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2284
2285
2286
2287
2288
2289
2290
2291
2292
2293
2294
2295
2296
2297
2298
2299
2300
2301
2302
2303
2304
2305
2306
2307
2308
2309
2310
2311
2312
2313
2314
2315
2316
2317
2318
2319
2320
2321
2322
2323
2324
2325
2326
2327
2328
2329
2330
2331
2332
2333
2334
2335
2336
2337
2338
# %W%

# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
# tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).

# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-11-22):
# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
# Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (3rd edition),
# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1991).
#
# Gwillim Law <LAW@encmail.encompass.com> writes that a good source
# for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
# published semiannually.  Law sent in several helpful summaries
# of the IATA's data after 1990.
#
# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks is the source for entries through 1990,
# and IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
#
# Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
# I found in the UCLA library.
#
# I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
# the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
# Corrections are welcome!
#		std dst
#		LMT	Local Mean Time
#	-4:00	AST	Atlantic
#	-3:00	WGT WGST Western Greenland*
#	-1:00	EGT EGST Eastern Greenland*
#	 0:00	GMT BST Greenwich, British Summer
#	 0:00	GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer
#	 0:00	WET WEST Western Europe
#	 1:00	CET CEST Central Europe
#	 2:00	EET EEST Eastern Europe
#	 3:00	MSK MSD	Moscow
#
# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain,
# is Derek Howse, Greenwich time and the discovery of the longitude,
# Oxford University Press (1980).

# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-12-04),
# The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
# Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
# Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
# Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
# Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
# Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
# entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
# on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
# referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
# Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
# ...
# Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.
# I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
# ...
# There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
# A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
# national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
# different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
# in the Directive.


###############################################################################

# Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)
# The UK and its colonies adopted the Gregorian calendar on 1752-09-14.

# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-07-06):
#
# On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
# historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
# and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
# of the text said:
#
# `An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
# beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
# was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
# this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
# made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
# but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
# along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
#
# I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
# position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longitude should
# be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
#
# [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]

# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1993-11-18):
#
# Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
# The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
# and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
# The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828);
# it was popularized in 1840 by Capt. Basil Hall, RN (1788-1844),
# famed explorer and former Commissioner for Longitude.
# The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
# in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
# (though not all) railways used London time.  On 1847 Sep 22 the
# Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
# adopted at all stations; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists most major
# railways as using GMT.  By 1855 the vast majority of public
# clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the Great Clock
# in Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
# one for local time and one for GMT).  The last major holdout was the legal
# system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
# to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
# The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
# of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880 Aug 2.
#
# In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
# transition date for London, namely 1847 Sep 22.  We don't know as much
# about Dublin, so we use 1880 Aug 2, the legal transition time.

# From Paul Eggert (1996-06-12):
# Summer Time was first seriously proposed by William Willett (1857-1915),
# a London builder who circulated a pamphlet ``Waste of Daylight'' (1907)
# that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
# and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
# A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
# but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
# One-hour Summer Time was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.

# From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
# The OED Supplement says that the English originally said ``Daylight Saving''
# when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
# term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
# proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using ``Summer''.

# From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
#
# A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
# known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.

# Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
# From: Jonathan Leffler <nih-csl!uunet!mcvax!sphinx.co.uk!john>
# [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
# If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
# politics making a fortune, not computing.

# From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-06-14):
# I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
# acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time.  Look for the published
# time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
# if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."

# From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1998-01-12):
# The following list attempts to show the complete history of Summer Time
# legislation in the United Kingdom, and has quite a bit to say about
# the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands as well.
#
# Things that I have not personally seen are marked (???). Things that
# I haven't seen but Joseph Myers has are marked (jsm). The problem
# with finding old Orders (rather than Acts) is that nobody seems to
# keep the actual documents themselves, not even the Government. They
# get bound into annual volumes, which are published, but by the time
# this happens the Orders are mainly spent as the years they refer
# to have come and gone, so they don't get included in the annual
# volumes.
#
# Thanks are due to my learned legal friend Lorna Montgomerie, who dug out
# the dusty old statutes, to Melanie Allison of the Ministry of Defence,
# who provided the wartime regulations and a snippet of Hansard explaining
# why double summer time started on a Monday in 1945 (it was Easter),
# and to Joseph Myers <jsm28@cam.ac.uk>, who tracked down the Orders
# up to 1945, some of the old Acts, and the first five EC Directives.
#
# Some definitions:
#
# Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales
# United Kingdom: Great Britain plus Ireland (up to 1922) or Northern
# Ireland (since 1922)
# S.I.: Statutory Instrument, the modern name for secondary legislation
# S.R.&O.: Statutory Rules and Orders, the older name for secondary legislation
#
# Unless otherwise specified, Acts and secondary legislation are assumed
# to apply throughout the United Kingdom, but not to the Isle of Man
# or the Channel Islands.
#
# Some of the Acts and Orders I found in various libraries, and I don't
# have copies. When I looked at them I was looking for dates and not things
# like whether they applied to the Bailiwick of Jersey. I will try to
# check these documents again.
#
# ---
#
# - The Statutes (Definition of Time) Act, 1880 (43 & 44 Vict. c. 9)
#
# Defined Greenwich mean time to be the standard time in Great Britain
# and Dublin mean time to be the standard time in Ireland, superseding
# various forms of local mean time.
#
# - The Statutory Time Act, 1883 (???)
#
# An Act of Tynwald, the Isle of Man Parliament. It appears to have
# defined the standard time on the Isle of Man as GMT but as I haven't
# seen it I don't know if it used Greenwich mean time, some other definition,
# or just said that Isle of Man time would be the same as in Great Britain.
#
# - The Isle of Man (War Legislation) Act, 1914 (4 & 5 Geo. 5. c. 62) (???)
#
# Gives the power, by Order in Council, to extend wartime legislation
# to the Isle of Man.
#
# - The Summer Time Act, 1916 (6 & 7 Geo. 5. c. 14)
#
# Introduced Summer Time for the first time, in Great Britain and Ireland.
# Specified a one hour offset from GMT (DMT in Ireland), dates of
# Sunday 21 May and Sunday 1 October and times of 02:00 (GMT/DMT).
# Gave a power to make Orders in subsequent years, for the duration
# of the then current war.
#
# - The Time (Ireland) Act, 1916 (6 & 7 Geo. 5. c. 45)
#
# This abolished Dublin mean time at 02:00 DMT on Sunday 1 October 1916,
# bringing the whole of the United Kingdom onto GMT. As Ireland was behind
# GMT/BST at 02:00 DMT on 1 Oct Great Britain had already put the clocks back.
# Using Paul Eggert's suggestion of IST for Irish Summer Time and the figure
# derived from Whitman for the offset of IST from GMT (00:34:39) the sequence
# would have been:
# Dublin        London
# 02:34:38 IST  02:59:59 BST
# 02:34:39 IST  02:00:00 GMT
# 02:59:59 IST  02:25:20 GMT
# 02:25:21 GMT  02:25:21 GMT
# with the transition 03:00:00 IST -> 02:00:00 DMT -> 02:25:21 GMT all at once.
#
# - S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382
#
# An Order made under the Isle of Man (War Legislation) Act, 1914
# extending the Summer Time Act, 1916 to the Isle of Man. Dated
# 23 May 1916, two days after the start of Summer Time, but it says that
# the Act is deemed to have taken effect in the Isle of Man at the same
# time as it took effect in the United Kingdom.
#
# - S.R.&O. 1917, No. 362
#
# An Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1916 giving dates
# for Summer Time in 1917 of Sunday 8 April to Monday 17 September,
# both at 02:00 GMT. Note that Summer Time ends on a Monday.
#
# - S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358
#
# An Order made under the Summer Time (Isle of Man) Act, 1916
# (the thing created by S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382) specifying the same
# dates of 8 April to 17 September, at 02:00 GMT for the Isle of Man.
#
# - S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274
#
# An Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1916 giving dates
# for Summer Time in 1918 of Sunday 24 March to Monday 30 September,
# both at 02:00 GMT.
#
# - S.R.&O. 1918, No. 429
#
# The matching Isle of Man Order for 1918 with the same dates and times.
#
# - S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297
#
# An Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1916 giving dates
# for Summer Time in 1919 of Sunday 30 March to Monday 29 September,
# both at 02:00 GMT.
#
# - S.R.&O. 1919, No. 366
#
# The matching Isle of Man Order for 1919 with the same dates and times.
#
# - S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458
#
# An Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1916 giving dates
# for Summer Time in 1920 of Sunday 28 March to Monday 27 September,
# both at 02:00 GMT.
#
# - S.R.&O. 1920, No. 573
#
# The matching Isle of Man Order for 1920 with the same dates and times.
#
# - S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844
#
# An Order modifying both S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458 and S.R.&O. 1920, No. 573 to
# change the end date for Summer Time from Monday 27 September to
# Monday 25 October (the time remaining 02:00 GMT). The 1989 Green
# Paper (Cm 722) says this was done because of a coal strike.
#
# - The War Emergency Laws (Continuance) Act, 1920 (10 & 11 Geo. 5. c. 5) (???)
#
# This extends the power to make Orders under the Summer Time Act, 1916
# for a period of 12 months after the termination of the war.
# I haven't seen this one so I don't know when it came into force, or
# when the law deemed the termination of the war to have been.
#
# - S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363
#
# An Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1916 and the War
# Emergency Laws (Continuance) Act, 1920 giving dates for Summer Time
# in 1921 of Sunday 3 April to Monday 3 October, both at 02:00 GMT.
#
# - S.R.&O. 1921, No. 364
#
# The matching Isle of Man Order for 1921 with the same dates and times.
#
# - S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264 (???)
#
# This probably defines Summer Time for 1922 as the Summer Time Act, 1922
# was passed after the start date. Dates from Cm 722:
#   1922: 26 March to 8 October
#
# - S.R.&O. 1922, No. 290 (???)
#
# This is probably the matching Isle of Man Order.
#
# - The Summer Time Act, 1922 (12 & 13 Geo. 5. c. 22)
#
# This specifies an offset of 1 hour and dates of the day after the third
# Saturday in April, unless that be Easter, in which case it is the day after
# the second Saturday, and the day after the third Saturday in September.
# The time is 02:00 GMT. It applied in 1922 and 1923, and longer if Parliament
# so approved. It applied to the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands as well.
# Came into Force on 20 July 1920. Note the reversion to ending on a Sunday.
#
# - S.R.&O. 1922, No. 1205
#
# An Order made under the War Emergency Laws (Continuance) Act, 1920
# dated 13 October 1922. It revokes (among other things) the Order extending
# the Summer Time Act, 1916 to the Isle of Man.
#
# - The Expiring Laws Continuance Act, 1923 (13 & 14 Geo. 5. c. 37) (jsm)
#
# This extended the Summer Time Act, 1922 (among other things) until
# 31 December 1924.
#
# - The Expiring Laws Continuance Act, 1924 (15 Geo. 5. c. 1) (jsm)
#
# This further extended the Summer Time Act, 1922 (among other things) until
# 31 December 1925.
#
# - The Time Act (Northern Ireland), 1924 (14 & 15 Geo. 5. c. 24 (N.I.))
#
# This Act says that while it remains in force, any Act or Order relating
# to the time for general purposes in Great Britain shall also apply
# in Northern Ireland, and the Time (Ireland) Act, 1916 shall have effect
# accordingly.
#
# - The Summer Time Act, 1925 (15 & 16 Geo. 5. c. 64)
#
# This makes the 1922 Act permanent, with a change to the end date to the
# day after the first Saturday in October. Came into force on 7 August 1925.
#
# - The Emergency Powers (Defence) Act, 1939 (2 & 3 Geo. 6. c. 62) (???)
#
# I haven't seen this one. It presumably gave the Government powers to
# do all manner of things during the newly started war.
#
# - The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939, S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379
#
# These were made under the Emergency Powers (Defence) Act, 1939.
# They change the end date to be the day after the third Saturday in November.
#
# - S.R.&O. 1940, No. 1883
#
# An Order in Council amending the Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939.
# This continues summer time throughout the year after it starts in 1940.
# There was another Order (S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172) that I assume had merely
# changed the dates, to start on 4 February, and was then superseded by this
# one. I haven't seen No. 172 so I don't know what end date it would have
# specified. The dates from Cm 722:
#   1940: Summer Time starts on 4 February
#
# - S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476
#
# Another Order amending the Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939.
# This introduces double summer time, starting at 01:00 GMT on the day after
# the first Saturday in May and ending at 01:00 GMT on the day after the
# second Saturday in August, offset another hour from normal summer time,
# which continues throughout the rest of the year.
#
# - S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506
#
# Another Order amending the Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939.
# This changes the start date of Double Summer Time to the day after the first
# Saturday in April, bringing it forward from May.
#
# - S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932
#
# This changed the end date of Double Summer Time to 17 September 1944.
# (I don't have the text of this, just a note of what it did, the text almost
# certainly had the `day after the nth Saturday' form.)
#
# - S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312 (???)
#
# Probably defines the dates of Double Summer Time in 1945.
# I do have this quote from Hansard (the official record of the United Kingdom
# Parliament), Oral Answers, 1 March 1945, cols 1559--60:
#
#  `58. Major Sir Goronwy Owen asked the Secretary of State for the Home
#   Department if he is now able to state the Government's proposals
#   regarding double summer time.
#
#   [two other similar questions omitted]
#
#   Mr. H. Morrison: The Government, in reviewing the matter, have
#   considered, [...] the conclusion has been reached that the adoption of
#   double summer time from the beginning of April is essential to the
#   maintenance of the war effort. [...] As 1st April is Easter Sunday,
#   when very early services are held in many churches, it is proposed that
#   double summer time shall start not in the night preceding Easter
#   Sunday, but in the night of Sunday-Monday so that it will operate from
#   Monday, 2nd April.'
#
# Cm 722 gives dates of:
#   1945: Double Summer time: 2 April to 15 July
#   1945: Summer Time ends on 7 October
#
# - S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208
#
# An Order under the Emergency Powers (Defence) Acts, 1939 and 1940 revoking
# a long list of things, including the Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939.
# This meant that Summer Time reverted to being set by the 1922 and 1925 Acts.
#
# - The Summer Time Act, 1947 (10 & 11 Geo. 6. c. 16)
#
# Came into force on 11 March 1947. Amended the Summer Time Acts, 1922 and
# 1925 to change the dates of Summer Time and to introduce Double Summer Time
# (although it doesn't give this, or any, name for this period of 2 hour
# offset from GMT). Dates are given for 1947 only and are: 02:00 GMT Sunday
# 16 March, 01:00 GMT Sunday 13 April, 01:00 GMT Sunday 10 August, and 02:00
# Sunday 2 November. It gave a power to make Orders for subsequent years,
# both to vary the dates and to continue Double Summer Time. It applied
# to the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands.
#
# - Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495) (???)
# - Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373) (???)
# - Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518) (???)
# - Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430) (???)
# - Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451) (???)
#
# These presumably give the dates of Summer Time for the relevent years.
# There was no Double Summer Time. The dates given in the 1989 Green Paper
# for these years are:
#   1948: 14 March to 31 October
#   1949: 3 April to 30 October
#   1950: 16 April to 22 October
#   1951: 15 April to 21 October
#   1952: 20 April to 26 October
# After 1952 things revert back to the 1922 and 1925 Acts.
#
# - The Interpretation Act (Northern Ireland), 1954 (1954 c. 33 (N.I.)) (???)
#
# I presume that section 39 of this Act is similar to section 9 of the
# Interpretation Act, 1978 (listed below) in specifying GMT as the
# legal time in Northern Ireland, replacing the Time (Ireland) Act, 1916.
#
# - Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71)
#
# Specified dates of 26 March and 29 October (02:00 GMT) for 1961
#
# - Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465)
#
# Specified dates of 25 March to 28 October (02:00 GMT) for 1962.
#
# - Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81)
#
# Specified dates of 31 March to 27 October (02:00 GMT) for 1963.
#
# - Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101)
#
# Specified dates of 22 March to 25 October (02:00 GMT) for 1964.
#
# - Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201)
#
# Specified dates for three years (all 02:00 GMT):
#   1965: 21 March to 24 October
#   1966: 20 March to 23 October
#   1967: 19 March to 29 October
#
# - Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148)
# - Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117)
#
# The first of these specifies dates for 1968 of 18 February for the United
# Kingdom but 7 April for the Isle of Man, both ending on 27 October,
# all at 02:00 GMT. The second Order changes the Isle of Man start date
# to 18 February to match the United Kingdom.
#
# - The British Standard Time Act 1968 (1968 c. 45)
#
# This came into force on 27 October 1968 and continued summer time throughout
# the year. It expired at 02:00 GMT on 31 October 1971, as specified in the
# Act, as Parliament did not move to make this experment permanent.
# It applied to the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands.
#
# Interestingly, it says baldly `This Act shall come into force on
# 27 October 1968', without giving a time. As S1 of the Act merely
# stated that `The time for general purposes in the United Kingdom
# (to be known as British standard time) shall be one hour in
# advance of Greenwich mean time throughout the year; ...' you could
# possibly argue that the start time of BStandardT was 00:00 1968-10-27,
# especially as the Act repealed the Summer Time Acts 1916--1947 in toto,
# thereby destroying the authority of the Summer Time Order specifying
# summer time in 1968.
#
# - The Manx Time Act 1968
#
# This is an Act of Tynwald (the Isle of Man Parliament) that said that
# henceforth Manx time would be the same as the time in Great Britain.
#
# - The Summer Time Act 1972 (1972 c. 6)
#
# This specified a reversion to normal Summer Time behaviour with a start
# date of the day after the third Saturday in March, unless that is Easter,
# when it is the day after the second Saturday, and an end date of the day
# after the fourth Saturday in October. Times are at 02:00 GMT, offset is
# 1 hour. It gives the power to make Orders to vary these dates and
# times. This Act is still in force and is the legal authority for
# implementing the EC Directives in the United Kingdom.
#
# - The Interpretation Act 1978 (1978 c. 30)
#
# Section 9 of this Act replaces section 1 of the Statutes (Definition of
# Time) Act, 1880 with very similar wording maintaining GMT as the legal
# time in Great Britain. This does not apply in Northern Ireland (it
# has its own Interpretation Act listed above).
#
# - Council Directive of 22 July 1980 on summertime arrangements (80/737/EEC)
#
# The first of the European Directives on Summer Time. It specified start
# dates for 1981 and 1982. No agreement had been reached on end dates.
# Only dates were given, there was no rule like `last Sunday in March'.
# The main change for the United Kingdom was a move to a 01:00 GMT change
# time. The dates:
#   1981: 29 March
#   1982: 28 March
#
# - Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089)
#
# Specified dates for 1981 and 1982, with the start dates as in the
# EC Directive and all times 01:00 GMT:
#   1981: 29 March to 25 October
#   1982: 28 March to 24 October
#
# - Second Council Directive of 10 June 1982 on summertime arrangements
#   (82/399/EEC)
#
# The next European Directive. Specified dates for three years, 1983 to 1985.
# Agreement still hadn't been reached on a common end date, and wouldn't
# be until 1994 with the appeareance of the seventh Directive with a common
# date for 1996 and beyond, but this time the Directive gave two sets of
# end dates. The start date was specified by rule: the last Sunday in March.
# All times were 01:00 GMT. The end dates were given without rule, as:
#   1983: 25 September or 23 October
#   1984: 30 September or 28 october
#   1985: 29 September or 27 October
#
# - Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673)
#
# Implemented the second EC Directive, using the October end dates.
#   1983: 27 March to 23 October
#   1984: 25 March to 28 october
#   1985: 31 March to 27 October
#
# - Third Council Directive of 12 December 1984 on summertime arrangements
#   (84/634/EEC)
#
# Specified start dates of the last Sunday in March and two sets of end
# dates, last Sunday in September and fourth Sunday in October, all at
# 01:00 GMT. The end dates were also specified as dates:
#   1986: 28 September or 26 October
#   1987: 27 September or 25 October
#   1988: 25 September or 23 October
#
# - Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223)
#
# Implemented the third EC Directive, using the October end dates.
#   1986: 30 March to 26 October
#   1987: 29 March to 25 October
#   1988: 27 March to 23 October
#
# - Council Directive of 20 December 1985 amending Directive 84/634/EEC
#   on summertime arrangements (85/582/EEC)
#
# This was to do with the accession of Spain and Portugal to the EEC.
# The previous directve had used wording like `Member States belonging
# to the zero (Greenwich) time zone' when refering to the different
# sets of end dates. Portugal was in that time zone but was not going
# to follow the United Kingdom and Ireland dates, so the text was reworded
# without any change to the dates themselves.
#
# - Fourth Council Directive of 22 December 1987 on summertime arrangements
#   (88/14/EEC)
#
# This Directive covered only a single year: 1989. My guess is that
# this was because 1989 was one of the years when the historic United Kingdom
# end date of the Sunday after the fourth Saturday in October differed from
# the rule in the previous Directive of the fourth Sunday in October.
# All times are 01:00 GMT. No rule was specified, specific dates were given:
#   1989: 26 March to 24 September or 29 October
#
# - Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931)
#
# Implemented the dates of 26 March to 29 October for 1989.
#
# - Fifth Council Directive of 21 December 1988 on summertime arrangements
#   (89/47/EEC)
#
# Covered the three years 1990 to 1992. All times are 01:00 GMT. Gave both
# rules (last Sunday in March, last Sunday in September or fourth Sunday
# in October) and specific dates:
#   1990: 25 March to 30 September or 28 October
#   1991: 31 March to 29 September or 27 October
#   1992: 29 March to 27 September or 25 October
#
# - Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
#
# Implemented the fifth Directive using the October end dates.
#
# - Sixth Council Directive 92/20/EEC of 26 March 1992 on summertime
#   arrangements
#
# Covered the two years 1993 and 1994. All times are 01:00 GMT. Specified
# both rules (same as the fifth Directive) and specific dates:
#   1993: 28 March to 26 September or 24 October
#   1994: 27 March to 25 September or 23 October
#
# - Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
#
# Implemented the sixth Directive using the October end dates.
#
# - Seventh Directive 94/21/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
#   of 30 May 1994 on summer-time arrangements
#
# Covered the three years 1995 to 1997. Agreement had finally been reached
# on a common end date, to start in 1996. Both rules and dates were given.
# The rules were the same last Sunday in March to last Sunday in September
# or fourth Sunday in October for 1995, with the end rule changing to the
# last Sunday in October for 1996 and 1997. The year 1995 was another of
# the tricky ones where the EC and traditional United Kingdom rules differed
# but this time the UK changed on the fourth Sunday, 22 October, earlier
# than usual. All times are 01:00 GMT. Specific dates were also given:
#   1995: 26 March to 24 September or 22 October
#   1996: 31 March to 27 October
#   1997: 30 March to 26 October
#
# - Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
#
# Implements the seventh Directive using the October end date in 1995.
# Applies also to the Bailiwick of Guernsey but not to the Bailiwick of
# Jersey or the Isle of Man, which have their own (unspecified) legislation
# on the subject.
#
# - Eighth Directive 97/44/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
#   of 22 July 1997 on summer-time arrangements
#
# Covers four years: 1998 to 2001. All times are 01:00 GMT. Specifies both
# rules, last Sunday in March and last Sunday in October, and specific dates:
#   1998: 29 March to 25 October
#   1999: 28 March to 31 October
#   2000: 26 March to 29 October
#   2001: 25 March to 28 October
#
# - Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
#
# Implements the eighth Directive. Has the same text about the Isle of Man,
# Guernsey and Jersey as the 1994 Order.

# From Joseph S. Myers <jsm28@hermes.cam.ac.uk> (1998-01-06):
#
# The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
# see Lord Tanlaw's speech
# <a href="http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199697/ldhansrd/pdvn/lds97/text/70611-20.htm#70611-20_head0">
# (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976)
# </a>.

# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-06-12):
#
# The date `20 April 1924' in the table of ``Summer Time: A
# Consultation Document'' (Cm 722, 1989) table is a transcription error;
# 20 April was an Easter Sunday.  Shanks has 13 April, the correct date.
# Also, the table is not quite right for 1925 through 1938; the correct rules
# (which Shanks uses) are given in the Summer Time Acts of 1922 and 1925.
# Shanks and the UK Government paper disagree about the Apr 1956 transition;
# since we have no other data, and since Shanks was correct in the other
# points of disagreement about London, we'll believe Shanks for now.
# Also, for lack of other data, we'll follow Shanks for Eire in 1940-1948.
#
# Given Peter Ilieve's comments, the following claims by Shanks are incorrect:
#     * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until
#	1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
# Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
#     * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
# It actually just had one transition.
#     * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II.
# Actually, it conformed to Britain.
#     * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
# Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
# Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
#
# The following claims by Shanks are possible though doubtful;
# we'll ignore them for now.
#     * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
#	to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
#	conform with Great Britain.
#     * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
#
#
# Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than Shanks.

# From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
# The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
# which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive # 94/21/EC.
# Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate
# regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of
# Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is
# "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
# Summer Time Act, 1916
Rule	GB-Eire	1916	only	-	May	21	2:00s	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire	1916	only	-	Oct	 1	2:00s	0	GMT
# S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358
Rule	GB-Eire	1917	only	-	Apr	 8	2:00s	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire	1917	only	-	Sep	17	2:00s	0	GMT
# S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274
Rule	GB-Eire	1918	only	-	Mar	24	2:00s	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire	1918	only	-	Sep	30	2:00s	0	GMT
# S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297
Rule	GB-Eire	1919	only	-	Mar	30	2:00s	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire	1919	only	-	Sep	29	2:00s	0	GMT
# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458
Rule	GB-Eire	1920	only	-	Mar	28	2:00s	1:00	BST
# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844
Rule	GB-Eire	1920	only	-	Oct	25	2:00s	0	GMT
# S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363
Rule	GB-Eire	1921	only	-	Apr	 3	2:00s	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire	1921	only	-	Oct	 3	2:00s	0	GMT
# S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264
Rule	GB-Eire	1922	only	-	Mar	26	2:00s	1:00	BST
# The Summer Time Act, 1922
Rule	GB-Eire	1922	only	-	Oct	 8	2:00s	0	GMT
Rule	GB-Eire	1923	only	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire	1923	1924	-	Sep	Sun>=16	2:00s	0	GMT
Rule	GB-Eire	1924	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire	1925	1926	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
# The Summer Time Act, 1925
Rule	GB-Eire	1925	1938	-	Oct	Sun>=2	2:00s	0	GMT
Rule	GB-Eire	1927	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire	1928	1929	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire	1930	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire	1931	1932	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire	1933	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire	1934	only	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire	1935	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire	1936	1937	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire	1938	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire	1939	only	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
# S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379
Rule	GB-Eire	1939	only	-	Nov	Sun>=16	2:00s	0	GMT
# S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883
Rule	GB-Eire	1940	only	-	Feb	25	2:00s	1:00	BST
# S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476
Rule	GB-Eire	1941	only	-	May	Sun>=2	1:00s	2:00	BDST
Rule	GB-Eire	1941	1943	-	Aug	Sun>=9	1:00s	1:00	BST
# S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506
Rule	GB-Eire	1942	1944	-	Apr	Sun>=2	1:00s	2:00	BDST
# S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932
Rule	GB-Eire	1944	only	-	Sep	Sun>=16	1:00s	1:00	BST
# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312
Rule	GB-Eire	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	1:00s	2:00	BDST
# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208
Rule	GB-Eire	1945	only	-	Jul	15	1:00s	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire	1945	1946	-	Oct	Sun>=2	2:00s	0	GMT
Rule	GB-Eire	1946	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
# The Summer Time Act, 1947
Rule	GB-Eire	1947	only	-	Mar	16	2:00s	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire	1947	only	-	Apr	13	1:00s	2:00	BDST
Rule	GB-Eire	1947	only	-	Aug	10	1:00s	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire	1947	only	-	Nov	 2	2:00s	0	GMT
# Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495)
Rule	GB-Eire	1948	only	-	Mar	14	2:00s	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire	1948	1949	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	0	GMT
# Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373)
Rule	GB-Eire	1949	only	-	Apr	 3	2:00s	1:00	BST
# Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518)
# Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430)
# Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451)
Rule	GB-Eire	1950	1952	-	Apr	Sun>=14	2:00s	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire	1950	1952	-	Oct	Sun>=21	2:00s	0	GMT
# revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925
Rule	GB-Eire	1953	only	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire	1953	1960	-	Oct	Sun>=2	2:00s	0	GMT
Rule	GB-Eire	1954	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire	1955	1956	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire	1957	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire	1958	1959	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire	1960	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
# Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71)
# Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465)
# Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81)
Rule	GB-Eire	1961	1963	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire	1961	1968	-	Oct	Sun>=23	2:00s	0	GMT
# Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101)
# Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201)
# Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148)
Rule	GB-Eire	1964	1967	-	Mar	Sun>=19	2:00s	1:00	BST
# Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117)
Rule	GB-Eire	1968	only	-	Feb	18	2:00s	1:00	BST
# The British Standard Time Act, 1968
#	(no summer time)
# The Summer Time Act, 1972
Rule	GB-Eire	1972	1980	-	Mar	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire	1972	1980	-	Oct	Sun>=23	2:00s	0	GMT
# Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089)
# Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673)
# Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223)
# Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931)
Rule	GB-Eire	1981	1995	-	Mar	lastSun	1:00u	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire 1981	1989	-	Oct	Sun>=23	1:00u	0	GMT
# Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
# Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
# Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
Rule	GB-Eire 1990	1995	-	Oct	Sun>=22	1:00u	0	GMT
# Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
# See EU for rules starting in 1996.

# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/London	-0:01:15 -	LMT	1847 Sep 22
			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1968 Oct 27
			 1:00	-	BST	1971 Oct 31 2:00u
			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1996
			 0:00	EU	GMT/BST
Zone	Europe/Belfast	-0:23:40 -	LMT	1880 Aug  2
			-0:25:21 -	DMT	1916 May 21 2:00    # Dublin MT
			-0:25:21 1:00	IST	1916 Oct  1 2:00s   # Irish Summer Time
			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1968 Oct 27
			 1:00	-	BST	1971 Oct 31 2:00u
			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1996
			 0:00	EU	GMT/BST
Zone	Europe/Dublin	-0:25:21 -	LMT	1880 Aug  2
			-0:25:21 -	DMT	1916 May 21 2:00    # Dublin MT
			-0:25:21 1:00	IST	1916 Oct  1 2:00s
			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1921 Dec  6 # independence
			 0:00	GB-Eire	GMT/IST	1940 Feb 25 2:00
			 0:00	1:00	IST	1946 Oct  6 2:00
			 0:00	-	GMT	1947 Mar 16 2:00
			 0:00	1:00	IST	1947 Nov  2 2:00
			 0:00	-	GMT	1948 Apr 18 2:00
			 0:00	GB-Eire	GMT/IST	1968 Oct 27
			 1:00	-	IST	1971 Oct 31 2:00u
			 0:00	GB-Eire	GMT/IST	1996
			 0:00	EU	GMT/IST

###############################################################################

# Continental Europe

# EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC,
# Common Market, etc.

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	EU	1977	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 1:00u	1:00	S
Rule	EU	1977	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00u	0	-
Rule	EU	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 1:00u	0	-
Rule	EU	1979	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00u	0	-
Rule	EU	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 1:00u	1:00	S
Rule	EU	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 1:00u	0	-

# W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
Rule	W-Eur	1977	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 1:00s	1:00	S
Rule	W-Eur	1977	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00s	0	-
Rule	W-Eur	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 1:00s	0	-
Rule	W-Eur	1979	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00s	0	-
Rule	W-Eur	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 1:00s	1:00	S
Rule	W-Eur	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 1:00s	0	-

# Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
# From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time.
Rule	C-Eur	1916	only	-	Apr	30	23:00	1:00	S
Rule	C-Eur	1916	only	-	Oct	 1	 1:00	0	-
Rule	C-Eur	1917	1918	-	Apr	Mon>=15	 2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	C-Eur	1917	1918	-	Sep	Mon>=15	 2:00s	0	-
Rule	C-Eur	1940	only	-	Apr	 1	 2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	C-Eur	1942	only	-	Nov	 2	 2:00s	0	-
Rule	C-Eur	1943	only	-	Mar	29	 2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	C-Eur	1943	only	-	Oct	 4	 2:00s	0	-
Rule	C-Eur	1944	only	-	Apr	 3	 2:00s	1:00	S
# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks.
Rule	C-Eur	1944	only	-	Oct	 2	 2:00s	0	-
Rule	C-Eur	1977	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	C-Eur	1977	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
Rule	C-Eur	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 2:00s	0	-
Rule	C-Eur	1979	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
Rule	C-Eur	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	C-Eur	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-

# E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time.
Rule	E-Eur	1977	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 0:00	1:00	S
Rule	E-Eur	1977	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00	0	-
Rule	E-Eur	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	-
Rule	E-Eur	1979	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00	0	-
Rule	E-Eur	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 0:00	1:00	S
Rule	E-Eur	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 0:00	0	-

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Russia	1917	only	-	Jul	 1	23:00	1:00	MST	# Moscow Summer Time
Rule	Russia	1917	only	-	Dec	28	 0:00	0	MMT	# Moscow Mean Time
Rule	Russia	1918	only	-	May	31	22:00	2:00	MDST	# Moscow Double Summer Time
Rule	Russia	1918	only	-	Sep	17	 0:00	1:00	MST
Rule	Russia	1919	only	-	May	31	23:00	2:00	MDST
Rule	Russia	1919	only	-	Jul	 1	 2:00	1:00	S
Rule	Russia	1919	only	-	Aug	16	 0:00	0	-
Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Feb	14	23:00	1:00	S
# Shanks gives 1921 Mar 21 for the following transition.
# From Andrey A. Chernov <ache@astral.msk.su> (1993-11-12):
# My sources says, that it is Mar 20, not 21.
Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Mar	20	23:00	2:00	DS
Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Sep	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	-
Rule	Russia	1981	1984	-	Apr	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Russia	1981	1983	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	-
Rule	Russia	1984	1991	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
Rule	Russia	1985	1991	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Russia	1992	only	-	Mar	lastSat	 23:00	1:00	S
Rule	Russia	1992	only	-	Sep	lastSat	 23:00	0	-
Rule	Russia	1993	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Russia	1993	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
Rule	Russia	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-

# These are for backward compatibility with older versions.

# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	WET		0:00	EU	WE%sT
Zone	CET		1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT
Zone	MET		1:00	C-Eur	ME%sT
Zone	EET		2:00	EU	EE%sT

# Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
# for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.

# From Markus Kuhn <mskuhn@unrza3.dialin.rrze.uni-erlangen.de> (1996-07-12):
# The official German names ... are
#
#	Mitteleuropaeische Zeit (MEZ)         = UTC+01:00
#	Mitteleuropaeische Sommerzeit (MESZ)  = UTC+02:00
#
# as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz ueber die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
# 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
# I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
#
#	Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
#	Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit"
#	Postfach 3345
#	D-38023 Braunschweig
#	phone: +49 531 592-0
#
# ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB
# department for time and frequency transmission.  He explained that the
# PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as
#
#	Central European Time (CET)         = UTC+01:00
#	Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00


# Albania
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Albania	1940	only	-	Jun	16	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Albania	1942	only	-	Nov	 2	3:00	0	-
Rule	Albania	1943	only	-	Mar	29	2:00	1:00	S
Rule	Albania	1943	only	-	Apr	10	3:00	0	-
Rule	Albania	1974	only	-	May	 4	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Albania	1974	only	-	Oct	 2	0:00	0	-
Rule	Albania	1975	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Albania	1975	only	-	Oct	 2	0:00	0	-
Rule	Albania	1976	only	-	May	 2	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Albania	1976	only	-	Oct	 3	0:00	0	-
Rule	Albania	1977	only	-	May	 8	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Albania	1977	only	-	Oct	 2	0:00	0	-
Rule	Albania	1978	only	-	May	 6	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Albania	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
Rule	Albania	1979	only	-	May	 5	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Albania	1979	only	-	Sep	30	0:00	0	-
Rule	Albania	1980	only	-	May	 3	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Albania	1980	only	-	Oct	 4	0:00	0	-
Rule	Albania	1981	only	-	Apr	26	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Albania	1981	only	-	Sep	27	0:00	0	-
Rule	Albania	1982	only	-	May	 2	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Albania	1982	only	-	Oct	 3	0:00	0	-
Rule	Albania	1983	only	-	Apr	18	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Albania	1983	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
Rule	Albania	1984	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/Tirane	1:19:20 -	LMT	1914
			1:00	-	CET	1940 Jun 16
# The following transition is from Shanks's 4th edition (1995).
			1:00	Albania	CE%sT	1984 Jul
			1:00	EU	CE%sT

# Andorra
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/Andorra	0:06:04 -	LMT	1901
			0:00	-	WET	1946 Sep 30
			1:00	-	CET	1985 Mar 31 2:00
			1:00	EU	CE%sT

# Austria
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Austria	1920	only	-	Apr	 5	2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Austria	1920	only	-	Sep	13	2:00s	0	-
Rule	Austria	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Austria	1945	only	-	Nov	18	2:00s	0	-
Rule	Austria	1946	only	-	Apr	14	2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Austria	1946	1948	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
Rule	Austria	1947	only	-	Apr	 6	2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Austria	1948	only	-	Apr	18	2:00s	1:00	S
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/Vienna	1:05:20 -	LMT	1893 Apr
			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1918 Jun 16 3:00
			1:00	Austria	CE%sT	1940 Apr  1 2:00
			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2 2:00
			1:00	Austria	CE%sT	1981
			1:00	EU	CE%sT

# Belarus
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/Minsk	1:50:16 -	LMT	1880
			2:30:20	Russia	%s	1919 Jul 1 2:00
			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1922 Oct
			2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
			2:00	1:00	EEST	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
			2:00	-	EET	1992 Mar 29 0:00
			2:00	1:00	EEST	1992 Sep 27 0:00
			2:00	Russia	EE%sT

# Belgium
#
# From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02):
# Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
#	Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,
#	Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe annee, 1991
#	(Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
#	pp 8-9.
# LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium:
#	Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121.
# Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie <pascal@belnet.be> for these references.
# The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium.
# Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect.
# 
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Belgium	1918	only	-	Mar	 9	 0:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Belgium	1918	1919	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
Rule	Belgium	1919	only	-	Mar	 1	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Belgium	1920	only	-	Feb	14	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Belgium	1920	only	-	Oct	23	23:00s	0	-
Rule	Belgium	1921	only	-	Mar	14	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Belgium	1921	only	-	Oct	25	23:00s	0	-
Rule	Belgium	1922	only	-	Mar	25	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Belgium	1922	1927	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
Rule	Belgium	1923	only	-	Apr	21	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Belgium	1924	only	-	Mar	29	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Belgium	1925	only	-	Apr	 4	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Belgium	1926	only	-	Apr	17	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Belgium	1927	only	-	Apr	 9	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Belgium	1928	only	-	Apr	14	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Belgium	1928	1938	-	Oct	Sun>=2	 2:00s	0	-
Rule	Belgium	1929	only	-	Apr	21	 2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Belgium	1930	only	-	Apr	13	 2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Belgium	1931	only	-	Apr	19	 2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Belgium	1932	only	-	Apr	 3	 2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Belgium	1933	only	-	Mar	26	 2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Belgium	1934	only	-	Apr	 8	 2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Belgium	1935	only	-	Mar	31	 2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Belgium	1936	only	-	Apr	19	 2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Belgium	1937	only	-	Apr	 4	 2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Belgium	1938	only	-	Mar	27	 2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Belgium	1939	only	-	Apr	16	 2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Belgium	1939	only	-	Nov	19	 2:00s	0	-
Rule	Belgium	1940	only	-	Feb	25	 2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Belgium	1944	only	-	Sep	17	 2:00s	0	-
Rule	Belgium	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	 2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Belgium	1945	only	-	Sep	16	 2:00s	0	-
Rule	Belgium	1946	only	-	May	19	 2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Belgium	1946	only	-	Oct	 7	 2:00s	0	-
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/Brussels	0:17:30 -	LMT	1880
			0:17:30	-	BMT	1892 May  1 12:00 # Brussels MT
			0:00	-	WET	1914 Nov  8
			1:00	-	CET	1916 May  1  0:00
			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1918 Nov 11 11:00u
			0:00	Belgium	WE%sT	1940 May 20  2:00s
			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Sep  3
			1:00	Belgium	CE%sT	1977
			1:00	EU	CE%sT

# Bosnia and Herzegovina
# see Yugoslavia

# Bulgaria
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Bulg	1979	only	-	Mar	31	23:00	1:00	S
Rule	Bulg	1979	only	-	Oct	 1	 1:00	0	-
Rule	Bulg	1980	1982	-	Apr	Sat<=7	23:00	1:00	S
Rule	Bulg	1980	only	-	Sep	29	 1:00	0	-
Rule	Bulg	1981	only	-	Sep	27	 2:00	0	-
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/Sofia	1:33:16 -	LMT	1880
			1:56:56	-	IMT	1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
			2:00	-	EET	1942 Nov  2  3:00
			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2  3:00
			2:00	-	EET	1979 Mar 31 23:00
			2:00	Bulg	EE%sT	1982 Sep 26  2:00
			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1991
			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT

# Croatia
# see Yugosloavia

# Czech Republic
# Gregorian calendar adopted 1584-01-17.
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Czech	1945	only	-	Apr	 8	2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Czech	1945	only	-	Nov	18	2:00s	0	-
Rule	Czech	1946	only	-	May	 6	2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Czech	1946	1949	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
Rule	Czech	1947	only	-	Apr	20	2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Czech	1948	only	-	Apr	18	2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Czech	1949	only	-	Apr	 9	2:00s	1:00	S
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/Prague	0:57:44 -	LMT	1850
			0:57:44	-	PMT	1891 Oct     # Prague Mean Time
			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Sep 17 2:00s
			1:00	Czech	CE%sT	1979
			1:00	EU	CE%sT

# Denmark, Faeroe Islands, and Greenland
# Gregorian calendar adopted 1700-03-01.
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Denmark	1916	only	-	May	14	23:00	1:00	S
Rule	Denmark	1916	only	-	Sep	30	23:00	0	-
Rule	Denmark	1940	only	-	May	15	 0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Denmark	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	 2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Denmark	1945	only	-	Aug	15	 2:00s	0	-
Rule	Denmark	1946	only	-	May	 1	 2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Denmark	1946	only	-	Sep	 1	 2:00s	0	-
Rule	Denmark	1947	only	-	May	 4	 2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Denmark	1947	only	-	Aug	10	 2:00s	0	-
Rule	Denmark	1948	only	-	May	 9	 2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Denmark	1948	only	-	Aug	 8	 2:00s	0	-
# Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 to 1949 Oct 1, and disagrees in minor ways
# about many of the above dates; go with Shanks.
#
# For 1894, Shanks says Jan, Whitman Apr; go with Whitman.
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Copenhagen	 0:50:20 -	LMT	1890
			 0:50:20 -	CMT	1894 Apr  # Copenhagen Mean Time
			 1:00	Denmark	CE%sT	1942 Nov  2 2:00s
			 1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2 2:00
			 1:00	Denmark	CE%sT	1980
			 1:00	EU	CE%sT
Zone Atlantic/Faeroe	-0:27:04 -	LMT	1908 Jan 11	# Torshavn
			 0:00	-	WET	1981
			 0:00	EU	WE%sT
#
# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
# Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01,
# and left the EU on 1985-02-01.  It therefore should have been using EU
# rules at least through 1984.  Shanks says Scoresbysund and Godthab
# used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
# rules since at least 1991.  Assume EU rules since 1980.

#
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Thule	1993	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	Thule	1993	max	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
#
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:29:00 -	LMT	1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormit
			-2:00	-	CGT	1980 Apr  6 2:00
			-2:00	C-Eur	CG%sT	1981 Mar 29
			-1:00	EU	EG%sT
Zone America/Godthab	-3:26:56 -	LMT	1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk
			-3:00	-	WGT	1980 Apr  6 2:00
			-3:00	EU	WG%sT
Zone America/Thule	-4:35:08 -	LMT	1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik
			-4:00	Thule	A%sT

# Estonia
# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-10-15):
# A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
# [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
# a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
#
# From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1996-10-28):
# [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
# but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
# ``I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
# (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
# conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
# A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
# human physiology.  It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
# summer time next spring.''
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/Tallinn	1:39:00	-	LMT	1880
			1:39:00	-	TMT	1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time
			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1919 Jul
			1:39:00	-	TMT	1921 May
			2:00	-	EET	1940 Aug  6
			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Sep 15
			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Sep 22
			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1989 Mar 26 2:00s
			2:00	1:00	EEST	1989 Sep 24 2:00s
			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT

# Finland
# See Sweden for when the Gregorian calendar was adopted.
#
# From Hannu Strang <chs@apu.fi> (25 Sep 1994 06:03:37 UTC):
# Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
# and it's supposed to change at 4am...
#
# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (25 Sep 1994):
# Shanks says Finland has switched at 02:00 standard time since 1981.
# Go with Strang instead.
#
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Finland	1942	only	-	Apr	3	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Finland	1942	only	-	Oct	3	0:00	0	-
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/Helsinki	1:39:52 -	LMT	1878 May 31
			1:39:52	-	HMT	1921 May    # Helsinki Mean Time
			2:00	Finland	EE%sT	1981 Mar 29 2:00
			2:00	EU	EE%sT

# France
# Gregorian calendar adopted 1582-12-20.
# French Revolutionary calendar used 1793-11-24 through 1805-12-31,
# and (in Paris only) 1871-05-06 through 1871-05-23.
#
# Shanks seems to use `24:00' ambiguously; we resolve it with Whitman.
# From Shanks (1991):
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	France	1916	only	-	Jun	14	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	France	1916	1919	-	Oct	Sun>=1	23:00s	0	-
Rule	France	1917	only	-	Mar	24	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	France	1918	only	-	Mar	 9	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	France	1919	only	-	Mar	 1	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	France	1920	only	-	Feb	14	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	France	1920	only	-	Oct	23	23:00s	0	-
Rule	France	1921	only	-	Mar	14	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	France	1921	only	-	Oct	25	23:00s	0	-
Rule	France	1922	only	-	Mar	25	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	France	1922	1938	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
Rule	France	1923	only	-	May	26	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	France	1924	only	-	Mar	29	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	France	1925	only	-	Apr	 4	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	France	1926	only	-	Apr	17	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	France	1927	only	-	Apr	 9	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	France	1928	only	-	Apr	14	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	France	1929	only	-	Apr	20	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	France	1930	only	-	Apr	12	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	France	1931	only	-	Apr	18	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	France	1932	only	-	Apr	 2	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	France	1933	only	-	Mar	25	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	France	1934	only	-	Apr	 7	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	France	1935	only	-	Mar	30	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	France	1936	only	-	Apr	18	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	France	1937	only	-	Apr	 3	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	France	1938	only	-	Mar	26	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	France	1939	only	-	Apr	15	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	France	1939	only	-	Nov	18	23:00s	0	-
Rule	France	1940	only	-	Feb	25	 2:00	1:00	S
# The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris,
# but were used in other places (e.g. Monaco).
Rule	France	1941	only	-	May	 5	 0:00	2:00	DS
# Shanks says this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
# but go with Denis.Excoffier@ens.fr (1997-12-12),
# who quotes the Ephemerides Astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
# as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
Rule	France	1941	only	-	Oct	 6	 0:00	1:00	S
Rule	France	1942	only	-	Mar	 9	 0:00	2:00	DS
Rule	France	1942	only	-	Nov	 2	 3:00	1:00	S
Rule	France	1943	only	-	Mar	29	 2:00	2:00	DS
Rule	France	1943	only	-	Oct	 4	 3:00	1:00	S
Rule	France	1944	only	-	Apr	 3	 2:00	2:00	DS
Rule	France	1944	only	-	Oct	 8	 1:00	1:00	S
Rule	France	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	 2:00	2:00	DS
Rule	France	1945	only	-	Sep	16	 3:00	0	-
# Shanks gives Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00;
# go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT.
Rule	France	1976	only	-	Mar	28	 1:00	1:00	S
Rule	France	1976	only	-	Sep	26	 1:00	0	-
# Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman gives 0:09:05,
# but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
# Go with Howse.  Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
# on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/Paris	0:09:21 -	LMT	1891 Mar 15  0:01
			0:09:21	-	PMT	1911 Mar 11    # Paris Mean Time
# Shanks gives 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier's 14/6/40 22hUT.
			0:00	France	WE%sT	1940 Jun 14 23:00
			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Aug 25
			0:00	France	WE%sT	1945 Sep 16  3:00
			1:00	France	CE%sT	1977
			1:00	EU	CE%sT

# Germany

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Germany	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Germany	1945	only	-	May	24	2:00	2:00	DS
Rule	Germany	1945	only	-	Sep	24	3:00	1:00	S
Rule	Germany	1945	only	-	Nov	18	2:00s	0	-
Rule	Germany	1946	only	-	Apr	14	2:00s	1:00	S
# Whitman gives 1948 Oct 31; go with Shanks.
Rule	Germany	1946	1949	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
Rule	Germany	1947	only	-	Apr	 6	2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Germany	1947	only	-	May	11	2:00s	2:00	DS
Rule	Germany	1947	only	-	Jun	29	3:00	1:00	S
Rule	Germany	1948	only	-	Apr	18	2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Germany	1949	only	-	Apr	10	2:00s	1:00	S
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/Berlin	0:53:28 -	LMT	1893 Apr
			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr 2 2:00
			1:00	Germany	CE%sT	1980
			1:00	EU	CE%sT

# Gibraltar
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Gibraltar	-0:21:24 -	LMT	1880 Aug  2
			0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1957 Apr 14 2:00
			1:00	-	CET	1982
			1:00	EU	CE%sT

# Greece
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
# Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks.
Rule	Greece	1932	only	-	Jul	 7	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Greece	1932	only	-	Sep	 1	0:00	0	-
# Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks.
Rule	Greece	1941	only	-	Apr	 7	0:00	1:00	S
# Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks.
Rule	Greece	1942	only	-	Nov	 2	3:00	0	-
Rule	Greece	1943	only	-	Mar	30	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Greece	1943	only	-	Oct	 4	0:00	0	-
# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks.
Rule	Greece	1952	only	-	Jul	 1	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Greece	1952	only	-	Nov	 2	0:00	0	-
Rule	Greece	1975	only	-	Apr	12	0:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Greece	1975	only	-	Nov	26	0:00s	0	-
Rule	Greece	1976	only	-	Apr	11	2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Greece	1976	only	-	Oct	10	2:00s	0	-
Rule	Greece	1977	1978	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Greece	1977	only	-	Sep	26	2:00s	0	-
Rule	Greece	1978	only	-	Sep	24	4:00	0	-
Rule	Greece	1979	only	-	Apr	 1	9:00	1:00	S
Rule	Greece	1979	only	-	Sep	29	2:00	0	-
Rule	Greece	1980	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Greece	1980	only	-	Sep	28	0:00	0	-
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/Athens	1:34:52 -	LMT	1895 Sep 14
			1:34:52	-	AMT	1916 Jul 28 0:01     # Athens MT
			2:00	Greece	EE%sT	1941 Apr 30
			1:00	Greece	CE%sT	1944 Apr  4
			2:00	Greece	EE%sT	1981
			# Shanks says they switched to C-Eur in 1981;
			# go with EU instead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1.
			2:00	EU	EE%sT

# Hungary
# Gregorian calendar adopted 1587-11-01.
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Hungary	1918	only	-	Apr	 1	 3:00	1:00	S
Rule	Hungary	1918	only	-	Sep	29	 3:00	0	-
Rule	Hungary	1919	only	-	Apr	15	 3:00	1:00	S
Rule	Hungary	1919	only	-	Sep	15	 3:00	0	-
Rule	Hungary	1920	only	-	Apr	 5	 3:00	1:00	S
Rule	Hungary	1920	only	-	Sep	30	 3:00	0	-
Rule	Hungary	1945	only	-	May	 1	23:00	1:00	S
Rule	Hungary	1945	only	-	Nov	 3	 0:00	0	-
Rule	Hungary	1946	only	-	Mar	31	 2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Hungary	1946	1949	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 2:00s	0	-
Rule	Hungary	1947	1949	-	Apr	Sun>=4	 2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Hungary	1950	only	-	Apr	17	 2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Hungary	1950	only	-	Oct	23	 2:00s	0	-
Rule	Hungary	1954	1955	-	May	23	 0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Hungary	1954	1955	-	Oct	 3	 0:00	0	-
Rule	Hungary	1956	only	-	Jun	Sun>=1	 0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Hungary	1956	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00	0	-
Rule	Hungary	1957	only	-	Jun	Sun>=1	 1:00	1:00	S
Rule	Hungary	1957	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 3:00	0	-
Rule	Hungary	1980	only	-	Apr	 6	 1:00	1:00	S
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/Budapest	1:16:20 -	LMT	1890 Oct
			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1918
			1:00	Hungary	CE%sT	1941 Apr  6  2:00
			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 May  1 23:00
			1:00	Hungary	CE%sT	1980 Sep 28  2:00s
			1:00	EU	CE%sT

# Iceland
#
# From Adam David <adam@veda.is> (1993-11-06):
# The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
#
# (1993-12-05):
# This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
# Iceland Almanak.
#
# From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
# behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
# of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which
# was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
#
# "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
# of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
# time the norsemen first settled Iceland.  The first day of winter is always
# Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
#
# (1993-12-10):
# I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
# beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
# to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
#	the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
#	(old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
# St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
# might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
# might mean something else (???).
#
# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1993-12-09):
# The Iceland Almanak, Shanks and Whitman disagree on many points.
# We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks, namely that
# Reykavik was -1:28 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that.
#
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Iceland	1917	1918	-	Feb	19	23:00	1:00	S
Rule	Iceland	1917	only	-	Oct	21	 1:00	0	-
Rule	Iceland	1918	only	-	Nov	16	 1:00	0	-
Rule	Iceland	1939	only	-	Apr	29	23:00	1:00	S
Rule	Iceland	1939	only	-	Nov	29	 2:00	0	-
Rule	Iceland	1940	only	-	Feb	25	 2:00	1:00	S
Rule	Iceland	1940	only	-	Nov	 3	 2:00	0	-
Rule	Iceland	1941	only	-	Mar	 2	 1:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Iceland	1941	only	-	Nov	 2	 1:00s	0	-
Rule	Iceland	1942	only	-	Mar	 8	 1:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Iceland	1942	only	-	Oct	25	 1:00s	0	-
# 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
Rule	Iceland	1943	1946	-	Mar	Sun>=1	 1:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Iceland	1943	1948	-	Oct	Sun>=22	 1:00s	0	-
# 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
Rule	Iceland	1947	1967	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 1:00s	1:00	S
# 1949 Oct transition delayed by 1 week
Rule	Iceland	1949	only	-	Oct	30	 1:00s	0	-
Rule	Iceland	1950	1966	-	Oct	Sun>=22	 1:00s	0	-
Rule	Iceland	1967	only	-	Oct	29	 1:00s	0	-
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik	-1:27:24 -	LMT	1837
			-1:27:48 -	RMT	1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time?
			-1:00	Iceland	IS%sT	1968 Apr 7 1:00s
			 0:00	-	GMT

# Italy
# Gregorian calendar adopted 1582-10-15.
#
# From Paul Eggert (1996-05-06):
# For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks, Whitman, and F. Pollastri
# <a href="http://pisolo.cstv.to.cnr.it/toi/uk/ienitlt.html">
# Day-light Saving Time in Italy (1996-03-14)
# </a>
# (`FP' below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute
# publication. When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows:
#
# year	FP	Shanks (S)	Whitman (W)	Go with:
# 1916	06-03	06-03 24:00	06-03 00:00	FP & W
#	09-30	09-30 24:00	09-30 01:00	FP; guess 24:00s
# 1917	04-01	03-31 24:00	03-31 00:00	FP & S
#	09-30	09-29 24:00	09-30 01:00	FP & W
# 1918	03-09	03-09 24:00	03-09 00:00	FP & S
#	10-06	10-05 24:00	10-06 01:00	FP & W
# 1919	03-01	03-01 24:00	03-01 00:00	FP & S
#	10-04	10-04 24:00	10-04 01:00	FP; guess 24:00s
# 1920	03-20	03-20 24:00	03-20 00:00	FP & S
#	09-18	09-18 24:00	10-01 01:00	FP; guess 24:00s
# 1944	04-02	04-03 02:00			S (see C-Eur)
#	09-16	10-02 03:00			FP; guess 24:00s
# 1945	09-14	09-16 24:00			FP; guess 24:00s
# 1970	05-21	05-31 00:00			S
#	09-20	09-27 00:00			S
#
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Italy	1916	only	-	Jun	 3	0:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Italy	1916	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00s	0	-
Rule	Italy	1917	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Italy	1917	only	-	Sep	30	0:00s	0	-
Rule	Italy	1918	only	-	Mar	10	0:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Italy	1918	1919	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00s	0	-
Rule	Italy	1919	only	-	Mar	 2	0:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Italy	1920	only	-	Mar	21	0:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Italy	1920	only	-	Sep	19	0:00s	0	-
Rule	Italy	1940	only	-	Jun	15	0:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Italy	1944	only	-	Sep	17	0:00s	0	-
Rule	Italy	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	2:00	1:00	S
Rule	Italy	1945	only	-	Sep	15	0:00s	0	-
Rule	Italy	1946	only	-	Mar	17	2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Italy	1946	only	-	Oct	 6	2:00s	0	-
Rule	Italy	1947	only	-	Mar	16	0:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Italy	1947	only	-	Oct	 5	0:00s	0	-
Rule	Italy	1948	only	-	Feb	29	2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Italy	1948	only	-	Oct	 3	2:00s	0	-
Rule	Italy	1966	1968	-	May	Sun>=22	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Italy	1966	1969	-	Sep	Sun>=22	0:00	0	-
Rule	Italy	1969	only	-	Jun	 1	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Italy	1970	only	-	May	31	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Italy	1970	only	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	0	-
Rule	Italy	1971	1972	-	May	Sun>=22	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Italy	1971	only	-	Sep	lastSun	1:00	0	-
Rule	Italy	1972	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
Rule	Italy	1973	only	-	Jun	 3	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Italy	1973	1974	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	0	-
Rule	Italy	1974	only	-	May	26	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Italy	1975	only	-	Jun	 1	0:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Italy	1975	1977	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00s	0	-
Rule	Italy	1976	only	-	May	30	0:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Italy	1977	1979	-	May	Sun>=22	0:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Italy	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00s	0	-
Rule	Italy	1979	only	-	Sep	30	0:00s	0	-
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/Rome	0:49:56 -	LMT	1866 Sep 22
			0:49:56	-	RMT	1893 Nov	# Rome Mean Time
			1:00	Italy	CE%sT	1942 Nov  2 2:00s
			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Jul
			1:00	Italy	CE%sT	1980
			1:00	EU	CE%sT

Link	Europe/Rome	Europe/Vatican
Link	Europe/Rome	Europe/San_Marino

# Latvia
# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
# Rules after 1991 are by extension from Shanks.  They contradict
# IATA SSIM (1992/1996), which claims Latvia uses W-Eur rules, but
# Peter Ilieve's relative writes that Latvia switched in September this year,
# so we'll assume that the old C-Eur-style rules still apply.
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Latvia	1992	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Latvia	1992	max	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/Riga	1:36:24	-	LMT	1880
			1:36:24	-	RMT	1918 Apr 15 2:00 #Riga Mean Time
			1:36:24	1:00	LST	1918 Sep 16 3:00 #Latvian Summer
			1:36:24	-	RMT	1919 Apr  1 2:00
			1:36:24	1:00	LST	1919 May 22 3:00
			1:36:24	-	RMT	1926 May 11
			2:00	-	EET	1940 Aug  5
			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Jul
			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Aug  8
			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
			2:00	1:00	EEST	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
			2:00	Latvia	EE%sT

# Liechtenstein
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/Vaduz	0:38:04 -	LMT	1894 Jun
			1:00	-	CET	1981
			1:00	EU	CE%sT

# Lithuania
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/Vilnius	1:41:16	-	LMT	1880
			1:24:00	-	WMT	1917	    # Warsaw Mean Time
			1:35:36	-	KMT	1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time
			1:00	-	CET	1920 Jul 12
			2:00	-	EET	1920 Oct  9
			1:00	-	CET	1940 Aug  3
			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Jun 24
			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Aug
			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
			2:00	1:00	EEST	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT
# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
# IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
# known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.

# Luxembourg
# Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways; go with Shanks.
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Lux	1916	only	-	May	14	23:00	1:00	S
Rule	Lux	1916	only	-	Oct	 1	 1:00	0	-
Rule	Lux	1917	only	-	Apr	28	23:00	1:00	S
Rule	Lux	1917	only	-	Sep	17	 1:00	0	-
Rule	Lux	1918	only	-	Apr	Mon>=15	 2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Lux	1918	only	-	Sep	Mon>=15	 2:00s	0	-
Rule	Lux	1919	only	-	Mar	 1	23:00	1:00	S
Rule	Lux	1919	only	-	Oct	 5	 3:00	0	-
Rule	Lux	1920	only	-	Feb	14	23:00	1:00	S
Rule	Lux	1920	only	-	Oct	24	 2:00	0	-
Rule	Lux	1921	only	-	Mar	14	23:00	1:00	S
Rule	Lux	1921	only	-	Oct	26	 2:00	0	-
Rule	Lux	1922	only	-	Mar	25	23:00	1:00	S
Rule	Lux	1922	only	-	Oct	Sun>=2	 1:00	0	-
Rule	Lux	1923	only	-	Apr	21	23:00	1:00	S
Rule	Lux	1923	only	-	Oct	Sun>=2	 2:00	0	-
Rule	Lux	1924	only	-	Mar	29	23:00	1:00	S
Rule	Lux	1924	1928	-	Oct	Sun>=2	 1:00	0	-
Rule	Lux	1925	only	-	Apr	 5	23:00	1:00	S
Rule	Lux	1926	only	-	Apr	17	23:00	1:00	S
Rule	Lux	1927	only	-	Apr	 9	23:00	1:00	S
Rule	Lux	1928	only	-	Apr	14	23:00	1:00	S
Rule	Lux	1929	only	-	Apr	20	23:00	1:00	S
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Luxembourg	0:24:36 -	LMT	1904 Jun
			1:00	Lux	CE%sT	1918 Nov 25
			0:00	Lux	WE%sT	1929 Oct  6 2:00s
			0:00	Belgium	WE%sT	1940 May 14 3:00
			1:00	C-Eur	WE%sT	1944 Sep 18 3:00
			1:00	Belgium	CE%sT	1977
			1:00	EU	CE%sT

# Macedonia
# see Yugoslavia

# Malta
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Malta	1973	only	-	Mar	31	0:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Malta	1973	only	-	Sep	29	0:00s	0	-
Rule	Malta	1974	only	-	Apr	21	0:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Malta	1974	only	-	Sep	16	0:00s	0	-
Rule	Malta	1975	1979	-	Apr	Sun>=15	2:00	1:00	S
Rule	Malta	1975	1980	-	Sep	Sun>=15	2:00	0	-
Rule	Malta	1980	only	-	Mar	31	2:00	1:00	S
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/Malta	0:58:04 -	LMT	1893 Nov  2	# Valletta
			1:00	Italy	CE%sT	1942 Nov  2 2:00s
			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2 2:00s
			1:00	Italy	CE%sT	1973 Mar 31
			1:00	Malta	CE%sT	1981
			1:00	EU	CE%sT

# Moldova
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/Chisinau	1:55:20 -	LMT	1924 May  2
			2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
			2:00	1:00	EEST	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT

# Monaco
# Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's more precise 0:09:21.
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/Monaco	0:29:32 -	LMT	1891 Mar 15
			0:09:21	-	PMT	1911 Mar 11    # Paris Mean Time
			0:00	France	WE%sT	1945 Sep 16 3:00
			1:00	France	CE%sT	1977
			1:00	EU	CE%sT

# Netherlands
# Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
# but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
# Shanks gives 1916 May 1 0:00 and 1916 Oct 1 0:00; go with Whitman.
Rule	Neth	1916	only	-	May	 1	2:00s	1:00	NST	# Netherlands Summer Time
Rule	Neth	1916	only	-	Oct	 2	2:00s	0	AMT	# Amsterdam Mean Time
Rule	Neth	1917	only	-	Apr	16	2:00s	1:00	NST
Rule	Neth	1917	only	-	Sep	17	2:00s	0	AMT
# Whitman gives 1918 Apr 14, 1918 Oct 31, and 1921 Sep 28; go with Shanks.
Rule	Neth	1918	1921	-	Apr	Mon>=1	2:00s	1:00	NST
Rule	Neth	1918	1921	-	Sep	Mon>=24	2:00s	0	AMT
Rule	Neth	1922	only	-	Mar	26	2:00s	1:00	NST
# Whitman gives 1939 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
Rule	Neth	1922	1936	-	Oct	Sun>=2	2:00s	0	AMT
Rule	Neth	1923	only	-	Jun	 1	2:00s	1:00	NST
Rule	Neth	1924	only	-	Mar	30	2:00s	1:00	NST
# Whitman gives 1925 Apr 5; go with Shanks.
Rule	Neth	1925	only	-	Jun	 5	2:00s	1:00	NST
# For 1926 through 1930 Whitman gives Apr 15; go with Shanks.
Rule	Neth	1926	1931	-	May	15	2:00s	1:00	NST
Rule	Neth	1932	only	-	May	22	2:00s	1:00	NST
Rule	Neth	1933	1936	-	May	15	2:00s	1:00	NST
Rule	Neth	1937	only	-	May	22	2:00s	1:00	NST
Rule	Neth	1937	only	-	Jul	 1	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Neth	1937	1939	-	Oct	Sun>=2	2:00s	0	-
# Whitman gives 1939 Apr 15 and 1940 Apr 19; go with Shanks.
Rule	Neth	1938	1939	-	May	15	2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Neth	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Neth	1945	only	-	May	20	2:00s	0	-
# Before 1937, Shanks says just `0:20'; we use Whitman's more precise figure.
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Amsterdam	0:19:28 -	LMT	1892 May
			0:19:28	Neth	%s	1937 Jul
			0:20	Neth	NE%sT	1940 May 16 0:40
			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2 2:00
			1:00	Neth	CE%sT	1977
			1:00	EU	CE%sT

# Norway
# Gregorian calendar adopted 1700-03-01.
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
# Whitman gives 1916 May 21 - 1916 Oct 21; go with Shanks.
Rule	Norway	1916	only	-	May	22	1:00	1:00	S
Rule	Norway	1916	only	-	Sep	30	0:00	0	-
# Shanks omits the following transition; go with Whitman.
Rule	Norway	1935	only	-	Aug	11	0:00	1:00	S
# Whitman says DST observed until 1942 Nov 1, then 1943 Mar 29 - Oct 4,
# 1944 Apr 3 - Oct 2, and 1945 Apr 1 - Oct 1; go with Shanks after 1940.
Rule	Norway	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Norway	1945	only	-	Oct	 1	2:00s	0	-
Rule	Norway	1959	1964	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Norway	1959	1965	-	Sep	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	-
Rule	Norway	1965	only	-	Apr	25	2:00s	1:00	S
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/Oslo	0:43:00 -	LMT	1895
			1:00	Norway	CE%sT	1940 Aug 10 23:00
			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2  2:00
			1:00	Norway	CE%sT	1980
			1:00	EU	CE%sT

# Svalbard & Jan Mayen
Link	Europe/Oslo	Arctic/Longyearbyen
# From Whitman:
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Atlantic/Jan_Mayen	-1:00	-	EGT

# Poland
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Poland	1918	1919	-	Sep	16	2:00s	0	-
Rule	Poland	1919	only	-	Apr	15	2:00s	1:00	S
# Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks.
Rule	Poland	1944	only	-	Oct	 4	2:00	0	-
# For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks.
Rule	Poland	1945	only	-	Apr	29	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Poland	1945	only	-	Nov	 1	0:00	0	-
Rule	Poland	1946	only	-	Apr	14	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Poland	1946	only	-	Sep	 7	0:00	0	-
Rule	Poland	1947	only	-	May	 4	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Poland	1947	1948	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00	0	-
Rule	Poland	1948	only	-	Apr	18	0:00	1:00	S
# Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 - 1949 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
Rule	Poland	1957	only	-	Jun	 2	1:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Poland	1957	1958	-	Sep	lastSun	1:00s	0	-
Rule	Poland	1958	only	-	Mar	30	1:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Poland	1959	only	-	May	31	1:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Poland	1959	1961	-	Oct	Sun>=1	1:00s	0	-
Rule	Poland	1960	only	-	Apr	 3	1:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Poland	1961	1964	-	May	Sun>=25	1:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Poland	1962	1964	-	Sep	lastSun	1:00s	0	-
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/Warsaw	1:24:00 -	LMT	1880
			1:24:00	-	WMT	1915 Aug  5   # Warsaw Mean Time
			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1918 Sep 16 3:00
			2:00	Poland	EE%sT	1922 Jun
			1:00	Poland	CE%sT	1940 Jun 23 2:00
			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Oct
			1:00	Poland	CE%sT	1977 Apr  3 1:00
			1:00	W-Eur	CE%sT
# IATA SSIM (1991/1996) gives EU rules, but the _The Warsaw Voice_
# <a href="http://www.contact.waw.pl/voice/v361/NewsInBrief.shtml">
# http://www.contact.waw.pl/voice/v361/NewsInBrief.shtml (1995-09-24)
# </a>
# says the autumn 1995 switch was at 02:00.
# Stick with W-Eur for now.

# Portugal
# Gregorian calendar adopted 1582-10-15.
#
# From Rui Pedro Salgueiro <rps@inescca.inescc.pt> (1992-11-12):
# Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
# (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
#
# Martin Bruckmann <martin@ua.pt> (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
# that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
# The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
#
# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):
# IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions
# at 02:00u, not 01:00u.  Assume that these are typos.
# IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
# IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
# Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal
# harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
#
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Port	1916	only	-	Jun	17	23:00	1:00	S
# Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks.
Rule	Port	1916	only	-	Nov	 1	 1:00	0	-
Rule	Port	1917	only	-	Feb	28	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Port	1917	1921	-	Oct	14	23:00s	0	-
Rule	Port	1918	only	-	Mar	 1	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Port	1919	only	-	Feb	28	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Port	1920	only	-	Feb	29	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Port	1921	only	-	Feb	28	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Port	1924	only	-	Apr	16	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Port	1924	only	-	Oct	14	23:00s	0	-
Rule	Port	1926	only	-	Apr	17	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Port	1926	1929	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
Rule	Port	1927	only	-	Apr	 9	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Port	1928	only	-	Apr	14	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Port	1929	only	-	Apr	20	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Port	1931	only	-	Apr	18	23:00s	1:00	S
# Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks.
Rule	Port	1931	1932	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
Rule	Port	1932	only	-	Apr	 2	23:00s	1:00	S
# Shanks gives 1934 Apr 4; go with Whitman.
Rule	Port	1934	only	-	Apr	 7	23:00s	1:00	S
# Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks.
Rule	Port	1934	1938	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
# Shanks gives 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
Rule	Port	1935	only	-	Mar	30	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Port	1936	only	-	Apr	18	23:00s	1:00	S
# Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks.
Rule	Port	1937	only	-	Apr	 3	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Port	1938	only	-	Mar	26	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Port	1939	only	-	Apr	15	23:00s	1:00	S
# Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks.
Rule	Port	1939	only	-	Nov	18	23:00s	0	-
Rule	Port	1940	only	-	Feb	24	23:00s	1:00	S
# Shanks gives 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
Rule	Port	1940	1941	-	Oct	 5	23:00s	0	-
Rule	Port	1941	only	-	Apr	 5	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Port	1942	1945	-	Mar	Sat>=8	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Port	1942	only	-	Apr	25	22:00s	2:00	DS
Rule	Port	1942	only	-	Aug	15	22:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Port	1942	1945	-	Oct	Sat>=24	23:00s	0	-
Rule	Port	1943	only	-	Apr	17	22:00s	2:00	DS
Rule	Port	1943	1945	-	Aug	Sat>=25	22:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Port	1944	1945	-	Apr	Sat>=21	22:00s	2:00	DS
Rule	Port	1946	only	-	Apr	Sat>=1	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Port	1946	only	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
Rule	Port	1947	1949	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Port	1947	1949	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 2:00s	0	-
# Shanks says DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
# Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks.
Rule	Port	1951	1965	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Port	1951	1965	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 2:00s	0	-
Rule	Port	1977	only	-	Mar	27	 0:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Port	1977	only	-	Sep	25	 0:00s	0	-
Rule	Port	1978	1979	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 0:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Port	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00s	0	-
Rule	Port	1979	1982	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00s	0	-
Rule	Port	1980	only	-	Mar	lastSun	 0:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Port	1981	1982	-	Mar	lastSun	 1:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Port	1983	only	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/Lisbon	-0:36:32 -	LMT	1884
			-0:36:32 -	LMT	1911 May 24   # Lisbon Mean Time
			 0:00	Port	WE%sT	1966 Apr  3 2:00
			 1:00	-	CET	1976 Sep 26 1:00
			 0:00	Port	WE%sT	1983 Sep 25 1:00s
			 0:00	W-Eur	WE%sT	1992 Sep 27 1:00s
			 1:00	EU	CE%sT	1996 Mar 31 1:00u
			 0:00	EU	WE%sT
Zone Atlantic/Azores	-1:42:40 -	LMT	1884		# Ponta Delgada
			-1:55	-	HMT	1911 May 24  # Horta Mean Time
			-2:00	Port	AZO%sT	1966 Apr  3 2:00 # Azores Time
			-1:00	Port	AZO%sT	1983 Sep 25 1:00s
			-1:00	W-Eur	AZO%sT	1992 Sep 27 1:00s
			 0:00	EU	WE%sT	1993 Mar 28 1:00u
			-1:00	EU	AZO%sT
Zone Atlantic/Madeira	-1:07:36 -	LMT	1884		# Funchal
			-1:08	-	FMT	1911 May 24  # Funchal Mean Time
			-1:00	Port	MAD%sT	1966 Apr  3 2:00 # Madeira Time
			 0:00	Port	WE%sT	1983 Sep 25 1:00s
			 0:00	EU	WE%sT

# Romania
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Romania	1932	only	-	May	21	 0:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Romania	1932	1939	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 0:00s	0	-
Rule	Romania	1933	1939	-	Apr	Sun>=2	 0:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Romania	1979	only	-	May	27	 0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Romania	1979	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00	0	-
Rule	Romania	1980	only	-	Apr	 5	23:00	1:00	S
Rule	Romania	1980	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00	0	-
Rule	Romania	1991	1993	-	Mar	lastSun	 0:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Romania	1991	1993	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00s	0	-
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Bucharest	1:44:24 -	LMT	1891 Oct
			1:44:24	-	BMT	1931 Jul 24	# Bucharest MT
			2:00	Romania	EE%sT	1981 Mar 29 2:00s
			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1991
			2:00	Romania	EE%sT	1994
			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT

# Russia

# From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-12-02):
# On 1929-10-01 the Soviet Union instituted an ``Eternal Calendar''
# with 30-day months plus 5 holidays, with a 5-day week.
# On 1931-12-01 it changed to a 6-day week; in 1934 it reverted to the
# Gregorian calendar while retaining the 6-day week; on 1940-06-27 it
# reverted to the 7-day week.  With the 6-day week the usual days
# off were the 6th, 12th, 18th, 24th and 30th of the month.
# (Source: Evitiar Zerubavel, _The Seven Day Circle_)
#
# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-11-22):
# Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations,
# and (unless otherwise specified) guessed what happened after 1991.
# Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
# are from Andrey A. Chernov.  The rest is from Shanks and the IATA.
#
# From Andrey A. Chernov <ache@nagual.ru> (1996-10-04):
# `MSK' and `MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
# Unix-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
# The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
# (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
#
# From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-10-30):
# According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from
# Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
# still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
#
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Kaliningrad	 1:22:00 - 	LMT	1893 Apr
			 1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945
			 2:00	Poland	CET	1946
			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
			 2:00	1:00	EEST	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
			 2:00	-	EET	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1994
# IATA SSIM (1994-02) says Kaliningrad is at UTC+2; guess 1994 change.
			 2:00	Russia	EE%sT
Zone Europe/Moscow	 2:30:20 -	LMT	1880
			 2:30:20 Russia	%s	1919 Jul  1 2:00
			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1922 Oct
			 2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
			 2:00	1:00	EEST	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
			 2:00	-	EET	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD
Zone Europe/Samara	 3:20:36 -	LMT	1924 May  2
			 3:00	-	KUYT	1957 Mar # Kuybyshev Time
			 4:00	Russia	KUY%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
			 3:00	1:00	KUYST	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
			 3:00	-	SAMT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s # Samara Time
			 4:00	Russia	SAM%sT
Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg	 4:02:34 -	LMT	1924 May  2
			 4:00	-	SVET	1957 Mar # Sverdlovsk Time
			 5:00	Russia	SVE%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
			 4:00	1:00	SVEST	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
			 4:00	-	SVET	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
			 5:00	Russia	YEK%sT	# Yekaterinburg Time
Zone Asia/Omsk		 4:53:36 -	LMT	1924 May  2
			 5:00	-	OMST	1957 Mar # Omsk Time
			 6:00	Russia	OMS%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
			 5:00	1:00	OMSST	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
			 5:00	-	OMST	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
			 6:00	Russia	OMS%sT
# From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski <S.A.Kuz@iae.nsk.su> (1994-06-29):
# But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
# I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
# as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
# so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
Zone Asia/Novosibirsk	 5:31:40 -	LMT	1924 May  2
			 6:00	-	NOVT	1957 Mar # Novosibirsk Time
			 7:00	Russia	NOV%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
			 6:00	1:00	NOVST	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
			 6:00	-	NOVT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
			 7:00	Russia	NOV%sT	1994 Mar 27 2:00s
			 6:00	1:00	NOVST	1994 Sep 25 2:00s
			 6:00	Russia	NOV%sT
Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk	 6:11:20 -	LMT	1924 May  2
			 6:00	-	KRAT	1957 Mar # Krasnoyarsk Time
			 7:00	Russia	KRA%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
			 6:00	1:00	KRAST	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
			 6:00	-	KRAT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
			 7:00	Russia	KRA%sT
Zone Asia/Irkutsk	 6:57:20 -	LMT	1880
			 6:57:20 -	IMT	1924 May  2 # Irkutsk Mean Time
			 7:00	-	IRKT	1957 Mar # Irkutsk Time
			 8:00	Russia	IRK%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
			 7:00	1:00	IRKST	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
			 7:00	-	IRKT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
			 8:00	Russia	IRK%sT
Zone Asia/Yakutsk	 8:38:40 -	LMT	1924 May  2
			 8:00	-	YAKT	1957 Mar # Yakutsk Time
			 9:00	Russia	YAK%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
			 8:00	1:00	YAKST	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
			 8:00	-	YAKT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
			 9:00	Russia	YAK%sT
Zone Asia/Vladivostok	 8:47:44 -	LMT	1880
			 8:47:44 -	VMT	1924 May  2 # Vladivostok MT
			 9:00	-	VLAT	1957 Mar # Vladivostok Time
			10:00	Russia	VLA%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
			 9:00	1:00	VLAST	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
			 9:00	-	VLAT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
			10:00	Russia	VLA%sT
Zone Asia/Magadan	10:03:12 -	LMT	1924 May  2
			10:00	-	MAGT	1957 Mar # Magadan Time
			11:00	Russia	MAG%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
			10:00	1:00	MAGST	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
			10:00	-	MAGT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
			11:00	Russia	MAG%sT
# This name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long.
Zone Asia/Kamchatka	10:34:36 -	LMT	1924 May  2
			11:00	-	PETT	1957 Mar # P-K Time
			12:00	Russia	PET%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
			11:00	1:00	PETST	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
			11:00	-	PETT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
			12:00	Russia	PET%sT
Zone Asia/Anadyr	11:49:56 -	LMT	1924 May  2
			12:00	-	ANAT	1957 Mar # Anadyr Time
			13:00	Russia	ANA%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
			12:00	1:00	ANAST	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
			12:00	-	ANAT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
			13:00	Russia	ANA%sT

# Slovakia
Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava

# Slovenia
# see Yugoslavia

# Spain
# Gregorian calendar adopted 1582-10-15.
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
# For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1; go with Shanks.
Rule	Spain	1917	only	-	May	 5	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Spain	1917	1919	-	Oct	 6	23:00s	0	-
Rule	Spain	1918	only	-	Apr	15	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Spain	1919	only	-	Apr	 5	23:00s	1:00	S
# Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks.
Rule	Spain	1924	only	-	Apr	16	23:00s	1:00	S
# Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks.
Rule	Spain	1924	only	-	Oct	 4	23:00s	0	-
Rule	Spain	1926	only	-	Apr	17	23:00s	1:00	S
# Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks.
Rule	Spain	1926	1929	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
Rule	Spain	1927	only	-	Apr	 9	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Spain	1928	only	-	Apr	14	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Spain	1929	only	-	Apr	20	23:00s	1:00	S
# Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13; go with Shanks.
Rule	Spain	1937	only	-	May	22	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Spain	1937	1939	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
Rule	Spain	1938	only	-	Mar	22	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Spain	1939	only	-	Apr	15	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Spain	1940	only	-	Mar	16	23:00s	1:00	S
# Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks.
Rule	Spain	1942	only	-	May	 2	22:00s	2:00	DS
Rule	Spain	1942	only	-	Sep	 1	22:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Spain	1943	1946	-	Apr	Sat>=13	22:00s	2:00	DS
Rule	Spain	1943	only	-	Oct	 3	22:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Spain	1944	only	-	Oct	10	22:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Spain	1945	only	-	Sep	30	 1:00	1:00	S
Rule	Spain	1946	only	-	Sep	30	 0:00	0	-
Rule	Spain	1949	only	-	Apr	30	23:00	1:00	S
Rule	Spain	1949	only	-	Sep	30	 1:00	0	-
Rule	Spain	1974	1975	-	Apr	Sat>=13	23:00	1:00	S
Rule	Spain	1974	1975	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 1:00	0	-
Rule	Spain	1976	only	-	Mar	27	23:00	1:00	S
Rule	Spain	1976	1977	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00	0	-
Rule	Spain	1977	1978	-	Apr	 2	23:00	1:00	S
Rule	Spain	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 1:00	0	-
# The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978.
Rule SpainAfrica 1967	only	-	Jun	 3	12:00	1:00	S
Rule SpainAfrica 1967	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	-
Rule SpainAfrica 1974	only	-	Jun	24	 0:00	1:00	S
Rule SpainAfrica 1974	only	-	Sep	 1	 0:00	0	-
Rule SpainAfrica 1976	1977	-	May	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
Rule SpainAfrica 1976	only	-	Aug	 1	 0:00	0	-
Rule SpainAfrica 1977	only	-	Sep	28	 0:00	0	-
Rule SpainAfrica 1978	only	-	Jun	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
Rule SpainAfrica 1978	only	-	Aug	 4	 0:00	0	-
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/Madrid	-0:14:44 -	LMT	1901
			 0:00	Spain	WE%sT	1946 Sep 30
			 1:00	Spain	CE%sT	1979
			 1:00	EU	CE%sT
Zone	Africa/Ceuta	-0:21:16 -	LMT	1901
			 0:00	-	WET	1918 May  6 23:00
			 0:00	1:00	WEST	1918 Oct  7 23:00
			 0:00	-	WET	1924
			 0:00	Spain	WE%sT	1929
			 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16
			 1:00	-	CET	1986
			 1:00	EU	CE%sT
Zone	Atlantic/Canary	-1:01:36 -	LMT	1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
			-1:00	-	CANT	1946 Sep 30 1:00 # Canaries Time
			 0:00	-	WET	1980 Apr  6 0:00s
			 0:00	1:00	WEST	1980 Sep 28 0:00s
			 0:00	EU	WE%sT
# IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
# Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.

# Sweden

# From: msb@sq.com (Mark Brader)
# <a href="news:1996Jul6.012937.29190@sq.com">
# Subject: Re: Gregorian reform -- a part of locale?
# </a>
# Date: 1996-07-06
#
# In 1700, Denmark made the transition from Julian to Gregorian.  Sweden
# decided to *start* a transition in 1700 as well, but rather than have one of
# those unsightly calendar gaps :-), they simply decreed that the next leap
# year after 1696 would be in 1744 -- putting the whole country on a calendar
# different from both Julian and Gregorian for a period of 40 years.
#
# However, in 1704 something went wrong and the plan was not carried through;
# they did, after all, have a leap year that year.  And one in 1708.  In 1712
# they gave it up and went back to Julian, putting 30 days in February that
# year!...
#
# Then in 1753, Sweden made the transition to Gregorian in the usual manner,
# getting there only 13 years behind the original schedule.
#
# (A previous posting of this story was challenged, and Swedish readers
# produced the following references to support it: "Tiderakning och historia"
# by Natanael Beckman (1924) and "Tid, en bok om tiderakning och
# kalendervasen" by Lars-Olof Lode'n (no date was given).)

# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Stockholm	1:12:12 -	LMT	1878 May 31
			1:12:12	-	SMT	1900 Jan  1  1:00 # Stockholm MT
			1:00	-	CET	1916 Apr 14 23:00s
			1:00	1:00	CEST	1916 Sep 30 23:00s
			1:00	-	CET	1980
			1:00	EU	CE%sT

# Switzerland
# The Gregorian calendar was introduced gradually in Switzerland,
# by omitting leap years during 1583-1812.
# From Howse (1988), p 82:
# By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
# and their performance improved enormously.  Communities began to keep
# mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 ....
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
# From Whitman (who writes ``Midnight?''):
Rule	Swiss	1940	only	-	Nov	 2	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Swiss	1940	only	-	Dec	31	0:00	0	-
# From Shanks (1991):
Rule	Swiss	1941	1942	-	May	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	S
Rule	Swiss	1941	1942	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00	0	-
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/Zurich	0:34:08 -	LMT	1848 Sep 12
			0:29:44	-	BMT	1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time
			1:00	Swiss	CE%sT	1981
			1:00	EU	CE%sT

# Turkey
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Turkey	1916	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Turkey	1916	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
Rule	Turkey	1920	only	-	Mar	28	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Turkey	1920	only	-	Oct	25	0:00	0	-
Rule	Turkey	1921	only	-	Apr	 3	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Turkey	1921	only	-	Oct	 3	0:00	0	-
Rule	Turkey	1922	only	-	Mar	26	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Turkey	1922	only	-	Oct	 8	0:00	0	-
# Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925; go with Shanks.
Rule	Turkey	1924	only	-	May	13	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Turkey	1924	1925	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
Rule	Turkey	1925	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	S
# Shanks omits the first two transitions in 1940; go with Whitman.
Rule	Turkey	1940	only	-	Jun	30	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Turkey	1940	only	-	Oct	 5	0:00	0	-
Rule	Turkey	1940	only	-	Dec	 1	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Turkey	1941	only	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	-
Rule	Turkey	1942	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
# Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
Rule	Turkey	1942	only	-	Nov	 1	0:00	0	-
Rule	Turkey	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Turkey	1945	only	-	Oct	 8	0:00	0	-
Rule	Turkey	1946	only	-	Jun	 1	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Turkey	1946	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
Rule	Turkey	1947	1948	-	Apr	Sun>=16	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Turkey	1947	1950	-	Oct	Sun>=2	0:00	0	-
Rule	Turkey	1949	only	-	Apr	10	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Turkey	1950	only	-	Apr	19	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Turkey	1951	only	-	Apr	22	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Turkey	1951	only	-	Oct	 8	0:00	0	-
Rule	Turkey	1962	only	-	Jul	15	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Turkey	1962	only	-	Oct	 8	0:00	0	-
Rule	Turkey	1964	only	-	May	15	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Turkey	1964	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
Rule	Turkey	1970	1972	-	May	Sun>=2	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Turkey	1970	1972	-	Oct	Sun>=2	0:00	0	-
Rule	Turkey	1973	only	-	Jun	 3	1:00	1:00	S
Rule	Turkey	1973	only	-	Nov	 4	3:00	0	-
Rule	Turkey	1974	only	-	Mar	31	2:00	1:00	S
Rule	Turkey	1974	only	-	Nov	 3	5:00	0	-
Rule	Turkey	1975	only	-	Mar	30	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Turkey	1975	1976	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00	0	-
Rule	Turkey	1976	only	-	Jun	 1	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Turkey	1977	1978	-	Apr	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Turkey	1977	only	-	Oct	16	0:00	0	-
Rule	Turkey	1979	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=1	3:00	1:00	S
Rule	Turkey	1979	1982	-	Oct	Mon>=11	0:00	0	-
Rule	Turkey	1981	1982	-	Mar	lastSun	3:00	1:00	S
Rule	Turkey	1983	only	-	Jul	31	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Turkey	1983	only	-	Oct	 2	0:00	0	-
Rule	Turkey	1985	only	-	Apr	20	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Turkey	1985	only	-	Sep	28	0:00	0	-
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/Istanbul	1:55:52 -	LMT	1880
			1:56:56	-	IMT	1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time?
			2:00	Turkey	EE%sT	1978 Oct 15
			3:00	Turkey	TR%sT	1985 Apr 20 # Turkey Time
			2:00	Turkey	EE%sT	1986
			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1991
			2:00	EU	EE%sT
Link	Europe/Istanbul	Asia/Istanbul	# Istanbul is in both continents.

# Ukraine
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Ukraine	1917	only	-	Jul	 1	23:00	1:00	UST	# Ukrainian Summer Time
Rule	Ukraine	1917	only	-	Dec	28	 0:00	0	KMT	# Kiev Mean Time
Rule	Ukraine	1918	only	-	May	31	22:00	2:00	UDST	# Ukrainian Double Summer Time
Rule	Ukraine	1918	only	-	Sep	17	 0:00	1:00	UST
Rule	Ukraine	1919	only	-	May	31	23:00	2:00	UDST
Rule	Ukraine	1919	only	-	Jul	 1	 2:00	1:00	UST
Rule	Ukraine	1919	only	-	Aug	16	 0:00	0	KMT
Rule	Ukraine	1921	only	-	Feb	14	23:00	1:00	UST
Rule	Ukraine	1921	only	-	Mar	21	23:00	2:00	UDST
Rule	Ukraine	1921	only	-	Sep	 1	 0:00	1:00	UST
Rule	Ukraine	1921	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	KMT
Rule	Crimea	1917	only	-	Jul	 1	23:00	1:00	CST	# Crimean Summer Time
Rule	Crimea	1917	only	-	Dec	28	 0:00	0	NMT	# Nikolayev Mean Time
Rule	Crimea	1918	only	-	May	31	22:00	2:00	CDST	# Crimean Double Summer Time
Rule	Crimea	1918	only	-	Sep	17	 0:00	1:00	CST
Rule	Crimea	1919	only	-	May	31	23:00	2:00	CDST
Rule	Crimea	1919	only	-	Jul	 1	 2:00	1:00	CST
Rule	Crimea	1919	only	-	Aug	16	 0:00	0	NMT
Rule	Crimea	1921	only	-	Feb	14	23:00	1:00	CST
Rule	Crimea	1921	only	-	Mar	21	23:00	2:00	CDST
Rule	Crimea	1921	only	-	Sep	 1	 0:00	1:00	CST
Rule	Crimea	1921	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	NMT
Rule	Crimea	1996	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 0:00u	1:00	-
Rule	Crimea	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 0:00u	0	-
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Kiev	2:02:04 -	LMT	1880
			2:02:04	Ukraine	%s	1924 May  2
			2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1990 Jul 17
			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1996
			2:00	EU	EE%sT
Zone Europe/Simferopol	2:16:24 -	LMT	1880
			2:08:00	Crimea	%s	1924 May  2
			2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
			2:00	1:00	EEST	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-10-21):
# The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that most of Crimea switched
# from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
# For now, guess it changed Feb 1.
			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1994 Feb
# From IATA SSIM (1994/1996), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
			3:00	E-Eur	MSK/MSD	1996
			3:00	Crimea	MSK/MSD

# Yugoslavia
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/Belgrade	1:22:00	-	LMT	1884
			1:00	-	CET	1941 Apr 18 23:00
			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 May  8  2:00s
			1:00	1:00	CEST	1945 Sep 16  2:00s
# Metod Kozelj <metod.kozelj@rzs-hm.si> reports that the legal date of
# transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
# Shanks doesn't give as much detail, so go with Kozelj.
			1:00	-	CET	1982 Nov 27
			1:00	EU	CE%sT
Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana	# Slovenia
Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo	# Bosnia and Herzegovina
Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje	# Macedonia
Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb	# Croatia

###############################################################################

# One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from
# the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986.
# The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else.
#
# According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but
# uses the WE DST rules.  The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.
# Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at
# 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST).  It also claims that Turkey
# switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time
# and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)

# ...
# Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
# From: seismo!mcvax!cgcha!wtho (Tom Hofmann)
# Message-Id: <8701281556.AA22174@cgcha.uucp>
# ...
#
# ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
# most European coun[tr]ies started DST.  Before that year, only
# a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
# to own national rules.  In 1981, however, DST started on
# 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
# years...
# But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
# than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
# one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
# lastSun' in 1981---I don't know how they handle now.
#
# Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
# Soviet Union (as far as I know).
#
# Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
# 4002 Basle, Switzerland
# UUCP: ...!mcvax!cernvax!cgcha!wtho

# ...
# Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
# From: seismo!mcvax!cwi.nl!dik (Dik T. Winter)
# ...
#
# The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
# After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information
# about DST in Europe.  I was able to find all from about 1969.
#
# ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on
# first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...
# In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that
# the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March.  And from 1982
# the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in
# the Sov[i]et Union.  In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch
# dates...
#
# It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g.
# Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST...
# Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not
# all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations
# occurred, though not since 1982 I believe.  Another note: it is always
# assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the
# case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours
# in advance of normal time.
#
# ...
# dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland
# INTERNET   : dik@cwi.nl
# BITNET/EARN: dik@mcvax

# From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
# ...
# Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).
# Since 1978.  Change at midnight.
# ...
# Monaco: has same DST as France.
# ...