ], "matrix": { "options": { "opt1": [ { "val": "abc" }, { "val": "qwert" }, { "val": "bad" } ], "opt2": [ { "val": null }, { "val": "true" }, { "val": "false" }, ] }, "exclude": [ { "opt1": "qwert", "opt2": "false" }, { "opt1": "bad" } ] }, "tools": { "cmake": ">=3.11" } } ``` #### env The `env` key contains a dictionary which specifies additional environment variables to be set during the configure step of the test. There is some basic support for configuring the string with the `@@` syntax: - `@ROOT@`: absolute path of the source directory - `@PATH@`: current value of the `PATH` env variable #### installed The `installed` dict contains a list of dicts, describing which files are expected to be installed. Each dict contains the following keys: - `file` - `type` - `platform` (optional) - `version` (optional) - `language` (optional) The `file` entry contains the relative path (from the install root) to the actually installed file. The `type` entry specifies how the `file` path should be interpreted based on the current platform. The following values are currently supported: | type | Description | | ------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | `file` | No postprocessing, just use the provided path | | `dir` | To include all files inside the directory (for generated docs, etc). The path must be a valid directory | | `exe` | For executables. On Windows the `.exe` suffix is added to the path in `file` | | `shared_lib` | For shared libraries, always written as `name`. The appropriate suffix and prefix are added by platform | | `pdb` | For Windows PDB files. PDB entries are ignored on non Windows platforms | | `implib` | For Windows import libraries. These entries are ignored on non Windows platforms | | `implibempty` | Like `implib`, but no symbols are exported in the library | | `expr` | `file` is an expression. This type should be avoided and removed if possible | Except for the `file` and `expr` types, all paths should be provided *without* a suffix. | Argument | Applies to | Description | | -----------|----------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | `version` | `shared_lib`, `pdb` | Sets the version to look for appropriately per-platform | | `language` | `pdb` | Determines which compiler/linker determines the existence of this file | The `shared_lib` and `pdb` types takes an optional additional parameter, `version`, this is us a string in `X.Y.Z` format that will be applied to the library. Each version to be tested must have a single version. The harness will apply this correctly per platform: `pdb` takes an optional `language` argument. This determines which compiler/linker should generate the pdb file. Because it's possible to mix compilers that do and don't generate pdb files (dmd's optlink doesn't). Currently this is only needed when mixing D and C code. ```json { "type": "shared_lib", "file": "usr/lib/lib", "type": "shared_lib", "file": "usr/lib/lib", "version": "1", "type": "shared_lib", "file": "usr/lib/lib", "version": "1.2.3.", } ``` This will be applied appropriately per platform. On windows this expects `lib.dll` and `lib-1.dll`. on MacOS it expects `liblib.dylib` and `liblib.1.dylib`. On other Unices it expects `liblib.so`, `liblib.so.1`, and `liblib.so.1.2.3`. If the `platform` key is present, the installed file entry is only considered if the platform matches. The following values for `platform` are currently supported: | platform | Description | | ---------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------- | | `msvc` | Matches when a msvc like compiler is used (`msvc`, `clang-cl`, etc.) | | `gcc` | Not `msvc` | | `cygwin` | Matches when the platform is cygwin | | `!cygwin` | Not `cygwin` | #### matrix The `matrix` section can be used to define a test matrix to run project tests with different Meson options. In the `options` dict, all possible options and their values are specified. Each key in the `options` dict is a Meson option. It stores a list of all potential values in a dict format, which allows to skip specific values based on the current environment. Each value must contain the `val` key for the value of the option. `null` can be used for adding matrix entries without the current option. Additionally, the `skip_on_env` key can be used to specify a list of environment variables. If at least one environment variable in `skip_on_env` is present, all matrix entries containing this value are skipped. Similarly, the `compilers` key can be used to define a mapping of compilers to languages that are required for this value. ```json { "compilers": { "c": "gcc", "cpp": "gcc", "d": "gdc" } } ``` Specific option combinations can be excluded with the `exclude` section. It should be noted that `exclude` does not require exact matches. Instead, any matrix entry containing all option value combinations in `exclude` will be excluded. Thus an empty dict (`{}`) to will match **all** elements in the test matrix. The above example will produce the following matrix entries: - `opt1=abc` - `opt1=abc opt2=true` - `opt1=abc opt2=false` - `opt1=qwert` - `opt1=qwert opt2=true` #### do_not_set_opts Currently supported values are: - `prefix` - `libdir` #### tools This section specifies a dict of tool requirements in a simple key-value format. If a tool is specified, it has to be present in the environment, and the version requirement must be fulfilled. Otherwise, the entire test is skipped (including every element in the test matrix). #### stdout The `stdout` key contains a list of dicts, describing the expected stdout. Each dict contains the following keys: - `line` - `match` (optional) Each item in the list is matched, in order, against the remaining actual stdout lines, after any previous matches. If the actual stdout is exhausted before every item in the list is matched, the expected output has not been seen, and the test has failed. The `match` element of the dict determines how the `line` element is matched: | Type | Description | | -------- | ----------------------- | | `literal` | Literal match (default) | | `re` | regex match | ### Skipping integration tests Meson uses several continuous integration testing systems that have slightly different interfaces for indicating a commit should be skipped. Continuous integration systems currently used: - [Azure Pipelines](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/devops/pipelines/scripts/git-commands?view=vsts&tabs=yaml#how-do-i-avoid-triggering-a-ci-build-when-the-script-pushes) allows `***NO_CI***` in the commit message. - [Sider](https://sider.review) runs Flake8 ([see below](#python-coding-style)) To promote consistent naming policy, use: - `[skip ci]` in the commit title if you want to disable all integration tests ## Documentation The `docs` directory contains the full documentation that will be used to generate [the Meson web site](http://mesonbuild.com). Every change in functionality must change the documentation pages. In most cases this means updating the reference documentation page but bigger changes might need changes in other documentation, too. All new functionality needs to have a mention in the release notes. These features should be written in standalone files in the `docs/markdown/snippets` directory. The release manager will combine them into one page when doing the release. [Integration tests should be disabled](#skipping-integration-tests) for documentation-only commits by putting `[skip ci]` into commit title. Reviewers should ask contributors to put `[skip ci]` into the title because tests are run again after merge for `master`. ## Python Coding style Meson follows the basic Python coding style. Additional rules are the following: - indent 4 spaces, no tabs ever - indent meson.build files with two spaces - try to keep the code as simple as possible - contact the mailing list before embarking on large scale projects to avoid wasted effort Meson uses Flake8 for style guide enforcement. The Flake8 options for the project are contained in .flake8. To run Flake8 on your local clone of Meson: ```console $ python3 -m pip install flake8 $ cd meson $ flake8 ``` To run it automatically before committing: ```console $ flake8 --install-hook=git $ git config --bool flake8.strict true ``` ## C/C++ coding style Meson has a bunch of test code in several languages. The rules for those are simple. - indent 4 spaces, no tabs ever - brace always on the same line as if/for/else/function definition ## External dependencies The goal of Meson is to be as easily usable as possible. The user experience should be "get Python3 and Ninja, run", even on Windows. Unfortunately this means that we can't have dependencies on projects outside of Python's standard library. This applies only to core functionality, though. For additional helper programs etc the use of external dependencies may be ok. If you feel that you are dealing with this kind of case, please contact the developers first with your use case. ## Turing completeness The main design principle of Meson is that the definition language is not Turing complete. Any change that would make Meson Turing complete is automatically rejected. In practice this means that defining your own functions inside `meson.build` files and generalised loops will not be added to the language. ## Do I need to sign a CLA in order to contribute? No you don't. All contributions are welcome. ## No lingering state Meson operates in much the same way as functional programming languages. It has inputs, which include `meson.build` files, values of options, compilers and so on. These are passed to a function, which generates output build definition. This function is pure, which means that: - for any given input the output is always the same - running Meson twice in a row _always_ produce the same output in both runs The latter one is important, because it enforces that there is no way for "secret state" to pass between consecutive invocations of Meson. This is the reason why, for example, there is no `set_option` function even though there is a `get_option` one. If this were not the case, we could never know if the build output is "stable". For example suppose there were a `set_option` function and a boolean variable `flipflop`. Then you could do this: ```meson set_option('flipflop', not get_option('flipflop')) ``` This piece of code would never converge. Every Meson run would change the value of the option and thus the output you get out of this build definition would be random. Meson does not permit this by forbidding these sorts of covert channels. There is one exception to this rule. Users can call into external commands with `run_command`. If the output of that command does not behave like a pure function, this problem arises. Meson does not try to guard against this case, it is the responsibility of the user to make sure the commands they run behave like pure functions. ## Environment variables Environment variables are like global variables, except that they are also hidden by default. Envvars should be avoided whenever possible, all functionality should be exposed in better ways such as command line switches. ## Random design points that fit nowhere else - All features should follow the 90/9/1 rule. 90% of all use cases should be easy, 9% should be possible and it is totally fine to not support the final 1% if it would make things too complicated. - Any build directory will have at most two toolchains: one native and one cross. - Prefer specific solutions to generic frameworks. Solve the end user's problems rather than providing them tools to do it themselves. - Never use features of the Unix shell (or Windows shell for that matter). Doing things like forwarding output with `>` or invoking multiple commands with `&&` are not permitted. Whenever these sorts of requirements show up, write an internal Python script with the desired functionality and use that instead.