GNU History Library

This document describes the GNU History library, a programming tool that provides a consistent user interface for recalling lines of previously typed input.

1. Using History Interactively		GNU History User's Manual.
2. Programming with GNU History		GNU History Programmer's Manual.
A. Copying This Manual
B. Concept Index		Index of concepts described in this manual.
C. Function and Variable Index		Index of externally visible functions and variables.

1. Using History Interactively

This chapter describes how to use the GNU History Library interactively, from a user's standpoint. It should be considered a user's guide. For information on using the GNU History Library in your own programs, see section 2. Programming with GNU History.

1.1 History Expansion

What it feels like using History as a user.

1.1 History Expansion

The History library provides a history expansion feature that is similar to the history expansion provided by csh. This section describes the syntax used to manipulate the history information.

History expansions introduce words from the history list into the input stream, making it easy to repeat commands, insert the arguments to a previous command into the current input line, or fix errors in previous commands quickly.

History expansion takes place in two parts. The first is to determine which line from the history list should be used during substitution. The second is to select portions of that line for inclusion into the current one. The line selected from the history is called the event, and the portions of that line that are acted upon are called words. Various modifiers are available to manipulate the selected words. The line is broken into words in the same fashion that Bash does, so that several words surrounded by quotes are considered one word. History expansions are introduced by the appearance of the history expansion character, which is `!' by default.

1.1.1 Event Designators		How to specify which history line to use.
1.1.2 Word Designators		Specifying which words are of interest.
1.1.3 Modifiers		Modifying the results of substitution.

1.1.1 Event Designators

An event designator is a reference to a command line entry in the history list.

!

Start a history substitution, except when followed by a space, tab, the end of the line, or `='.

!n

Refer to command line n.

!-n

Refer to the command n lines back.

!!

Refer to the previous command. This is a synonym for `!-1'.

!string

Refer to the most recent command starting with string.

!?string[?]

Refer to the most recent command containing string. The trailing `?' may be omitted if the string is followed immediately by a newline.

^string1^string2^

Quick Substitution. Repeat the last command, replacing string1 with string2. Equivalent to !!:s/string1/string2/.

!#

The entire command line typed so far.

1.1.2 Word Designators

Word designators are used to select desired words from the event. A `:' separates the event specification from the word designator. It may be omitted if the word designator begins with a `^', `$', `*', `-', or `%'. Words are numbered from the beginning of the line, with the first word being denoted by 0 (zero). Words are inserted into the current line separated by single spaces.

For example,

!!

designates the preceding command. When you type this, the preceding command is repeated in toto.

!!:$

designates the last argument of the preceding command. This may be shortened to !$.

!fi:2

designates the second argument of the most recent command starting with the letters fi.

Here are the word designators:

0 (zero)

The 0th word. For many applications, this is the command word.

n

The nth word.

^

The first argument; that is, word 1.

$

The last argument.

%

The word matched by the most recent `?string?' search.

x-y

A range of words; `-y' abbreviates `0-y'.

*

All of the words, except the 0th. This is a synonym for `1-$'. It is not an error to use `*' if there is just one word in the event; the empty string is returned in that case.

x*

Abbreviates `x-$'

x-

Abbreviates `x-$' like `x*', but omits the last word.

If a word designator is supplied without an event specification, the previous command is used as the event.

1.1.3 Modifiers

After the optional word designator, you can add a sequence of one or more of the following modifiers, each preceded by a `:'.

h

Remove a trailing pathname component, leaving only the head.

t

Remove all leading pathname components, leaving the tail.

r

Remove a trailing suffix of the form `.suffix', leaving the basename.

e

Remove all but the trailing suffix.

p

Print the new command but do not execute it.

s/old/new/

Substitute new for the first occurrence of old in the event line. Any delimiter may be used in place of `/'. The delimiter may be quoted in old and new with a single backslash. If `&' appears in new, it is replaced by old. A single backslash will quote the `&'. The final delimiter is optional if it is the last character on the input line.

&

Repeat the previous substitution.

g

a

Cause changes to be applied over the entire event line. Used in conjunction with `s', as in gs/old/new/, or with `&'.

G

Apply the following `s' modifier once to each word in the event.

2. Programming with GNU History

This chapter describes how to interface programs that you write with the GNU History Library. It should be considered a technical guide. For information on the interactive use of GNU History, see section 1. Using History Interactively.

2.1 Introduction to History		What is the GNU History library for?
2.2 History Storage		How information is stored.
2.3 History Functions		Functions that you can use.
2.4 History Variables		Variables that control behaviour.
2.5 History Programming Example		Example of using the GNU History Library.

2.1 Introduction to History

Many programs read input from the user a line at a time. The GNU History library is able to keep track of those lines, associate arbitrary data with each line, and utilize information from previous lines in composing new ones.

The programmer using the History library has available functions for remembering lines on a history list, associating arbitrary data with a line, removing lines from the list, searching through the list for a line containing an arbitrary text string, and referencing any line in the list directly. In addition, a history expansion function is available which provides for a consistent user interface across different programs.

The user using programs written with the History library has the benefit of a consistent user interface with a set of well-known commands for manipulating the text of previous lines and using that text in new commands. The basic history manipulation commands are similar to the history substitution provided by csh.

If the programmer desires, he can use the Readline library, which includes some history manipulation by default, and has the added advantage of command line editing.

Before declaring any functions using any functionality the History library provides in other code, an application writer should include the file <readline/history.h> in any file that uses the History library's features. It supplies extern declarations for all of the library's public functions and variables, and declares all of the public data structures.

2.2 History Storage

The history list is an array of history entries. A history entry is declared as follows:

typedef void *histdata_t; typedef struct _hist_entry { char *line; char *timestamp; histdata_t data; } HIST_ENTRY;

The history list itself might therefore be declared as

HIST_ENTRY **the_history_list;

The state of the History library is encapsulated into a single structure:

/* * A structure used to pass around the current state of the history. */ typedef struct _hist_state { HIST_ENTRY **entries; /* Pointer to the entries themselves. */ int offset; /* The location pointer within this array. */ int length; /* Number of elements within this array. */ int size; /* Number of slots allocated to this array. */ int flags; } HISTORY_STATE;

If the flags member includes HS_STIFLED, the history has been stifled.

2.3 History Functions

This section describes the calling sequence for the various functions exported by the GNU History library.

2.3.1 Initializing History and State Management		Functions to call when you want to use history in a program.
2.3.2 History List Management		Functions used to manage the list of history entries.
2.3.3 Information About the History List		Functions returning information about the history list.
2.3.4 Moving Around the History List		Functions used to change the position in the history list.
2.3.5 Searching the History List		Functions to search the history list for entries containing a string.
2.3.6 Managing the History File		Functions that read and write a file containing the history list.
2.3.7 History Expansion		Functions to perform csh-like history expansion.

2.3.1 Initializing History and State Management

This section describes functions used to initialize and manage the state of the History library when you want to use the history functions in your program.

Function: void using_history (void)

Begin a session in which the history functions might be used. This initializes the interactive variables.

Function: HISTORY_STATE * history_get_history_state (void)

Return a structure describing the current state of the input history.

Function: void history_set_history_state (HISTORY_STATE *state)

Set the state of the history list according to state.

2.3.2 History List Management

These functions manage individual entries on the history list, or set parameters managing the list itself.

Function: void add_history (const char *string)

Place string at the end of the history list. The associated data field (if any) is set to NULL.

Function: void add_history_time (const char *string)

Change the time stamp associated with the most recent history entry to string.

Function: HIST_ENTRY * remove_history (int which)

Remove history entry at offset which from the history. The removed element is returned so you can free the line, data, and containing structure.

Function: histdata_t free_history_entry (HIST_ENTRY *histent)

Free the history entry histent and any history library private data associated with it. Returns the application-specific data so the caller can dispose of it.

Function: HIST_ENTRY * replace_history_entry (int which, const char *line, histdata_t data)

Make the history entry at offset which have line and data. This returns the old entry so the caller can dispose of any application-specific data. In the case of an invalid which, a NULL pointer is returned.

Function: void clear_history (void)

Clear the history list by deleting all the entries.

Function: void stifle_history (int max)

Stifle the history list, remembering only the last max entries.

Function: int unstifle_history (void)

Stop stifling the history. This returns the previously-set maximum number of history entries (as set by stifle_history()). The value is positive if the history was stifled, negative if it wasn't.

Function: int history_is_stifled (void)

Returns non-zero if the history is stifled, zero if it is not.

2.3.3 Information About the History List

These functions return information about the entire history list or individual list entries.

Function: HIST_ENTRY ** history_list (void)

Return a NULL terminated array of HIST_ENTRY * which is the current input history. Element 0 of this list is the beginning of time. If there is no history, return NULL.

Function: int where_history (void)

Returns the offset of the current history element.

Function: HIST_ENTRY * current_history (void)

Return the history entry at the current position, as determined by where_history(). If there is no entry there, return a NULL pointer.

Function: HIST_ENTRY * history_get (int offset)

Return the history entry at position offset, starting from history_base (see section 2.4 History Variables). If there is no entry there, or if offset is greater than the history length, return a NULL pointer.

Function: time_t history_get_time (HIST_ENTRY *entry)

Return the time stamp associated with the history entry entry.

Function: int history_total_bytes (void)

Return the number of bytes that the primary history entries are using. This function returns the sum of the lengths of all the lines in the history.

2.3.4 Moving Around the History List

These functions allow the current index into the history list to be set or changed.

Function: int history_set_pos (int pos)

Set the current history offset to pos, an absolute index into the list. Returns 1 on success, 0 if pos is less than zero or greater than the number of history entries.

Function: HIST_ENTRY * previous_history (void)

Back up the current history offset to the previous history entry, and return a pointer to that entry. If there is no previous entry, return a NULL pointer.

Function: HIST_ENTRY * next_history (void)

Move the current history offset forward to the next history entry, and return the a pointer to that entry. If there is no next entry, return a NULL pointer.

2.3.5 Searching the History List

These functions allow searching of the history list for entries containing a specific string. Searching may be performed both forward and backward from the current history position. The search may be anchored, meaning that the string must match at the beginning of the history entry.

Function: int history_search (const char *string, int direction)

Search the history for string, starting at the current history offset. If direction is less than 0, then the search is through previous entries, otherwise through subsequent entries. If string is found, then the current history index is set to that history entry, and the value returned is the offset in the line of the entry where string was found. Otherwise, nothing is changed, and a -1 is returned.

Function: int history_search_prefix (const char *string, int direction)

Search the history for string, starting at the current history offset. The search is anchored: matching lines must begin with string. If direction is less than 0, then the search is through previous entries, otherwise through subsequent entries. If string is found, then the current history index is set to that entry, and the return value is 0. Otherwise, nothing is changed, and a -1 is returned.

Function: int history_search_pos (const char *string, int direction, int pos)

Search for string in the history list, starting at pos, an absolute index into the list. If direction is negative, the search proceeds backward from pos, otherwise forward. Returns the absolute index of the history element where string was found, or -1 otherwise.

2.3.6 Managing the History File

The History library can read the history from and write it to a file. This section documents the functions for managing a history file.

Function: int read_history (const char *filename)

Add the contents of filename to the history list, a line at a time. If filename is NULL, then read from `~/.history'. Returns 0 if successful, or errno if not.

Function: int read_history_range (const char *filename, int from, int to)

Read a range of lines from filename, adding them to the history list. Start reading at line from and end at to. If from is zero, start at the beginning. If to is less than from, then read until the end of the file. If filename is NULL, then read from `~/.history'. Returns 0 if successful, or errno if not.

Function: int write_history (const char *filename)

Write the current history to filename, overwriting filename if necessary. If filename is NULL, then write the history list to `~/.history'. Returns 0 on success, or errno on a read or write error.

Function: int append_history (int nelements, const char *filename)

Append the last nelements of the history list to filename. If filename is NULL, then append to `~/.history'. Returns 0 on success, or errno on a read or write error.

Function: int history_truncate_file (const char *filename, int nlines)

Truncate the history file filename, leaving only the last nlines lines. If filename is NULL, then `~/.history' is truncated. Returns 0 on success, or errno on failure.

2.3.7 History Expansion

These functions implement history expansion.

Function: int history_expand (char *string, char **output)

Expand string, placing the result into output, a pointer to a string (see section 1.1 History Expansion). Returns:

0

If no expansions took place (or, if the only change in the text was the removal of escape characters preceding the history expansion character);

1

if expansions did take place;

-1

if there was an error in expansion;

2

if the returned line should be displayed, but not executed, as with the :p modifier (see section 1.1.3 Modifiers).

If an error ocurred in expansion, then output contains a descriptive error message.

Function: char * get_history_event (const char *string, int *cindex, int qchar)

Returns the text of the history event beginning at string + *cindex. *cindex is modified to point to after the event specifier. At function entry, cindex points to the index into string where the history event specification begins. qchar is a character that is allowed to end the event specification in addition to the "normal" terminating characters.

Function: char ** history_tokenize (const char *string)

Return an array of tokens parsed out of string, much as the shell might. The tokens are split on the characters in the history_word_delimiters variable, and shell quoting conventions are obeyed.

Function: char * history_arg_extract (int first, int last, const char *string)

Extract a string segment consisting of the first through last arguments present in string. Arguments are split using history_tokenize.

2.4 History Variables

This section describes the externally-visible variables exported by the GNU History Library.

Variable: int history_base

The logical offset of the first entry in the history list.

Variable: int history_length

The number of entries currently stored in the history list.

Variable: int history_max_entries

The maximum number of history entries. This must be changed using stifle_history().

Variable: int history_write_timestamps

If non-zero, timestamps are written to the history file, so they can be preserved between sessions. The default value is 0, meaning that timestamps are not saved.

Variable: char history_expansion_char

The character that introduces a history event. The default is `!'. Setting this to 0 inhibits history expansion.

Variable: char history_subst_char

The character that invokes word substitution if found at the start of a line. The default is `^'.

Variable: char history_comment_char

During tokenization, if this character is seen as the first character of a word, then it and all subsequent characters up to a newline are ignored, suppressing history expansion for the remainder of the line. This is disabled by default.

Variable: char * history_word_delimiters

The characters that separate tokens for history_tokenize(). The default value is " \t\n()<>;&|".

Variable: char * history_search_delimiter_chars

The list of additional characters which can delimit a history search string, in addition to space, TAB, `:' and `?' in the case of a substring search. The default is empty.

Variable: char * history_no_expand_chars

The list of characters which inhibit history expansion if found immediately following history_expansion_char. The default is space, tab, newline, carriage return, and `='.

Variable: int history_quotes_inhibit_expansion

If non-zero, single-quoted words are not scanned for the history expansion character. The default value is 0.

Variable: rl_linebuf_func_t * history_inhibit_expansion_function

This should be set to the address of a function that takes two arguments: a char * (string) and an int index into that string (i). It should return a non-zero value if the history expansion starting at string[i] should not be performed; zero if the expansion should be done. It is intended for use by applications like Bash that use the history expansion character for additional purposes. By default, this variable is set to NULL.

2.5 History Programming Example

The following program demonstrates simple use of the GNU History Library.

#include <stdio.h> #include <readline/history.h> main (argc, argv) int argc; char **argv; { char line[1024], *t; int len, done = 0; line[0] = 0; using_history (); while (!done) { printf ("history$ "); fflush (stdout); t = fgets (line, sizeof (line) - 1, stdin); if (t && *t) { len = strlen (t); if (t[len - 1] == '\n') t[len - 1] = '\0'; } if (!t) strcpy (line, "quit"); if (line[0]) { char *expansion; int result; result = history_expand (line, &expansion); if (result) fprintf (stderr, "%s\n", expansion); if (result < 0 || result == 2) { free (expansion); continue; } add_history (expansion); strncpy (line, expansion, sizeof (line) - 1); free (expansion); } if (strcmp (line, "quit") == 0) done = 1; else if (strcmp (line, "save") == 0) write_history ("history_file"); else if (strcmp (line, "read") == 0) read_history ("history_file"); else if (strcmp (line, "list") == 0) { register HIST_ENTRY **the_list; register int i; the_list = history_list (); if (the_list) for (i = 0; the_list[i]; i++) printf ("%d: %s\n", i + history_base, the_list[i]->line); } else if (strncmp (line, "delete", 6) == 0) { int which; if ((sscanf (line + 6, "%d", &which)) == 1) { HIST_ENTRY *entry = remove_history (which); if (!entry) fprintf (stderr, "No such entry %d\n", which); else { free (entry->line); free (entry); } } else { fprintf (stderr, "non-numeric arg given to `delete'\n"); } } } }

A. Copying This Manual

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   You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.

   The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version.

6. COMBINING DOCUMENTS

   You may combine the Document with other documents released under this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.

   The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but different contents, make the title of each such section unique by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.

   In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled "History" in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled "History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled "Acknowledgements", and any sections Entitled "Dedications". You must delete all sections Entitled "Endorsements."

7. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS

   You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects.

   You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.

8. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS

   A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit. When the Document is included an aggregate, this License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves derivative works of the Document.

   If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form. Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole aggregate.

9. TRANSLATION

   Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special permission from their copyright holders, but you may include translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a translation of this License, and all the license notices in the Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include the original English version of this License and the original versions of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between the translation and the original version of this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.

   If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements", "Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual title.

10. TERMINATION

    You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except as expressly provided for under this License. Any other attempt to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance.

11. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE

    The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.

    Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.

A.1.1 ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents

To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of the License in the document and put the following copyright and license notices just after the title page:

Copyright (C) year your name. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License''.

If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts, replace the "with...Texts." line with this:

with the Invariant Sections being list their titles, with the Front-Cover Texts being list, and with the Back-Cover Texts being list.

If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the situation.

If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit their use in free software.

B. Concept Index

C. Function and Variable Index

Table of Contents

1. Using History Interactively

1.1 History Expansion

1.1.1 Event Designators
1.1.2 Word Designators
1.1.3 Modifiers

2. Programming with GNU History

2.1 Introduction to History
2.2 History Storage
2.3 History Functions

2.3.1 Initializing History and State Management
2.3.2 History List Management
2.3.3 Information About the History List
2.3.4 Moving Around the History List
2.3.5 Searching the History List
2.3.6 Managing the History File
2.3.7 History Expansion

2.4 History Variables
2.5 History Programming Example

A. Copying This Manual

A.1 GNU Free Documentation License

A.1.1 ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents

B. Concept Index
C. Function and Variable Index

Short Table of Contents

1. Using History Interactively
2. Programming with GNU History
A. Copying This Manual
B. Concept Index
C. Function and Variable Index

About this document

• 1. Section One
• 1.1 Subsection One-One
• ...
• 1.2 Subsection One-Two
• 1.2.1 Subsubsection One-Two-One
• 1.2.2 Subsubsection One-Two-Two
• 1.2.3 Subsubsection One-Two-Three     <== Current Position
• 1.2.4 Subsubsection One-Two-Four
• 1.3 Subsection One-Three
• ...
• 1.4 Subsection One-Four