\input texinfo @c -*- texinfo -*- @c %**start of header @setfilename qemu-doc.info @include version.texi @documentlanguage en @documentencoding UTF-8 @settitle QEMU version @value{VERSION} User Documentation @exampleindent 0 @paragraphindent 0 @c %**end of header @ifinfo @direntry * QEMU: (qemu-doc). The QEMU Emulator User Documentation. @end direntry @end ifinfo @iftex @titlepage @sp 7 @center @titlefont{QEMU version @value{VERSION}} @sp 1 @center @titlefont{User Documentation} @sp 3 @end titlepage @end iftex @ifnottex @node Top @top @menu * Introduction:: * QEMU PC System emulator:: * QEMU System emulator for non PC targets:: * QEMU Guest Agent:: * QEMU User space emulator:: * Implementation notes:: * Deprecated features:: * Supported build platforms:: * License:: * Index:: @end menu @end ifnottex @contents @node Introduction @chapter Introduction @menu * intro_features:: Features @end menu @node intro_features @section Features QEMU is a FAST! processor emulator using dynamic translation to achieve good emulation speed. @cindex operating modes QEMU has two operating modes: @itemize @cindex system emulation @item Full system emulation. In this mode, QEMU emulates a full system (for example a PC), including one or several processors and various peripherals. It can be used to launch different Operating Systems without rebooting the PC or to debug system code. @cindex user mode emulation @item User mode emulation. In this mode, QEMU can launch processes compiled for one CPU on another CPU. It can be used to launch the Wine Windows API emulator (@url{https://www.winehq.org}) or to ease cross-compilation and cross-debugging. @end itemize QEMU has the following features: @itemize @item QEMU can run without a host kernel driver and yet gives acceptable performance. It uses dynamic translation to native code for reasonable speed, with support for self-modifying code and precise exceptions. @item It is portable to several operating systems (GNU/Linux, *BSD, Mac OS X, Windows) and architectures. @item It performs accurate software emulation of the FPU. @end itemize QEMU user mode emulation has the following features: @itemize @item Generic Linux system call converter, including most ioctls. @item clone() emulation using native CPU clone() to use Linux scheduler for threads. @item Accurate signal handling by remapping host signals to target signals. @end itemize QEMU full system emulation has the following features: @itemize @item QEMU uses a full software MMU for maximum portability. @item QEMU can optionally use an in-kernel accelerator, like kvm. The accelerators execute most of the guest code natively, while continuing to emulate the rest of the machine. @item Various hardware devices can be emulated and in some cases, host devices (e.g. serial and parallel ports, USB, drives) can be used transparently by the guest Operating System. Host device passthrough can be used for talking to external physical peripherals (e.g. a webcam, modem or tape drive). @item Symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) support. Currently, an in-kernel accelerator is required to use more than one host CPU for emulation. @end itemize @node QEMU PC System emulator @chapter QEMU PC System emulator @cindex system emulation (PC) @menu * pcsys_introduction:: Introduction * pcsys_quickstart:: Quick Start * sec_invocation:: Invocation * pcsys_keys:: Keys in the graphical frontends * mux_keys:: Keys in the character backend multiplexer * pcsys_monitor:: QEMU Monitor * disk_images:: Disk Images * pcsys_network:: Network emulation * pcsys_other_devs:: Other Devices * direct_linux_boot:: Direct Linux Boot * pcsys_usb:: USB emulation * vnc_security:: VNC security * network_tls:: TLS setup for network services * gdb_usage:: GDB usage * pcsys_os_specific:: Target OS specific information @end menu @node pcsys_introduction @section Introduction @c man begin DESCRIPTION The QEMU PC System emulator simulates the following peripherals: @itemize @minus @item i440FX host PCI bridge and PIIX3 PCI to ISA bridge @item Cirrus CLGD 5446 PCI VGA card or dummy VGA card with Bochs VESA extensions (hardware level, including all non standard modes). @item PS/2 mouse and keyboard @item 2 PCI IDE interfaces with hard disk and CD-ROM support @item Floppy disk @item PCI and ISA network adapters @item Serial ports @item IPMI BMC, either and internal or external one @item Creative SoundBlaster 16 sound card @item ENSONIQ AudioPCI ES1370 sound card @item Intel 82801AA AC97 Audio compatible sound card @item Intel HD Audio Controller and HDA codec @item Adlib (OPL2) - Yamaha YM3812 compatible chip @item Gravis Ultrasound GF1 sound card @item CS4231A compatible sound card @item PCI UHCI, OHCI, EHCI or XHCI USB controller and a virtual USB-1.1 hub. @end itemize SMP is supported with up to 255 CPUs. QEMU uses the PC BIOS from the Seabios project and the Plex86/Bochs LGPL VGA BIOS. QEMU uses YM3812 emulation by Tatsuyuki Satoh. QEMU uses GUS emulation (GUSEMU32 @url{http://www.deinmeister.de/gusemu/}) by Tibor "TS" Schütz. Note that, by default, GUS shares IRQ(7) with parallel ports and so QEMU must be told to not have parallel ports to have working GUS. @example qemu-system-i386 dos.img -soundhw gus -parallel none @end example Alternatively: @example qemu-system-i386 dos.img -device gus,irq=5 @end example Or some other unclaimed IRQ. CS4231A is the chip used in Windows Sound System and GUSMAX products @c man end @node pcsys_quickstart @section Quick Start @cindex quick start Download and uncompress the linux image (@file{linux.img}) and type: @example qemu-system-i386 linux.img @end example Linux should boot and give you a prompt. @node sec_invocation @section Invocation @example @c man begin SYNOPSIS @command{qemu-system-i386} [@var{options}] [@var{disk_image}] @c man end @end example @c man begin OPTIONS @var{disk_image} is a raw hard disk image for IDE hard disk 0. Some targets do not need a disk image. @include qemu-options.texi @c man end @subsection Device URL Syntax @c TODO merge this with section Disk Images @c man begin NOTES In addition to using normal file images for the emulated storage devices, QEMU can also use networked resources such as iSCSI devices. These are specified using a special URL syntax. @table @option @item iSCSI iSCSI support allows QEMU to access iSCSI resources directly and use as images for the guest storage. Both disk and cdrom images are supported. Syntax for specifying iSCSI LUNs is ``iscsi://[:]//'' By default qemu will use the iSCSI initiator-name 'iqn.2008-11.org.linux-kvm[:]' but this can also be set from the command line or a configuration file. Since version Qemu 2.4 it is possible to specify a iSCSI request timeout to detect stalled requests and force a reestablishment of the session. The timeout is specified in seconds. The default is 0 which means no timeout. Libiscsi 1.15.0 or greater is required for this feature. Example (without authentication): @example qemu-system-i386 -iscsi initiator-name=iqn.2001-04.com.example:my-initiator \ -cdrom iscsi://192.0.2.1/iqn.2001-04.com.example/2 \ -drive file=iscsi://192.0.2.1/iqn.2001-04.com.example/1 @end example Example (CHAP username/password via URL): @example qemu-system-i386 -drive file=iscsi://user%password@@192.0.2.1/iqn.2001-04.com.example/1 @end example Example (CHAP username/password via environment variables): @example LIBISCSI_CHAP_USERNAME="user" \ LIBISCSI_CHAP_PASSWORD="password" \ qemu-system-i386 -drive file=iscsi://192.0.2.1/iqn.2001-04.com.example/1 @end example @item NBD QEMU supports NBD (Network Block Devices) both using TCP protocol as well as Unix Domain Sockets. Syntax for specifying a NBD device using TCP ``nbd::[:exportname=]'' Syntax for specifying a NBD device using Unix Domain Sockets ``nbd:unix:[:exportname=]'' Example for TCP @example qemu-system-i386 --drive file=nbd:192.0.2.1:30000 @end example Example for Unix Domain Sockets @example qemu-system-i386 --drive file=nbd:unix:/tmp/nbd-socket @end example @item SSH QEMU supports SSH (Secure Shell) access to remote disks. Examples: @example qemu-system-i386 -drive file=ssh://user@@host/path/to/disk.img qemu-system-i386 -drive file.driver=ssh,file.user=user,file.host=host,file.port=22,file.path=/path/to/disk.img @end example Currently authentication must be done using ssh-agent. Other authentication methods may be supported in future. @item Sheepdog Sheepdog is a distributed storage system for QEMU. QEMU supports using either local sheepdog devices or remote networked devices. Syntax for specifying a sheepdog device @example sheepdog[+tcp|+unix]://[host:port]/vdiname[?socket=path][#snapid|#tag] @end example Example @example qemu-system-i386 --drive file=sheepdog://192.0.2.1:30000/MyVirtualMachine @end example See also @url{https://sheepdog.github.io/sheepdog/}. @item GlusterFS GlusterFS is a user space distributed file system. QEMU supports the use of GlusterFS volumes for hosting VM disk images using TCP, Unix Domain Sockets and RDMA transport protocols. Syntax for specifying a VM disk image on GlusterFS volume is @example URI: gluster[+type]://[host[:port]]/volume/path[?socket=...][,debug=N][,logfile=...] JSON: 'json:@{"driver":"qcow2","file":@{"driver":"gluster","volume":"testvol","path":"a.img","debug":N,"logfile":"...", @ "server":[@{"type":"tcp","host":"...","port":"..."@}, @ @{"type":"unix","socket":"..."@}]@}@}' @end example Example @example URI: qemu-system-x86_64 --drive file=gluster://192.0.2.1/testvol/a.img, @ file.debug=9,file.logfile=/var/log/qemu-gluster.log JSON: qemu-system-x86_64 'json:@{"driver":"qcow2", @ "file":@{"driver":"gluster", @ "volume":"testvol","path":"a.img", @ "debug":9,"logfile":"/var/log/qemu-gluster.log", @ "server":[@{"type":"tcp","host":"1.2.3.4","port":24007@}, @ @{"type":"unix","socket":"/var/run/glusterd.socket"@}]@}@}' qemu-system-x86_64 -drive driver=qcow2,file.driver=gluster,file.volume=testvol,file.path=/path/a.img, @ file.debug=9,file.logfile=/var/log/qemu-gluster.log, @ file.server.0.type=tcp,file.server.0.host=1.2.3.4,file.server.0.port=24007, @ file.server.1.type=unix,file.server.1.socket=/var/run/glusterd.socket @end example See also @url{http://www.gluster.org}. @item HTTP/HTTPS/FTP/FTPS QEMU supports read-only access to files accessed over http(s) and ftp(s). Syntax using a single filename: @example ://[[:]@@]/ @end example where: @table @option @item protocol 'http', 'https', 'ftp', or 'ftps'. @item username Optional username for authentication to the remote server. @item password Optional password for authentication to the remote server. @item host Address of the remote server. @item path Path on the remote server, including any query string. @end table The following options are also supported: @table @option @item url The full URL when passing options to the driver explicitly. @item readahead The amount of data to read ahead with each range request to the remote server. This value may optionally have the suffix 'T', 'G', 'M', 'K', 'k' or 'b'. If it does not have a suffix, it will be assumed to be in bytes. The value must be a multiple of 512 bytes. It defaults to 256k. @item sslverify Whether to verify the remote server's certificate when connecting over SSL. It can have the value 'on' or 'off'. It defaults to 'on'. @item cookie Send this cookie (it can also be a list of cookies separated by ';') with each outgoing request. Only supported when using protocols such as HTTP which support cookies, otherwise ignored. @item timeout Set the timeout in seconds of the CURL connection. This timeout is the time that CURL waits for a response from the remote server to get the size of the image to be downloaded. If not set, the default timeout of 5 seconds is used. @end table Note that when passing options to qemu explicitly, @option{driver} is the value of . Example: boot from a remote Fedora 20 live ISO image @example qemu-system-x86_64 --drive media=cdrom,file=http://dl.fedoraproject.org/pub/fedora/linux/releases/20/Live/x86_64/Fedora-Live-Desktop-x86_64-20-1.iso,readonly qemu-system-x86_64 --drive media=cdrom,file.driver=http,file.url=http://dl.fedoraproject.org/pub/fedora/linux/releases/20/Live/x86_64/Fedora-Live-Desktop-x86_64-20-1.iso,readonly @end example Example: boot from a remote Fedora 20 cloud image using a local overlay for writes, copy-on-read, and a readahead of 64k @example qemu-img create -f qcow2 -o backing_file='json:@{"file.driver":"http",, "file.url":"https://dl.fedoraproject.org/pub/fedora/linux/releases/20/Images/x86_64/Fedora-x86_64-20-20131211.1-sda.qcow2",, "file.readahead":"64k"@}' /tmp/Fedora-x86_64-20-20131211.1-sda.qcow2 qemu-system-x86_64 -drive file=/tmp/Fedora-x86_64-20-20131211.1-sda.qcow2,copy-on-read=on @end example Example: boot from an image stored on a VMware vSphere server with a self-signed certificate using a local overlay for writes, a readahead of 64k and a timeout of 10 seconds. @example qemu-img create -f qcow2 -o backing_file='json:@{"file.driver":"https",, "file.url":"https://user:password@@vsphere.example.com/folder/test/test-flat.vmdk?dcPath=Datacenter&dsName=datastore1",, "file.sslverify":"off",, "file.readahead":"64k",, "file.timeout":10@}' /tmp/test.qcow2 qemu-system-x86_64 -drive file=/tmp/test.qcow2 @end example @end table @c man end @node pcsys_keys @section Keys in the graphical frontends @c man begin OPTIONS During the graphical emulation, you can use special key combinations to change modes. The default key mappings are shown below, but if you use @code{-alt-grab} then the modifier is Ctrl-Alt-Shift (instead of Ctrl-Alt) and if you use @code{-ctrl-grab} then the modifier is the right Ctrl key (instead of Ctrl-Alt): @table @key @item Ctrl-Alt-f @kindex Ctrl-Alt-f Toggle full screen @item Ctrl-Alt-+ @kindex Ctrl-Alt-+ Enlarge the screen @item Ctrl-Alt-- @kindex Ctrl-Alt-- Shrink the screen @item Ctrl-Alt-u @kindex Ctrl-Alt-u Restore the screen's un-scaled dimensions @item Ctrl-Alt-n @kindex Ctrl-Alt-n Switch to virtual console 'n'. Standard console mappings are: @table @emph @item 1 Target system display @item 2 Monitor @item 3 Serial port @end table @item Ctrl-Alt @kindex Ctrl-Alt Toggle mouse and keyboard grab. @end table @kindex Ctrl-Up @kindex Ctrl-Down @kindex Ctrl-PageUp @kindex Ctrl-PageDown In the virtual consoles, you can use @key{Ctrl-Up}, @key{Ctrl-Down}, @key{Ctrl-PageUp} and @key{Ctrl-PageDown} to move in the back log. @c man end @node mux_keys @section Keys in the character backend multiplexer @c man begin OPTIONS During emulation, if you are using a character backend multiplexer (which is the default if you are using @option{-nographic}) then several commands are available via an escape sequence. These key sequences all start with an escape character, which is @key{Ctrl-a} by default, but can be changed with @option{-echr}. The list below assumes you're using the default. @table @key @item Ctrl-a h @kindex Ctrl-a h Print this help @item Ctrl-a x @kindex Ctrl-a x Exit emulator @item Ctrl-a s @kindex Ctrl-a s Save disk data back to file (if -snapshot) @item Ctrl-a t @kindex Ctrl-a t Toggle console timestamps @item Ctrl-a b @kindex Ctrl-a b Send break (magic sysrq in Linux) @item Ctrl-a c @kindex Ctrl-a c Rotate between the frontends connected to the multiplexer (usually this switches between the monitor and the console) @item Ctrl-a Ctrl-a @kindex Ctrl-a Ctrl-a Send the escape character to the frontend @end table @c man end @ignore @c man begin SEEALSO The HTML documentation of QEMU for more precise information and Linux user mode emulator invocation. @c man end @c man begin AUTHOR Fabrice Bellard @c man end @end ignore @node pcsys_monitor @section QEMU Monitor @cindex QEMU monitor The QEMU monitor is used to give complex commands to the QEMU emulator. You can use it to: @itemize @minus @item Remove or insert removable media images (such as CD-ROM or floppies). @item Freeze/unfreeze the Virtual Machine (VM) and save or restore its state from a disk file. @item Inspect the VM state without an external debugger. @end itemize @subsection Commands The following commands are available: @include qemu-monitor.texi @include qemu-monitor-info.texi @subsection Integer expressions The monitor understands integers expressions for every integer argument. You can use register names to get the value of specifics CPU registers by prefixing them with @emph{$}. @node disk_images @section Disk Images QEMU supports many disk image formats, including growable disk images (their size increase as non empty sectors are written), compressed and encrypted disk images. @menu * disk_images_quickstart:: Quick start for disk image creation * disk_images_snapshot_mode:: Snapshot mode * vm_snapshots:: VM snapshots * qemu_img_invocation:: qemu-img Invocation * qemu_nbd_invocation:: qemu-nbd Invocation * disk_images_formats:: Disk image file formats * host_drives:: Using host drives * disk_images_fat_images:: Virtual FAT disk images * disk_images_nbd:: NBD access * disk_images_sheepdog:: Sheepdog disk images * disk_images_iscsi:: iSCSI LUNs * disk_images_gluster:: GlusterFS disk images * disk_images_ssh:: Secure Shell (ssh) disk images * disk_images_nvme:: NVMe userspace driver * disk_image_locking:: Disk image file locking @end menu @node disk_images_quickstart @subsection Quick start for disk image creation You can create a disk image with the command: @example qemu-img create myimage.img mysize @end example where @var{myimage.img} is the disk image filename and @var{mysize} is its size in kilobytes. You can add an @code{M} suffix to give the size in megabytes and a @code{G} suffix for gigabytes. See @ref{qemu_img_invocation} for more information. @node disk_images_snapshot_mode @subsection Snapshot mode If you use the option @option{-snapshot}, all disk images are considered as read only. When sectors in written, they are written in a temporary file created in @file{/tmp}. You can however force the write back to the raw disk images by using the @code{commit} monitor command (or @key{C-a s} in the serial console). @node vm_snapshots @subsection VM snapshots VM snapshots are snapshots of the complete virtual machine including CPU state, RAM, device state and the content of all the writable disks. In order to use VM snapshots, you must have at least one non removable and writable block device using the @code{qcow2} disk image format. Normally this device is the first virtual hard drive. Use the monitor command @code{savevm} to create a new VM snapshot or replace an existing one. A human readable name can be assigned to each snapshot in addition to its numerical ID. Use @code{loadvm} to restore a VM snapshot and @code{delvm} to remove a VM snapshot. @code{info snapshots} lists the available snapshots with their associated information: @example (qemu) info snapshots Snapshot devices: hda Snapshot list (from hda): ID TAG VM SIZE DATE VM CLOCK 1 start 41M 2006-08-06 12:38:02 00:00:14.954 2 40M 2006-08-06 12:43:29 00:00:18.633 3 msys 40M 2006-08-06 12:44:04 00:00:23.514 @end example A VM snapshot is made of a VM state info (its size is shown in @code{info snapshots}) and a snapshot of every writable disk image. The VM state info is stored in the first @code{qcow2} non removable and writable block device. The disk image snapshots are stored in every disk image. The size of a snapshot in a disk image is difficult to evaluate and is not shown by @code{info snapshots} because the associated disk sectors are shared among all the snapshots to save disk space (otherwise each snapshot would need a full copy of all the disk images). When using the (unrelated) @code{-snapshot} option (@ref{disk_images_snapshot_mode}), you can always make VM snapshots, but they are deleted as soon as you exit QEMU. VM snapshots currently have the following known limitations: @itemize @item They cannot cope with removable devices if they are removed or inserted after a snapshot is done. @item A few device drivers still have incomplete snapshot support so their state is not saved or restored properly (in particular USB). @end itemize @node qemu_img_invocation @subsection @code{qemu-img} Invocation @include qemu-img.texi @node qemu_nbd_invocation @subsection @code{qemu-nbd} Invocation @include qemu-nbd.texi @include docs/qemu-block-drivers.texi @node pcsys_network @section Network emulation QEMU can simulate several network cards (e.g. PCI or ISA cards on the PC target) and can connect them to a network backend on the host or an emulated hub. The various host network backends can either be used to connect the NIC of the guest to a real network (e.g. by using a TAP devices or the non-privileged user mode network stack), or to other guest instances running in another QEMU process (e.g. by using the socket host network backend). @subsection Using TAP network interfaces This is the standard way to connect QEMU to a real network. QEMU adds a virtual network device on your host (called @code{tapN}), and you can then configure it as if it was a real ethernet card. @subsubsection Linux host As an example, you can download the @file{linux-test-xxx.tar.gz} archive and copy the script @file{qemu-ifup} in @file{/etc} and configure properly @code{sudo} so that the command @code{ifconfig} contained in @file{qemu-ifup} can be executed as root. You must verify that your host kernel supports the TAP network interfaces: the device @file{/dev/net/tun} must be present. See @ref{sec_invocation} to have examples of command lines using the TAP network interfaces. @subsubsection Windows host There is a virtual ethernet driver for Windows 2000/XP systems, called TAP-Win32. But it is not included in standard QEMU for Windows, so you will need to get it separately. It is part of OpenVPN package, so download OpenVPN from : @url{https://openvpn.net/}. @subsection Using the user mode network stack By using the option @option{-net user} (default configuration if no @option{-net} option is specified), QEMU uses a completely user mode network stack (you don't need root privilege to use the virtual network). The virtual network configuration is the following: @example guest (10.0.2.15) <------> Firewall/DHCP server <-----> Internet | (10.0.2.2) | ----> DNS server (10.0.2.3) | ----> SMB server (10.0.2.4) @end example The QEMU VM behaves as if it was behind a firewall which blocks all incoming connections. You can use a DHCP client to automatically configure the network in the QEMU VM. The DHCP server assign addresses to the hosts starting from 10.0.2.15. In order to check that the user mode network is working, you can ping the address 10.0.2.2 and verify that you got an address in the range 10.0.2.x from the QEMU virtual DHCP server. Note that ICMP traffic in general does not work with user mode networking. @code{ping}, aka. ICMP echo, to the local router (10.0.2.2) shall work, however. If you're using QEMU on Linux >= 3.0, it can use unprivileged ICMP ping sockets to allow @code{ping} to the Internet. The host admin has to set the ping_group_range in order to grant access to those sockets. To allow ping for GID 100 (usually users group): @example echo 100 100 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ping_group_range @end example When using the built-in TFTP server, the router is also the TFTP server. When using the @option{'-netdev user,hostfwd=...'} option, TCP or UDP connections can be redirected from the host to the guest. It allows for example to redirect X11, telnet or SSH connections. @subsection Hubs QEMU can simulate several hubs. A hub can be thought of as a virtual connection between several network devices. These devices can be for example QEMU virtual ethernet cards or virtual Host ethernet devices (TAP devices). You can connect guest NICs or host network backends to such a hub using the @option{-netdev hubport} or @option{-nic hubport} options. The legacy @option{-net} option also connects the given device to the emulated hub with ID 0 (i.e. the default hub) unless you specify a netdev with @option{-net nic,netdev=xxx} here. @subsection Connecting emulated networks between QEMU instances Using the @option{-netdev socket} (or @option{-nic socket} or @option{-net socket}) option, it is possible to create emulated networks that span several QEMU instances. See the description of the @option{-netdev socket} option in the @ref{sec_invocation,,Invocation chapter} to have a basic example. @node pcsys_other_devs @section Other Devices @subsection Inter-VM Shared Memory device On Linux hosts, a shared memory device is available. The basic syntax is: @example qemu-system-x86_64 -device ivshmem-plain,memdev=@var{hostmem} @end example where @var{hostmem} names a host memory backend. For a POSIX shared memory backend, use something like @example -object memory-backend-file,size=1M,share,mem-path=/dev/shm/ivshmem,id=@var{hostmem} @end example If desired, interrupts can be sent between guest VMs accessing the same shared memory region. Interrupt support requires using a shared memory server and using a chardev socket to connect to it. The code for the shared memory server is qemu.git/contrib/ivshmem-server. An example syntax when using the shared memory server is: @example # First start the ivshmem server once and for all ivshmem-server -p @var{pidfile} -S @var{path} -m @var{shm-name} -l @var{shm-size} -n @var{vectors} # Then start your qemu instances with matching arguments qemu-system-x86_64 -device ivshmem-doorbell,vectors=@var{vectors},chardev=@var{id} -chardev socket,path=@var{path},id=@var{id} @end example When using the server, the guest will be assigned a VM ID (>=0) that allows guests using the same server to communicate via interrupts. Guests can read their VM ID from a device register (see ivshmem-spec.txt). @subsubsection Migration with ivshmem With device property @option{master=on}, the guest will copy the shared memory on migration to the destination host. With @option{master=off}, the guest will not be able to migrate with the device attached. In the latter case, the device should be detached and then reattached after migration using the PCI hotplug support. At most one of the devices sharing the same memory can be master. The master must complete migration before you plug back the other devices. @subsubsection ivshmem and hugepages Instead of specifying the using POSIX shm, you may specify a memory backend that has hugepage support: @example qemu-system-x86_64 -object memory-backend-file,size=1G,mem-path=/dev/hugepages/my-shmem-file,share,id=mb1 -device ivshmem-plain,memdev=mb1 @end example ivshmem-server also supports hugepages mount points with the @option{-m} memory path argument. @node direct_linux_boot @section Direct Linux Boot This section explains how to launch a Linux kernel inside QEMU without having to make a full bootable image. It is very useful for fast Linux kernel testing. The syntax is: @example qemu-system-i386 -kernel arch/i386/boot/bzImage -hda root-2.4.20.img -append "root=/dev/hda" @end example Use @option{-kernel} to provide the Linux kernel image and @option{-append} to give the kernel command line arguments. The @option{-initrd} option can be used to provide an INITRD image. When using the direct Linux boot, a disk image for the first hard disk @file{hda} is required because its boot sector is used to launch the Linux kernel. If you do not need graphical output, you can disable it and redirect the virtual serial port and the QEMU monitor to the console with the @option{-nographic} option. The typical command line is: @example qemu-system-i386 -kernel arch/i386/boot/bzImage -hda root-2.4.20.img \ -append "root=/dev/hda console=ttyS0" -nographic @end example Use @key{Ctrl-a c} to switch between the serial console and the monitor (@pxref{pcsys_keys}). @node pcsys_usb @section USB emulation QEMU can emulate a PCI UHCI, OHCI, EHCI or XHCI USB controller. You can plug virtual USB devices or real host USB devices (only works with certain host operating systems). QEMU will automatically create and connect virtual USB hubs as necessary to connect multiple USB devices. @menu * usb_devices:: * host_usb_devices:: @end menu @node usb_devices @subsection Connecting USB devices USB devices can be connected with the @option{-device usb-...} command line option or the @code{device_add} monitor command. Available devices are: @table @code @item usb-mouse Virtual Mouse. This will override the PS/2 mouse emulation when activated. @item usb-tablet Pointer device that uses absolute coordinates (like a touchscreen). This means QEMU is able to report the mouse position without having to grab the mouse. Also overrides the PS/2 mouse emulation when activated. @item usb-storage,drive=@var{drive_id} Mass storage device backed by @var{drive_id} (@pxref{disk_images}) @item usb-uas USB attached SCSI device, see @url{https://git.qemu.org/?p=qemu.git;a=blob_plain;f=docs/usb-storage.txt,usb-storage.txt} for details @item usb-bot Bulk-only transport storage device, see @url{https://git.qemu.org/?p=qemu.git;a=blob_plain;f=docs/usb-storage.txt,usb-storage.txt} for details here, too @item usb-mtp,x-root=@var{dir} Media transfer protocol device, using @var{dir} as root of the file tree that is presented to the guest. @item usb-host,hostbus=@var{bus},hostaddr=@var{addr} Pass through the host device identified by @var{bus} and @var{addr} @item usb-host,vendorid=@var{vendor},productid=@var{product} Pass through the host device identified by @var{vendor} and @var{product} ID @item usb-wacom-tablet Virtual Wacom PenPartner tablet. This device is similar to the @code{tablet} above but it can be used with the tslib library because in addition to touch coordinates it reports touch pressure. @item usb-kbd Standard USB keyboard. Will override the PS/2 keyboard (if present). @item usb-serial,chardev=@var{id} Serial converter. This emulates an FTDI FT232BM chip connected to host character device @var{id}. @item usb-braille,chardev=@var{id} Braille device. This will use BrlAPI to display the braille output on a real or fake device referenced by @var{id}. @item usb-net[,netdev=@var{id}] Network adapter that supports CDC ethernet and RNDIS protocols. @var{id} specifies a netdev defined with @code{-netdev @dots{},id=@var{id}}. For instance, user-mode networking can be used with @example qemu-system-i386 [...] -netdev user,id=net0 -device usb-net,netdev=net0 @end example @item usb-ccid Smartcard reader device @item usb-audio USB audio device @item usb-bt-dongle Bluetooth dongle for the transport layer of HCI. It is connected to HCI scatternet 0 by default (corresponds to @code{-bt hci,vlan=0}). Note that the syntax for the @code{-device usb-bt-dongle} option is not as useful yet as it was with the legacy @code{-usbdevice} option. So to configure an USB bluetooth device, you might need to use "@code{-usbdevice bt}[:@var{hci-type}]" instead. This configures a bluetooth dongle whose type is specified in the same format as with the @option{-bt hci} option, @pxref{bt-hcis,,allowed HCI types}. If no type is given, the HCI logic corresponds to @code{-bt hci,vlan=0}. This USB device implements the USB Transport Layer of HCI. Example usage: @example @command{qemu-system-i386} [...@var{OPTIONS}...] @option{-usbdevice} bt:hci,vlan=3 @option{-bt} device:keyboard,vlan=3 @end example @end table @node host_usb_devices @subsection Using host USB devices on a Linux host WARNING: this is an experimental feature. QEMU will slow down when using it. USB devices requiring real time streaming (i.e. USB Video Cameras) are not supported yet. @enumerate @item If you use an early Linux 2.4 kernel, verify that no Linux driver is actually using the USB device. A simple way to do that is simply to disable the corresponding kernel module by renaming it from @file{mydriver.o} to @file{mydriver.o.disabled}. @item Verify that @file{/proc/bus/usb} is working (most Linux distributions should enable it by default). You should see something like that: @example ls /proc/bus/usb 001 devices drivers @end example @item Since only root can access to the USB devices directly, you can either launch QEMU as root or change the permissions of the USB devices you want to use. For testing, the following suffices: @example chown -R myuid /proc/bus/usb @end example @item Launch QEMU and do in the monitor: @example info usbhost Device 1.2, speed 480 Mb/s Class 00: USB device 1234:5678, USB DISK @end example You should see the list of the devices you can use (Never try to use hubs, it won't work). @item Add the device in QEMU by using: @example device_add usb-host,vendorid=0x1234,productid=0x5678 @end example Normally the guest OS should report that a new USB device is plugged. You can use the option @option{-device usb-host,...} to do the same. @item Now you can try to use the host USB device in QEMU. @end enumerate When relaunching QEMU, you may have to unplug and plug again the USB device to make it work again (this is a bug). @node vnc_security @section VNC security The VNC server capability provides access to the graphical console of the guest VM across the network. This has a number of security considerations depending on the deployment scenarios. @menu * vnc_sec_none:: * vnc_sec_password:: * vnc_sec_certificate:: * vnc_sec_certificate_verify:: * vnc_sec_certificate_pw:: * vnc_sec_sasl:: * vnc_sec_certificate_sasl:: * vnc_setup_sasl:: @end menu @node vnc_sec_none @subsection Without passwords The simplest VNC server setup does not include any form of authentication. For this setup it is recommended to restrict it to listen on a UNIX domain socket only. For example @example qemu-system-i386 [...OPTIONS...] -vnc unix:/home/joebloggs/.qemu-myvm-vnc @end example This ensures that only users on local box with read/write access to that path can access the VNC server. To securely access the VNC server from a remote machine, a combination of netcat+ssh can be used to provide a secure tunnel. @node vnc_sec_password @subsection With passwords The VNC protocol has limited support for password based authentication. Since the protocol limits passwords to 8 characters it should not be considered to provide high security. The password can be fairly easily brute-forced by a client making repeat connections. For this reason, a VNC server using password authentication should be restricted to only listen on the loopback interface or UNIX domain sockets. Password authentication is not supported when operating in FIPS 140-2 compliance mode as it requires the use of the DES cipher. Password authentication is requested with the @code{password} option, and then once QEMU is running the password is set with the monitor. Until the monitor is used to set the password all clients will be rejected. @example qemu-system-i386 [...OPTIONS...] -vnc :1,password -monitor stdio (qemu) change vnc password Password: ******** (qemu) @end example @node vnc_sec_certificate @subsection With x509 certificates The QEMU VNC server also implements the VeNCrypt extension allowing use of TLS for encryption of the session, and x509 certificates for authentication. The use of x509 certificates is strongly recommended, because TLS on its own is susceptible to man-in-the-middle attacks. Basic x509 certificate support provides a secure session, but no authentication. This allows any client to connect, and provides an encrypted session. @example qemu-system-i386 [...OPTIONS...] -vnc :1,tls,x509=/etc/pki/qemu -monitor stdio @end example In the above example @code{/etc/pki/qemu} should contain at least three files, @code{ca-cert.pem}, @code{server-cert.pem} and @code{server-key.pem}. Unprivileged users will want to use a private directory, for example @code{$HOME/.pki/qemu}. NB the @code{server-key.pem} file should be protected with file mode 0600 to only be readable by the user owning it. @node vnc_sec_certificate_verify @subsection With x509 certificates and client verification Certificates can also provide a means to authenticate the client connecting. The server will request that the client provide a certificate, which it will then validate against the CA certificate. This is a good choice if deploying in an environment with a private internal certificate authority. @example qemu-system-i386 [...OPTIONS...] -vnc :1,tls,x509verify=/etc/pki/qemu -monitor stdio @end example @node vnc_sec_certificate_pw @subsection With x509 certificates, client verification and passwords Finally, the previous method can be combined with VNC password authentication to provide two layers of authentication for clients. @example qemu-system-i386 [...OPTIONS...] -vnc :1,password,tls,x509verify=/etc/pki/qemu -monitor stdio (qemu) change vnc password Password: ******** (qemu) @end example @node vnc_sec_sasl @subsection With SASL authentication The SASL authentication method is a VNC extension, that provides an easily extendable, pluggable authentication method. This allows for integration with a wide range of authentication mechanisms, such as PAM, GSSAPI/Kerberos, LDAP, SQL databases, one-time keys and more. The strength of the authentication depends on the exact mechanism configured. If the chosen mechanism also provides a SSF layer, then it will encrypt the datastream as well. Refer to the later docs on how to choose the exact SASL mechanism used for authentication, but assuming use of one supporting SSF, then QEMU can be launched with: @example qemu-system-i386 [...OPTIONS...] -vnc :1,sasl -monitor stdio @end example @node vnc_sec_certificate_sasl @subsection With x509 certificates and SASL authentication If the desired SASL authentication mechanism does not supported SSF layers, then it is strongly advised to run it in combination with TLS and x509 certificates. This provides securely encrypted data stream, avoiding risk of compromising of the security credentials. This can be enabled, by combining the 'sasl' option with the aforementioned TLS + x509 options: @example qemu-system-i386 [...OPTIONS...] -vnc :1,tls,x509,sasl -monitor stdio @end example @node vnc_setup_sasl @subsection Configuring SASL mechanisms The following documentation assumes use of the Cyrus SASL implementation on a Linux host, but the principles should apply to any other SASL implementation or host. When SASL is enabled, the mechanism configuration will be loaded from system default SASL service config /etc/sasl2/qemu.conf. If running QEMU as an unprivileged user, an environment variable SASL_CONF_PATH can be used to make it search alternate locations for the service config file. If the TLS option is enabled for VNC, then it will provide session encryption, otherwise the SASL mechanism will have to provide encryption. In the latter case the list of possible plugins that can be used is drastically reduced. In fact only the GSSAPI SASL mechanism provides an acceptable level of security by modern standards. Previous versions of QEMU referred to the DIGEST-MD5 mechanism, however, it has multiple serious flaws described in detail in RFC 6331 and thus should never be used any more. The SCRAM-SHA-1 mechanism provides a simple username/password auth facility similar to DIGEST-MD5, but does not support session encryption, so can only be used in combination with TLS. When not using TLS the recommended configuration is @example mech_list: gssapi keytab: /etc/qemu/krb5.tab @end example This says to use the 'GSSAPI' mechanism with the Kerberos v5 protocol, with the server principal stored in /etc/qemu/krb5.tab. For this to work the administrator of your KDC must generate a Kerberos principal for the server, with a name of 'qemu/somehost.example.com@@EXAMPLE.COM' replacing 'somehost.example.com' with the fully qualified host name of the machine running QEMU, and 'EXAMPLE.COM' with the Kerberos Realm. When using TLS, if username+password authentication is desired, then a reasonable configuration is @example mech_list: scram-sha-1 sasldb_path: /etc/qemu/passwd.db @end example The @code{saslpasswd2} program can be used to populate the @code{passwd.db} file with accounts. Other SASL configurations will be left as an exercise for the reader. Note that all mechanisms, except GSSAPI, should be combined with use of TLS to ensure a secure data channel. @node network_tls @section TLS setup for network services Almost all network services in QEMU have the ability to use TLS for session data encryption, along with x509 certificates for simple client authentication. What follows is a description of how to generate certificates suitable for usage with QEMU, and applies to the VNC server, character devices with the TCP backend, NBD server and client, and migration server and client. At a high level, QEMU requires certificates and private keys to be provided in PEM format. Aside from the core fields, the certificates should include various extension data sets, including v3 basic constraints data, key purpose, key usage and subject alt name. The GnuTLS package includes a command called @code{certtool} which can be used to easily generate certificates and keys in the required format with expected data present. Alternatively a certificate management service may be used. At a minimum it is necessary to setup a certificate authority, and issue certificates to each server. If using x509 certificates for authentication, then each client will also need to be issued a certificate. Assuming that the QEMU network services will only ever be exposed to clients on a private intranet, there is no need to use a commercial certificate authority to create certificates. A self-signed CA is sufficient, and in fact likely to be more secure since it removes the ability of malicious 3rd parties to trick the CA into mis-issuing certs for impersonating your services. The only likely exception where a commercial CA might be desirable is if enabling the VNC websockets server and exposing it directly to remote browser clients. In such a case it might be useful to use a commercial CA to avoid needing to install custom CA certs in the web browsers. The recommendation is for the server to keep its certificates in either @code{/etc/pki/qemu} or for unprivileged users in @code{$HOME/.pki/qemu}. @menu * tls_generate_ca:: * tls_generate_server:: * tls_generate_client:: * tls_creds_setup:: * tls_psk:: @end menu @node tls_generate_ca @subsection Setup the Certificate Authority This step only needs to be performed once per organization / organizational unit. First the CA needs a private key. This key must be kept VERY secret and secure. If this key is compromised the entire trust chain of the certificates issued with it is lost. @example # certtool --generate-privkey > ca-key.pem @end example To generate a self-signed certificate requires one core piece of information, the name of the organization. A template file @code{ca.info} should be populated with the desired data to avoid having to deal with interactive prompts from certtool: @example # cat > ca.info < server-hostNNN.info < server-hostNNN-key.pem # certtool --generate-certificate \ --load-ca-certificate ca-cert.pem \ --load-ca-privkey ca-key.pem \ --load-privkey server-hostNNN-key.pem \ --template server-hostNNN.info \ --outfile server-hostNNN-cert.pem @end example The @code{dns_name} and @code{ip_address} fields in the template are setting the subject alt name extension data. The @code{tls_www_server} keyword is the key purpose extension to indicate this certificate is intended for usage in a web server. Although QEMU network services are not in fact HTTP servers (except for VNC websockets), setting this key purpose is still recommended. The @code{encryption_key} and @code{signing_key} keyword is the key usage extension to indicate this certificate is intended for usage in the data session. The @code{server-hostNNN-key.pem} and @code{server-hostNNN-cert.pem} files should now be securely copied to the server for which they were generated, and renamed to @code{server-key.pem} and @code{server-cert.pem} when added to the @code{/etc/pki/qemu} directory on the target host. The @code{server-key.pem} file is security sensitive and should be kept protected with file mode 0600 to prevent disclosure. @node tls_generate_client @subsection Issuing client certificates The QEMU x509 TLS credential setup defaults to enabling client verification using certificates, providing a simple authentication mechanism. If this default is used, each client also needs to be issued a certificate. The client certificate contains enough metadata to uniquely identify the client with the scope of the certificate authority. The client certificate would typically include fields for organization, state, city, building, etc. Once again on the host holding the CA, create template files containing the information for each client, and use it to issue client certificates. @example # cat > client-hostNNN.info < client-hostNNN-key.pem # certtool --generate-certificate \ --load-ca-certificate ca-cert.pem \ --load-ca-privkey ca-key.pem \ --load-privkey client-hostNNN-key.pem \ --template client-hostNNN.info \ --outfile client-hostNNN-cert.pem @end example The subject alt name extension data is not required for clients, so the the @code{dns_name} and @code{ip_address} fields are not included. The @code{tls_www_client} keyword is the key purpose extension to indicate this certificate is intended for usage in a web client. Although QEMU network clients are not in fact HTTP clients, setting this key purpose is still recommended. The @code{encryption_key} and @code{signing_key} keyword is the key usage extension to indicate this certificate is intended for usage in the data session. The @code{client-hostNNN-key.pem} and @code{client-hostNNN-cert.pem} files should now be securely copied to the client for which they were generated, and renamed to @code{client-key.pem} and @code{client-cert.pem} when added to the @code{/etc/pki/qemu} directory on the target host. The @code{client-key.pem} file is security sensitive and should be kept protected with file mode 0600 to prevent disclosure. If a single host is going to be using TLS in both a client and server role, it is possible to create a single certificate to cover both roles. This would be quite common for the migration and NBD services, where a QEMU process will be started by accepting a TLS protected incoming migration, and later itself be migrated out to another host. To generate a single certificate, simply include the template data from both the client and server instructions in one. @example # cat > both-hostNNN.info < both-hostNNN-key.pem # certtool --generate-certificate \ --load-ca-certificate ca-cert.pem \ --load-ca-privkey ca-key.pem \ --load-privkey both-hostNNN-key.pem \ --template both-hostNNN.info \ --outfile both-hostNNN-cert.pem @end example When copying the PEM files to the target host, save them twice, once as @code{server-cert.pem} and @code{server-key.pem}, and again as @code{client-cert.pem} and @code{client-key.pem}. @node tls_creds_setup @subsection TLS x509 credential configuration QEMU has a standard mechanism for loading x509 credentials that will be used for network services and clients. It requires specifying the @code{tls-creds-x509} class name to the @code{--object} command line argument for the system emulators. Each set of credentials loaded should be given a unique string identifier via the @code{id} parameter. A single set of TLS credentials can be used for multiple network backends, so VNC, migration, NBD, character devices can all share the same credentials. Note, however, that credentials for use in a client endpoint must be loaded separately from those used in a server endpoint. When specifying the object, the @code{dir} parameters specifies which directory contains the credential files. This directory is expected to contain files with the names mentioned previously, @code{ca-cert.pem}, @code{server-key.pem}, @code{server-cert.pem}, @code{client-key.pem} and @code{client-cert.pem} as appropriate. It is also possible to include a set of pre-generated Diffie-Hellman (DH) parameters in a file @code{dh-params.pem}, which can be created using the @code{certtool --generate-dh-params} command. If omitted, QEMU will dynamically generate DH parameters when loading the credentials. The @code{endpoint} parameter indicates whether the credentials will be used for a network client or server, and determines which PEM files are loaded. The @code{verify} parameter determines whether x509 certificate validation should be performed. This defaults to enabled, meaning clients will always validate the server hostname against the certificate subject alt name fields and/or CN field. It also means that servers will request that clients provide a certificate and validate them. Verification should never be turned off for client endpoints, however, it may be turned off for server endpoints if an alternative mechanism is used to authenticate clients. For example, the VNC server can use SASL to authenticate clients instead. To load server credentials with client certificate validation enabled @example $QEMU -object tls-creds-x509,id=tls0,dir=/etc/pki/qemu,endpoint=server @end example while to load client credentials use @example $QEMU -object tls-creds-x509,id=tls0,dir=/etc/pki/qemu,endpoint=client @end example Network services which support TLS will all have a @code{tls-creds} parameter which expects the ID of the TLS credentials object. For example with VNC: @example $QEMU -vnc 0.0.0.0:0,tls-creds=tls0 @end example @node tls_psk @subsection TLS Pre-Shared Keys (PSK) Instead of using certificates, you may also use TLS Pre-Shared Keys (TLS-PSK). This can be simpler to set up than certificates but is less scalable. Use the GnuTLS @code{psktool} program to generate a @code{keys.psk} file containing one or more usernames and random keys: @example mkdir -m 0700 /tmp/keys psktool -u rich -p /tmp/keys/keys.psk @end example TLS-enabled servers such as qemu-nbd can use this directory like so: @example qemu-nbd \ -t -x / \ --object tls-creds-psk,id=tls0,endpoint=server,dir=/tmp/keys \ --tls-creds tls0 \ image.qcow2 @end example When connecting from a qemu-based client you must specify the directory containing @code{keys.psk} and an optional @var{username} (defaults to ``qemu''): @example qemu-img info \ --object tls-creds-psk,id=tls0,dir=/tmp/keys,username=rich,endpoint=client \ --image-opts \ file.driver=nbd,file.host=localhost,file.port=10809,file.tls-creds=tls0,file.export=/ @end example @node gdb_usage @section GDB usage QEMU has a primitive support to work with gdb, so that you can do 'Ctrl-C' while the virtual machine is running and inspect its state. In order to use gdb, launch QEMU with the '-s' option. It will wait for a gdb connection: @example qemu-system-i386 -s -kernel arch/i386/boot/bzImage -hda root-2.4.20.img \ -append "root=/dev/hda" Connected to host network interface: tun0 Waiting gdb connection on port 1234 @end example Then launch gdb on the 'vmlinux' executable: @example > gdb vmlinux @end example In gdb, connect to QEMU: @example (gdb) target remote localhost:1234 @end example Then you can use gdb normally. For example, type 'c' to launch the kernel: @example (gdb) c @end example Here are some useful tips in order to use gdb on system code: @enumerate @item Use @code{info reg} to display all the CPU registers. @item Use @code{x/10i $eip} to display the code at the PC position. @item Use @code{set architecture i8086} to dump 16 bit code. Then use @code{x/10i $cs*16+$eip} to dump the code at the PC position. @end enumerate Advanced debugging options: The default single stepping behavior is step with the IRQs and timer service routines off. It is set this way because when gdb executes a single step it expects to advance beyond the current instruction. With the IRQs and timer service routines on, a single step might jump into the one of the interrupt or exception vectors instead of executing the current instruction. This means you may hit the same breakpoint a number of times before executing the instruction gdb wants to have executed. Because there are rare circumstances where you want to single step into an interrupt vector the behavior can be controlled from GDB. There are three commands you can query and set the single step behavior: @table @code @item maintenance packet qqemu.sstepbits This will display the MASK bits used to control the single stepping IE: @example (gdb) maintenance packet qqemu.sstepbits sending: "qqemu.sstepbits" received: "ENABLE=1,NOIRQ=2,NOTIMER=4" @end example @item maintenance packet qqemu.sstep This will display the current value of the mask used when single stepping IE: @example (gdb) maintenance packet qqemu.sstep sending: "qqemu.sstep" received: "0x7" @end example @item maintenance packet Qqemu.sstep=HEX_VALUE This will change the single step mask, so if wanted to enable IRQs on the single step, but not timers, you would use: @example (gdb) maintenance packet Qqemu.sstep=0x5 sending: "qemu.sstep=0x5" received: "OK" @end example @end table @node pcsys_os_specific @section Target OS specific information @subsection Linux To have access to SVGA graphic modes under X11, use the @code{vesa} or the @code{cirrus} X11 driver. For optimal performances, use 16 bit color depth in the guest and the host OS. When using a 2.6 guest Linux kernel, you should add the option @code{clock=pit} on the kernel command line because the 2.6 Linux kernels make very strict real time clock checks by default that QEMU cannot simulate exactly. When using a 2.6 guest Linux kernel, verify that the 4G/4G patch is not activated because QEMU is slower with this patch. The QEMU Accelerator Module is also much slower in this case. Earlier Fedora Core 3 Linux kernel (< 2.6.9-1.724_FC3) were known to incorporate this patch by default. Newer kernels don't have it. @subsection Windows If you have a slow host, using Windows 95 is better as it gives the best speed. Windows 2000 is also a good choice. @subsubsection SVGA graphic modes support QEMU emulates a Cirrus Logic GD5446 Video card. All Windows versions starting from Windows 95 should recognize and use this graphic card. For optimal performances, use 16 bit color depth in the guest and the host OS. If you are using Windows XP as guest OS and if you want to use high resolution modes which the Cirrus Logic BIOS does not support (i.e. >= 1280x1024x16), then you should use the VESA VBE virtual graphic card (option @option{-std-vga}). @subsubsection CPU usage reduction Windows 9x does not correctly use the CPU HLT instruction. The result is that it takes host CPU cycles even when idle. You can install the utility from @url{https://web.archive.org/web/20060212132151/http://www.user.cityline.ru/~maxamn/amnhltm.zip} to solve this problem. Note that no such tool is needed for NT, 2000 or XP. @subsubsection Windows 2000 disk full problem Windows 2000 has a bug which gives a disk full problem during its installation. When installing it, use the @option{-win2k-hack} QEMU option to enable a specific workaround. After Windows 2000 is installed, you no longer need this option (this option slows down the IDE transfers). @subsubsection Windows 2000 shutdown Windows 2000 cannot automatically shutdown in QEMU although Windows 98 can. It comes from the fact that Windows 2000 does not automatically use the APM driver provided by the BIOS. In order to correct that, do the following (thanks to Struan Bartlett): go to the Control Panel => Add/Remove Hardware & Next => Add/Troubleshoot a device => Add a new device & Next => No, select the hardware from a list & Next => NT Apm/Legacy Support & Next => Next (again) a few times. Now the driver is installed and Windows 2000 now correctly instructs QEMU to shutdown at the appropriate moment. @subsubsection Share a directory between Unix and Windows See @ref{sec_invocation} about the help of the option @option{'-netdev user,smb=...'}. @subsubsection Windows XP security problem Some releases of Windows XP install correctly but give a security error when booting: @example A problem is preventing Windows from accurately checking the license for this computer. Error code: 0x800703e6. @end example The workaround is to install a service pack for XP after a boot in safe mode. Then reboot, and the problem should go away. Since there is no network while in safe mode, its recommended to download the full installation of SP1 or SP2 and transfer that via an ISO or using the vvfat block device ("-hdb fat:directory_which_holds_the_SP"). @subsection MS-DOS and FreeDOS @subsubsection CPU usage reduction DOS does not correctly use the CPU HLT instruction. The result is that it takes host CPU cycles even when idle. You can install the utility from @url{https://web.archive.org/web/20051222085335/http://www.vmware.com/software/dosidle210.zip} to solve this problem. @node QEMU System emulator for non PC targets @chapter QEMU System emulator for non PC targets QEMU is a generic emulator and it emulates many non PC machines. Most of the options are similar to the PC emulator. The differences are mentioned in the following sections. @menu * PowerPC System emulator:: * Sparc32 System emulator:: * Sparc64 System emulator:: * MIPS System emulator:: * ARM System emulator:: * ColdFire System emulator:: * Cris System emulator:: * Microblaze System emulator:: * SH4 System emulator:: * Xtensa System emulator:: @end menu @node PowerPC System emulator @section PowerPC System emulator @cindex system emulation (PowerPC) Use the executable @file{qemu-system-ppc} to simulate a complete PREP or PowerMac PowerPC system. QEMU emulates the following PowerMac peripherals: @itemize @minus @item UniNorth or Grackle PCI Bridge @item PCI VGA compatible card with VESA Bochs Extensions @item 2 PMAC IDE interfaces with hard disk and CD-ROM support @item NE2000 PCI adapters @item Non Volatile RAM @item VIA-CUDA with ADB keyboard and mouse. @end itemize QEMU emulates the following PREP peripherals: @itemize @minus @item PCI Bridge @item PCI VGA compatible card with VESA Bochs Extensions @item 2 IDE interfaces with hard disk and CD-ROM support @item Floppy disk @item NE2000 network adapters @item Serial port @item PREP Non Volatile RAM @item PC compatible keyboard and mouse. @end itemize QEMU uses the Open Hack'Ware Open Firmware Compatible BIOS available at @url{http://perso.magic.fr/l_indien/OpenHackWare/index.htm}. Since version 0.9.1, QEMU uses OpenBIOS @url{https://www.openbios.org/} for the g3beige and mac99 PowerMac machines. OpenBIOS is a free (GPL v2) portable firmware implementation. The goal is to implement a 100% IEEE 1275-1994 (referred to as Open Firmware) compliant firmware. @c man begin OPTIONS The following options are specific to the PowerPC emulation: @table @option @item -g @var{W}x@var{H}[x@var{DEPTH}] Set the initial VGA graphic mode. The default is 800x600x32. @item -prom-env @var{string} Set OpenBIOS variables in NVRAM, for example: @example qemu-system-ppc -prom-env 'auto-boot?=false' \ -prom-env 'boot-device=hd:2,\yaboot' \ -prom-env 'boot-args=conf=hd:2,\yaboot.conf' @end example These variables are not used by Open Hack'Ware. @end table @c man end More information is available at @url{http://perso.magic.fr/l_indien/qemu-ppc/}. @node Sparc32 System emulator @section Sparc32 System emulator @cindex system emulation (Sparc32) Use the executable @file{qemu-system-sparc} to simulate the following Sun4m architecture machines: @itemize @minus @item SPARCstation 4 @item SPARCstation 5 @item SPARCstation 10 @item SPARCstation 20 @item SPARCserver 600MP @item SPARCstation LX @item SPARCstation Voyager @item SPARCclassic @item SPARCbook @end itemize The emulation is somewhat complete. SMP up to 16 CPUs is supported, but Linux limits the number of usable CPUs to 4. QEMU emulates the following sun4m peripherals: @itemize @minus @item IOMMU @item TCX or cgthree Frame buffer @item Lance (Am7990) Ethernet @item Non Volatile RAM M48T02/M48T08 @item Slave I/O: timers, interrupt controllers, Zilog serial ports, keyboard and power/reset logic @item ESP SCSI controller with hard disk and CD-ROM support @item Floppy drive (not on SS-600MP) @item CS4231 sound device (only on SS-5, not working yet) @end itemize The number of peripherals is fixed in the architecture. Maximum memory size depends on the machine type, for SS-5 it is 256MB and for others 2047MB. Since version 0.8.2, QEMU uses OpenBIOS @url{https://www.openbios.org/}. OpenBIOS is a free (GPL v2) portable firmware implementation. The goal is to implement a 100% IEEE 1275-1994 (referred to as Open Firmware) compliant firmware. A sample Linux 2.6 series kernel and ram disk image are available on the QEMU web site. There are still issues with NetBSD and OpenBSD, but most kernel versions work. Please note that currently older Solaris kernels don't work probably due to interface issues between OpenBIOS and Solaris. @c man begin OPTIONS The following options are specific to the Sparc32 emulation: @table @option @item -g @var{W}x@var{H}x[x@var{DEPTH}] Set the initial graphics mode. For TCX, the default is 1024x768x8 with the option of 1024x768x24. For cgthree, the default is 1024x768x8 with the option of 1152x900x8 for people who wish to use OBP. @item -prom-env @var{string} Set OpenBIOS variables in NVRAM, for example: @example qemu-system-sparc -prom-env 'auto-boot?=false' \ -prom-env 'boot-device=sd(0,2,0):d' -prom-env 'boot-args=linux single' @end example @item -M [SS-4|SS-5|SS-10|SS-20|SS-600MP|LX|Voyager|SPARCClassic] [|SPARCbook] Set the emulated machine type. Default is SS-5. @end table @c man end @node Sparc64 System emulator @section Sparc64 System emulator @cindex system emulation (Sparc64) Use the executable @file{qemu-system-sparc64} to simulate a Sun4u (UltraSPARC PC-like machine), Sun4v (T1 PC-like machine), or generic Niagara (T1) machine. The Sun4u emulator is mostly complete, being able to run Linux, NetBSD and OpenBSD in headless (-nographic) mode. The Sun4v emulator is still a work in progress. The Niagara T1 emulator makes use of firmware and OS binaries supplied in the S10image/ directory of the OpenSPARC T1 project @url{http://download.oracle.com/technetwork/systems/opensparc/OpenSPARCT1_Arch.1.5.tar.bz2} and is able to boot the disk.s10hw2 Solaris image. @example qemu-system-sparc64 -M niagara -L /path-to/S10image/ \ -nographic -m 256 \ -drive if=pflash,readonly=on,file=/S10image/disk.s10hw2 @end example QEMU emulates the following peripherals: @itemize @minus @item UltraSparc IIi APB PCI Bridge @item PCI VGA compatible card with VESA Bochs Extensions @item PS/2 mouse and keyboard @item Non Volatile RAM M48T59 @item PC-compatible serial ports @item 2 PCI IDE interfaces with hard disk and CD-ROM support @item Floppy disk @end itemize @c man begin OPTIONS The following options are specific to the Sparc64 emulation: @table @option @item -prom-env @var{string} Set OpenBIOS variables in NVRAM, for example: @example qemu-system-sparc64 -prom-env 'auto-boot?=false' @end example @item -M [sun4u|sun4v|niagara] Set the emulated machine type. The default is sun4u. @end table @c man end @node MIPS System emulator @section MIPS System emulator @cindex system emulation (MIPS) Four executables cover simulation of 32 and 64-bit MIPS systems in both endian options, @file{qemu-system-mips}, @file{qemu-system-mipsel} @file{qemu-system-mips64} and @file{qemu-system-mips64el}. Five different machine types are emulated: @itemize @minus @item A generic ISA PC-like machine "mips" @item The MIPS Malta prototype board "malta" @item An ACER Pica "pica61". This machine needs the 64-bit emulator. @item MIPS emulator pseudo board "mipssim" @item A MIPS Magnum R4000 machine "magnum". This machine needs the 64-bit emulator. @end itemize The generic emulation is supported by Debian 'Etch' and is able to install Debian into a virtual disk image. The following devices are emulated: @itemize @minus @item A range of MIPS CPUs, default is the 24Kf @item PC style serial port @item PC style IDE disk @item NE2000 network card @end itemize The Malta emulation supports the following devices: @itemize @minus @item Core board with MIPS 24Kf CPU and Galileo system controller @item PIIX4 PCI/USB/SMbus controller @item The Multi-I/O chip's serial device @item PCI network cards (PCnet32 and others) @item Malta FPGA serial device @item Cirrus (default) or any other PCI VGA graphics card @end itemize The ACER Pica emulation supports: @itemize @minus @item MIPS R4000 CPU @item PC-style IRQ and DMA controllers @item PC Keyboard @item IDE controller @end itemize The mipssim pseudo board emulation provides an environment similar to what the proprietary MIPS emulator uses for running Linux. It supports: @itemize @minus @item A range of MIPS CPUs, default is the 24Kf @item PC style serial port @item MIPSnet network emulation @end itemize The MIPS Magnum R4000 emulation supports: @itemize @minus @item MIPS R4000 CPU @item PC-style IRQ controller @item PC Keyboard @item SCSI controller @item G364 framebuffer @end itemize @node ARM System emulator @section ARM System emulator @cindex system emulation (ARM) Use the executable @file{qemu-system-arm} to simulate a ARM machine. The ARM Integrator/CP board is emulated with the following devices: @itemize @minus @item ARM926E, ARM1026E, ARM946E, ARM1136 or Cortex-A8 CPU @item Two PL011 UARTs @item SMC 91c111 Ethernet adapter @item PL110 LCD controller @item PL050 KMI with PS/2 keyboard and mouse. @item PL181 MultiMedia Card Interface with SD card. @end itemize The ARM Versatile baseboard is emulated with the following devices: @itemize @minus @item ARM926E, ARM1136 or Cortex-A8 CPU @item PL190 Vectored Interrupt Controller @item Four PL011 UARTs @item SMC 91c111 Ethernet adapter @item PL110 LCD controller @item PL050 KMI with PS/2 keyboard and mouse. @item PCI host bridge. Note the emulated PCI bridge only provides access to PCI memory space. It does not provide access to PCI IO space. This means some devices (eg. ne2k_pci NIC) are not usable, and others (eg. rtl8139 NIC) are only usable when the guest drivers use the memory mapped control registers. @item PCI OHCI USB controller. @item LSI53C895A PCI SCSI Host Bus Adapter with hard disk and CD-ROM devices. @item PL181 MultiMedia Card Interface with SD card. @end itemize Several variants of the ARM RealView baseboard are emulated, including the EB, PB-A8 and PBX-A9. Due to interactions with the bootloader, only certain Linux kernel configurations work out of the box on these boards. Kernels for the PB-A8 board should have CONFIG_REALVIEW_HIGH_PHYS_OFFSET enabled in the kernel, and expect 512M RAM. Kernels for The PBX-A9 board should have CONFIG_SPARSEMEM enabled, CONFIG_REALVIEW_HIGH_PHYS_OFFSET disabled and expect 1024M RAM. The following devices are emulated: @itemize @minus @item ARM926E, ARM1136, ARM11MPCore, Cortex-A8 or Cortex-A9 MPCore CPU @item ARM AMBA Generic/Distributed Interrupt Controller @item Four PL011 UARTs @item SMC 91c111 or SMSC LAN9118 Ethernet adapter @item PL110 LCD controller @item PL050 KMI with PS/2 keyboard and mouse @item PCI host bridge @item PCI OHCI USB controller @item LSI53C895A PCI SCSI Host Bus Adapter with hard disk and CD-ROM devices @item PL181 MultiMedia Card Interface with SD card. @end itemize The XScale-based clamshell PDA models ("Spitz", "Akita", "Borzoi" and "Terrier") emulation includes the following peripherals: @itemize @minus @item Intel PXA270 System-on-chip (ARM V5TE core) @item NAND Flash memory @item IBM/Hitachi DSCM microdrive in a PXA PCMCIA slot - not in "Akita" @item On-chip OHCI USB controller @item On-chip LCD controller @item On-chip Real Time Clock @item TI ADS7846 touchscreen controller on SSP bus @item Maxim MAX1111 analog-digital converter on I@math{^2}C bus @item GPIO-connected keyboard controller and LEDs @item Secure Digital card connected to PXA MMC/SD host @item Three on-chip UARTs @item WM8750 audio CODEC on I@math{^2}C and I@math{^2}S busses @end itemize The Palm Tungsten|E PDA (codename "Cheetah") emulation includes the following elements: @itemize @minus @item Texas Instruments OMAP310 System-on-chip (ARM 925T core) @item ROM and RAM memories (ROM firmware image can be loaded with -option-rom) @item On-chip LCD controller @item On-chip Real Time Clock @item TI TSC2102i touchscreen controller / analog-digital converter / Audio CODEC, connected through MicroWire and I@math{^2}S busses @item GPIO-connected matrix keypad @item Secure Digital card connected to OMAP MMC/SD host @item Three on-chip UARTs @end itemize Nokia N800 and N810 internet tablets (known also as RX-34 and RX-44 / 48) emulation supports the following elements: @itemize @minus @item Texas Instruments OMAP2420 System-on-chip (ARM 1136 core) @item RAM and non-volatile OneNAND Flash memories @item Display connected to EPSON remote framebuffer chip and OMAP on-chip display controller and a LS041y3 MIPI DBI-C controller @item TI TSC2301 (in N800) and TI TSC2005 (in N810) touchscreen controllers driven through SPI bus @item National Semiconductor LM8323-controlled qwerty keyboard driven through I@math{^2}C bus @item Secure Digital card connected to OMAP MMC/SD host @item Three OMAP on-chip UARTs and on-chip STI debugging console @item A Bluetooth(R) transceiver and HCI connected to an UART @item Mentor Graphics "Inventra" dual-role USB controller embedded in a TI TUSB6010 chip - only USB host mode is supported @item TI TMP105 temperature sensor driven through I@math{^2}C bus @item TI TWL92230C power management companion with an RTC on I@math{^2}C bus @item Nokia RETU and TAHVO multi-purpose chips with an RTC, connected through CBUS @end itemize The Luminary Micro Stellaris LM3S811EVB emulation includes the following devices: @itemize @minus @item Cortex-M3 CPU core. @item 64k Flash and 8k SRAM. @item Timers, UARTs, ADC and I@math{^2}C interface. @item OSRAM Pictiva 96x16 OLED with SSD0303 controller on I@math{^2}C bus. @end itemize The Luminary Micro Stellaris LM3S6965EVB emulation includes the following devices: @itemize @minus @item Cortex-M3 CPU core. @item 256k Flash and 64k SRAM. @item Timers, UARTs, ADC, I@math{^2}C and SSI interfaces. @item OSRAM Pictiva 128x64 OLED with SSD0323 controller connected via SSI. @end itemize The Freecom MusicPal internet radio emulation includes the following elements: @itemize @minus @item Marvell MV88W8618 ARM core. @item 32 MB RAM, 256 KB SRAM, 8 MB flash. @item Up to 2 16550 UARTs @item MV88W8xx8 Ethernet controller @item MV88W8618 audio controller, WM8750 CODEC and mixer @item 128×64 display with brightness control @item 2 buttons, 2 navigation wheels with button function @end itemize The Siemens SX1 models v1 and v2 (default) basic emulation. The emulation includes the following elements: @itemize @minus @item Texas Instruments OMAP310 System-on-chip (ARM 925T core) @item ROM and RAM memories (ROM firmware image can be loaded with -pflash) V1 1 Flash of 16MB and 1 Flash of 8MB V2 1 Flash of 32MB @item On-chip LCD controller @item On-chip Real Time Clock @item Secure Digital card connected to OMAP MMC/SD host @item Three on-chip UARTs @end itemize A Linux 2.6 test image is available on the QEMU web site. More information is available in the QEMU mailing-list archive. @c man begin OPTIONS The following options are specific to the ARM emulation: @table @option @item -semihosting Enable semihosting syscall emulation. On ARM this implements the "Angel" interface. Note that this allows guest direct access to the host filesystem, so should only be used with trusted guest OS. @end table @c man end @node ColdFire System emulator @section ColdFire System emulator @cindex system emulation (ColdFire) @cindex system emulation (M68K) Use the executable @file{qemu-system-m68k} to simulate a ColdFire machine. The emulator is able to boot a uClinux kernel. The M5208EVB emulation includes the following devices: @itemize @minus @item MCF5208 ColdFire V2 Microprocessor (ISA A+ with EMAC). @item Three Two on-chip UARTs. @item Fast Ethernet Controller (FEC) @end itemize The AN5206 emulation includes the following devices: @itemize @minus @item MCF5206 ColdFire V2 Microprocessor. @item Two on-chip UARTs. @end itemize @c man begin OPTIONS The following options are specific to the ColdFire emulation: @table @option @item -semihosting Enable semihosting syscall emulation. On M68K this implements the "ColdFire GDB" interface used by libgloss. Note that this allows guest direct access to the host filesystem, so should only be used with trusted guest OS. @end table @c man end @node Cris System emulator @section Cris System emulator @cindex system emulation (Cris) TODO @node Microblaze System emulator @section Microblaze System emulator @cindex system emulation (Microblaze) TODO @node SH4 System emulator @section SH4 System emulator @cindex system emulation (SH4) TODO @node Xtensa System emulator @section Xtensa System emulator @cindex system emulation (Xtensa) Two executables cover simulation of both Xtensa endian options, @file{qemu-system-xtensa} and @file{qemu-system-xtensaeb}. Two different machine types are emulated: @itemize @minus @item Xtensa emulator pseudo board "sim" @item Avnet LX60/LX110/LX200 board @end itemize The sim pseudo board emulation provides an environment similar to one provided by the proprietary Tensilica ISS. It supports: @itemize @minus @item A range of Xtensa CPUs, default is the DC232B @item Console and filesystem access via semihosting calls @end itemize The Avnet LX60/LX110/LX200 emulation supports: @itemize @minus @item A range of Xtensa CPUs, default is the DC232B @item 16550 UART @item OpenCores 10/100 Mbps Ethernet MAC @end itemize @c man begin OPTIONS The following options are specific to the Xtensa emulation: @table @option @item -semihosting Enable semihosting syscall emulation. Xtensa semihosting provides basic file IO calls, such as open/read/write/seek/select. Tensilica baremetal libc for ISS and linux platform "sim" use this interface. Note that this allows guest direct access to the host filesystem, so should only be used with trusted guest OS. @end table @c man end @node QEMU Guest Agent @chapter QEMU Guest Agent invocation @include qemu-ga.texi @node QEMU User space emulator @chapter QEMU User space emulator @menu * Supported Operating Systems :: * Features:: * Linux User space emulator:: * BSD User space emulator :: @end menu @node Supported Operating Systems @section Supported Operating Systems The following OS are supported in user space emulation: @itemize @minus @item Linux (referred as qemu-linux-user) @item BSD (referred as qemu-bsd-user) @end itemize @node Features @section Features QEMU user space emulation has the following notable features: @table @strong @item System call translation: QEMU includes a generic system call translator. This means that the parameters of the system calls can be converted to fix endianness and 32/64-bit mismatches between hosts and targets. IOCTLs can be converted too. @item POSIX signal handling: QEMU can redirect to the running program all signals coming from the host (such as @code{SIGALRM}), as well as synthesize signals from virtual CPU exceptions (for example @code{SIGFPE} when the program executes a division by zero). QEMU relies on the host kernel to emulate most signal system calls, for example to emulate the signal mask. On Linux, QEMU supports both normal and real-time signals. @item Threading: On Linux, QEMU can emulate the @code{clone} syscall and create a real host thread (with a separate virtual CPU) for each emulated thread. Note that not all targets currently emulate atomic operations correctly. x86 and ARM use a global lock in order to preserve their semantics. @end table QEMU was conceived so that ultimately it can emulate itself. Although it is not very useful, it is an important test to show the power of the emulator. @node Linux User space emulator @section Linux User space emulator @menu * Quick Start:: * Wine launch:: * Command line options:: * Other binaries:: @end menu @node Quick Start @subsection Quick Start In order to launch a Linux process, QEMU needs the process executable itself and all the target (x86) dynamic libraries used by it. @itemize @item On x86, you can just try to launch any process by using the native libraries: @example qemu-i386 -L / /bin/ls @end example @code{-L /} tells that the x86 dynamic linker must be searched with a @file{/} prefix. @item Since QEMU is also a linux process, you can launch QEMU with QEMU (NOTE: you can only do that if you compiled QEMU from the sources): @example qemu-i386 -L / qemu-i386 -L / /bin/ls @end example @item On non x86 CPUs, you need first to download at least an x86 glibc (@file{qemu-runtime-i386-XXX-.tar.gz} on the QEMU web page). Ensure that @code{LD_LIBRARY_PATH} is not set: @example unset LD_LIBRARY_PATH @end example Then you can launch the precompiled @file{ls} x86 executable: @example qemu-i386 tests/i386/ls @end example You can look at @file{scripts/qemu-binfmt-conf.sh} so that QEMU is automatically launched by the Linux kernel when you try to launch x86 executables. It requires the @code{binfmt_misc} module in the Linux kernel. @item The x86 version of QEMU is also included. You can try weird things such as: @example qemu-i386 /usr/local/qemu-i386/bin/qemu-i386 \ /usr/local/qemu-i386/bin/ls-i386 @end example @end itemize @node Wine launch @subsection Wine launch @itemize @item Ensure that you have a working QEMU with the x86 glibc distribution (see previous section). In order to verify it, you must be able to do: @example qemu-i386 /usr/local/qemu-i386/bin/ls-i386 @end example @item Download the binary x86 Wine install (@file{qemu-XXX-i386-wine.tar.gz} on the QEMU web page). @item Configure Wine on your account. Look at the provided script @file{/usr/local/qemu-i386/@/bin/wine-conf.sh}. Your previous @code{$@{HOME@}/.wine} directory is saved to @code{$@{HOME@}/.wine.org}. @item Then you can try the example @file{putty.exe}: @example qemu-i386 /usr/local/qemu-i386/wine/bin/wine \ /usr/local/qemu-i386/wine/c/Program\ Files/putty.exe @end example @end itemize @node Command line options @subsection Command line options @example @command{qemu-i386} [@option{-h]} [@option{-d]} [@option{-L} @var{path}] [@option{-s} @var{size}] [@option{-cpu} @var{model}] [@option{-g} @var{port}] [@option{-B} @var{offset}] [@option{-R} @var{size}] @var{program} [@var{arguments}...] @end example @table @option @item -h Print the help @item -L path Set the x86 elf interpreter prefix (default=/usr/local/qemu-i386) @item -s size Set the x86 stack size in bytes (default=524288) @item -cpu model Select CPU model (-cpu help for list and additional feature selection) @item -E @var{var}=@var{value} Set environment @var{var} to @var{value}. @item -U @var{var} Remove @var{var} from the environment. @item -B offset Offset guest address by the specified number of bytes. This is useful when the address region required by guest applications is reserved on the host. This option is currently only supported on some hosts. @item -R size Pre-allocate a guest virtual address space of the given size (in bytes). "G", "M", and "k" suffixes may be used when specifying the size. @end table Debug options: @table @option @item -d item1,... Activate logging of the specified items (use '-d help' for a list of log items) @item -p pagesize Act as if the host page size was 'pagesize' bytes @item -g port Wait gdb connection to port @item -singlestep Run the emulation in single step mode. @end table Environment variables: @table @env @item QEMU_STRACE Print system calls and arguments similar to the 'strace' program (NOTE: the actual 'strace' program will not work because the user space emulator hasn't implemented ptrace). At the moment this is incomplete. All system calls that don't have a specific argument format are printed with information for six arguments. Many flag-style arguments don't have decoders and will show up as numbers. @end table @node Other binaries @subsection Other binaries @cindex user mode (Alpha) @command{qemu-alpha} TODO. @cindex user mode (ARM) @command{qemu-armeb} TODO. @cindex user mode (ARM) @command{qemu-arm} is also capable of running ARM "Angel" semihosted ELF binaries (as implemented by the arm-elf and arm-eabi Newlib/GDB configurations), and arm-uclinux bFLT format binaries. @cindex user mode (ColdFire) @cindex user mode (M68K) @command{qemu-m68k} is capable of running semihosted binaries using the BDM (m5xxx-ram-hosted.ld) or m68k-sim (sim.ld) syscall interfaces, and coldfire uClinux bFLT format binaries. The binary format is detected automatically. @cindex user mode (Cris) @command{qemu-cris} TODO. @cindex user mode (i386) @command{qemu-i386} TODO. @command{qemu-x86_64} TODO. @cindex user mode (Microblaze) @command{qemu-microblaze} TODO. @cindex user mode (MIPS) @command{qemu-mips} TODO. @command{qemu-mipsel} TODO. @cindex user mode (NiosII) @command{qemu-nios2} TODO. @cindex user mode (PowerPC) @command{qemu-ppc64abi32} TODO. @command{qemu-ppc64} TODO. @command{qemu-ppc} TODO. @cindex user mode (SH4) @command{qemu-sh4eb} TODO. @command{qemu-sh4} TODO. @cindex user mode (SPARC) @command{qemu-sparc} can execute Sparc32 binaries (Sparc32 CPU, 32 bit ABI). @command{qemu-sparc32plus} can execute Sparc32 and SPARC32PLUS binaries (Sparc64 CPU, 32 bit ABI). @command{qemu-sparc64} can execute some Sparc64 (Sparc64 CPU, 64 bit ABI) and SPARC32PLUS binaries (Sparc64 CPU, 32 bit ABI). @node BSD User space emulator @section BSD User space emulator @menu * BSD Status:: * BSD Quick Start:: * BSD Command line options:: @end menu @node BSD Status @subsection BSD Status @itemize @minus @item target Sparc64 on Sparc64: Some trivial programs work. @end itemize @node BSD Quick Start @subsection Quick Start In order to launch a BSD process, QEMU needs the process executable itself and all the target dynamic libraries used by it. @itemize @item On Sparc64, you can just try to launch any process by using the native libraries: @example qemu-sparc64 /bin/ls @end example @end itemize @node BSD Command line options @subsection Command line options @example @command{qemu-sparc64} [@option{-h]} [@option{-d]} [@option{-L} @var{path}] [@option{-s} @var{size}] [@option{-bsd} @var{type}] @var{program} [@var{arguments}...] @end example @table @option @item -h Print the help @item -L path Set the library root path (default=/) @item -s size Set the stack size in bytes (default=524288) @item -ignore-environment Start with an empty environment. Without this option, the initial environment is a copy of the caller's environment. @item -E @var{var}=@var{value} Set environment @var{var} to @var{value}. @item -U @var{var} Remove @var{var} from the environment. @item -bsd type Set the type of the emulated BSD Operating system. Valid values are FreeBSD, NetBSD and OpenBSD (default). @end table Debug options: @table @option @item -d item1,... Activate logging of the specified items (use '-d help' for a list of log items) @item -p pagesize Act as if the host page size was 'pagesize' bytes @item -singlestep Run the emulation in single step mode. @end table @include qemu-tech.texi @node Deprecated features @appendix Deprecated features In general features are intended to be supported indefinitely once introduced into QEMU. In the event that a feature needs to be removed, it will be listed in this appendix. The feature will remain functional for 2 releases prior to actual removal. Deprecated features may also generate warnings on the console when QEMU starts up, or if activated via a monitor command, however, this is not a mandatory requirement. Prior to the 2.10.0 release there was no official policy on how long features would be deprecated prior to their removal, nor any documented list of which features were deprecated. Thus any features deprecated prior to 2.10.0 will be treated as if they were first deprecated in the 2.10.0 release. What follows is a list of all features currently marked as deprecated. @section Build options @subsection GTK 2.x Previously QEMU has supported building against both GTK 2.x and 3.x series APIs. Support for the GTK 2.x builds will be discontinued, so maintainers should switch to using GTK 3.x, which is the default. @subsection SDL 1.2 Previously QEMU has supported building against both SDL 1.2 and 2.0 series APIs. Support for the SDL 1.2 builds will be discontinued, so maintainers should switch to using SDL 2.0, which is the default. @section System emulator command line arguments @subsection -no-kvm (since 1.3.0) The ``-no-kvm'' argument is now a synonym for setting ``-machine accel=tcg''. @subsection -vnc tls (since 2.5.0) The ``-vnc tls'' argument is now a synonym for setting ``-object tls-creds-anon,id=tls0'' combined with ``-vnc tls-creds=tls0' @subsection -vnc x509 (since 2.5.0) The ``-vnc x509=/path/to/certs'' argument is now a synonym for setting ``-object tls-creds-x509,dir=/path/to/certs,id=tls0,verify-peer=no'' combined with ``-vnc tls-creds=tls0' @subsection -vnc x509verify (since 2.5.0) The ``-vnc x509verify=/path/to/certs'' argument is now a synonym for setting ``-object tls-creds-x509,dir=/path/to/certs,id=tls0,verify-peer=yes'' combined with ``-vnc tls-creds=tls0' @subsection -tftp (since 2.6.0) The ``-tftp /some/dir'' argument is replaced by either ``-netdev user,id=x,tftp=/some/dir '' (for pluggable NICs, accompanied with ``-device ...,netdev=x''), or ``-nic user,tftp=/some/dir'' (for embedded NICs). The new syntax allows different settings to be provided per NIC. @subsection -bootp (since 2.6.0) The ``-bootp /some/file'' argument is replaced by either ``-netdev user,id=x,bootp=/some/file '' (for pluggable NICs, accompanied with ``-device ...,netdev=x''), or ``-nic user,bootp=/some/file'' (for embedded NICs). The new syntax allows different settings to be provided per NIC. @subsection -redir (since 2.6.0) The ``-redir [tcp|udp]:hostport:[guestaddr]:guestport'' argument is replaced by either ``-netdev user,id=x,hostfwd=[tcp|udp]:[hostaddr]:hostport-[guestaddr]:guestport'' (for pluggable NICs, accompanied with ``-device ...,netdev=x'') or ``-nic user,hostfwd=[tcp|udp]:[hostaddr]:hostport-[guestaddr]:guestport'' (for embedded NICs). The new syntax allows different settings to be provided per NIC. @subsection -smb (since 2.6.0) The ``-smb /some/dir'' argument is replaced by either ``-netdev user,id=x,smb=/some/dir '' (for pluggable NICs, accompanied with ``-device ...,netdev=x''), or ``-nic user,smb=/some/dir'' (for embedded NICs). The new syntax allows different settings to be provided per NIC. @subsection -drive cyls=...,heads=...,secs=...,trans=... (since 2.10.0) The drive geometry arguments are replaced by the the geometry arguments that can be specified with the ``-device'' parameter. @subsection -drive serial=... (since 2.10.0) The drive serial argument is replaced by the the serial argument that can be specified with the ``-device'' parameter. @subsection -drive addr=... (since 2.10.0) The drive addr argument is replaced by the the addr argument that can be specified with the ``-device'' parameter. @subsection -usbdevice (since 2.10.0) The ``-usbdevice DEV'' argument is now a synonym for setting the ``-device usb-DEV'' argument instead. The deprecated syntax would automatically enable USB support on the machine type. If using the new syntax, USB support must be explicitly enabled via the ``-machine usb=on'' argument. @subsection -nodefconfig (since 2.11.0) The ``-nodefconfig`` argument is a synonym for ``-no-user-config``. @subsection -balloon (since 2.12.0) The @option{--balloon virtio} argument has been superseded by @option{--device virtio-balloon}. @subsection -machine s390-squash-mcss=on|off (since 2.12.0) The ``s390-squash-mcss=on`` property has been obsoleted by allowing the cssid to be chosen freely. Instead of squashing subchannels into the default channel subsystem image for guests that do not support multiple channel subsystems, all devices can be put into the default channel subsystem image. @subsection -fsdev handle (since 2.12.0) The ``handle'' fsdev backend does not support symlinks and causes the 9p filesystem in the guest to fail a fair amount of tests from the PJD POSIX filesystem test suite. Also it requires the CAP_DAC_READ_SEARCH capability, which is not the recommended way to run QEMU. This backend should not be used and it will be removed with no replacement. @subsection -no-frame (since 2.12.0) The @code{--no-frame} argument works with SDL 1.2 only. The other user interfaces never implemented this in the first place. So this will be removed together with SDL 1.2 support. @subsection -rtc-td-hack (since 2.12.0) The @code{-rtc-td-hack} option has been replaced by @code{-rtc driftfix=slew}. @subsection -localtime (since 2.12.0) The @code{-localtime} option has been replaced by @code{-rtc base=localtime}. @subsection -startdate (since 2.12.0) The @code{-startdate} option has been replaced by @code{-rtc base=@var{date}}. @subsection -virtioconsole (since 3.0.0) Option @option{-virtioconsole} has been replaced by @option{-device virtconsole}. @subsection -clock (since 3.0.0) The @code{-clock} option is ignored since QEMU version 1.7.0. There is no replacement since it is not needed anymore. @subsection -enable-hax (since 3.0.0) The @option{-enable-hax} option has been replaced by @option{-accel hax}. Both options have been introduced in QEMU version 2.9.0. @subsection -drive file=json:@{...@{'driver':'file'@}@} (since 3.0) The 'file' driver for drives is no longer appropriate for character or host devices and will only accept regular files (S_IFREG). The correct driver for these file types is 'host_cdrom' or 'host_device' as appropriate. @section QEMU Machine Protocol (QMP) commands @subsection block-dirty-bitmap-add "autoload" parameter (since 2.12.0) "autoload" parameter is now ignored. All bitmaps are automatically loaded from qcow2 images. @subsection query-cpus (since 2.12.0) The ``query-cpus'' command is replaced by the ``query-cpus-fast'' command. @subsection query-cpus-fast "arch" output member (since 3.0.0) The ``arch'' output member of the ``query-cpus-fast'' command is replaced by the ``target'' output member. @section System emulator devices @subsection ivshmem (since 2.6.0) The ``ivshmem'' device type is replaced by either the ``ivshmem-plain'' or ``ivshmem-doorbell`` device types. @subsection Page size support < 4k for embedded PowerPC CPUs (since 2.12.0) qemu-system-ppcemb will be removed. qemu-system-ppc (or qemu-system-ppc64) should be used instead. That means that embedded 4xx PowerPC CPUs will not support page sizes < 4096 any longer. @section System emulator machines @subsection pc-0.10 and pc-0.11 (since 3.0) These machine types are very old and likely can not be used for live migration from old QEMU versions anymore. A newer machine type should be used instead. @section Device options @subsection Block device options @subsubsection "backing": "" (since 2.12.0) In order to prevent QEMU from automatically opening an image's backing chain, use ``"backing": null'' instead. @subsection vio-spapr-device device options @subsubsection "irq": "" (since 3.0.0) The ``irq'' property is obsoleted. @node Supported build platforms @appendix Supported build platforms QEMU aims to support building and executing on multiple host OS platforms. This appendix outlines which platforms are the major build targets. These platforms are used as the basis for deciding upon the minimum required versions of 3rd party software QEMU depends on. The supported platforms are the targets for automated testing performed by the project when patches are submitted for review, and tested before and after merge. If a platform is not listed here, it does not imply that QEMU won't work. If an unlisted platform has comparable software versions to a listed platform, there is every expectation that it will work. Bug reports are welcome for problems encountered on unlisted platforms unless they are clearly older vintage than what is described here. Note that when considering software versions shipped in distros as support targets, QEMU considers only the version number, and assumes the features in that distro match the upstream release with the same version. In other words, if a distro backports extra features to the software in their distro, QEMU upstream code will not add explicit support for those backports, unless the feature is auto-detectable in a manner that works for the upstream releases too. The Repology site @url{https://repology.org} is a useful resource to identify currently shipped versions of software in various operating systems, though it does not cover all distros listed below. @section Linux OS For distributions with frequent, short-lifetime releases, the project will aim to support all versions that are not end of life by their respective vendors. For the purposes of identifying supported software versions, the project will look at Fedora, Ubuntu, and openSUSE distros. Other short- lifetime distros will be assumed to ship similar software versions. For distributions with long-lifetime releases, the project will aim to support the most recent major version at all times. Support for the previous major version will be dropped 2 years after the new major version is released. For the purposes of identifying supported software versions, the project will look at RHEL, Debian, Ubuntu LTS, and SLES distros. Other long-lifetime distros will be assumed to ship similar software versions. @section Windows The project supports building with current versions of the MinGW toolchain, hosted on Linux. @section macOS The project supports building with the two most recent versions of macOS, with the current homebrew package set available. @section FreeBSD The project aims to support the all the versions which are not end of life. @section NetBSD The project aims to support the most recent major version at all times. Support for the previous major version will be dropped 2 years after the new major version is released. @section OpenBSD The project aims to support the all the versions which are not end of life. @node License @appendix License QEMU is a trademark of Fabrice Bellard. QEMU is released under the @url{https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-2.0.txt,GNU General Public License}, version 2. Parts of QEMU have specific licenses, see file @url{https://git.qemu.org/?p=qemu.git;a=blob_plain;f=LICENSE,LICENSE}. @node Index @appendix Index @menu * Concept Index:: * Function Index:: * Keystroke Index:: * Program Index:: * Data Type Index:: * Variable Index:: @end menu @node Concept Index @section Concept Index This is the main index. Should we combine all keywords in one index? TODO @printindex cp @node Function Index @section Function Index This index could be used for command line options and monitor functions. @printindex fn @node Keystroke Index @section Keystroke Index This is a list of all keystrokes which have a special function in system emulation. @printindex ky @node Program Index @section Program Index @printindex pg @node Data Type Index @section Data Type Index This index could be used for qdev device names and options. @printindex tp @node Variable Index @section Variable Index @printindex vr @bye