aboutsummaryrefslogtreecommitdiff
path: root/manual/terminal.texi
blob: e6dc36d6b8b1ae940e73c014b64268021c008e19 (plain)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1323
1324
1325
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1388
1389
1390
1391
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403
1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
1422
1423
1424
1425
1426
1427
1428
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1434
1435
1436
1437
1438
1439
1440
1441
1442
1443
1444
1445
1446
1447
1448
1449
1450
1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456
1457
1458
1459
1460
1461
1462
1463
1464
1465
1466
1467
1468
1469
1470
1471
1472
1473
1474
1475
1476
1477
1478
1479
1480
1481
1482
1483
1484
1485
1486
1487
1488
1489
1490
1491
1492
1493
1494
1495
1496
1497
1498
1499
1500
1501
1502
1503
1504
1505
1506
1507
1508
1509
1510
1511
1512
1513
1514
1515
1516
1517
1518
1519
1520
1521
1522
1523
1524
1525
1526
1527
1528
1529
1530
1531
1532
1533
1534
1535
1536
1537
1538
1539
1540
1541
1542
1543
1544
1545
1546
1547
1548
1549
1550
1551
1552
1553
1554
1555
1556
1557
1558
1559
1560
1561
1562
1563
1564
1565
1566
1567
1568
1569
1570
1571
1572
1573
1574
1575
1576
1577
1578
1579
1580
1581
1582
1583
1584
1585
1586
1587
1588
1589
1590
1591
1592
1593
1594
1595
1596
1597
1598
1599
1600
1601
1602
1603
1604
1605
1606
1607
1608
1609
1610
1611
1612
1613
1614
1615
1616
1617
1618
1619
1620
1621
1622
1623
1624
1625
1626
1627
1628
1629
1630
1631
1632
1633
1634
1635
1636
1637
1638
1639
1640
1641
1642
1643
1644
1645
1646
1647
1648
1649
1650
1651
1652
1653
1654
1655
1656
1657
1658
1659
1660
1661
1662
1663
1664
1665
1666
1667
1668
1669
1670
1671
1672
1673
1674
1675
1676
1677
1678
1679
1680
1681
1682
1683
1684
1685
1686
1687
1688
1689
1690
1691
1692
1693
1694
1695
1696
1697
1698
1699
1700
1701
1702
1703
1704
1705
1706
1707
1708
1709
1710
1711
1712
1713
1714
1715
1716
1717
1718
1719
1720
1721
1722
1723
1724
1725
1726
1727
1728
1729
1730
1731
1732
1733
1734
1735
1736
1737
1738
1739
1740
1741
1742
1743
1744
1745
1746
1747
1748
1749
1750
1751
1752
1753
1754
1755
1756
1757
1758
1759
1760
1761
1762
1763
1764
1765
1766
1767
1768
1769
1770
1771
1772
1773
1774
1775
1776
1777
1778
1779
1780
1781
1782
1783
1784
1785
1786
1787
1788
1789
1790
1791
1792
1793
1794
1795
1796
1797
1798
1799
1800
1801
1802
1803
1804
1805
1806
1807
1808
1809
1810
1811
1812
1813
1814
1815
1816
1817
1818
1819
1820
1821
1822
1823
1824
1825
1826
1827
1828
1829
1830
1831
1832
1833
1834
1835
1836
1837
1838
1839
1840
1841
1842
1843
1844
1845
1846
1847
1848
1849
1850
1851
1852
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
1861
1862
1863
1864
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
2034
2035
2036
2037
2038
2039
2040
2041
2042
2043
2044
2045
2046
2047
2048
2049
2050
2051
2052
2053
2054
2055
2056
2057
2058
2059
2060
@node Low-Level Terminal Interface
@chapter Low-Level Terminal Interface

This chapter describes functions that are specific to terminal devices.
You can use these functions to do things like turn off input echoing;
set serial line characteristics such as line speed and flow control; and
change which characters are used for end-of-file, command-line editing,
sending signals, and similar control functions.

Most of the functions in this chapter operate on file descriptors.
@xref{Low-Level I/O}, for more information about what a file
descriptor is and how to open a file descriptor for a terminal device.

@menu
* Is It a Terminal::            How to determine if a file is a terminal
			         device, and what its name is.
* I/O Queues::                  About flow control and typeahead.
* Canonical or Not::            Two basic styles of input processing.
* Terminal Modes::              How to examine and modify flags controlling
			         details of terminal I/O: echoing,
                                 signals, editing.
* Line Control::                Sending break sequences, clearing
                                 terminal buffers @dots{}
* Noncanon Example::            How to read single characters without echo.
* Pseudo-Terminals::            How to open a pseudo-terminal.
@end menu

@node Is It a Terminal
@section Identifying Terminals
@cindex terminal identification
@cindex identifying terminals

The functions described in this chapter only work on files that
correspond to terminal devices.  You can find out whether a file
descriptor is associated with a terminal by using the @code{isatty}
function.

@pindex unistd.h
Prototypes for the functions in this section are declared in the header
file @file{unistd.h}.

@comment unistd.h
@comment POSIX.1
@deftypefun int isatty (int @var{filedes})
This function returns @code{1} if @var{filedes} is a file descriptor
associated with an open terminal device, and @math{0} otherwise.
@end deftypefun

If a file descriptor is associated with a terminal, you can get its
associated file name using the @code{ttyname} function.  See also the
@code{ctermid} function, described in @ref{Identifying the Terminal}.

@comment unistd.h
@comment POSIX.1
@deftypefun {char *} ttyname (int @var{filedes})
If the file descriptor @var{filedes} is associated with a terminal
device, the @code{ttyname} function returns a pointer to a
statically-allocated, null-terminated string containing the file name of
the terminal file.  The value is a null pointer if the file descriptor
isn't associated with a terminal, or the file name cannot be determined.
@end deftypefun

@comment unistd.h
@comment POSIX.1
@deftypefun int ttyname_r (int @var{filedes}, char *@var{buf}, size_t @var{len})
The @code{ttyname_r} function is similar to the @code{ttyname} function
except that it places its result into the user-specified buffer starting
at @var{buf} with length @var{len}.

The normal return value from @code{ttyname_r} is @math{0}.  Otherwise an
error number is returned to indicate the error.  The following
@code{errno} error conditions are defined for this function:

@table @code
@item EBADF
The @var{filedes} argument is not a valid file descriptor.

@item ENOTTY
The @var{filedes} is not associated with a terminal.

@item ERANGE
The buffer length @var{len} is too small to store the string to be
returned.
@end table
@end deftypefun

@node I/O Queues
@section I/O Queues

Many of the remaining functions in this section refer to the input and
output queues of a terminal device.  These queues implement a form of
buffering @emph{within the kernel} independent of the buffering
implemented by I/O streams (@pxref{I/O on Streams}).

@cindex terminal input queue
@cindex typeahead buffer
The @dfn{terminal input queue} is also sometimes referred to as its
@dfn{typeahead buffer}.  It holds the characters that have been received
from the terminal but not yet read by any process.

The size of the input queue is described by the @code{MAX_INPUT} and
@w{@code{_POSIX_MAX_INPUT}} parameters; see @ref{Limits for Files}.  You
are guaranteed a queue size of at least @code{MAX_INPUT}, but the queue
might be larger, and might even dynamically change size.  If input flow
control is enabled by setting the @code{IXOFF} input mode bit
(@pxref{Input Modes}), the terminal driver transmits STOP and START
characters to the terminal when necessary to prevent the queue from
overflowing.  Otherwise, input may be lost if it comes in too fast from
the terminal.  In canonical mode, all input stays in the queue until a
newline character is received, so the terminal input queue can fill up
when you type a very long line.  @xref{Canonical or Not}.

@cindex terminal output queue
The @dfn{terminal output queue} is like the input queue, but for output;
it contains characters that have been written by processes, but not yet
transmitted to the terminal.  If output flow control is enabled by
setting the @code{IXON} input mode bit (@pxref{Input Modes}), the
terminal driver obeys START and STOP characters sent by the terminal to
stop and restart transmission of output.

@dfn{Clearing} the terminal input queue means discarding any characters
that have been received but not yet read.  Similarly, clearing the
terminal output queue means discarding any characters that have been
written but not yet transmitted.

@node Canonical or Not
@section Two Styles of Input: Canonical or Not

POSIX systems support two basic modes of input: canonical and
noncanonical.

@cindex canonical input processing
In @dfn{canonical input processing} mode, terminal input is processed in
lines terminated by newline (@code{'\n'}), EOF, or EOL characters.  No
input can be read until an entire line has been typed by the user, and
the @code{read} function (@pxref{I/O Primitives}) returns at most a
single line of input, no matter how many bytes are requested.

In canonical input mode, the operating system provides input editing
facilities: some characters are interpreted specially to perform editing
operations within the current line of text, such as ERASE and KILL.
@xref{Editing Characters}.

The constants @code{_POSIX_MAX_CANON} and @code{MAX_CANON} parameterize
the maximum number of bytes which may appear in a single line of
canonical input.  @xref{Limits for Files}.  You are guaranteed a maximum
line length of at least @code{MAX_CANON} bytes, but the maximum might be
larger, and might even dynamically change size.

@cindex noncanonical input processing
In @dfn{noncanonical input processing} mode, characters are not grouped
into lines, and ERASE and KILL processing is not performed.  The
granularity with which bytes are read in noncanonical input mode is
controlled by the MIN and TIME settings.  @xref{Noncanonical Input}.

Most programs use canonical input mode, because this gives the user a
way to edit input line by line.  The usual reason to use noncanonical
mode is when the program accepts single-character commands or provides
its own editing facilities.

The choice of canonical or noncanonical input is controlled by the
@code{ICANON} flag in the @code{c_lflag} member of @code{struct termios}.
@xref{Local Modes}.

@node Terminal Modes
@section Terminal Modes

@pindex termios.h
This section describes the various terminal attributes that control how
input and output are done.  The functions, data structures, and symbolic
constants are all declared in the header file @file{termios.h}.
@c !!! should mention terminal attributes are distinct from file attributes

@menu
* Mode Data Types::             The data type @code{struct termios} and
                                 related types.
* Mode Functions::              Functions to read and set the terminal
                                 attributes.
* Setting Modes::               The right way to set terminal attributes
                                 reliably.
* Input Modes::                 Flags controlling low-level input handling.
* Output Modes::                Flags controlling low-level output handling.
* Control Modes::               Flags controlling serial port behavior.
* Local Modes::                 Flags controlling high-level input handling.
* Line Speed::                  How to read and set the terminal line speed.
* Special Characters::          Characters that have special effects,
			         and how to change them.
* Noncanonical Input::          Controlling how long to wait for input.
@end menu

@node Mode Data Types
@subsection Terminal Mode Data Types
@cindex terminal mode data types

The entire collection of attributes of a terminal is stored in a
structure of type @code{struct termios}.  This structure is used
with the functions @code{tcgetattr} and @code{tcsetattr} to read
and set the attributes.

@comment termios.h
@comment POSIX.1
@deftp {Data Type} {struct termios}
Structure that records all the I/O attributes of a terminal.  The
structure includes at least the following members:

@table @code
@item tcflag_t c_iflag
A bit mask specifying flags for input modes; see @ref{Input Modes}.

@item tcflag_t c_oflag
A bit mask specifying flags for output modes; see @ref{Output Modes}.

@item tcflag_t c_cflag
A bit mask specifying flags for control modes; see @ref{Control Modes}.

@item tcflag_t c_lflag
A bit mask specifying flags for local modes; see @ref{Local Modes}.

@item cc_t c_cc[NCCS]
An array specifying which characters are associated with various
control functions; see @ref{Special Characters}.
@end table

The @code{struct termios} structure also contains members which
encode input and output transmission speeds, but the representation is
not specified.  @xref{Line Speed}, for how to examine and store the
speed values.
@end deftp

The following sections describe the details of the members of the
@code{struct termios} structure.

@comment termios.h
@comment POSIX.1
@deftp {Data Type} tcflag_t
This is an unsigned integer type used to represent the various
bit masks for terminal flags.
@end deftp

@comment termios.h
@comment POSIX.1
@deftp {Data Type} cc_t
This is an unsigned integer type used to represent characters associated
with various terminal control functions.
@end deftp

@comment termios.h
@comment POSIX.1
@deftypevr Macro int NCCS
The value of this macro is the number of elements in the @code{c_cc}
array.
@end deftypevr

@node Mode Functions
@subsection Terminal Mode Functions
@cindex terminal mode functions

@comment termios.h
@comment POSIX.1
@deftypefun int tcgetattr (int @var{filedes}, struct termios *@var{termios-p})
This function is used to examine the attributes of the terminal
device with file descriptor @var{filedes}.  The attributes are returned
in the structure that @var{termios-p} points to.

If successful, @code{tcgetattr} returns @math{0}.  A return value of @math{-1}
indicates an error.  The following @code{errno} error conditions are
defined for this function:

@table @code
@item EBADF
The @var{filedes} argument is not a valid file descriptor.

@item ENOTTY
The @var{filedes} is not associated with a terminal.
@end table
@end deftypefun

@comment termios.h
@comment POSIX.1
@deftypefun int tcsetattr (int @var{filedes}, int @var{when}, const struct termios *@var{termios-p})
This function sets the attributes of the terminal device with file
descriptor @var{filedes}.  The new attributes are taken from the
structure that @var{termios-p} points to.

The @var{when} argument specifies how to deal with input and output
already queued.  It can be one of the following values:

@table @code
@comment termios.h
@comment POSIX.1
@item TCSANOW
@vindex TCSANOW
Make the change immediately.

@comment termios.h
@comment POSIX.1
@item TCSADRAIN
@vindex TCSADRAIN
Make the change after waiting until all queued output has been written.
You should usually use this option when changing parameters that affect
output.

@comment termios.h
@comment POSIX.1
@item TCSAFLUSH
@vindex TCSAFLUSH
This is like @code{TCSADRAIN}, but also discards any queued input.

@comment termios.h
@comment BSD
@item TCSASOFT
@vindex TCSASOFT
This is a flag bit that you can add to any of the above alternatives.
Its meaning is to inhibit alteration of the state of the terminal
hardware.  It is a BSD extension; it is only supported on BSD systems
and the GNU system.

Using @code{TCSASOFT} is exactly the same as setting the @code{CIGNORE}
bit in the @code{c_cflag} member of the structure @var{termios-p} points
to.  @xref{Control Modes}, for a description of @code{CIGNORE}.
@end table

If this function is called from a background process on its controlling
terminal, normally all processes in the process group are sent a
@code{SIGTTOU} signal, in the same way as if the process were trying to
write to the terminal.  The exception is if the calling process itself
is ignoring or blocking @code{SIGTTOU} signals, in which case the
operation is performed and no signal is sent.  @xref{Job Control}.

If successful, @code{tcsetattr} returns @math{0}.  A return value of
@math{-1} indicates an error.  The following @code{errno} error
conditions are defined for this function:

@table @code
@item EBADF
The @var{filedes} argument is not a valid file descriptor.

@item ENOTTY
The @var{filedes} is not associated with a terminal.

@item EINVAL
Either the value of the @code{when} argument is not valid, or there is
something wrong with the data in the @var{termios-p} argument.
@end table
@end deftypefun

Although @code{tcgetattr} and @code{tcsetattr} specify the terminal
device with a file descriptor, the attributes are those of the terminal
device itself and not of the file descriptor.  This means that the
effects of changing terminal attributes are persistent; if another
process opens the terminal file later on, it will see the changed
attributes even though it doesn't have anything to do with the open file
descriptor you originally specified in changing the attributes.

Similarly, if a single process has multiple or duplicated file
descriptors for the same terminal device, changing the terminal
attributes affects input and output to all of these file
descriptors.  This means, for example, that you can't open one file
descriptor or stream to read from a terminal in the normal
line-buffered, echoed mode; and simultaneously have another file
descriptor for the same terminal that you use to read from it in
single-character, non-echoed mode.  Instead, you have to explicitly
switch the terminal back and forth between the two modes.

@node Setting Modes
@subsection Setting Terminal Modes Properly

When you set terminal modes, you should call @code{tcgetattr} first to
get the current modes of the particular terminal device, modify only
those modes that you are really interested in, and store the result with
@code{tcsetattr}.

It's a bad idea to simply initialize a @code{struct termios} structure
to a chosen set of attributes and pass it directly to @code{tcsetattr}.
Your program may be run years from now, on systems that support members
not documented in this manual.  The way to avoid setting these members
to unreasonable values is to avoid changing them.

What's more, different terminal devices may require different mode
settings in order to function properly.  So you should avoid blindly
copying attributes from one terminal device to another.

When a member contains a collection of independent flags, as the
@code{c_iflag}, @code{c_oflag} and @code{c_cflag} members do, even
setting the entire member is a bad idea, because particular operating
systems have their own flags.  Instead, you should start with the
current value of the member and alter only the flags whose values matter
in your program, leaving any other flags unchanged.

Here is an example of how to set one flag (@code{ISTRIP}) in the
@code{struct termios} structure while properly preserving all the other
data in the structure:

@smallexample
@group
int
set_istrip (int desc, int value)
@{
  struct termios settings;
  int result;
@end group

@group
  result = tcgetattr (desc, &settings);
  if (result < 0)
    @{
      perror ("error in tcgetattr");
      return 0;
    @}
@end group
@group
  settings.c_iflag &= ~ISTRIP;
  if (value)
    settings.c_iflag |= ISTRIP;
@end group
@group
  result = tcsetattr (desc, TCSANOW, &settings);
  if (result < 0)
    @{
      perror ("error in tcgetattr");
      return;
   @}
  return 1;
@}
@end group
@end smallexample

@node Input Modes
@subsection Input Modes

This section describes the terminal attribute flags that control
fairly low-level aspects of input processing: handling of parity errors,
break signals, flow control, and @key{RET} and @key{LFD} characters.

All of these flags are bits in the @code{c_iflag} member of the
@code{struct termios} structure.  The member is an integer, and you
change flags using the operators @code{&}, @code{|} and @code{^}.  Don't
try to specify the entire value for @code{c_iflag}---instead, change
only specific flags and leave the rest untouched (@pxref{Setting
Modes}).

@comment termios.h
@comment POSIX.1
@deftypevr Macro tcflag_t INPCK
@cindex parity checking
If this bit is set, input parity checking is enabled.  If it is not set,
no checking at all is done for parity errors on input; the
characters are simply passed through to the application.

Parity checking on input processing is independent of whether parity
detection and generation on the underlying terminal hardware is enabled;
see @ref{Control Modes}.  For example, you could clear the @code{INPCK}
input mode flag and set the @code{PARENB} control mode flag to ignore
parity errors on input, but still generate parity on output.

If this bit is set, what happens when a parity error is detected depends
on whether the @code{IGNPAR} or @code{PARMRK} bits are set.  If neither
of these bits are set, a byte with a parity error is passed to the
application as a @code{'\0'} character.
@end deftypevr

@comment termios.h
@comment POSIX.1
@deftypevr Macro tcflag_t IGNPAR
If this bit is set, any byte with a framing or parity error is ignored.
This is only useful if @code{INPCK} is also set.
@end deftypevr

@comment termios.h
@comment POSIX.1
@deftypevr Macro tcflag_t PARMRK
If this bit is set, input bytes with parity or framing errors are marked
when passed to the program.  This bit is meaningful only when
@code{INPCK} is set and @code{IGNPAR} is not set.

The way erroneous bytes are marked is with two preceding bytes,
@code{377} and @code{0}.  Thus, the program actually reads three bytes
for one erroneous byte received from the terminal.

If a valid byte has the value @code{0377}, and @code{ISTRIP} (see below)
is not set, the program might confuse it with the prefix that marks a
parity error.  So a valid byte @code{0377} is passed to the program as
two bytes, @code{0377} @code{0377}, in this case.
@end deftypevr

@comment termios.h
@comment POSIX.1
@deftypevr Macro tcflag_t ISTRIP
If this bit is set, valid input bytes are stripped to seven bits;
otherwise, all eight bits are available for programs to read.
@end deftypevr

@comment termios.h
@comment POSIX.1
@deftypevr Macro tcflag_t IGNBRK
If this bit is set, break conditions are ignored.

@cindex break condition, detecting
A @dfn{break condition} is defined in the context of asynchronous
serial data transmission as a series of zero-value bits longer than a
single byte.
@end deftypevr

@comment termios.h
@comment POSIX.1
@deftypevr Macro tcflag_t BRKINT
If this bit is set and @code{IGNBRK} is not set, a break condition
clears the terminal input and output queues and raises a @code{SIGINT}
signal for the foreground process group associated with the terminal.

If neither @code{BRKINT} nor @code{IGNBRK} are set, a break condition is
passed to the application as a single @code{'\0'} character if
@code{PARMRK} is not set, or otherwise as a three-character sequence
@code{'\377'}, @code{'\0'}, @code{'\0'}.
@end deftypevr

@comment termios.h
@comment POSIX.1
@deftypevr Macro tcflag_t IGNCR
If this bit is set, carriage return characters (@code{'\r'}) are
discarded on input.  Discarding carriage return may be useful on
terminals that send both carriage return and linefeed when you type the
@key{RET} key.
@end deftypevr

@comment termios.h
@comment POSIX.1
@deftypevr Macro tcflag_t ICRNL
If this bit is set and @code{IGNCR} is not set, carriage return characters
(@code{'\r'}) received as input are passed to the application as newline
characters (@code{'\n'}).
@end deftypevr

@comment termios.h
@comment POSIX.1
@deftypevr Macro tcflag_t INLCR
If this bit is set, newline characters (@code{'\n'}) received as input
are passed to the application as carriage return characters (@code{'\r'}).
@end deftypevr

@comment termios.h
@comment POSIX.1
@deftypevr Macro tcflag_t IXOFF
If this bit is set, start/stop control on input is enabled.  In other
words, the computer sends STOP and START characters as necessary to
prevent input from coming in faster than programs are reading it.  The
idea is that the actual terminal hardware that is generating the input
data responds to a STOP character by suspending transmission, and to a
START character by resuming transmission.  @xref{Start/Stop Characters}.
@end deftypevr

@comment termios.h
@comment POSIX.1
@deftypevr Macro tcflag_t IXON
If this bit is set, start/stop control on output is enabled.  In other
words, if the computer receives a STOP character, it suspends output
until a START character is received.  In this case, the STOP and START
characters are never passed to the application program.  If this bit is
not set, then START and STOP can be read as ordinary characters.
@xref{Start/Stop Characters}.
@c !!! mention this interferes with using C-s and C-q for programs like emacs
@end deftypevr

@comment termios.h
@comment BSD
@deftypevr Macro tcflag_t IXANY
If this bit is set, any input character restarts output when output has
been suspended with the STOP character.  Otherwise, only the START
character restarts output.

This is a BSD extension; it exists only on BSD systems and the GNU system.
@end deftypevr

@comment termios.h
@comment BSD
@deftypevr Macro tcflag_t IMAXBEL
If this bit is set, then filling up the terminal input buffer sends a
BEL character (code @code{007}) to the terminal to ring the bell.

This is a BSD extension.
@end deftypevr

@node Output Modes
@subsection Output Modes

This section describes the terminal flags and fields that control how
output characters are translated and padded for display.  All of these
are contained in the @code{c_oflag} member of the @w{@code{struct termios}}
structure.

The @code{c_oflag} member itself is an integer, and you change the flags
and fields using the operators @code{&}, @code{|}, and @code{^}.  Don't
try to specify the entire value for @code{c_oflag}---instead, change
only specific flags and leave the rest untouched (@pxref{Setting
Modes}).

@comment termios.h
@comment POSIX.1
@deftypevr Macro tcflag_t OPOST
If this bit is set, output data is processed in some unspecified way so
that it is displayed appropriately on the terminal device.  This
typically includes mapping newline characters (@code{'\n'}) onto
carriage return and linefeed pairs.

If this bit isn't set, the characters are transmitted as-is.
@end deftypevr

The following three bits are BSD features, and they exist only BSD
systems and the GNU system.  They are effective only if @code{OPOST} is
set.

@comment termios.h
@comment BSD
@deftypevr Macro tcflag_t ONLCR
If this bit is set, convert the newline character on output into a pair
of characters, carriage return followed by linefeed.
@end deftypevr

@comment termios.h
@comment BSD
@deftypevr Macro tcflag_t OXTABS
If this bit is set, convert tab characters on output into the appropriate
number of spaces to emulate a tab stop every eight columns.
@end deftypevr

@comment termios.h
@comment BSD
@deftypevr Macro tcflag_t ONOEOT
If this bit is set, discard @kbd{C-d} characters (code @code{004}) on
output.  These characters cause many dial-up terminals to disconnect.
@end deftypevr

@node Control Modes
@subsection Control Modes

This section describes the terminal flags and fields that control
parameters usually associated with asynchronous serial data
transmission.  These flags may not make sense for other kinds of
terminal ports (such as a network connection pseudo-terminal).  All of
these are contained in the @code{c_cflag} member of the @code{struct
termios} structure.

The @code{c_cflag} member itself is an integer, and you change the flags
and fields using the operators @code{&}, @code{|}, and @code{^}.  Don't
try to specify the entire value for @code{c_cflag}---instead, change
only specific flags and leave the rest untouched (@pxref{Setting
Modes}).

@comment termios.h
@comment POSIX.1
@deftypevr Macro tcflag_t CLOCAL
If this bit is set, it indicates that the terminal is connected
``locally'' and that the modem status lines (such as carrier detect)
should be ignored.
@cindex modem status lines
@cindex carrier detect

On many systems if this bit is not set and you call @code{open} without
the @code{O_NONBLOCK} flag set, @code{open} blocks until a modem
connection is established.

If this bit is not set and a modem disconnect is detected, a
@code{SIGHUP} signal is sent to the controlling process group for the
terminal (if it has one).  Normally, this causes the process to exit;
see @ref{Signal Handling}.  Reading from the terminal after a disconnect
causes an end-of-file condition, and writing causes an @code{EIO} error
to be returned.  The terminal device must be closed and reopened to
clear the condition.
@cindex modem disconnect
@end deftypevr

@comment termios.h
@comment POSIX.1
@deftypevr Macro tcflag_t HUPCL
If this bit is set, a modem disconnect is generated when all processes
that have the terminal device open have either closed the file or exited.
@end deftypevr

@comment termios.h
@comment POSIX.1
@deftypevr Macro tcflag_t CREAD
If this bit is set, input can be read from the terminal.  Otherwise,
input is discarded when it arrives.
@end deftypevr

@comment termios.h
@comment POSIX.1
@deftypevr Macro tcflag_t CSTOPB
If this bit is set, two stop bits are used.  Otherwise, only one stop bit
is used.
@end deftypevr

@comment termios.h
@comment POSIX.1
@deftypevr Macro tcflag_t PARENB
If this bit is set, generation and detection of a parity bit are enabled.
@xref{Input Modes}, for information on how input parity errors are handled.

If this bit is not set, no parity bit is added to output characters, and
input characters are not checked for correct parity.
@end deftypevr

@comment termios.h
@comment POSIX.1
@deftypevr Macro tcflag_t PARODD
This bit is only useful if @code{PARENB} is set.  If @code{PARODD} is set,
odd parity is used, otherwise even parity is used.
@end deftypevr

The control mode flags also includes a field for the number of bits per
character.  You can use the @code{CSIZE} macro as a mask to extract the
value, like this: @code{settings.c_cflag & CSIZE}.

@comment termios.h
@comment POSIX.1
@deftypevr Macro tcflag_t CSIZE
This is a mask for the number of bits per character.
@end deftypevr

@comment termios.h
@comment POSIX.1
@deftypevr Macro tcflag_t CS5
This specifies five bits per byte.
@end deftypevr

@comment termios.h
@comment POSIX.1
@deftypevr Macro tcflag_t CS6
This specifies six bits per byte.
@end deftypevr

@comment termios.h
@comment POSIX.1
@deftypevr Macro tcflag_t CS7
This specifies seven bits per byte.
@end deftypevr

@comment termios.h
@comment POSIX.1
@deftypevr Macro tcflag_t CS8
This specifies eight bits per byte.
@end deftypevr

The following four bits are BSD extensions; this exist only on BSD
systems and the GNU system.

@comment termios.h
@comment BSD
@deftypevr Macro tcflag_t CCTS_OFLOW
If this bit is set, enable flow control of output based on the CTS wire
(RS232 protocol).
@end deftypevr

@comment termios.h
@comment BSD
@deftypevr Macro tcflag_t CRTS_IFLOW
If this bit is set, enable flow control of input based on the RTS wire
(RS232 protocol).
@end deftypevr

@comment termios.h
@comment BSD
@deftypevr Macro tcflag_t MDMBUF
If this bit is set, enable carrier-based flow control of output.
@end deftypevr

@comment termios.h
@comment BSD
@deftypevr Macro tcflag_t CIGNORE
If this bit is set, it says to ignore the control modes and line speed
values entirely.  This is only meaningful in a call to @code{tcsetattr}.

The @code{c_cflag} member and the line speed values returned by
@code{cfgetispeed} and @code{cfgetospeed} will be unaffected by the
call.  @code{CIGNORE} is useful if you want to set all the software
modes in the other members, but leave the hardware details in
@code{c_cflag} unchanged.  (This is how the @code{TCSASOFT} flag to
@code{tcsettattr} works.)

This bit is never set in the structure filled in by @code{tcgetattr}.
@end deftypevr

@node Local Modes
@subsection Local Modes

This section describes the flags for the @code{c_lflag} member of the
@code{struct termios} structure.  These flags generally control
higher-level aspects of input processing than the input modes flags
described in @ref{Input Modes}, such as echoing, signals, and the choice
of canonical or noncanonical input.

The @code{c_lflag} member itself is an integer, and you change the flags
and fields using the operators @code{&}, @code{|}, and @code{^}.  Don't
try to specify the entire value for @code{c_lflag}---instead, change
only specific flags and leave the rest untouched (@pxref{Setting
Modes}).

@comment termios.h
@comment POSIX.1
@deftypevr Macro tcflag_t ICANON
This bit, if set, enables canonical input processing mode.  Otherwise,
input is processed in noncanonical mode.  @xref{Canonical or Not}.
@end deftypevr

@comment termios.h
@comment POSIX.1
@deftypevr Macro tcflag_t ECHO
If this bit is set, echoing of input characters back to the terminal
is enabled.
@cindex echo of terminal input
@end deftypevr

@comment termios.h
@comment POSIX.1
@deftypevr Macro tcflag_t ECHOE
If this bit is set, echoing indicates erasure of input with the ERASE
character by erasing the last character in the current line from the
screen.  Otherwise, the character erased is re-echoed to show what has
happened (suitable for a printing terminal).

This bit only controls the display behavior; the @code{ICANON} bit by
itself controls actual recognition of the ERASE character and erasure of
input, without which @code{ECHOE} is simply irrelevant.
@end deftypevr

@comment termios.h
@comment BSD
@deftypevr Macro tcflag_t ECHOPRT
This bit is like @code{ECHOE}, enables display of the ERASE character in
a way that is geared to a hardcopy terminal.  When you type the ERASE
character, a @samp{\} character is printed followed by the first
character erased.  Typing the ERASE character again just prints the next
character erased.  Then, the next time you type a normal character, a
@samp{/} character is printed before the character echoes.

This is a BSD extension, and exists only in BSD systems and the
GNU system.
@end deftypevr

@comment termios.h
@comment POSIX.1
@deftypevr Macro tcflag_t ECHOK
This bit enables special display of the KILL character by moving to a
new line after echoing the KILL character normally.  The behavior of
@code{ECHOKE} (below) is nicer to look at.

If this bit is not set, the KILL character echoes just as it would if it
were not the KILL character.  Then it is up to the user to remember that
the KILL character has erased the preceding input; there is no
indication of this on the screen.

This bit only controls the display behavior; the @code{ICANON} bit by
itself controls actual recognition of the KILL character and erasure of
input, without which @code{ECHOK} is simply irrelevant.
@end deftypevr

@comment termios.h
@comment BSD
@deftypevr Macro tcflag_t ECHOKE
This bit is similar to @code{ECHOK}.  It enables special display of the
KILL character by erasing on the screen the entire line that has been
killed.  This is a BSD extension, and exists only in BSD systems and the
GNU system.
@end deftypevr

@comment termios.h
@comment POSIX.1
@deftypevr Macro tcflag_t ECHONL
If this bit is set and the @code{ICANON} bit is also set, then the
newline (@code{'\n'}) character is echoed even if the @code{ECHO} bit
is not set.
@end deftypevr

@comment termios.h
@comment BSD
@deftypevr Macro tcflag_t ECHOCTL
If this bit is set and the @code{ECHO} bit is also set, echo control
characters with @samp{^} followed by the corresponding text character.
Thus, control-A echoes as @samp{^A}.  This is usually the preferred mode
for interactive input, because echoing a control character back to the
terminal could have some undesired effect on the terminal.

This is a BSD extension, and exists only in BSD systems and the
GNU system.
@end deftypevr

@comment termios.h
@comment POSIX.1
@deftypevr Macro tcflag_t ISIG
This bit controls whether the INTR, QUIT, and SUSP characters are
recognized.  The functions associated with these characters are performed
if and only if this bit is set.  Being in canonical or noncanonical
input mode has no affect on the interpretation of these characters.

You should use caution when disabling recognition of these characters.
Programs that cannot be interrupted interactively are very
user-unfriendly.  If you clear this bit, your program should provide
some alternate interface that allows the user to interactively send the
signals associated with these characters, or to escape from the program.
@cindex interactive signals, from terminal

@xref{Signal Characters}.
@end deftypevr

@comment termios.h
@comment POSIX.1
@deftypevr Macro tcflag_t IEXTEN
POSIX.1 gives @code{IEXTEN} implementation-defined meaning,
so you cannot rely on this interpretation on all systems.

On BSD systems and the GNU system, it enables the LNEXT and DISCARD characters.
@xref{Other Special}.
@end deftypevr

@comment termios.h
@comment POSIX.1
@deftypevr Macro tcflag_t NOFLSH
Normally, the INTR, QUIT, and SUSP characters cause input and output
queues for the terminal to be cleared.  If this bit is set, the queues
are not cleared.
@end deftypevr

@comment termios.h
@comment POSIX.1
@deftypevr Macro tcflag_t TOSTOP
If this bit is set and the system supports job control, then
@code{SIGTTOU} signals are generated by background processes that
attempt to write to the terminal.  @xref{Access to the Terminal}.
@end deftypevr

The following bits are BSD extensions; they exist only in BSD systems
and the GNU system.

@comment termios.h
@comment BSD
@deftypevr Macro tcflag_t ALTWERASE
This bit determines how far the WERASE character should erase.  The
WERASE character erases back to the beginning of a word; the question
is, where do words begin?

If this bit is clear, then the beginning of a word is a nonwhitespace
character following a whitespace character.  If the bit is set, then the
beginning of a word is an alphanumeric character or underscore following
a character which is none of those.

@xref{Editing Characters}, for more information about the WERASE character.
@end deftypevr

@comment termios.h
@comment BSD
@deftypevr Macro tcflag_t FLUSHO
This is the bit that toggles when the user types the DISCARD character.
While this bit is set, all output is discarded.  @xref{Other Special}.
@end deftypevr

@comment termios.h
@comment BSD
@deftypevr Macro tcflag_t NOKERNINFO
Setting this bit disables handling of the STATUS character.
@xref{Other Special}.
@end deftypevr

@comment termios.h
@comment BSD
@deftypevr Macro tcflag_t PENDIN
If this bit is set, it indicates that there is a line of input that
needs to be reprinted.  Typing the REPRINT character sets this bit; the
bit remains set until reprinting is finished.  @xref{Editing Characters}.
@end deftypevr

@c EXTPROC is too obscure to document now.  --roland

@node Line Speed
@subsection Line Speed
@cindex line speed
@cindex baud rate
@cindex terminal line speed
@cindex terminal line speed

The terminal line speed tells the computer how fast to read and write
data on the terminal.

If the terminal is connected to a real serial line, the terminal speed
you specify actually controls the line---if it doesn't match the
terminal's own idea of the speed, communication does not work.  Real
serial ports accept only certain standard speeds.  Also, particular
hardware may not support even all the standard speeds.  Specifying a
speed of zero hangs up a dialup connection and turns off modem control
signals.

If the terminal is not a real serial line (for example, if it is a
network connection), then the line speed won't really affect data
transmission speed, but some programs will use it to determine the
amount of padding needed.  It's best to specify a line speed value that
matches the actual speed of the actual terminal, but you can safely
experiment with different values to vary the amount of padding.

There are actually two line speeds for each terminal, one for input and
one for output.  You can set them independently, but most often
terminals use the same speed for both directions.

The speed values are stored in the @code{struct termios} structure, but
don't try to access them in the @code{struct termios} structure
directly.  Instead, you should use the following functions to read and
store them:

@comment termios.h
@comment POSIX.1
@deftypefun speed_t cfgetospeed (const struct termios *@var{termios-p})
This function returns the output line speed stored in the structure
@code{*@var{termios-p}}.
@end deftypefun

@comment termios.h
@comment POSIX.1
@deftypefun speed_t cfgetispeed (const struct termios *@var{termios-p})
This function returns the input line speed stored in the structure
@code{*@var{termios-p}}.
@end deftypefun

@comment termios.h
@comment POSIX.1
@deftypefun int cfsetospeed (struct termios *@var{termios-p}, speed_t @var{speed})
This function stores @var{speed} in @code{*@var{termios-p}} as the output
speed.  The normal return value is @math{0}; a value of @math{-1}
indicates an error.  If @var{speed} is not a speed, @code{cfsetospeed}
returns @math{-1}.
@end deftypefun

@comment termios.h
@comment POSIX.1
@deftypefun int cfsetispeed (struct termios *@var{termios-p}, speed_t @var{speed})
This function stores @var{speed} in @code{*@var{termios-p}} as the input
speed.  The normal return value is @math{0}; a value of @math{-1}
indicates an error.  If @var{speed} is not a speed, @code{cfsetospeed}
returns @math{-1}.
@end deftypefun

@comment termios.h
@comment BSD
@deftypefun int cfsetspeed (struct termios *@var{termios-p}, speed_t @var{speed})
This function stores @var{speed} in @code{*@var{termios-p}} as both the
input and output speeds.  The normal return value is @math{0}; a value
of @math{-1} indicates an error.  If @var{speed} is not a speed,
@code{cfsetspeed} returns @math{-1}.  This function is an extension in
4.4 BSD.
@end deftypefun

@comment termios.h
@comment POSIX.1
@deftp {Data Type} speed_t
The @code{speed_t} type is an unsigned integer data type used to
represent line speeds.
@end deftp

The functions @code{cfsetospeed} and @code{cfsetispeed} report errors
only for speed values that the system simply cannot handle.  If you
specify a speed value that is basically acceptable, then those functions
will succeed.  But they do not check that a particular hardware device
can actually support the specified speeds---in fact, they don't know
which device you plan to set the speed for.  If you use @code{tcsetattr}
to set the speed of a particular device to a value that it cannot
handle, @code{tcsetattr} returns @math{-1}.

@strong{Portability note:} In the GNU library, the functions above
accept speeds measured in bits per second as input, and return speed
values measured in bits per second.  Other libraries require speeds to
be indicated by special codes.  For POSIX.1 portability, you must use
one of the following symbols to represent the speed; their precise
numeric values are system-dependent, but each name has a fixed meaning:
@code{B110} stands for 110 bps, @code{B300} for 300 bps, and so on.
There is no portable way to represent any speed but these, but these are
the only speeds that typical serial lines can support.

@comment termios.h
@comment POSIX.1
@vindex B0
@comment termios.h
@comment POSIX.1
@vindex B50
@comment termios.h
@comment POSIX.1
@vindex B75
@comment termios.h
@comment POSIX.1
@vindex B110
@comment termios.h
@comment POSIX.1
@vindex B134
@comment termios.h
@comment POSIX.1
@vindex B150
@comment termios.h
@comment POSIX.1
@vindex B200
@comment termios.h
@comment POSIX.1
@vindex B300
@comment termios.h
@comment POSIX.1
@vindex B600
@comment termios.h
@comment POSIX.1
@vindex B1200
@comment termios.h
@comment POSIX.1
@vindex B1800
@comment termios.h
@comment POSIX.1
@vindex B2400
@comment termios.h
@comment POSIX.1
@vindex B4800
@comment termios.h
@comment POSIX.1
@vindex B9600
@comment termios.h
@comment POSIX.1
@vindex B19200
@comment termios.h
@comment POSIX.1
@vindex B38400
@comment termios.h
@comment GNU
@vindex B57600
@comment termios.h
@comment GNU
@vindex B115200
@comment termios.h
@comment GNU
@vindex B230400
@comment termios.h
@comment GNU
@vindex B460800
@smallexample
B0  B50  B75  B110  B134  B150  B200
B300  B600  B1200  B1800  B2400  B4800
B9600  B19200  B38400  B57600  B115200
B230400  B460800
@end smallexample

@vindex EXTA
@vindex EXTB
BSD defines two additional speed symbols as aliases: @code{EXTA} is an
alias for @code{B19200} and @code{EXTB} is an alias for @code{B38400}.
These aliases are obsolete.

@node Special Characters
@subsection Special Characters

In canonical input, the terminal driver recognizes a number of special
characters which perform various control functions.  These include the
ERASE character (usually @key{DEL}) for editing input, and other editing
characters.  The INTR character (normally @kbd{C-c}) for sending a
@code{SIGINT} signal, and other signal-raising characters, may be
available in either canonical or noncanonical input mode.  All these
characters are described in this section.

The particular characters used are specified in the @code{c_cc} member
of the @code{struct termios} structure.  This member is an array; each
element specifies the character for a particular role.  Each element has
a symbolic constant that stands for the index of that element---for
example, @code{VINTR} is the index of the element that specifies the INTR
character, so storing @code{'='} in @code{@var{termios}.c_cc[VINTR]}
specifies @samp{=} as the INTR character.

@vindex _POSIX_VDISABLE
On some systems, you can disable a particular special character function
by specifying the value @code{_POSIX_VDISABLE} for that role.  This
value is unequal to any possible character code.  @xref{Options for
Files}, for more information about how to tell whether the operating
system you are using supports @code{_POSIX_VDISABLE}.

@menu
* Editing Characters::          Special characters that terminate lines and
                                  delete text, and other editing functions.
* Signal Characters::           Special characters that send or raise signals
                                  to or for certain classes of processes.
* Start/Stop Characters::       Special characters that suspend or resume
                                  suspended output.
* Other Special::		Other special characters for BSD systems:
				  they can discard output, and print status.
@end menu

@node Editing Characters
@subsubsection Characters for Input Editing

These special characters are active only in canonical input mode.
@xref{Canonical or Not}.

@comment termios.h
@comment POSIX.1
@deftypevr Macro int VEOF
@cindex EOF character
This is the subscript for the EOF character in the special control
character array.  @code{@var{termios}.c_cc[VEOF]} holds the character
itself.

The EOF character is recognized only in canonical input mode.  It acts
as a line terminator in the same way as a newline character, but if the
EOF character is typed at the beginning of a line it causes @code{read}
to return a byte count of zero, indicating end-of-file.  The EOF
character itself is discarded.

Usually, the EOF character is @kbd{C-d}.
@end deftypevr

@comment termios.h
@comment POSIX.1
@deftypevr Macro int VEOL
@cindex EOL character
This is the subscript for the EOL character in the special control
character array.  @code{@var{termios}.c_cc[VEOL]} holds the character
itself.

The EOL character is recognized only in canonical input mode.  It acts
as a line terminator, just like a newline character.  The EOL character
is not discarded; it is read as the last character in the input line.

@c !!! example: this is set to ESC by 4.3 csh with "set filec" so it can
@c complete partial lines without using cbreak or raw mode.

You don't need to use the EOL character to make @key{RET} end a line.
Just set the ICRNL flag.  In fact, this is the default state of
affairs.
@end deftypevr

@comment termios.h
@comment BSD
@deftypevr Macro int VEOL2
@cindex EOL2 character
This is the subscript for the EOL2 character in the special control
character array.  @code{@var{termios}.c_cc[VEOL2]} holds the character
itself.

The EOL2 character works just like the EOL character (see above), but it
can be a different character.  Thus, you can specify two characters to
terminate an input line, by setting EOL to one of them and EOL2 to the
other.

The EOL2 character is a BSD extension; it exists only on BSD systems
and the GNU system.
@end deftypevr

@comment termios.h
@comment POSIX.1
@deftypevr Macro int VERASE
@cindex ERASE character
This is the subscript for the ERASE character in the special control
character array.  @code{@var{termios}.c_cc[VERASE]} holds the
character itself.

The ERASE character is recognized only in canonical input mode.  When
the user types the erase character, the previous character typed is
discarded.  (If the terminal generates multibyte character sequences,
this may cause more than one byte of input to be discarded.)  This
cannot be used to erase past the beginning of the current line of text.
The ERASE character itself is discarded.
@c !!! mention ECHOE here

Usually, the ERASE character is @key{DEL}.
@end deftypevr

@comment termios.h
@comment BSD
@deftypevr Macro int VWERASE
@cindex WERASE character
This is the subscript for the WERASE character in the special control
character array.  @code{@var{termios}.c_cc[VWERASE]} holds the character
itself.

The WERASE character is recognized only in canonical mode.  It erases an
entire word of prior input, and any whitespace after it; whitespace
characters before the word are not erased.

The definition of a ``word'' depends on the setting of the
@code{ALTWERASE} mode; @pxref{Local Modes}.

If the @code{ALTWERASE} mode is not set, a word is defined as a sequence
of any characters except space or tab.

If the @code{ALTWERASE} mode is set, a word is defined as a sequence of
characters containing only letters, numbers, and underscores, optionally
followed by one character that is not a letter, number, or underscore.

The WERASE character is usually @kbd{C-w}.

This is a BSD extension.
@end deftypevr

@comment termios.h
@comment POSIX.1
@deftypevr Macro int VKILL
@cindex KILL character
This is the subscript for the KILL character in the special control
character array.  @code{@var{termios}.c_cc[VKILL]} holds the character
itself.

The KILL character is recognized only in canonical input mode.  When the
user types the kill character, the entire contents of the current line
of input are discarded.  The kill character itself is discarded too.

The KILL character is usually @kbd{C-u}.
@end deftypevr

@comment termios.h
@comment BSD
@deftypevr Macro int VREPRINT
@cindex REPRINT character
This is the subscript for the REPRINT character in the special control
character array.  @code{@var{termios}.c_cc[VREPRINT]} holds the character
itself.

The REPRINT character is recognized only in canonical mode.  It reprints
the current input line.  If some asynchronous output has come while you
are typing, this lets you see the line you are typing clearly again.

The REPRINT character is usually @kbd{C-r}.

This is a BSD extension.
@end deftypevr

@node Signal Characters
@subsubsection Characters that Cause Signals

These special characters may be active in either canonical or noncanonical
input mode, but only when the @code{ISIG} flag is set (@pxref{Local
Modes}).

@comment termios.h
@comment POSIX.1
@deftypevr Macro int VINTR
@cindex INTR character
@cindex interrupt character
This is the subscript for the INTR character in the special control
character array.  @code{@var{termios}.c_cc[VINTR]} holds the character
itself.

The INTR (interrupt) character raises a @code{SIGINT} signal for all
processes in the foreground job associated with the terminal.  The INTR
character itself is then discarded.  @xref{Signal Handling}, for more
information about signals.

Typically, the INTR character is @kbd{C-c}.
@end deftypevr

@comment termios.h
@comment POSIX.1
@deftypevr Macro int VQUIT
@cindex QUIT character
This is the subscript for the QUIT character in the special control
character array.  @code{@var{termios}.c_cc[VQUIT]} holds the character
itself.

The QUIT character raises a @code{SIGQUIT} signal for all processes in
the foreground job associated with the terminal.  The QUIT character
itself is then discarded.  @xref{Signal Handling}, for more information
about signals.

Typically, the QUIT character is @kbd{C-\}.
@end deftypevr

@comment termios.h
@comment POSIX.1
@deftypevr Macro int VSUSP
@cindex SUSP character
@cindex suspend character
This is the subscript for the SUSP character in the special control
character array.  @code{@var{termios}.c_cc[VSUSP]} holds the character
itself.

The SUSP (suspend) character is recognized only if the implementation
supports job control (@pxref{Job Control}).  It causes a @code{SIGTSTP}
signal to be sent to all processes in the foreground job associated with
the terminal.  The SUSP character itself is then discarded.
@xref{Signal Handling}, for more information about signals.

Typically, the SUSP character is @kbd{C-z}.
@end deftypevr

Few applications disable the normal interpretation of the SUSP
character.  If your program does this, it should provide some other
mechanism for the user to stop the job.  When the user invokes this
mechanism, the program should send a @code{SIGTSTP} signal to the
process group of the process, not just to the process itself.
@xref{Signaling Another Process}.

@comment termios.h
@comment BSD
@deftypevr Macro int VDSUSP
@cindex DSUSP character
@cindex delayed suspend character
This is the subscript for the DSUSP character in the special control
character array.  @code{@var{termios}.c_cc[VDSUSP]} holds the character
itself.

The DSUSP (suspend) character is recognized only if the implementation
supports job control (@pxref{Job Control}).  It sends a @code{SIGTSTP}
signal, like the SUSP character, but not right away---only when the
program tries to read it as input.  Not all systems with job control
support DSUSP; only BSD-compatible systems (including the GNU system).

@xref{Signal Handling}, for more information about signals.

Typically, the DSUSP character is @kbd{C-y}.
@end deftypevr

@node Start/Stop Characters
@subsubsection Special Characters for Flow Control

These special characters may be active in either canonical or noncanonical
input mode, but their use is controlled by the flags @code{IXON} and
@code{IXOFF} (@pxref{Input Modes}).

@comment termios.h
@comment POSIX.1
@deftypevr Macro int VSTART
@cindex START character
This is the subscript for the START character in the special control
character array.  @code{@var{termios}.c_cc[VSTART]} holds the
character itself.

The START character is used to support the @code{IXON} and @code{IXOFF}
input modes.  If @code{IXON} is set, receiving a START character resumes
suspended output; the START character itself is discarded.  If
@code{IXANY} is set, receiving any character at all resumes suspended
output; the resuming character is not discarded unless it is the START
character.  @code{IXOFF} is set, the system may also transmit START
characters to the terminal.

The usual value for the START character is @kbd{C-q}.  You may not be
able to change this value---the hardware may insist on using @kbd{C-q}
regardless of what you specify.
@end deftypevr

@comment termios.h
@comment POSIX.1
@deftypevr Macro int VSTOP
@cindex STOP character
This is the subscript for the STOP character in the special control
character array.  @code{@var{termios}.c_cc[VSTOP]} holds the character
itself.

The STOP character is used to support the @code{IXON} and @code{IXOFF}
input modes.  If @code{IXON} is set, receiving a STOP character causes
output to be suspended; the STOP character itself is discarded.  If
@code{IXOFF} is set, the system may also transmit STOP characters to the
terminal, to prevent the input queue from overflowing.

The usual value for the STOP character is @kbd{C-s}.  You may not be
able to change this value---the hardware may insist on using @kbd{C-s}
regardless of what you specify.
@end deftypevr

@node Other Special
@subsubsection Other Special Characters

These special characters exist only in BSD systems and the GNU system.

@comment termios.h
@comment BSD
@deftypevr Macro int VLNEXT
@cindex LNEXT character
This is the subscript for the LNEXT character in the special control
character array.  @code{@var{termios}.c_cc[VLNEXT]} holds the character
itself.

The LNEXT character is recognized only when @code{IEXTEN} is set, but in
both canonical and noncanonical mode.  It disables any special
significance of the next character the user types.  Even if the
character would normally perform some editing function or generate a
signal, it is read as a plain character.  This is the analogue of the
@kbd{C-q} command in Emacs.  ``LNEXT'' stands for ``literal next.''

The LNEXT character is usually @kbd{C-v}.
@end deftypevr

@comment termios.h
@comment BSD
@deftypevr Macro int VDISCARD
@cindex DISCARD character
This is the subscript for the DISCARD character in the special control
character array.  @code{@var{termios}.c_cc[VDISCARD]} holds the character
itself.

The DISCARD character is recognized only when @code{IEXTEN} is set, but
in both canonical and noncanonical mode.  Its effect is to toggle the
discard-output flag.  When this flag is set, all program output is
discarded.  Setting the flag also discards all output currently in the
output buffer.  Typing any other character resets the flag.
@end deftypevr

@comment termios.h
@comment BSD
@deftypevr Macro int VSTATUS
@cindex STATUS character
This is the subscript for the STATUS character in the special control
character array.  @code{@var{termios}.c_cc[VSTATUS]} holds the character
itself.

The STATUS character's effect is to print out a status message about how
the current process is running.

The STATUS character is recognized only in canonical mode, and only if
@code{NOKERNINFO} is not set.
@end deftypevr

@node Noncanonical Input
@subsection Noncanonical Input

In noncanonical input mode, the special editing characters such as
ERASE and KILL are ignored.  The system facilities for the user to edit
input are disabled in noncanonical mode, so that all input characters
(unless they are special for signal or flow-control purposes) are passed
to the application program exactly as typed.  It is up to the
application program to give the user ways to edit the input, if
appropriate.

Noncanonical mode offers special parameters called MIN and TIME for
controlling whether and how long to wait for input to be available.  You
can even use them to avoid ever waiting---to return immediately with
whatever input is available, or with no input.

The MIN and TIME are stored in elements of the @code{c_cc} array, which
is a member of the @w{@code{struct termios}} structure.  Each element of
this array has a particular role, and each element has a symbolic
constant that stands for the index of that element.  @code{VMIN} and
@code{VMAX} are the names for the indices in the array of the MIN and
TIME slots.

@comment termios.h
@comment POSIX.1
@deftypevr Macro int VMIN
@cindex MIN termios slot
This is the subscript for the MIN slot in the @code{c_cc} array.  Thus,
@code{@var{termios}.c_cc[VMIN]} is the value itself.

The MIN slot is only meaningful in noncanonical input mode; it
specifies the minimum number of bytes that must be available in the
input queue in order for @code{read} to return.
@end deftypevr

@comment termios.h
@comment POSIX.1
@deftypevr Macro int VTIME
@cindex TIME termios slot
This is the subscript for the TIME slot in the @code{c_cc} array.  Thus,
@code{@var{termios}.c_cc[VTIME]} is the value itself.

The TIME slot is only meaningful in noncanonical input mode; it
specifies how long to wait for input before returning, in units of 0.1
seconds.
@end deftypevr

The MIN and TIME values interact to determine the criterion for when
@code{read} should return; their precise meanings depend on which of
them are nonzero.  There are four possible cases:

@itemize @bullet
@item
Both TIME and MIN are nonzero.

In this case, TIME specifies how long to wait after each input character
to see if more input arrives.  After the first character received,
@code{read} keeps waiting until either MIN bytes have arrived in all, or
TIME elapses with no further input.

@code{read} always blocks until the first character arrives, even if
TIME elapses first.  @code{read} can return more than MIN characters if
more than MIN happen to be in the queue.

@item
Both MIN and TIME are zero.

In this case, @code{read} always returns immediately with as many
characters as are available in the queue, up to the number requested.
If no input is immediately available, @code{read} returns a value of
zero.

@item
MIN is zero but TIME has a nonzero value.

In this case, @code{read} waits for time TIME for input to become
available; the availability of a single byte is enough to satisfy the
read request and cause @code{read} to return.  When it returns, it
returns as many characters as are available, up to the number requested.
If no input is available before the timer expires, @code{read} returns a
value of zero.

@item
TIME is zero but MIN has a nonzero value.

In this case, @code{read} waits until at least MIN bytes are available
in the queue.  At that time, @code{read} returns as many characters as
are available, up to the number requested.  @code{read} can return more
than MIN characters if more than MIN happen to be in the queue.
@end itemize

What happens if MIN is 50 and you ask to read just 10 bytes?
Normally, @code{read} waits until there are 50 bytes in the buffer (or,
more generally, the wait condition described above is satisfied), and
then reads 10 of them, leaving the other 40 buffered in the operating
system for a subsequent call to @code{read}.

@strong{Portability note:} On some systems, the MIN and TIME slots are
actually the same as the EOF and EOL slots.  This causes no serious
problem because the MIN and TIME slots are used only in noncanonical
input and the EOF and EOL slots are used only in canonical input, but it
isn't very clean.  The GNU library allocates separate slots for these
uses.

@comment termios.h
@comment BSD
@deftypefun int cfmakeraw (struct termios *@var{termios-p})
This function provides an easy way to set up @code{*@var{termios-p}} for
what has traditionally been called ``raw mode'' in BSD.  This uses
noncanonical input, and turns off most processing to give an unmodified
channel to the terminal.

It does exactly this:
@smallexample
  @var{termios-p}->c_iflag &= ~(IGNBRK|BRKINT|PARMRK|ISTRIP
                                |INLCR|IGNCR|ICRNL|IXON);
  @var{termios-p}->c_oflag &= ~OPOST;
  @var{termios-p}->c_lflag &= ~(ECHO|ECHONL|ICANON|ISIG|IEXTEN);
  @var{termios-p}->c_cflag &= ~(CSIZE|PARENB);
  @var{termios-p}->c_cflag |= CS8;
@end smallexample
@end deftypefun

@node Line Control
@section Line Control Functions
@cindex terminal line control functions

These functions perform miscellaneous control actions on terminal
devices.  As regards terminal access, they are treated like doing
output: if any of these functions is used by a background process on its
controlling terminal, normally all processes in the process group are
sent a @code{SIGTTOU} signal.  The exception is if the calling process
itself is ignoring or blocking @code{SIGTTOU} signals, in which case the
operation is performed and no signal is sent.  @xref{Job Control}.

@cindex break condition, generating
@comment termios.h
@comment POSIX.1
@deftypefun int tcsendbreak (int @var{filedes}, int @var{duration})
This function generates a break condition by transmitting a stream of
zero bits on the terminal associated with the file descriptor
@var{filedes}.  The duration of the break is controlled by the
@var{duration} argument.  If zero, the duration is between 0.25 and 0.5
seconds.  The meaning of a nonzero value depends on the operating system.

This function does nothing if the terminal is not an asynchronous serial
data port.

The return value is normally zero.  In the event of an error, a value
of @math{-1} is returned.  The following @code{errno} error conditions
are defined for this function:

@table @code
@item EBADF
The @var{filedes} is not a valid file descriptor.

@item ENOTTY
The @var{filedes} is not associated with a terminal device.
@end table
@end deftypefun


@cindex flushing terminal output queue
@cindex terminal output queue, flushing
@comment termios.h
@comment POSIX.1
@deftypefun int tcdrain (int @var{filedes})
The @code{tcdrain} function waits until all queued
output to the terminal @var{filedes} has been transmitted.

This function is a cancelation point in multi-threaded programs.  This
is a problem if the thread allocates some resources (like memory, file
descriptors, semaphores or whatever) at the time @code{tcdrain} is
called.  If the thread gets canceled these resources stay allocated
until the program ends.  To avoid this calls to @code{tcdrain} should be
protected using cancelation handlers.
@c ref pthread_cleanup_push / pthread_cleanup_pop

The return value is normally zero.  In the event of an error, a value
of @math{-1} is returned.  The following @code{errno} error conditions
are defined for this function:

@table @code
@item EBADF
The @var{filedes} is not a valid file descriptor.

@item ENOTTY
The @var{filedes} is not associated with a terminal device.

@item EINTR
The operation was interrupted by delivery of a signal.
@xref{Interrupted Primitives}.
@end table
@end deftypefun


@cindex clearing terminal input queue
@cindex terminal input queue, clearing
@comment termios.h
@comment POSIX.1
@deftypefun int tcflush (int @var{filedes}, int @var{queue})
The @code{tcflush} function is used to clear the input and/or output
queues associated with the terminal file @var{filedes}.  The @var{queue}
argument specifies which queue(s) to clear, and can be one of the
following values:

@c Extra blank lines here make it look better.
@table @code
@vindex TCIFLUSH
@item TCIFLUSH

Clear any input data received, but not yet read.

@vindex TCOFLUSH
@item TCOFLUSH

Clear any output data written, but not yet transmitted.

@vindex TCIOFLUSH
@item TCIOFLUSH

Clear both queued input and output.
@end table

The return value is normally zero.  In the event of an error, a value
of @math{-1} is returned.  The following @code{errno} error conditions
are defined for this function:

@table @code
@item EBADF
The @var{filedes} is not a valid file descriptor.

@item ENOTTY
The @var{filedes} is not associated with a terminal device.

@item EINVAL
A bad value was supplied as the @var{queue} argument.
@end table

It is unfortunate that this function is named @code{tcflush}, because
the term ``flush'' is normally used for quite another operation---waiting
until all output is transmitted---and using it for discarding input or
output would be confusing.  Unfortunately, the name @code{tcflush} comes
from POSIX and we cannot change it.
@end deftypefun

@cindex flow control, terminal
@cindex terminal flow control
@comment termios.h
@comment POSIX.1
@deftypefun int tcflow (int @var{filedes}, int @var{action})
The @code{tcflow} function is used to perform operations relating to
XON/XOFF flow control on the terminal file specified by @var{filedes}.

The @var{action} argument specifies what operation to perform, and can
be one of the following values:

@table @code
@vindex TCOOFF
@item TCOOFF
Suspend transmission of output.

@vindex TCOON
@item TCOON
Restart transmission of output.

@vindex TCIOFF
@item TCIOFF
Transmit a STOP character.

@vindex TCION
@item TCION
Transmit a START character.
@end table

For more information about the STOP and START characters, see @ref{Special
Characters}.

The return value is normally zero.  In the event of an error, a value
of @math{-1} is returned.  The following @code{errno} error conditions
are defined for this function:

@table @code
@vindex EBADF
@item EBADF
The @var{filedes} is not a valid file descriptor.

@vindex ENOTTY
@item ENOTTY
The @var{filedes} is not associated with a terminal device.

@vindex EINVAL
@item EINVAL
A bad value was supplied as the @var{action} argument.
@end table
@end deftypefun

@node Noncanon Example
@section Noncanonical Mode Example

Here is an example program that shows how you can set up a terminal
device to read single characters in noncanonical input mode, without
echo.

@smallexample
@include termios.c.texi
@end smallexample

This program is careful to restore the original terminal modes before
exiting or terminating with a signal.  It uses the @code{atexit}
function (@pxref{Cleanups on Exit}) to make sure this is done
by @code{exit}.

@ignore
@c !!!! the example doesn't handle any signals!
The signals handled in the example are the ones that typically occur due
to actions of the user.  It might be desirable to handle other signals
such as SIGSEGV that can result from bugs in the program.
@end ignore

The shell is supposed to take care of resetting the terminal modes when
a process is stopped or continued; see @ref{Job Control}.  But some
existing shells do not actually do this, so you may wish to establish
handlers for job control signals that reset terminal modes.  The above
example does so.


@node Pseudo-Terminals
@section Pseudo-Terminals
@cindex pseudo-terminals

A @dfn{pseudo-terminal} is a special interprocess communication channel
that acts like a terminal.  On one end of the channel is called the
@dfn{master} side or @dfn{master pseudo-terminal device}, the other side
is called the @dfn{slave} side.  Data written to the the master side is
received by the slave side as if it was the result of a user typing at
an ordinary terminal, and data written to the slave side is sent to the
master side as if it was written on an ordinary terminal.

Pseudo terminals are the way programs like @code{xterm} and @code{emacs}
implement their terminal emulation functionality.

@menu
* Allocation::             Allocating a pseudo terminal.
* Pseudo-Terminal Pairs::  How to open both sides of a
                            pseudo-terminal in a single operation.
@end menu

@node Allocation
@subsection Allocating Pseudo-Terminals
@cindex allocating pseudo-terminals

@pindex stdlib.h
This subsection describes functions for allocating a pseudo-terminals,
and for making this pseudo-terminal available for actual use.  These
functions are declared in the header file @file{stdlib.h}.

@comment stdlib.h
@comment GNU
@deftypefun int getpt (void)
The @code{getpt} function returns a new file descriptor for the next
available master pseudo-terminal.  The normal return value from
@code{getpt} is a non-negative integer file descriptor.  In the case of
an error, a value of @math{-1} is returned instead.  The following
@code{errno} conditions are defined for this function:

@table @code
@item ENFILE
There are no master pseudo-terminals available.
@end table

This function is a GNU extension.
@end deftypefun

@comment stdlib.h
@comment SVID, XPG4.2
@deftypefun int grantpt (int @var{filedes})
The @code{grantpt} function changes the ownership and access permission
of the slave pseudo-terminal device corresponding to the master
pseudo-terminal device associated with the file descriptor
@var{filedes}.  The owner is set from the real user ID of the calling
process (@pxref{Process Persona}), and the group is set to a special
group (typically @dfn{tty}) or from the real group ID of the calling
process.  The access permission is set such that the file is both
readable and writable by the owner and only writable by the group.

On some systems this function is implemented by invoking a special
@code{setuid} root program (@pxref{How Change Persona}).  As a
consequence, installing a signal handler for the @code{SIGCHLD} signal
(@pxref{Job Control Signals}) may interfere with a call to
@code{grantpt}.

The normal return value from @code{grantpt} is @math{0}; a value of
@math{-1} is returned in case of failure.  The following @code{errno}
error conditions are defined for this function:

@table @code
@item EBADF
The @var{filedes} argument is not a valid file descriptor.

@item ENINVAL
The @var{filedes} argument is not associated with a master pseudo-terminal
device.

@item EACCESS
The slave pseudo-terminal device corresponding to the master associated
with @var{filedes} could not be accessed.
@end table

@end deftypefun

@comment stdlib.h
@comment SVID, XPG4.2
@deftypefun int unlockpt (int @var{filedes})
The @code{unlockpt} function unlocks the slave pseudo-terminal device
corresponding to the master pseudo-terminal device associated with the
file descriptor @var{filedes}.  On many systems, the slave can only be
opened after unlocking, so portable applications should always call
@code{unlockpt} before trying to open the slave.

The normal return value from @code{unlockpt} is @math{0}; a value of
@math{-1} is returned in case of failure.  The following @code{errno}
error conditions are defined for this function:

@table @code
@item EBADF
The @var{filedes} argument is not a valid file descriptor.

@item EINVAL
The @var{filedes} argument is not associated with a master pseudo-terminal
device.
@end table
@end deftypefun

@comment stdlib.h
@comment SVID, XPG4.2
@deftypefun {char *} ptsname (int @var{filedes})
If the file descriptor @var{filedes} is associated with a
master pseudo-terminal device, the @code{ptsname} function returns a
pointer to a statically-allocated, null-terminated string containing the
file name of the associated slave pseudo-terminal file.  This string
might be overwritten by subsequent calls to @code{ptsname}.
@end deftypefun

@comment stdlib.h
@comment GNU
@deftypefun int ptsname_r (int @var{filedes}, char *@var{buf}, size_t @var{len})
The @code{ptsname_r} function is similar to the @code{ptsname} function
except that it places its result into the user-specified buffer starting
at @var{buf} with length @var{len}.

This function is a GNU extension.
@end deftypefun

@strong{Portability Note:} On @w{System V} derived systems, the file
returned by the @code{ptsname} and @code{ptsname_r} functions may be
STREAMS-based, and therefore require additional processing after opening
before it actually behaves as a pseudo terminal.
@c FIXME: xref STREAMS

Typical usage of these functions is illustrated by the following example:
@smallexample
int
open_pty_pair (int *amaster, int *aslave)
@{
  int master, slave;
  char *name

  master = getpt ();
  if (master < 0)
    return 0;

  if (grantpt (master) < 0 || unlockpt (master) < 0)
    goto close_master;
  name = ptsname (master);
  if (name == NULL)
    goto close_master;

  slave open (name, O_RDWR);
  if (slave == -1)
    goto close_master;

  if (isastream (slave))
    @{
      if (ioctl (slave, I_PUSH, "ptem") < 0
          || ioctl (slave, I_PUSH, "ldterm") < 0)
        goto close_slave;
    @}

  *amaster = master;
  *aslave = slave;
  return 1;

close_slave:
  close (slave);

close_master:
  close (master);
  return 0;
@}
@end smallexample

@node Pseudo-Terminal Pairs
@subsection Opening a Pseudo-Terminal Pair
@cindex opening a pseudo-terminal pair

These functions, derived from BSD, are available in the separate
@file{libutil} library, and declared in @file{pty.h}.

@comment pty.h
@comment BSD
@deftypefun int openpty (int *@var{amaster}, int *@var{aslave}, char *@var{name}, struct termios *@var{termp}, struct winsize *@var{winp})
This function allocates and opens a pseudo-terminal pair, returning the
file descriptor for the master in @var{*amaster}, and the file
descriptor for the slave in @var{*aslave}.  If the argument @var{name}
is not a null pointer, the name file name of the slave pseudo-terminal
device is stored in @code{*name}.  If @var{termp} is not a null pointer,
the terminal attributes of the slave are set to the ones specified in
the structure that @var{termp} points to (@pxref{Terminal Modes}).
Likewise, if the @var{winp} is not a null pointer, the screen size of
the slave is set to the values specified in the structure that
@var{winp} points to.

The normal return value from @code{openpty} is @math{0}; a value of
@math{-1} is returned in case of failure.

@strong{Warning:} Using the @code{openpty} with @var{name} not set to
@code{NULL} is @strong{very dangerous} because it provides no protection
against overflowing the string @var{name}.  You should use the
@code{ttyname} function on the file descriptor returned in @var{*slave}
to find out the file name of the slave pseudo-terminal device instead.
@end deftypefun

@comment pty.h
@comment BSD
@deftypefun int forkpty (int *@var{amaster}, char *@var{name}, struct termios *@var{termp}, struct winsize *@var{winp})
This function is similar to the @code{openpty} function, but in
addition, forks creates a new process (@pxref{Creating a Process}) and
makes the newly opened slave pseudo-terminal device the controlling
terminal (@pxref{Controlling Terminal}) for the child process.

If the operation is successful, there are then both parent and child
processes and both see @code{forkpty} return, but with different values:
it returns a value of @math{0} in the child process and returns the child's
process ID in the parent process.

If the allocation of a pseudo-terminal pair or the process creation
failed, @code{forkpty} returns a value of @math{-1} in the parent
process.

@strong{Warning:} The @code{forkpty} function has the same problems with
respect to the @var{name} argument as @code{openpty}.
@end deftypefun