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-rw-r--r--ChangeLog30
-rw-r--r--NEWS12
-rw-r--r--csu/libc-start.c16
-rw-r--r--elf/Makefile9
-rw-r--r--elf/tst-ptrguard1-static.c1
-rw-r--r--elf/tst-ptrguard1.c202
-rw-r--r--ports/ChangeLog.ia645
-rw-r--r--ports/ChangeLog.tile5
-rw-r--r--ports/sysdeps/ia64/stackguard-macros.h3
-rw-r--r--ports/sysdeps/tile/stackguard-macros.h6
-rw-r--r--sysdeps/generic/stackguard-macros.h3
-rw-r--r--sysdeps/i386/stackguard-macros.h8
-rw-r--r--sysdeps/powerpc/powerpc32/stackguard-macros.h10
-rw-r--r--sysdeps/powerpc/powerpc64/stackguard-macros.h10
-rw-r--r--sysdeps/s390/s390-32/stackguard-macros.h11
-rw-r--r--sysdeps/s390/s390-64/stackguard-macros.h14
-rw-r--r--sysdeps/sparc/sparc32/stackguard-macros.h3
-rw-r--r--sysdeps/sparc/sparc64/stackguard-macros.h3
-rw-r--r--sysdeps/x86_64/stackguard-macros.h5
19 files changed, 351 insertions, 5 deletions
diff --git a/ChangeLog b/ChangeLog
index 4282494..5972ae0 100644
--- a/ChangeLog
+++ b/ChangeLog
@@ -1,3 +1,33 @@
+2013-09-23 Carlos O'Donell <carlos@redhat.com>
+
+ [BZ #15754]
+ * elf/Makefile (tests): Add tst-ptrguard1.
+ (tests-static): Add tst-ptrguard1-static.
+ (tst-ptrguard1-ARGS): Define.
+ (tst-ptrguard1-static-ARGS): Define.
+ * elf/tst-ptrguard1.c: New file.
+ * elf/tst-ptrguard1-static.c: New file.
+ * sysdeps/x86_64/stackguard-macros.h: Define POINTER_CHK_GUARD.
+ * sysdeps/i386/stackguard-macros.h: Likewise.
+ * sysdeps/powerpc/powerpc32/stackguard-macros.h: Likewise.
+ * sysdeps/powerpc/powerpc64/stackguard-macros.h: Likewise.
+ * sysdeps/s390/s390-32/stackguard-macros.h: Likewise.
+ * sysdeps/s390/s390-64/stackguard-macros.h: Likewise.
+ * sysdeps/sparc/sparc32/stackguard-macros.h: Likewise.
+ * sysdeps/sparc/sparc64/stackguard-macros.h: Likewise.
+
+2013-09-23 Hector Marco <hecmargi@upv.es>
+ Ismael Ripoll <iripoll@disca.upv.es>
+ Carlos O'Donell <carlos@redhat.com>
+
+ [BZ #15754]
+ * sysdeps/generic/stackguard-macros.h: Define
+ __pointer_chk_guard_local and POINTER_CHK_GUARD.
+ * csu/libc-start.c [!SHARED && !THREAD_SET_POINTER_GUARD]:
+ Define __pointer_chk_guard_local.
+ (LIBC_START_MAIN) [!SHARED]: Call _dl_setup_pointer_guard.
+ Use THREAD_SET_POINTER_GUARD or set __pointer_chk_guard_local.
+
2013-09-15 Vinitha Vijayan <vinitha.vijayann@gmail.com>
[BZ #15859]
diff --git a/NEWS b/NEWS
index b52b52e..62c58b2 100644
--- a/NEWS
+++ b/NEWS
@@ -10,9 +10,15 @@ Version 2.19
* The following bugs are resolved with this release:
13985, 14155, 14699, 15427, 15522, 15531, 15532, 15640, 15736, 15748,
- 15749, 15797, 15844, 15849, 15855, 15856, 15857, 15859, 15867, 15886,
- 15887, 15890, 15892, 15893, 15895, 15897, 15905, 15909, 15919, 15921,
- 15923, 15939, 15963, 15966.
+ 15749, 15754, 15797, 15844, 15849, 15855, 15856, 15857, 15859, 15867,
+ 15886, 15887, 15890, 15892, 15893, 15895, 15897, 15905, 15909, 15919,
+ 15921, 15923, 15939, 15963, 15966.
+
+* CVE-2013-4788 The pointer guard used for pointer mangling was not
+ initialized for static applications resulting in the security feature
+ being disabled. The pointer guard is now correctly initialized to a
+ random value for static applications. Existing static applications need
+ to be recompiled to take advantage of the fix (bug 15754).
* CVE-2013-4237 The readdir_r function could write more than NAME_MAX bytes
to the d_name member of struct dirent, or omit the terminating NUL
diff --git a/csu/libc-start.c b/csu/libc-start.c
index e5da3ef..c898d06 100644
--- a/csu/libc-start.c
+++ b/csu/libc-start.c
@@ -37,6 +37,12 @@ extern void __pthread_initialize_minimal (void);
in thread local area. */
uintptr_t __stack_chk_guard attribute_relro;
# endif
+# ifndef THREAD_SET_POINTER_GUARD
+/* Only exported for architectures that don't store the pointer guard
+ value in thread local area. */
+uintptr_t __pointer_chk_guard_local
+ attribute_relro attribute_hidden __attribute__ ((nocommon));
+# endif
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_PTR_NTHREADS
@@ -195,6 +201,16 @@ LIBC_START_MAIN (int (*main) (int, char **, char ** MAIN_AUXVEC_DECL),
# else
__stack_chk_guard = stack_chk_guard;
# endif
+
+ /* Set up the pointer guard value. */
+ uintptr_t pointer_chk_guard = _dl_setup_pointer_guard (_dl_random,
+ stack_chk_guard);
+# ifdef THREAD_SET_POINTER_GUARD
+ THREAD_SET_POINTER_GUARD (pointer_chk_guard);
+# else
+ __pointer_chk_guard_local = pointer_chk_guard;
+# endif
+
#endif
/* Register the destructor of the dynamic linker if there is any. */
diff --git a/elf/Makefile b/elf/Makefile
index aaa9534..cb8da93 100644
--- a/elf/Makefile
+++ b/elf/Makefile
@@ -121,7 +121,8 @@ endif
tests = tst-tls1 tst-tls2 tst-tls9 tst-leaks1 \
tst-array1 tst-array2 tst-array3 tst-array4 tst-array5
tests-static = tst-tls1-static tst-tls2-static tst-stackguard1-static \
- tst-leaks1-static tst-array1-static tst-array5-static
+ tst-leaks1-static tst-array1-static tst-array5-static \
+ tst-ptrguard1-static
ifeq (yes,$(build-shared))
tests-static += tst-tls9-static
tst-tls9-static-ENV = \
@@ -145,7 +146,8 @@ tests += loadtest restest1 preloadtest loadfail multiload origtest resolvfail \
tst-audit1 tst-audit2 tst-audit8 \
tst-stackguard1 tst-addr1 tst-thrlock \
tst-unique1 tst-unique2 tst-unique3 tst-unique4 \
- tst-initorder tst-initorder2 tst-relsort1 tst-null-argv
+ tst-initorder tst-initorder2 tst-relsort1 tst-null-argv \
+ tst-ptrguard1
# reldep9
test-srcs = tst-pathopt
selinux-enabled := $(shell cat /selinux/enforce 2> /dev/null)
@@ -1016,6 +1018,9 @@ LDFLAGS-order2mod2.so = $(no-as-needed)
tst-stackguard1-ARGS = --command "$(host-test-program-cmd) --child"
tst-stackguard1-static-ARGS = --command "$(objpfx)tst-stackguard1-static --child"
+tst-ptrguard1-ARGS = --command "$(host-test-program-cmd) --child"
+tst-ptrguard1-static-ARGS = --command "$(objpfx)tst-ptrguard1-static --child"
+
$(objpfx)tst-leaks1: $(libdl)
$(objpfx)tst-leaks1-mem: $(objpfx)tst-leaks1.out
$(common-objpfx)malloc/mtrace $(objpfx)tst-leaks1.mtrace > $@
diff --git a/elf/tst-ptrguard1-static.c b/elf/tst-ptrguard1-static.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7aff3b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/elf/tst-ptrguard1-static.c
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+#include "tst-ptrguard1.c"
diff --git a/elf/tst-ptrguard1.c b/elf/tst-ptrguard1.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c344a04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/elf/tst-ptrguard1.c
@@ -0,0 +1,202 @@
+/* Copyright (C) 2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+ This file is part of the GNU C Library.
+
+ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+ modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+ version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+
+ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+ Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ License along with the GNU C Library; if not, see
+ <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>. */
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <sys/wait.h>
+#include <stackguard-macros.h>
+#include <tls.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#ifndef POINTER_CHK_GUARD
+extern uintptr_t __pointer_chk_guard;
+# define POINTER_CHK_GUARD __pointer_chk_guard
+#endif
+
+static const char *command;
+static bool child;
+static uintptr_t ptr_chk_guard_copy;
+static bool ptr_chk_guard_copy_set;
+static int fds[2];
+
+static void __attribute__ ((constructor))
+con (void)
+{
+ ptr_chk_guard_copy = POINTER_CHK_GUARD;
+ ptr_chk_guard_copy_set = true;
+}
+
+static int
+uintptr_t_cmp (const void *a, const void *b)
+{
+ if (*(uintptr_t *) a < *(uintptr_t *) b)
+ return 1;
+ if (*(uintptr_t *) a > *(uintptr_t *) b)
+ return -1;
+ return 0;
+}
+
+static int
+do_test (void)
+{
+ if (!ptr_chk_guard_copy_set)
+ {
+ puts ("constructor has not been run");
+ return 1;
+ }
+
+ if (ptr_chk_guard_copy != POINTER_CHK_GUARD)
+ {
+ puts ("POINTER_CHK_GUARD changed between constructor and do_test");
+ return 1;
+ }
+
+ if (child)
+ {
+ write (2, &ptr_chk_guard_copy, sizeof (ptr_chk_guard_copy));
+ return 0;
+ }
+
+ if (command == NULL)
+ {
+ puts ("missing --command or --child argument");
+ return 1;
+ }
+
+#define N 16
+ uintptr_t child_ptr_chk_guards[N + 1];
+ child_ptr_chk_guards[N] = ptr_chk_guard_copy;
+ int i;
+ for (i = 0; i < N; ++i)
+ {
+ if (pipe (fds) < 0)
+ {
+ printf ("couldn't create pipe: %m\n");
+ return 1;
+ }
+
+ pid_t pid = fork ();
+ if (pid < 0)
+ {
+ printf ("fork failed: %m\n");
+ return 1;
+ }
+
+ if (!pid)
+ {
+ if (ptr_chk_guard_copy != POINTER_CHK_GUARD)
+ {
+ puts ("POINTER_CHK_GUARD changed after fork");
+ exit (1);
+ }
+
+ close (fds[0]);
+ close (2);
+ dup2 (fds[1], 2);
+ close (fds[1]);
+
+ system (command);
+ exit (0);
+ }
+
+ close (fds[1]);
+
+ if (TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY (read (fds[0], &child_ptr_chk_guards[i],
+ sizeof (uintptr_t))) != sizeof (uintptr_t))
+ {
+ puts ("could not read ptr_chk_guard value from child");
+ return 1;
+ }
+
+ close (fds[0]);
+
+ pid_t termpid;
+ int status;
+ termpid = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY (waitpid (pid, &status, 0));
+ if (termpid == -1)
+ {
+ printf ("waitpid failed: %m\n");
+ return 1;
+ }
+ else if (termpid != pid)
+ {
+ printf ("waitpid returned %ld != %ld\n",
+ (long int) termpid, (long int) pid);
+ return 1;
+ }
+ else if (!WIFEXITED (status) || WEXITSTATUS (status))
+ {
+ puts ("child hasn't exited with exit status 0");
+ return 1;
+ }
+ }
+
+ qsort (child_ptr_chk_guards, N + 1, sizeof (uintptr_t), uintptr_t_cmp);
+
+ /* The default pointer guard is the same as the default stack guard.
+ They are only set to default if dl_random is NULL. */
+ uintptr_t default_guard = 0;
+ unsigned char *p = (unsigned char *) &default_guard;
+ p[sizeof (uintptr_t) - 1] = 255;
+ p[sizeof (uintptr_t) - 2] = '\n';
+ p[0] = 0;
+
+ /* Test if the pointer guard canaries are either randomized,
+ or equal to the default pointer guard value.
+ Even with randomized pointer guards it might happen
+ that the random number generator generates the same
+ values, but if that happens in more than half from
+ the 16 runs, something is very wrong. */
+ int ndifferences = 0;
+ int ndefaults = 0;
+ for (i = 0; i < N; ++i)
+ {
+ if (child_ptr_chk_guards[i] != child_ptr_chk_guards[i+1])
+ ndifferences++;
+ else if (child_ptr_chk_guards[i] == default_guard)
+ ndefaults++;
+ }
+
+ printf ("differences %d defaults %d\n", ndifferences, ndefaults);
+
+ if (ndifferences < N / 2 && ndefaults < N / 2)
+ {
+ puts ("pointer guard values are not randomized enough");
+ puts ("nor equal to the default value");
+ return 1;
+ }
+
+ return 0;
+}
+
+#define OPT_COMMAND 10000
+#define OPT_CHILD 10001
+#define CMDLINE_OPTIONS \
+ { "command", required_argument, NULL, OPT_COMMAND }, \
+ { "child", no_argument, NULL, OPT_CHILD },
+#define CMDLINE_PROCESS \
+ case OPT_COMMAND: \
+ command = optarg; \
+ break; \
+ case OPT_CHILD: \
+ child = true; \
+ break;
+#define TEST_FUNCTION do_test ()
+#include "../test-skeleton.c"
diff --git a/ports/ChangeLog.ia64 b/ports/ChangeLog.ia64
index efe352e..272f73a 100644
--- a/ports/ChangeLog.ia64
+++ b/ports/ChangeLog.ia64
@@ -1,3 +1,8 @@
+2013-09-22 Carlos O'Donell <carlos@redhat.com>
+
+ [BZ #15754]
+ * sysdeps/ia64/stackguard-macros.h: Define POINTER_CHK_GUARD.
+
2013-08-30 Ondřej Bílka <neleai@seznam.cz>
* sysdeps/ia64/fpu/libm_reduce.S: Fix typos.
diff --git a/ports/ChangeLog.tile b/ports/ChangeLog.tile
index 79d15b4..dc2e7e4 100644
--- a/ports/ChangeLog.tile
+++ b/ports/ChangeLog.tile
@@ -1,3 +1,8 @@
+2013-09-22 Carlos O'Donell <carlos@redhat.com>
+
+ [BZ #15754]
+ * sysdeps/tile/stackguard-macros.h: Define POINTER_CHK_GUARD.
+
2013-09-20 Andreas Schwab <schwab@linux-m68k.org>
* sysdeps/tile/ffs.c (__ffs): Define as hidden.
diff --git a/ports/sysdeps/ia64/stackguard-macros.h b/ports/sysdeps/ia64/stackguard-macros.h
index dc683c2..3907293 100644
--- a/ports/sysdeps/ia64/stackguard-macros.h
+++ b/ports/sysdeps/ia64/stackguard-macros.h
@@ -2,3 +2,6 @@
#define STACK_CHK_GUARD \
({ uintptr_t x; asm ("adds %0 = -8, r13;; ld8 %0 = [%0]" : "=r" (x)); x; })
+
+#define POINTER_CHK_GUARD \
+ ({ uintptr_t x; asm ("adds %0 = -16, r13;; ld8 %0 = [%0]" : "=r" (x)); x; })
diff --git a/ports/sysdeps/tile/stackguard-macros.h b/ports/sysdeps/tile/stackguard-macros.h
index 589ea2b..f2e041b 100644
--- a/ports/sysdeps/tile/stackguard-macros.h
+++ b/ports/sysdeps/tile/stackguard-macros.h
@@ -4,11 +4,17 @@
# if __WORDSIZE == 64
# define STACK_CHK_GUARD \
({ uintptr_t x; asm ("addi %0, tp, -16; ld %0, %0" : "=r" (x)); x; })
+# define POINTER_CHK_GUARD \
+ ({ uintptr_t x; asm ("addi %0, tp, -24; ld %0, %0" : "=r" (x)); x; })
# else
# define STACK_CHK_GUARD \
({ uintptr_t x; asm ("addi %0, tp, -8; ld4s %0, %0" : "=r" (x)); x; })
+# define POINTER_CHK_GUARD \
+ ({ uintptr_t x; asm ("addi %0, tp, -12; ld4s %0, %0" : "=r" (x)); x; })
# endif
#else
# define STACK_CHK_GUARD \
({ uintptr_t x; asm ("addi %0, tp, -8; lw %0, %0" : "=r" (x)); x; })
+# define POINTER_CHK_GUARD \
+ ({ uintptr_t x; asm ("addi %0, tp, -12; lw %0, %0" : "=r" (x)); x; })
#endif
diff --git a/sysdeps/generic/stackguard-macros.h b/sysdeps/generic/stackguard-macros.h
index ababf65..4fa3d96 100644
--- a/sysdeps/generic/stackguard-macros.h
+++ b/sysdeps/generic/stackguard-macros.h
@@ -2,3 +2,6 @@
extern uintptr_t __stack_chk_guard;
#define STACK_CHK_GUARD __stack_chk_guard
+
+extern uintptr_t __pointer_chk_guard_local;
+#define POINTER_CHK_GUARD __pointer_chk_guard_local
diff --git a/sysdeps/i386/stackguard-macros.h b/sysdeps/i386/stackguard-macros.h
index 8c31e19..0397629 100644
--- a/sysdeps/i386/stackguard-macros.h
+++ b/sysdeps/i386/stackguard-macros.h
@@ -2,3 +2,11 @@
#define STACK_CHK_GUARD \
({ uintptr_t x; asm ("movl %%gs:0x14, %0" : "=r" (x)); x; })
+
+#define POINTER_CHK_GUARD \
+ ({ \
+ uintptr_t x; \
+ asm ("movl %%gs:%c1, %0" : "=r" (x) \
+ : "i" (offsetof (tcbhead_t, pointer_guard))); \
+ x; \
+ })
diff --git a/sysdeps/powerpc/powerpc32/stackguard-macros.h b/sysdeps/powerpc/powerpc32/stackguard-macros.h
index 839f6a4..b3d0af8 100644
--- a/sysdeps/powerpc/powerpc32/stackguard-macros.h
+++ b/sysdeps/powerpc/powerpc32/stackguard-macros.h
@@ -2,3 +2,13 @@
#define STACK_CHK_GUARD \
({ uintptr_t x; asm ("lwz %0,-28680(2)" : "=r" (x)); x; })
+
+#define POINTER_CHK_GUARD \
+ ({ \
+ uintptr_t x; \
+ asm ("lwz %0,%1(2)" \
+ : "=r" (x) \
+ : "i" (offsetof (tcbhead_t, pointer_guard) - TLS_TCB_OFFSET - sizeof (tcbhead_t)) \
+ ); \
+ x; \
+ })
diff --git a/sysdeps/powerpc/powerpc64/stackguard-macros.h b/sysdeps/powerpc/powerpc64/stackguard-macros.h
index 9da879c..4620f96 100644
--- a/sysdeps/powerpc/powerpc64/stackguard-macros.h
+++ b/sysdeps/powerpc/powerpc64/stackguard-macros.h
@@ -2,3 +2,13 @@
#define STACK_CHK_GUARD \
({ uintptr_t x; asm ("ld %0,-28688(13)" : "=r" (x)); x; })
+
+#define POINTER_CHK_GUARD \
+ ({ \
+ uintptr_t x; \
+ asm ("ld %0,%1(2)" \
+ : "=r" (x) \
+ : "i" (offsetof (tcbhead_t, pointer_guard) - TLS_TCB_OFFSET - sizeof (tcbhead_t)) \
+ ); \
+ x; \
+ })
diff --git a/sysdeps/s390/s390-32/stackguard-macros.h b/sysdeps/s390/s390-32/stackguard-macros.h
index b74c579..449e8d4 100644
--- a/sysdeps/s390/s390-32/stackguard-macros.h
+++ b/sysdeps/s390/s390-32/stackguard-macros.h
@@ -2,3 +2,14 @@
#define STACK_CHK_GUARD \
({ uintptr_t x; asm ("ear %0,%%a0; l %0,0x14(%0)" : "=a" (x)); x; })
+
+/* On s390/s390x there is no unique pointer guard, instead we use the
+ same value as the stack guard. */
+#define POINTER_CHK_GUARD \
+ ({ \
+ uintptr_t x; \
+ asm ("ear %0,%%a0; l %0,%1(%0)" \
+ : "=a" (x) \
+ : "i" (offsetof (tcbhead_t, stack_guard))); \
+ x; \
+ })
diff --git a/sysdeps/s390/s390-64/stackguard-macros.h b/sysdeps/s390/s390-64/stackguard-macros.h
index 0cebb5f..c8270fb 100644
--- a/sysdeps/s390/s390-64/stackguard-macros.h
+++ b/sysdeps/s390/s390-64/stackguard-macros.h
@@ -2,3 +2,17 @@
#define STACK_CHK_GUARD \
({ uintptr_t x; asm ("ear %0,%%a0; sllg %0,%0,32; ear %0,%%a1; lg %0,0x28(%0)" : "=a" (x)); x; })
+
+/* On s390/s390x there is no unique pointer guard, instead we use the
+ same value as the stack guard. */
+#define POINTER_CHK_GUARD \
+ ({ \
+ uintptr_t x; \
+ asm ("ear %0,%%a0;" \
+ "sllg %0,%0,32;" \
+ "ear %0,%%a1;" \
+ "lg %0,%1(%0)" \
+ : "=a" (x) \
+ : "i" (offsetof (tcbhead_t, stack_guard))); \
+ x; \
+ })
diff --git a/sysdeps/sparc/sparc32/stackguard-macros.h b/sysdeps/sparc/sparc32/stackguard-macros.h
index c0b02b0..1eef0f1 100644
--- a/sysdeps/sparc/sparc32/stackguard-macros.h
+++ b/sysdeps/sparc/sparc32/stackguard-macros.h
@@ -2,3 +2,6 @@
#define STACK_CHK_GUARD \
({ uintptr_t x; asm ("ld [%%g7+0x14], %0" : "=r" (x)); x; })
+
+#define POINTER_CHK_GUARD \
+ ({ uintptr_t x; asm ("ld [%%g7+0x18], %0" : "=r" (x)); x; })
diff --git a/sysdeps/sparc/sparc64/stackguard-macros.h b/sysdeps/sparc/sparc64/stackguard-macros.h
index 80f0635..cc0c12c 100644
--- a/sysdeps/sparc/sparc64/stackguard-macros.h
+++ b/sysdeps/sparc/sparc64/stackguard-macros.h
@@ -2,3 +2,6 @@
#define STACK_CHK_GUARD \
({ uintptr_t x; asm ("ldx [%%g7+0x28], %0" : "=r" (x)); x; })
+
+#define POINTER_CHK_GUARD \
+ ({ uintptr_t x; asm ("ldx [%%g7+0x30], %0" : "=r" (x)); x; })
diff --git a/sysdeps/x86_64/stackguard-macros.h b/sysdeps/x86_64/stackguard-macros.h
index d7fedb3..1948800 100644
--- a/sysdeps/x86_64/stackguard-macros.h
+++ b/sysdeps/x86_64/stackguard-macros.h
@@ -4,3 +4,8 @@
({ uintptr_t x; \
asm ("mov %%fs:%c1, %0" : "=r" (x) \
: "i" (offsetof (tcbhead_t, stack_guard))); x; })
+
+#define POINTER_CHK_GUARD \
+ ({ uintptr_t x; \
+ asm ("mov %%fs:%c1, %0" : "=r" (x) \
+ : "i" (offsetof (tcbhead_t, pointer_guard))); x; })