\input texinfo @c -*-texinfo-*- @c Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998, @c 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 @c Free Software Foundation, Inc. @c @c %**start of header @c makeinfo ignores cmds prev to setfilename, so its arg cannot make use @c of @set vars. However, you can override filename with makeinfo -o. @setfilename gdb.info @c @include gdb-cfg.texi @c @settitle Debugging with @value{GDBN} @setchapternewpage odd @c %**end of header @iftex @c @smallbook @c @cropmarks @end iftex @finalout @syncodeindex ky cp @c readline appendices use @vindex, @findex and @ftable, @c annotate.texi and gdbmi use @findex. @syncodeindex vr cp @syncodeindex fn cp @c !!set GDB manual's edition---not the same as GDB version! @c This is updated by GNU Press. @set EDITION Ninth @c !!set GDB edit command default editor @set EDITOR /bin/ex @c THIS MANUAL REQUIRES TEXINFO 4.0 OR LATER. @c This is a dir.info fragment to support semi-automated addition of @c manuals to an info tree. @dircategory Software development @direntry * Gdb: (gdb). The GNU debugger. @end direntry @ifinfo This file documents the @sc{gnu} debugger @value{GDBN}. This is the @value{EDITION} Edition, of @cite{Debugging with @value{GDBN}: the @sc{gnu} Source-Level Debugger} for @value{GDBN} Version @value{GDBVN}. Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998,@* 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006@* Free Software Foundation, Inc. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the Invariant Sections being ``Free Software'' and ``Free Software Needs Free Documentation'', with the Front-Cover Texts being ``A GNU Manual,'' and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You are free to copy and modify this GNU Manual. Buying copies from GNU Press supports the FSF in developing GNU and promoting software freedom.'' @end ifinfo @titlepage @title Debugging with @value{GDBN} @subtitle The @sc{gnu} Source-Level Debugger @sp 1 @subtitle @value{EDITION} Edition, for @value{GDBN} version @value{GDBVN} @author Richard Stallman, Roland Pesch, Stan Shebs, et al. @page @tex {\parskip=0pt \hfill (Send bugs and comments on @value{GDBN} to bug-gdb\@gnu.org.)\par \hfill {\it Debugging with @value{GDBN}}\par \hfill \TeX{}info \texinfoversion\par } @end tex @vskip 0pt plus 1filll Copyright @copyright{} 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. @sp 2 Published by the Free Software Foundation @* 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA@* ISBN 1-882114-77-9 @* Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the Invariant Sections being ``Free Software'' and ``Free Software Needs Free Documentation'', with the Front-Cover Texts being ``A GNU Manual,'' and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You are free to copy and modify this GNU Manual. Buying copies from GNU Press supports the FSF in developing GNU and promoting software freedom.'' @page This edition of the GDB manual is dedicated to the memory of Fred Fish. Fred was a long-standing contributor to GDB and to Free software in general. We will miss him. @end titlepage @page @ifnottex @node Top, Summary, (dir), (dir) @top Debugging with @value{GDBN} This file describes @value{GDBN}, the @sc{gnu} symbolic debugger. This is the @value{EDITION} Edition, for @value{GDBN} Version @value{GDBVN}. Copyright (C) 1988-2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This edition of the GDB manual is dedicated to the memory of Fred Fish. Fred was a long-standing contributor to GDB and to Free software in general. We will miss him. @menu * Summary:: Summary of @value{GDBN} * Sample Session:: A sample @value{GDBN} session * Invocation:: Getting in and out of @value{GDBN} * Commands:: @value{GDBN} commands * Running:: Running programs under @value{GDBN} * Stopping:: Stopping and continuing * Stack:: Examining the stack * Source:: Examining source files * Data:: Examining data * Macros:: Preprocessor Macros * Tracepoints:: Debugging remote targets non-intrusively * Overlays:: Debugging programs that use overlays * Languages:: Using @value{GDBN} with different languages * Symbols:: Examining the symbol table * Altering:: Altering execution * GDB Files:: @value{GDBN} files * Targets:: Specifying a debugging target * Remote Debugging:: Debugging remote programs * Configurations:: Configuration-specific information * Controlling GDB:: Controlling @value{GDBN} * Sequences:: Canned sequences of commands * Interpreters:: Command Interpreters * TUI:: @value{GDBN} Text User Interface * Emacs:: Using @value{GDBN} under @sc{gnu} Emacs * GDB/MI:: @value{GDBN}'s Machine Interface. * Annotations:: @value{GDBN}'s annotation interface. * GDB Bugs:: Reporting bugs in @value{GDBN} * Command Line Editing:: Command Line Editing * Using History Interactively:: Using History Interactively * Formatting Documentation:: How to format and print @value{GDBN} documentation * Installing GDB:: Installing GDB * Maintenance Commands:: Maintenance Commands * Remote Protocol:: GDB Remote Serial Protocol * Agent Expressions:: The GDB Agent Expression Mechanism * Target Descriptions:: How targets can describe themselves to @value{GDBN} * Copying:: GNU General Public License says how you can copy and share GDB * GNU Free Documentation License:: The license for this documentation * Index:: Index @end menu @end ifnottex @contents @node Summary @unnumbered Summary of @value{GDBN} The purpose of a debugger such as @value{GDBN} is to allow you to see what is going on ``inside'' another program while it executes---or what another program was doing at the moment it crashed. @value{GDBN} can do four main kinds of things (plus other things in support of these) to help you catch bugs in the act: @itemize @bullet @item Start your program, specifying anything that might affect its behavior. @item Make your program stop on specified conditions. @item Examine what has happened, when your program has stopped. @item Change things in your program, so you can experiment with correcting the effects of one bug and go on to learn about another. @end itemize You can use @value{GDBN} to debug programs written in C and C@t{++}. For more information, see @ref{Supported Languages,,Supported Languages}. For more information, see @ref{C,,C and C++}. @cindex Modula-2 Support for Modula-2 is partial. For information on Modula-2, see @ref{Modula-2,,Modula-2}. @cindex Pascal Debugging Pascal programs which use sets, subranges, file variables, or nested functions does not currently work. @value{GDBN} does not support entering expressions, printing values, or similar features using Pascal syntax. @cindex Fortran @value{GDBN} can be used to debug programs written in Fortran, although it may be necessary to refer to some variables with a trailing underscore. @value{GDBN} can be used to debug programs written in Objective-C, using either the Apple/NeXT or the GNU Objective-C runtime. @menu * Free Software:: Freely redistributable software * Contributors:: Contributors to GDB @end menu @node Free Software @unnumberedsec Free Software @value{GDBN} is @dfn{free software}, protected by the @sc{gnu} General Public License (GPL). The GPL gives you the freedom to copy or adapt a licensed program---but every person getting a copy also gets with it the freedom to modify that copy (which means that they must get access to the source code), and the freedom to distribute further copies. Typical software companies use copyrights to limit your freedoms; the Free Software Foundation uses the GPL to preserve these freedoms. Fundamentally, the General Public License is a license which says that you have these freedoms and that you cannot take these freedoms away from anyone else. @unnumberedsec Free Software Needs Free Documentation The biggest deficiency in the free software community today is not in the software---it is the lack of good free documentation that we can include with the free software. Many of our most important programs do not come with free reference manuals and free introductory texts. Documentation is an essential part of any software package; when an important free software package does not come with a free manual and a free tutorial, that is a major gap. We have many such gaps today. Consider Perl, for instance. The tutorial manuals that people normally use are non-free. How did this come about? Because the authors of those manuals published them with restrictive terms---no copying, no modification, source files not available---which exclude them from the free software world. That wasn't the first time this sort of thing happened, and it was far from the last. Many times we have heard a GNU user eagerly describe a manual that he is writing, his intended contribution to the community, only to learn that he had ruined everything by signing a publication contract to make it non-free. Free documentation, like free software, is a matter of freedom, not price. The problem with the non-free manual is not that publishers charge a price for printed copies---that in itself is fine. (The Free Software Foundation sells printed copies of manuals, too.) The problem is the restrictions on the use of the manual. Free manuals are available in source code form, and give you permission to copy and modify. Non-free manuals do not allow this. The criteria of freedom for a free manual are roughly the same as for free software. Redistribution (including the normal kinds of commercial redistribution) must be permitted, so that the manual can accompany every copy of the program, both on-line and on paper. Permission for modification of the technical content is crucial too. When people modify the software, adding or changing features, if they are conscientious they will change the manual too---so they can provide accurate and clear documentation for the modified program. A manual that leaves you no choice but to write a new manual to document a changed version of the program is not really available to our community. Some kinds of limits on the way modification is handled are acceptable. For example, requirements to preserve the original author's copyright notice, the distribution terms, or the list of authors, are ok. It is also no problem to require modified versions to include notice that they were modified. Even entire sections that may not be deleted or changed are acceptable, as long as they deal with nontechnical topics (like this one). These kinds of restrictions are acceptable because they don't obstruct the community's normal use of the manual. However, it must be possible to modify all the @emph{technical} content of the manual, and then distribute the result in all the usual media, through all the usual channels. Otherwise, the restrictions obstruct the use of the manual, it is not free, and we need another manual to replace it. Please spread the word about this issue. Our community continues to lose manuals to proprietary publishing. If we spread the word that free software needs free reference manuals and free tutorials, perhaps the next person who wants to contribute by writing documentation will realize, before it is too late, that only free manuals contribute to the free software community. If you are writing documentation, please insist on publishing it under the GNU Free Documentation License or another free documentation license. Remember that this decision requires your approval---you don't have to let the publisher decide. Some commercial publishers will use a free license if you insist, but they will not propose the option; it is up to you to raise the issue and say firmly that this is what you want. If the publisher you are dealing with refuses, please try other publishers. If you're not sure whether a proposed license is free, write to @email{licensing@@gnu.org}. You can encourage commercial publishers to sell more free, copylefted manuals and tutorials by buying them, and particularly by buying copies from the publishers that paid for their writing or for major improvements. Meanwhile, try to avoid buying non-free documentation at all. Check the distribution terms of a manual before you buy it, and insist that whoever seeks your business must respect your freedom. Check the history of the book, and try to reward the publishers that have paid or pay the authors to work on it. The Free Software Foundation maintains a list of free documentation published by other publishers, at @url{http://www.fsf.org/doc/other-free-books.html}. @node Contributors @unnumberedsec Contributors to @value{GDBN} Richard Stallman was the original author of @value{GDBN}, and of many other @sc{gnu} programs. Many others have contributed to its development. This section attempts to credit major contributors. One of the virtues of free software is that everyone is free to contribute to it; with regret, we cannot actually acknowledge everyone here. The file @file{ChangeLog} in the @value{GDBN} distribution approximates a blow-by-blow account. Changes much prior to version 2.0 are lost in the mists of time. @quotation @emph{Plea:} Additions to this section are particularly welcome. If you or your friends (or enemies, to be evenhanded) have been unfairly omitted from this list, we would like to add your names! @end quotation So that they may not regard their many labors as thankless, we particularly thank those who shepherded @value{GDBN} through major releases: Andrew Cagney (releases 6.3, 6.2, 6.1, 6.0, 5.3, 5.2, 5.1 and 5.0); Jim Blandy (release 4.18); Jason Molenda (release 4.17); Stan Shebs (release 4.14); Fred Fish (releases 4.16, 4.15, 4.13, 4.12, 4.11, 4.10, and 4.9); Stu Grossman and John Gilmore (releases 4.8, 4.7, 4.6, 4.5, and 4.4); John Gilmore (releases 4.3, 4.2, 4.1, 4.0, and 3.9); Jim Kingdon (releases 3.5, 3.4, and 3.3); and Randy Smith (releases 3.2, 3.1, and 3.0). Richard Stallman, assisted at various times by Peter TerMaat, Chris Hanson, and Richard Mlynarik, handled releases through 2.8. Michael Tiemann is the author of most of the @sc{gnu} C@t{++} support in @value{GDBN}, with significant additional contributions from Per Bothner and Daniel Berlin. James Clark wrote the @sc{gnu} C@t{++} demangler. Early work on C@t{++} was by Peter TerMaat (who also did much general update work leading to release 3.0). @value{GDBN} uses the BFD subroutine library to examine multiple object-file formats; BFD was a joint project of David V. Henkel-Wallace, Rich Pixley, Steve Chamberlain, and John Gilmore. David Johnson wrote the original COFF support; Pace Willison did the original support for encapsulated COFF. Brent Benson of Harris Computer Systems contributed DWARF 2 support. Adam de Boor and Bradley Davis contributed the ISI Optimum V support. Per Bothner, Noboyuki Hikichi, and Alessandro Forin contributed MIPS support. Jean-Daniel Fekete contributed Sun 386i support. Chris Hanson improved the HP9000 support. Noboyuki Hikichi and Tomoyuki Hasei contributed Sony/News OS 3 support. David Johnson contributed Encore Umax support. Jyrki Kuoppala contributed Altos 3068 support. Jeff Law contributed HP PA and SOM support. Keith Packard contributed NS32K support. Doug Rabson contributed Acorn Risc Machine support. Bob Rusk contributed Harris Nighthawk CX-UX support. Chris Smith contributed Convex support (and Fortran debugging). Jonathan Stone contributed Pyramid support. Michael Tiemann contributed SPARC support. Tim Tucker contributed support for the Gould NP1 and Gould Powernode. Pace Willison contributed Intel 386 support. Jay Vosburgh contributed Symmetry support. Marko Mlinar contributed OpenRISC 1000 support. Andreas Schwab contributed M68K @sc{gnu}/Linux support. Rich Schaefer and Peter Schauer helped with support of SunOS shared libraries. Jay Fenlason and Roland McGrath ensured that @value{GDBN} and GAS agree about several machine instruction sets. Patrick Duval, Ted Goldstein, Vikram Koka and Glenn Engel helped develop remote debugging. Intel Corporation, Wind River Systems, AMD, and ARM contributed remote debugging modules for the i960, VxWorks, A29K UDI, and RDI targets, respectively. Brian Fox is the author of the readline libraries providing command-line editing and command history. Andrew Beers of SUNY Buffalo wrote the language-switching code, the Modula-2 support, and contributed the Languages chapter of this manual. Fred Fish wrote most of the support for Unix System Vr4. He also enhanced the command-completion support to cover C@t{++} overloaded symbols. Hitachi America (now Renesas America), Ltd. sponsored the support for H8/300, H8/500, and Super-H processors. NEC sponsored the support for the v850, Vr4xxx, and Vr5xxx processors. Mitsubishi (now Renesas) sponsored the support for D10V, D30V, and M32R/D processors. Toshiba sponsored the support for the TX39 Mips processor. Matsushita sponsored the support for the MN10200 and MN10300 processors. Fujitsu sponsored the support for SPARClite and FR30 processors. Kung Hsu, Jeff Law, and Rick Sladkey added support for hardware watchpoints. Michael Snyder added support for tracepoints. Stu Grossman wrote gdbserver. Jim Kingdon, Peter Schauer, Ian Taylor, and Stu Grossman made nearly innumerable bug fixes and cleanups throughout @value{GDBN}. The following people at the Hewlett-Packard Company contributed support for the PA-RISC 2.0 architecture, HP-UX 10.20, 10.30, and 11.0 (narrow mode), HP's implementation of kernel threads, HP's aC@t{++} compiler, and the Text User Interface (nee Terminal User Interface): Ben Krepp, Richard Title, John Bishop, Susan Macchia, Kathy Mann, Satish Pai, India Paul, Steve Rehrauer, and Elena Zannoni. Kim Haase provided HP-specific information in this manual. DJ Delorie ported @value{GDBN} to MS-DOS, for the DJGPP project. Robert Hoehne made significant contributions to the DJGPP port. Cygnus Solutions has sponsored @value{GDBN} maintenance and much of its development since 1991. Cygnus engineers who have worked on @value{GDBN} fulltime include Mark Alexander, Jim Blandy, Per Bothner, Kevin Buettner, Edith Epstein, Chris Faylor, Fred Fish, Martin Hunt, Jim Ingham, John Gilmore, Stu Grossman, Kung Hsu, Jim Kingdon, John Metzler, Fernando Nasser, Geoffrey Noer, Dawn Perchik, Rich Pixley, Zdenek Radouch, Keith Seitz, Stan Shebs, David Taylor, and Elena Zannoni. In addition, Dave Brolley, Ian Carmichael, Steve Chamberlain, Nick Clifton, JT Conklin, Stan Cox, DJ Delorie, Ulrich Drepper, Frank Eigler, Doug Evans, Sean Fagan, David Henkel-Wallace, Richard Henderson, Jeff Holcomb, Jeff Law, Jim Lemke, Tom Lord, Bob Manson, Michael Meissner, Jason Merrill, Catherine Moore, Drew Moseley, Ken Raeburn, Gavin Romig-Koch, Rob Savoye, Jamie Smith, Mike Stump, Ian Taylor, Angela Thomas, Michael Tiemann, Tom Tromey, Ron Unrau, Jim Wilson, and David Zuhn have made contributions both large and small. Andrew Cagney, Fernando Nasser, and Elena Zannoni, while working for Cygnus Solutions, implemented the original @sc{gdb/mi} interface. Jim Blandy added support for preprocessor macros, while working for Red Hat. Andrew Cagney designed @value{GDBN}'s architecture vector. Many people including Andrew Cagney, Stephane Carrez, Randolph Chung, Nick Duffek, Richard Henderson, Mark Kettenis, Grace Sainsbury, Kei Sakamoto, Yoshinori Sato, Michael Snyder, Andreas Schwab, Jason Thorpe, Corinna Vinschen, Ulrich Weigand, and Elena Zannoni, helped with the migration of old architectures to this new framework. Andrew Cagney completely re-designed and re-implemented @value{GDBN}'s unwinder framework, this consisting of a fresh new design featuring frame IDs, independent frame sniffers, and the sentinel frame. Mark Kettenis implemented the @sc{dwarf 2} unwinder, Jeff Johnston the libunwind unwinder, and Andrew Cagney the dummy, sentinel, tramp, and trad unwinders. The architecture-specific changes, each involving a complete rewrite of the architecture's frame code, were carried out by Jim Blandy, Joel Brobecker, Kevin Buettner, Andrew Cagney, Stephane Carrez, Randolph Chung, Orjan Friberg, Richard Henderson, Daniel Jacobowitz, Jeff Johnston, Mark Kettenis, Theodore A. Roth, Kei Sakamoto, Yoshinori Sato, Michael Snyder, Corinna Vinschen, and Ulrich Weigand. Christian Zankel, Ross Morley, Bob Wilson, and Maxim Grigoriev from Tensilica, Inc.@: contributed support for Xtensa processors. Others who have worked on the Xtensa port of @value{GDBN} in the past include Steve Tjiang, John Newlin, and Scott Foehner. @node Sample Session @chapter A Sample @value{GDBN} Session You can use this manual at your leisure to read all about @value{GDBN}. However, a handful of commands are enough to get started using the debugger. This chapter illustrates those commands. @iftex In this sample session, we emphasize user input like this: @b{input}, to make it easier to pick out from the surrounding output. @end iftex @c FIXME: this example may not be appropriate for some configs, where @c FIXME...primary interest is in remote use. One of the preliminary versions of @sc{gnu} @code{m4} (a generic macro processor) exhibits the following bug: sometimes, when we change its quote strings from the default, the commands used to capture one macro definition within another stop working. In the following short @code{m4} session, we define a macro @code{foo} which expands to @code{0000}; we then use the @code{m4} built-in @code{defn} to define @code{bar} as the same thing. However, when we change the open quote string to @code{} and the close quote string to @code{}, the same procedure fails to define a new synonym @code{baz}: @smallexample $ @b{cd gnu/m4} $ @b{./m4} @b{define(foo,0000)} @b{foo} 0000 @b{define(bar,defn(`foo'))} @b{bar} 0000 @b{changequote(,)} @b{define(baz,defn(foo))} @b{baz} @b{Ctrl-d} m4: End of input: 0: fatal error: EOF in string @end smallexample @noindent Let us use @value{GDBN} to try to see what is going on. @smallexample $ @b{@value{GDBP} m4} @c FIXME: this falsifies the exact text played out, to permit smallbook @c FIXME... format to come out better. @value{GDBN} is free software and you are welcome to distribute copies of it under certain conditions; type "show copying" to see the conditions. There is absolutely no warranty for @value{GDBN}; type "show warranty" for details. @value{GDBN} @value{GDBVN}, Copyright 1999 Free Software Foundation, Inc... (@value{GDBP}) @end smallexample @noindent @value{GDBN} reads only enough symbol data to know where to find the rest when needed; as a result, the first prompt comes up very quickly. We now tell @value{GDBN} to use a narrower display width than usual, so that examples fit in this manual. @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) @b{set width 70} @end smallexample @noindent We need to see how the @code{m4} built-in @code{changequote} works. Having looked at the source, we know the relevant subroutine is @code{m4_changequote}, so we set a breakpoint there with the @value{GDBN} @code{break} command. @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) @b{break m4_changequote} Breakpoint 1 at 0x62f4: file builtin.c, line 879. @end smallexample @noindent Using the @code{run} command, we start @code{m4} running under @value{GDBN} control; as long as control does not reach the @code{m4_changequote} subroutine, the program runs as usual: @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) @b{run} Starting program: /work/Editorial/gdb/gnu/m4/m4 @b{define(foo,0000)} @b{foo} 0000 @end smallexample @noindent To trigger the breakpoint, we call @code{changequote}. @value{GDBN} suspends execution of @code{m4}, displaying information about the context where it stops. @smallexample @b{changequote(,)} Breakpoint 1, m4_changequote (argc=3, argv=0x33c70) at builtin.c:879 879 if (bad_argc(TOKEN_DATA_TEXT(argv[0]),argc,1,3)) @end smallexample @noindent Now we use the command @code{n} (@code{next}) to advance execution to the next line of the current function. @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) @b{n} 882 set_quotes((argc >= 2) ? TOKEN_DATA_TEXT(argv[1])\ : nil, @end smallexample @noindent @code{set_quotes} looks like a promising subroutine. We can go into it by using the command @code{s} (@code{step}) instead of @code{next}. @code{step} goes to the next line to be executed in @emph{any} subroutine, so it steps into @code{set_quotes}. @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) @b{s} set_quotes (lq=0x34c78 "", rq=0x34c88 "") at input.c:530 530 if (lquote != def_lquote) @end smallexample @noindent The display that shows the subroutine where @code{m4} is now suspended (and its arguments) is called a stack frame display. It shows a summary of the stack. We can use the @code{backtrace} command (which can also be spelled @code{bt}), to see where we are in the stack as a whole: the @code{backtrace} command displays a stack frame for each active subroutine. @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) @b{bt} #0 set_quotes (lq=0x34c78 "", rq=0x34c88 "") at input.c:530 #1 0x6344 in m4_changequote (argc=3, argv=0x33c70) at builtin.c:882 #2 0x8174 in expand_macro (sym=0x33320) at macro.c:242 #3 0x7a88 in expand_token (obs=0x0, t=209696, td=0xf7fffa30) at macro.c:71 #4 0x79dc in expand_input () at macro.c:40 #5 0x2930 in main (argc=0, argv=0xf7fffb20) at m4.c:195 @end smallexample @noindent We step through a few more lines to see what happens. The first two times, we can use @samp{s}; the next two times we use @code{n} to avoid falling into the @code{xstrdup} subroutine. @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) @b{s} 0x3b5c 532 if (rquote != def_rquote) (@value{GDBP}) @b{s} 0x3b80 535 lquote = (lq == nil || *lq == '\0') ? \ def_lquote : xstrdup(lq); (@value{GDBP}) @b{n} 536 rquote = (rq == nil || *rq == '\0') ? def_rquote\ : xstrdup(rq); (@value{GDBP}) @b{n} 538 len_lquote = strlen(rquote); @end smallexample @noindent The last line displayed looks a little odd; we can examine the variables @code{lquote} and @code{rquote} to see if they are in fact the new left and right quotes we specified. We use the command @code{p} (@code{print}) to see their values. @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) @b{p lquote} $1 = 0x35d40 "" (@value{GDBP}) @b{p rquote} $2 = 0x35d50 "" @end smallexample @noindent @code{lquote} and @code{rquote} are indeed the new left and right quotes. To look at some context, we can display ten lines of source surrounding the current line with the @code{l} (@code{list}) command. @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) @b{l} 533 xfree(rquote); 534 535 lquote = (lq == nil || *lq == '\0') ? def_lquote\ : xstrdup (lq); 536 rquote = (rq == nil || *rq == '\0') ? def_rquote\ : xstrdup (rq); 537 538 len_lquote = strlen(rquote); 539 len_rquote = strlen(lquote); 540 @} 541 542 void @end smallexample @noindent Let us step past the two lines that set @code{len_lquote} and @code{len_rquote}, and then examine the values of those variables. @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) @b{n} 539 len_rquote = strlen(lquote); (@value{GDBP}) @b{n} 540 @} (@value{GDBP}) @b{p len_lquote} $3 = 9 (@value{GDBP}) @b{p len_rquote} $4 = 7 @end smallexample @noindent That certainly looks wrong, assuming @code{len_lquote} and @code{len_rquote} are meant to be the lengths of @code{lquote} and @code{rquote} respectively. We can set them to better values using the @code{p} command, since it can print the value of any expression---and that expression can include subroutine calls and assignments. @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) @b{p len_lquote=strlen(lquote)} $5 = 7 (@value{GDBP}) @b{p len_rquote=strlen(rquote)} $6 = 9 @end smallexample @noindent Is that enough to fix the problem of using the new quotes with the @code{m4} built-in @code{defn}? We can allow @code{m4} to continue executing with the @code{c} (@code{continue}) command, and then try the example that caused trouble initially: @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) @b{c} Continuing. @b{define(baz,defn(foo))} baz 0000 @end smallexample @noindent Success! The new quotes now work just as well as the default ones. The problem seems to have been just the two typos defining the wrong lengths. We allow @code{m4} exit by giving it an EOF as input: @smallexample @b{Ctrl-d} Program exited normally. @end smallexample @noindent The message @samp{Program exited normally.} is from @value{GDBN}; it indicates @code{m4} has finished executing. We can end our @value{GDBN} session with the @value{GDBN} @code{quit} command. @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) @b{quit} @end smallexample @node Invocation @chapter Getting In and Out of @value{GDBN} This chapter discusses how to start @value{GDBN}, and how to get out of it. The essentials are: @itemize @bullet @item type @samp{@value{GDBP}} to start @value{GDBN}. @item type @kbd{quit} or @kbd{Ctrl-d} to exit. @end itemize @menu * Invoking GDB:: How to start @value{GDBN} * Quitting GDB:: How to quit @value{GDBN} * Shell Commands:: How to use shell commands inside @value{GDBN} * Logging Output:: How to log @value{GDBN}'s output to a file @end menu @node Invoking GDB @section Invoking @value{GDBN} Invoke @value{GDBN} by running the program @code{@value{GDBP}}. Once started, @value{GDBN} reads commands from the terminal until you tell it to exit. You can also run @code{@value{GDBP}} with a variety of arguments and options, to specify more of your debugging environment at the outset. The command-line options described here are designed to cover a variety of situations; in some environments, some of these options may effectively be unavailable. The most usual way to start @value{GDBN} is with one argument, specifying an executable program: @smallexample @value{GDBP} @var{program} @end smallexample @noindent You can also start with both an executable program and a core file specified: @smallexample @value{GDBP} @var{program} @var{core} @end smallexample You can, instead, specify a process ID as a second argument, if you want to debug a running process: @smallexample @value{GDBP} @var{program} 1234 @end smallexample @noindent would attach @value{GDBN} to process @code{1234} (unless you also have a file named @file{1234}; @value{GDBN} does check for a core file first). Taking advantage of the second command-line argument requires a fairly complete operating system; when you use @value{GDBN} as a remote debugger attached to a bare board, there may not be any notion of ``process'', and there is often no way to get a core dump. @value{GDBN} will warn you if it is unable to attach or to read core dumps. You can optionally have @code{@value{GDBP}} pass any arguments after the executable file to the inferior using @code{--args}. This option stops option processing. @smallexample @value{GDBP} --args gcc -O2 -c foo.c @end smallexample This will cause @code{@value{GDBP}} to debug @code{gcc}, and to set @code{gcc}'s command-line arguments (@pxref{Arguments}) to @samp{-O2 -c foo.c}. You can run @code{@value{GDBP}} without printing the front material, which describes @value{GDBN}'s non-warranty, by specifying @code{-silent}: @smallexample @value{GDBP} -silent @end smallexample @noindent You can further control how @value{GDBN} starts up by using command-line options. @value{GDBN} itself can remind you of the options available. @noindent Type @smallexample @value{GDBP} -help @end smallexample @noindent to display all available options and briefly describe their use (@samp{@value{GDBP} -h} is a shorter equivalent). All options and command line arguments you give are processed in sequential order. The order makes a difference when the @samp{-x} option is used. @menu * File Options:: Choosing files * Mode Options:: Choosing modes * Startup:: What @value{GDBN} does during startup @end menu @node File Options @subsection Choosing Files When @value{GDBN} starts, it reads any arguments other than options as specifying an executable file and core file (or process ID). This is the same as if the arguments were specified by the @samp{-se} and @samp{-c} (or @samp{-p}) options respectively. (@value{GDBN} reads the first argument that does not have an associated option flag as equivalent to the @samp{-se} option followed by that argument; and the second argument that does not have an associated option flag, if any, as equivalent to the @samp{-c}/@samp{-p} option followed by that argument.) If the second argument begins with a decimal digit, @value{GDBN} will first attempt to attach to it as a process, and if that fails, attempt to open it as a corefile. If you have a corefile whose name begins with a digit, you can prevent @value{GDBN} from treating it as a pid by prefixing it with @file{./}, e.g.@: @file{./12345}. If @value{GDBN} has not been configured to included core file support, such as for most embedded targets, then it will complain about a second argument and ignore it. Many options have both long and short forms; both are shown in the following list. @value{GDBN} also recognizes the long forms if you truncate them, so long as enough of the option is present to be unambiguous. (If you prefer, you can flag option arguments with @samp{--} rather than @samp{-}, though we illustrate the more usual convention.) @c NOTE: the @cindex entries here use double dashes ON PURPOSE. This @c way, both those who look for -foo and --foo in the index, will find @c it. @table @code @item -symbols @var{file} @itemx -s @var{file} @cindex @code{--symbols} @cindex @code{-s} Read symbol table from file @var{file}. @item -exec @var{file} @itemx -e @var{file} @cindex @code{--exec} @cindex @code{-e} Use file @var{file} as the executable file to execute when appropriate, and for examining pure data in conjunction with a core dump. @item -se @var{file} @cindex @code{--se} Read symbol table from file @var{file} and use it as the executable file. @item -core @var{file} @itemx -c @var{file} @cindex @code{--core} @cindex @code{-c} Use file @var{file} as a core dump to examine. @item -pid @var{number} @itemx -p @var{number} @cindex @code{--pid} @cindex @code{-p} Connect to process ID @var{number}, as with the @code{attach} command. @item -command @var{file} @itemx -x @var{file} @cindex @code{--command} @cindex @code{-x} Execute @value{GDBN} commands from file @var{file}. @xref{Command Files,, Command files}. @item -eval-command @var{command} @itemx -ex @var{command} @cindex @code{--eval-command} @cindex @code{-ex} Execute a single @value{GDBN} command. This option may be used multiple times to call multiple commands. It may also be interleaved with @samp{-command} as required. @smallexample @value{GDBP} -ex 'target sim' -ex 'load' \ -x setbreakpoints -ex 'run' a.out @end smallexample @item -directory @var{directory} @itemx -d @var{directory} @cindex @code{--directory} @cindex @code{-d} Add @var{directory} to the path to search for source and script files. @item -r @itemx -readnow @cindex @code{--readnow} @cindex @code{-r} Read each symbol file's entire symbol table immediately, rather than the default, which is to read it incrementally as it is needed. This makes startup slower, but makes future operations faster. @end table @node Mode Options @subsection Choosing Modes You can run @value{GDBN} in various alternative modes---for example, in batch mode or quiet mode. @table @code @item -nx @itemx -n @cindex @code{--nx} @cindex @code{-n} Do not execute commands found in any initialization files. Normally, @value{GDBN} executes the commands in these files after all the command options and arguments have been processed. @xref{Command Files,,Command Files}. @item -quiet @itemx -silent @itemx -q @cindex @code{--quiet} @cindex @code{--silent} @cindex @code{-q} ``Quiet''. Do not print the introductory and copyright messages. These messages are also suppressed in batch mode. @item -batch @cindex @code{--batch} Run in batch mode. Exit with status @code{0} after processing all the command files specified with @samp{-x} (and all commands from initialization files, if not inhibited with @samp{-n}). Exit with nonzero status if an error occurs in executing the @value{GDBN} commands in the command files. Batch mode may be useful for running @value{GDBN} as a filter, for example to download and run a program on another computer; in order to make this more useful, the message @smallexample Program exited normally. @end smallexample @noindent (which is ordinarily issued whenever a program running under @value{GDBN} control terminates) is not issued when running in batch mode. @item -batch-silent @cindex @code{--batch-silent} Run in batch mode exactly like @samp{-batch}, but totally silently. All @value{GDBN} output to @code{stdout} is prevented (@code{stderr} is unaffected). This is much quieter than @samp{-silent} and would be useless for an interactive session. This is particularly useful when using targets that give @samp{Loading section} messages, for example. Note that targets that give their output via @value{GDBN}, as opposed to writing directly to @code{stdout}, will also be made silent. @item -return-child-result @cindex @code{--return-child-result} The return code from @value{GDBN} will be the return code from the child process (the process being debugged), with the following exceptions: @itemize @bullet @item @value{GDBN} exits abnormally. E.g., due to an incorrect argument or an internal error. In this case the exit code is the same as it would have been without @samp{-return-child-result}. @item The user quits with an explicit value. E.g., @samp{quit 1}. @item The child process never runs, or is not allowed to terminate, in which case the exit code will be -1. @end itemize This option is useful in conjunction with @samp{-batch} or @samp{-batch-silent}, when @value{GDBN} is being used as a remote program loader or simulator interface. @item -nowindows @itemx -nw @cindex @code{--nowindows} @cindex @code{-nw} ``No windows''. If @value{GDBN} comes with a graphical user interface (GUI) built in, then this option tells @value{GDBN} to only use the command-line interface. If no GUI is available, this option has no effect. @item -windows @itemx -w @cindex @code{--windows} @cindex @code{-w} If @value{GDBN} includes a GUI, then this option requires it to be used if possible. @item -cd @var{directory} @cindex @code{--cd} Run @value{GDBN} using @var{directory} as its working directory, instead of the current directory. @item -fullname @itemx -f @cindex @code{--fullname} @cindex @code{-f} @sc{gnu} Emacs sets this option when it runs @value{GDBN} as a subprocess. It tells @value{GDBN} to output the full file name and line number in a standard, recognizable fashion each time a stack frame is displayed (which includes each time your program stops). This recognizable format looks like two @samp{\032} characters, followed by the file name, line number and character position separated by colons, and a newline. The Emacs-to-@value{GDBN} interface program uses the two @samp{\032} characters as a signal to display the source code for the frame. @item -epoch @cindex @code{--epoch} The Epoch Emacs-@value{GDBN} interface sets this option when it runs @value{GDBN} as a subprocess. It tells @value{GDBN} to modify its print routines so as to allow Epoch to display values of expressions in a separate window. @item -annotate @var{level} @cindex @code{--annotate} This option sets the @dfn{annotation level} inside @value{GDBN}. Its effect is identical to using @samp{set annotate @var{level}} (@pxref{Annotations}). The annotation @var{level} controls how much information @value{GDBN} prints together with its prompt, values of expressions, source lines, and other types of output. Level 0 is the normal, level 1 is for use when @value{GDBN} is run as a subprocess of @sc{gnu} Emacs, level 3 is the maximum annotation suitable for programs that control @value{GDBN}, and level 2 has been deprecated. The annotation mechanism has largely been superseded by @sc{gdb/mi} (@pxref{GDB/MI}). @item --args @cindex @code{--args} Change interpretation of command line so that arguments following the executable file are passed as command line arguments to the inferior. This option stops option processing. @item -baud @var{bps} @itemx -b @var{bps} @cindex @code{--baud} @cindex @code{-b} Set the line speed (baud rate or bits per second) of any serial interface used by @value{GDBN} for remote debugging. @item -l @var{timeout} @cindex @code{-l} Set the timeout (in seconds) of any communication used by @value{GDBN} for remote debugging. @item -tty @var{device} @itemx -t @var{device} @cindex @code{--tty} @cindex @code{-t} Run using @var{device} for your program's standard input and output. @c FIXME: kingdon thinks there is more to -tty. Investigate. @c resolve the situation of these eventually @item -tui @cindex @code{--tui} Activate the @dfn{Text User Interface} when starting. The Text User Interface manages several text windows on the terminal, showing source, assembly, registers and @value{GDBN} command outputs (@pxref{TUI, ,@value{GDBN} Text User Interface}). Alternatively, the Text User Interface can be enabled by invoking the program @samp{@value{GDBTUI}}. Do not use this option if you run @value{GDBN} from Emacs (@pxref{Emacs, ,Using @value{GDBN} under @sc{gnu} Emacs}). @c @item -xdb @c @cindex @code{--xdb} @c Run in XDB compatibility mode, allowing the use of certain XDB commands. @c For information, see the file @file{xdb_trans.html}, which is usually @c installed in the directory @code{/opt/langtools/wdb/doc} on HP-UX @c systems. @item -interpreter @var{interp} @cindex @code{--interpreter} Use the interpreter @var{interp} for interface with the controlling program or device. This option is meant to be set by programs which communicate with @value{GDBN} using it as a back end. @xref{Interpreters, , Command Interpreters}. @samp{--interpreter=mi} (or @samp{--interpreter=mi2}) causes @value{GDBN} to use the @dfn{@sc{gdb/mi} interface} (@pxref{GDB/MI, , The @sc{gdb/mi} Interface}) included since @value{GDBN} version 6.0. The previous @sc{gdb/mi} interface, included in @value{GDBN} version 5.3 and selected with @samp{--interpreter=mi1}, is deprecated. Earlier @sc{gdb/mi} interfaces are no longer supported. @item -write @cindex @code{--write} Open the executable and core files for both reading and writing. This is equivalent to the @samp{set write on} command inside @value{GDBN} (@pxref{Patching}). @item -statistics @cindex @code{--statistics} This option causes @value{GDBN} to print statistics about time and memory usage after it completes each command and returns to the prompt. @item -version @cindex @code{--version} This option causes @value{GDBN} to print its version number and no-warranty blurb, and exit. @end table @node Startup @subsection What @value{GDBN} Does During Startup @cindex @value{GDBN} startup Here's the description of what @value{GDBN} does during session startup: @enumerate @item Sets up the command interpreter as specified by the command line (@pxref{Mode Options, interpreter}). @item @cindex init file Reads the @dfn{init file} (if any) in your home directory@footnote{On DOS/Windows systems, the home directory is the one pointed to by the @code{HOME} environment variable.} and executes all the commands in that file. @item Processes command line options and operands. @item Reads and executes the commands from init file (if any) in the current working directory. This is only done if the current directory is different from your home directory. Thus, you can have more than one init file, one generic in your home directory, and another, specific to the program you are debugging, in the directory where you invoke @value{GDBN}. @item Reads command files specified by the @samp{-x} option. @xref{Command Files}, for more details about @value{GDBN} command files. @item Reads the command history recorded in the @dfn{history file}. @xref{Command History}, for more details about the command history and the files where @value{GDBN} records it. @end enumerate Init files use the same syntax as @dfn{command files} (@pxref{Command Files}) and are processed by @value{GDBN} in the same way. The init file in your home directory can set options (such as @samp{set complaints}) that affect subsequent processing of command line options and operands. Init files are not executed if you use the @samp{-nx} option (@pxref{Mode Options, ,Choosing Modes}). @cindex init file name @cindex @file{.gdbinit} @cindex @file{gdb.ini} The @value{GDBN} init files are normally called @file{.gdbinit}. The DJGPP port of @value{GDBN} uses the name @file{gdb.ini}, due to the limitations of file names imposed by DOS filesystems. The Windows ports of @value{GDBN} use the standard name, but if they find a @file{gdb.ini} file, they warn you about that and suggest to rename the file to the standard name. @node Quitting GDB @section Quitting @value{GDBN} @cindex exiting @value{GDBN} @cindex leaving @value{GDBN} @table @code @kindex quit @r{[}@var{expression}@r{]} @kindex q @r{(@code{quit})} @item quit @r{[}@var{expression}@r{]} @itemx q To exit @value{GDBN}, use the @code{quit} command (abbreviated @code{q}), or type an end-of-file character (usually @kbd{Ctrl-d}). If you do not supply @var{expression}, @value{GDBN} will terminate normally; otherwise it will terminate using the result of @var{expression} as the error code. @end table @cindex interrupt An interrupt (often @kbd{Ctrl-c}) does not exit from @value{GDBN}, but rather terminates the action of any @value{GDBN} command that is in progress and returns to @value{GDBN} command level. It is safe to type the interrupt character at any time because @value{GDBN} does not allow it to take effect until a time when it is safe. If you have been using @value{GDBN} to control an attached process or device, you can release it with the @code{detach} command (@pxref{Attach, ,Debugging an Already-running Process}). @node Shell Commands @section Shell Commands If you need to execute occasional shell commands during your debugging session, there is no need to leave or suspend @value{GDBN}; you can just use the @code{shell} command. @table @code @kindex shell @cindex shell escape @item shell @var{command string} Invoke a standard shell to execute @var{command string}. If it exists, the environment variable @code{SHELL} determines which shell to run. Otherwise @value{GDBN} uses the default shell (@file{/bin/sh} on Unix systems, @file{COMMAND.COM} on MS-DOS, etc.). @end table The utility @code{make} is often needed in development environments. You do not have to use the @code{shell} command for this purpose in @value{GDBN}: @table @code @kindex make @cindex calling make @item make @var{make-args} Execute the @code{make} program with the specified arguments. This is equivalent to @samp{shell make @var{make-args}}. @end table @node Logging Output @section Logging Output @cindex logging @value{GDBN} output @cindex save @value{GDBN} output to a file You may want to save the output of @value{GDBN} commands to a file. There are several commands to control @value{GDBN}'s logging. @table @code @kindex set logging @item set logging on Enable logging. @item set logging off Disable logging. @cindex logging file name @item set logging file @var{file} Change the name of the current logfile. The default logfile is @file{gdb.txt}. @item set logging overwrite [on|off] By default, @value{GDBN} will append to the logfile. Set @code{overwrite} if you want @code{set logging on} to overwrite the logfile instead. @item set logging redirect [on|off] By default, @value{GDBN} output will go to both the terminal and the logfile. Set @code{redirect} if you want output to go only to the log file. @kindex show logging @item show logging Show the current values of the logging settings. @end table @node Commands @chapter @value{GDBN} Commands You can abbreviate a @value{GDBN} command to the first few letters of the command name, if that abbreviation is unambiguous; and you can repeat certain @value{GDBN} commands by typing just @key{RET}. You can also use the @key{TAB} key to get @value{GDBN} to fill out the rest of a word in a command (or to show you the alternatives available, if there is more than one possibility). @menu * Command Syntax:: How to give commands to @value{GDBN} * Completion:: Command completion * Help:: How to ask @value{GDBN} for help @end menu @node Command Syntax @section Command Syntax A @value{GDBN} command is a single line of input. There is no limit on how long it can be. It starts with a command name, which is followed by arguments whose meaning depends on the command name. For example, the command @code{step} accepts an argument which is the number of times to step, as in @samp{step 5}. You can also use the @code{step} command with no arguments. Some commands do not allow any arguments. @cindex abbreviation @value{GDBN} command names may always be truncated if that abbreviation is unambiguous. Other possible command abbreviations are listed in the documentation for individual commands. In some cases, even ambiguous abbreviations are allowed; for example, @code{s} is specially defined as equivalent to @code{step} even though there are other commands whose names start with @code{s}. You can test abbreviations by using them as arguments to the @code{help} command. @cindex repeating commands @kindex RET @r{(repeat last command)} A blank line as input to @value{GDBN} (typing just @key{RET}) means to repeat the previous command. Certain commands (for example, @code{run}) will not repeat this way; these are commands whose unintentional repetition might cause trouble and which you are unlikely to want to repeat. User-defined commands can disable this feature; see @ref{Define, dont-repeat}. The @code{list} and @code{x} commands, when you repeat them with @key{RET}, construct new arguments rather than repeating exactly as typed. This permits easy scanning of source or memory. @value{GDBN} can also use @key{RET} in another way: to partition lengthy output, in a way similar to the common utility @code{more} (@pxref{Screen Size,,Screen Size}). Since it is easy to press one @key{RET} too many in this situation, @value{GDBN} disables command repetition after any command that generates this sort of display. @kindex # @r{(a comment)} @cindex comment Any text from a @kbd{#} to the end of the line is a comment; it does nothing. This is useful mainly in command files (@pxref{Command Files,,Command Files}). @cindex repeating command sequences @kindex Ctrl-o @r{(operate-and-get-next)} The @kbd{Ctrl-o} binding is useful for repeating a complex sequence of commands. This command accepts the current line, like @key{RET}, and then fetches the next line relative to the current line from the history for editing. @node Completion @section Command Completion @cindex completion @cindex word completion @value{GDBN} can fill in the rest of a word in a command for you, if there is only one possibility; it can also show you what the valid possibilities are for the next word in a command, at any time. This works for @value{GDBN} commands, @value{GDBN} subcommands, and the names of symbols in your program. Press the @key{TAB} key whenever you want @value{GDBN} to fill out the rest of a word. If there is only one possibility, @value{GDBN} fills in the word, and waits for you to finish the command (or press @key{RET} to enter it). For example, if you type @c FIXME "@key" does not distinguish its argument sufficiently to permit @c complete accuracy in these examples; space introduced for clarity. @c If texinfo enhancements make it unnecessary, it would be nice to @c replace " @key" by "@key" in the following... @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) info bre @key{TAB} @end smallexample @noindent @value{GDBN} fills in the rest of the word @samp{breakpoints}, since that is the only @code{info} subcommand beginning with @samp{bre}: @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) info breakpoints @end smallexample @noindent You can either press @key{RET} at this point, to run the @code{info breakpoints} command, or backspace and enter something else, if @samp{breakpoints} does not look like the command you expected. (If you were sure you wanted @code{info breakpoints} in the first place, you might as well just type @key{RET} immediately after @samp{info bre}, to exploit command abbreviations rather than command completion). If there is more than one possibility for the next word when you press @key{TAB}, @value{GDBN} sounds a bell. You can either supply more characters and try again, or just press @key{TAB} a second time; @value{GDBN} displays all the possible completions for that word. For example, you might want to set a breakpoint on a subroutine whose name begins with @samp{make_}, but when you type @kbd{b make_@key{TAB}} @value{GDBN} just sounds the bell. Typing @key{TAB} again displays all the function names in your program that begin with those characters, for example: @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) b make_ @key{TAB} @exdent @value{GDBN} sounds bell; press @key{TAB} again, to see: make_a_section_from_file make_environ make_abs_section make_function_type make_blockvector make_pointer_type make_cleanup make_reference_type make_command make_symbol_completion_list (@value{GDBP}) b make_ @end smallexample @noindent After displaying the available possibilities, @value{GDBN} copies your partial input (@samp{b make_} in the example) so you can finish the command. If you just want to see the list of alternatives in the first place, you can press @kbd{M-?} rather than pressing @key{TAB} twice. @kbd{M-?} means @kbd{@key{META} ?}. You can type this either by holding down a key designated as the @key{META} shift on your keyboard (if there is one) while typing @kbd{?}, or as @key{ESC} followed by @kbd{?}. @cindex quotes in commands @cindex completion of quoted strings Sometimes the string you need, while logically a ``word'', may contain parentheses or other characters that @value{GDBN} normally excludes from its notion of a word. To permit word completion to work in this situation, you may enclose words in @code{'} (single quote marks) in @value{GDBN} commands. The most likely situation where you might need this is in typing the name of a C@t{++} function. This is because C@t{++} allows function overloading (multiple definitions of the same function, distinguished by argument type). For example, when you want to set a breakpoint you may need to distinguish whether you mean the version of @code{name} that takes an @code{int} parameter, @code{name(int)}, or the version that takes a @code{float} parameter, @code{name(float)}. To use the word-completion facilities in this situation, type a single quote @code{'} at the beginning of the function name. This alerts @value{GDBN} that it may need to consider more information than usual when you press @key{TAB} or @kbd{M-?} to request word completion: @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) b 'bubble( @kbd{M-?} bubble(double,double) bubble(int,int) (@value{GDBP}) b 'bubble( @end smallexample In some cases, @value{GDBN} can tell that completing a name requires using quotes. When this happens, @value{GDBN} inserts the quote for you (while completing as much as it can) if you do not type the quote in the first place: @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) b bub @key{TAB} @exdent @value{GDBN} alters your input line to the following, and rings a bell: (@value{GDBP}) b 'bubble( @end smallexample @noindent In general, @value{GDBN} can tell that a quote is needed (and inserts it) if you have not yet started typing the argument list when you ask for completion on an overloaded symbol. For more information about overloaded functions, see @ref{C Plus Plus Expressions, ,C@t{++} Expressions}. You can use the command @code{set overload-resolution off} to disable overload resolution; see @ref{Debugging C Plus Plus, ,@value{GDBN} Features for C@t{++}}. @node Help @section Getting Help @cindex online documentation @kindex help You can always ask @value{GDBN} itself for information on its commands, using the command @code{help}. @table @code @kindex h @r{(@code{help})} @item help @itemx h You can use @code{help} (abbreviated @code{h}) with no arguments to display a short list of named classes of commands: @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) help List of classes of commands: aliases -- Aliases of other commands breakpoints -- Making program stop at certain points data -- Examining data files -- Specifying and examining files internals -- Maintenance commands obscure -- Obscure features running -- Running the program stack -- Examining the stack status -- Status inquiries support -- Support facilities tracepoints -- Tracing of program execution without stopping the program user-defined -- User-defined commands Type "help" followed by a class name for a list of commands in that class. Type "help" followed by command name for full documentation. Command name abbreviations are allowed if unambiguous. (@value{GDBP}) @end smallexample @c the above line break eliminates huge line overfull... @item help @var{class} Using one of the general help classes as an argument, you can get a list of the individual commands in that class. For example, here is the help display for the class @code{status}: @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) help status Status inquiries. List of commands: @c Line break in "show" line falsifies real output, but needed @c to fit in smallbook page size. info -- Generic command for showing things about the program being debugged show -- Generic command for showing things about the debugger Type "help" followed by command name for full documentation. Command name abbreviations are allowed if unambiguous. (@value{GDBP}) @end smallexample @item help @var{command} With a command name as @code{help} argument, @value{GDBN} displays a short paragraph on how to use that command. @kindex apropos @item apropos @var{args} The @code{apropos} command searches through all of the @value{GDBN} commands, and their documentation, for the regular expression specified in @var{args}. It prints out all matches found. For example: @smallexample apropos reload @end smallexample @noindent results in: @smallexample @c @group set symbol-reloading -- Set dynamic symbol table reloading multiple times in one run show symbol-reloading -- Show dynamic symbol table reloading multiple times in one run @c @end group @end smallexample @kindex complete @item complete @var{args} The @code{complete @var{args}} command lists all the possible completions for the beginning of a command. Use @var{args} to specify the beginning of the command you want completed. For example: @smallexample complete i @end smallexample @noindent results in: @smallexample @group if ignore info inspect @end group @end smallexample @noindent This is intended for use by @sc{gnu} Emacs. @end table In addition to @code{help}, you can use the @value{GDBN} commands @code{info} and @code{show} to inquire about the state of your program, or the state of @value{GDBN} itself. Each command supports many topics of inquiry; this manual introduces each of them in the appropriate context. The listings under @code{info} and under @code{show} in the Index point to all the sub-commands. @xref{Index}. @c @group @table @code @kindex info @kindex i @r{(@code{info})} @item info This command (abbreviated @code{i}) is for describing the state of your program. For example, you can show the arguments passed to a function with @code{info args}, list the registers currently in use with @code{info registers}, or list the breakpoints you have set with @code{info breakpoints}. You can get a complete list of the @code{info} sub-commands with @w{@code{help info}}. @kindex set @item set You can assign the result of an expression to an environment variable with @code{set}. For example, you can set the @value{GDBN} prompt to a $-sign with @code{set prompt $}. @kindex show @item show In contrast to @code{info}, @code{show} is for describing the state of @value{GDBN} itself. You can change most of the things you can @code{show}, by using the related command @code{set}; for example, you can control what number system is used for displays with @code{set radix}, or simply inquire which is currently in use with @code{show radix}. @kindex info set To display all the settable parameters and their current values, you can use @code{show} with no arguments; you may also use @code{info set}. Both commands produce the same display. @c FIXME: "info set" violates the rule that "info" is for state of @c FIXME...program. Ck w/ GNU: "info set" to be called something else, @c FIXME...or change desc of rule---eg "state of prog and debugging session"? @end table @c @end group Here are three miscellaneous @code{show} subcommands, all of which are exceptional in lacking corresponding @code{set} commands: @table @code @kindex show version @cindex @value{GDBN} version number @item show version Show what version of @value{GDBN} is running. You should include this information in @value{GDBN} bug-reports. If multiple versions of @value{GDBN} are in use at your site, you may need to determine which version of @value{GDBN} you are running; as @value{GDBN} evolves, new commands are introduced, and old ones may wither away. Also, many system vendors ship variant versions of @value{GDBN}, and there are variant versions of @value{GDBN} in @sc{gnu}/Linux distributions as well. The version number is the same as the one announced when you start @value{GDBN}. @kindex show copying @kindex info copying @cindex display @value{GDBN} copyright @item show copying @itemx info copying Display information about permission for copying @value{GDBN}. @kindex show warranty @kindex info warranty @item show warranty @itemx info warranty Display the @sc{gnu} ``NO WARRANTY'' statement, or a warranty, if your version of @value{GDBN} comes with one. @end table @node Running @chapter Running Programs Under @value{GDBN} When you run a program under @value{GDBN}, you must first generate debugging information when you compile it. You may start @value{GDBN} with its arguments, if any, in an environment of your choice. If you are doing native debugging, you may redirect your program's input and output, debug an already running process, or kill a child process. @menu * Compilation:: Compiling for debugging * Starting:: Starting your program * Arguments:: Your program's arguments * Environment:: Your program's environment * Working Directory:: Your program's working directory * Input/Output:: Your program's input and output * Attach:: Debugging an already-running process * Kill Process:: Killing the child process * Threads:: Debugging programs with multiple threads * Processes:: Debugging programs with multiple processes * Checkpoint/Restart:: Setting a @emph{bookmark} to return to later @end menu @node Compilation @section Compiling for Debugging In order to debug a program effectively, you need to generate debugging information when you compile it. This debugging information is stored in the object file; it describes the data type of each variable or function and the correspondence between source line numbers and addresses in the executable code. To request debugging information, specify the @samp{-g} option when you run the compiler. Programs that are to be shipped to your customers are compiled with optimizations, using the @samp{-O} compiler option. However, many compilers are unable to handle the @samp{-g} and @samp{-O} options together. Using those compilers, you cannot generate optimized executables containing debugging information. @value{NGCC}, the @sc{gnu} C/C@t{++} compiler, supports @samp{-g} with or without @samp{-O}, making it possible to debug optimized code. We recommend that you @emph{always} use @samp{-g} whenever you compile a program. You may think your program is correct, but there is no sense in pushing your luck. @cindex optimized code, debugging @cindex debugging optimized code When you debug a program compiled with @samp{-g -O}, remember that the optimizer is rearranging your code; the debugger shows you what is really there. Do not be too surprised when the execution path does not exactly match your source file! An extreme example: if you define a variable, but never use it, @value{GDBN} never sees that variable---because the compiler optimizes it out of existence. Some things do not work as well with @samp{-g -O} as with just @samp{-g}, particularly on machines with instruction scheduling. If in doubt, recompile with @samp{-g} alone, and if this fixes the problem, please report it to us as a bug (including a test case!). @xref{Variables}, for more information about debugging optimized code. Older versions of the @sc{gnu} C compiler permitted a variant option @w{@samp{-gg}} for debugging information. @value{GDBN} no longer supports this format; if your @sc{gnu} C compiler has this option, do not use it. @value{GDBN} knows about preprocessor macros and can show you their expansion (@pxref{Macros}). Most compilers do not include information about preprocessor macros in the debugging information if you specify the @option{-g} flag alone, because this information is rather large. Version 3.1 and later of @value{NGCC}, the @sc{gnu} C compiler, provides macro information if you specify the options @option{-gdwarf-2} and @option{-g3}; the former option requests debugging information in the Dwarf 2 format, and the latter requests ``extra information''. In the future, we hope to find more compact ways to represent macro information, so that it can be included with @option{-g} alone. @need 2000 @node Starting @section Starting your Program @cindex starting @cindex running @table @code @kindex run @kindex r @r{(@code{run})} @item run @itemx r Use the @code{run} command to start your program under @value{GDBN}. You must first specify the program name (except on VxWorks) with an argument to @value{GDBN} (@pxref{Invocation, ,Getting In and Out of @value{GDBN}}), or by using the @code{file} or @code{exec-file} command (@pxref{Files, ,Commands to Specify Files}). @end table If you are running your program in an execution environment that supports processes, @code{run} creates an inferior process and makes that process run your program. In some environments without processes, @code{run} jumps to the start of your program. Other targets, like @samp{remote}, are always running. If you get an error message like this one: @smallexample The "remote" target does not support "run". Try "help target" or "continue". @end smallexample @noindent then use @code{continue} to run your program. You may need @code{load} first (@pxref{load}). The execution of a program is affected by certain information it receives from its superior. @value{GDBN} provides ways to specify this information, which you must do @emph{before} starting your program. (You can change it after starting your program, but such changes only affect your program the next time you start it.) This information may be divided into four categories: @table @asis @item The @emph{arguments.} Specify the arguments to give your program as the arguments of the @code{run} command. If a shell is available on your target, the shell is used to pass the arguments, so that you may use normal conventions (such as wildcard expansion or variable substitution) in describing the arguments. In Unix systems, you can control which shell is used with the @code{SHELL} environment variable. @xref{Arguments, ,Your Program's Arguments}. @item The @emph{environment.} Your program normally inherits its environment from @value{GDBN}, but you can use the @value{GDBN} commands @code{set environment} and @code{unset environment} to change parts of the environment that affect your program. @xref{Environment, ,Your Program's Environment}. @item The @emph{working directory.} Your program inherits its working directory from @value{GDBN}. You can set the @value{GDBN} working directory with the @code{cd} command in @value{GDBN}. @xref{Working Directory, ,Your Program's Working Directory}. @item The @emph{standard input and output.} Your program normally uses the same device for standard input and standard output as @value{GDBN} is using. You can redirect input and output in the @code{run} command line, or you can use the @code{tty} command to set a different device for your program. @xref{Input/Output, ,Your Program's Input and Output}. @cindex pipes @emph{Warning:} While input and output redirection work, you cannot use pipes to pass the output of the program you are debugging to another program; if you attempt this, @value{GDBN} is likely to wind up debugging the wrong program. @end table When you issue the @code{run} command, your program begins to execute immediately. @xref{Stopping, ,Stopping and Continuing}, for discussion of how to arrange for your program to stop. Once your program has stopped, you may call functions in your program, using the @code{print} or @code{call} commands. @xref{Data, ,Examining Data}. If the modification time of your symbol file has changed since the last time @value{GDBN} read its symbols, @value{GDBN} discards its symbol table, and reads it again. When it does this, @value{GDBN} tries to retain your current breakpoints. @table @code @kindex start @item start @cindex run to main procedure The name of the main procedure can vary from language to language. With C or C@t{++}, the main procedure name is always @code{main}, but other languages such as Ada do not require a specific name for their main procedure. The debugger provides a convenient way to start the execution of the program and to stop at the beginning of the main procedure, depending on the language used. The @samp{start} command does the equivalent of setting a temporary breakpoint at the beginning of the main procedure and then invoking the @samp{run} command. @cindex elaboration phase Some programs contain an @dfn{elaboration} phase where some startup code is executed before the main procedure is called. This depends on the languages used to write your program. In C@t{++}, for instance, constructors for static and global objects are executed before @code{main} is called. It is therefore possible that the debugger stops before reaching the main procedure. However, the temporary breakpoint will remain to halt execution. Specify the arguments to give to your program as arguments to the @samp{start} command. These arguments will be given verbatim to the underlying @samp{run} command. Note that the same arguments will be reused if no argument is provided during subsequent calls to @samp{start} or @samp{run}. It is sometimes necessary to debug the program during elaboration. In these cases, using the @code{start} command would stop the execution of your program too late, as the program would have already completed the elaboration phase. Under these circumstances, insert breakpoints in your elaboration code before running your program. @kindex set exec-wrapper @item set exec-wrapper @var{wrapper} @itemx show exec-wrapper @itemx unset exec-wrapper When @samp{exec-wrapper} is set, the specified wrapper is used to launch programs for debugging. @value{GDBN} starts your program with a shell command of the form @kbd{exec @var{wrapper} @var{program}}. Quoting is added to @var{program} and its arguments, but not to @var{wrapper}, so you should add quotes if appropriate for your shell. The wrapper runs until it executes your program, and then @value{GDBN} takes control. You can use any program that eventually calls @code{execve} with its arguments as a wrapper. Several standard Unix utilities do this, e.g.@: @code{env} and @code{nohup}. Any Unix shell script ending with @code{exec "$@@"} will also work. For example, you can use @code{env} to pass an environment variable to the debugged program, without setting the variable in your shell's environment: @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) set exec-wrapper env 'LD_PRELOAD=libtest.so' (@value{GDBP}) run @end smallexample This command is available when debugging locally on most targets, excluding @sc{djgpp}, Cygwin, MS Windows, and QNX Neutrino. @end table @node Arguments @section Your Program's Arguments @cindex arguments (to your program) The arguments to your program can be specified by the arguments of the @code{run} command. They are passed to a shell, which expands wildcard characters and performs redirection of I/O, and thence to your program. Your @code{SHELL} environment variable (if it exists) specifies what shell @value{GDBN} uses. If you do not define @code{SHELL}, @value{GDBN} uses the default shell (@file{/bin/sh} on Unix). On non-Unix systems, the program is usually invoked directly by @value{GDBN}, which emulates I/O redirection via the appropriate system calls, and the wildcard characters are expanded by the startup code of the program, not by the shell. @code{run} with no arguments uses the same arguments used by the previous @code{run}, or those set by the @code{set args} command. @table @code @kindex set args @item set args Specify the arguments to be used the next time your program is run. If @code{set args} has no arguments, @code{run} executes your program with no arguments. Once you have run your program with arguments, using @code{set args} before the next @code{run} is the only way to run it again without arguments. @kindex show args @item show args Show the arguments to give your program when it is started. @end table @node Environment @section Your Program's Environment @cindex environment (of your program) The @dfn{environment} consists of a set of environment variables and their values. Environment variables conventionally record such things as your user name, your home directory, your terminal type, and your search path for programs to run. Usually you set up environment variables with the shell and they are inherited by all the other programs you run. When debugging, it can be useful to try running your program with a modified environment without having to start @value{GDBN} over again. @table @code @kindex path @item path @var{directory} Add @var{directory} to the front of the @code{PATH} environment variable (the search path for executables) that will be passed to your program. The value of @code{PATH} used by @value{GDBN} does not change. You may specify several directory names, separated by whitespace or by a system-dependent separator character (@samp{:} on Unix, @samp{;} on MS-DOS and MS-Windows). If @var{directory} is already in the path, it is moved to the front, so it is searched sooner. You can use the string @samp{$cwd} to refer to whatever is the current working directory at the time @value{GDBN} searches the path. If you use @samp{.} instead, it refers to the directory where you executed the @code{path} command. @value{GDBN} replaces @samp{.} in the @var{directory} argument (with the current path) before adding @var{directory} to the search path. @c 'path' is explicitly nonrepeatable, but RMS points out it is silly to @c document that, since repeating it would be a no-op. @kindex show paths @item show paths Display the list of search paths for executables (the @code{PATH} environment variable). @kindex show environment @item show environment @r{[}@var{varname}@r{]} Print the value of environment variable @var{varname} to be given to your program when it starts. If you do not supply @var{varname}, print the names and values of all environment variables to be given to your program. You can abbreviate @code{environment} as @code{env}. @kindex set environment @item set environment @var{varname} @r{[}=@var{value}@r{]} Set environment variable @var{varname} to @var{value}. The value changes for your program only, not for @value{GDBN} itself. @var{value} may be any string; the values of environment variables are just strings, and any interpretation is supplied by your program itself. The @var{value} parameter is optional; if it is eliminated, the variable is set to a null value. @c "any string" here does not include leading, trailing @c blanks. Gnu asks: does anyone care? For example, this command: @smallexample set env USER = foo @end smallexample @noindent tells the debugged program, when subsequently run, that its user is named @samp{foo}. (The spaces around @samp{=} are used for clarity here; they are not actually required.) @kindex unset environment @item unset environment @var{varname} Remove variable @var{varname} from the environment to be passed to your program. This is different from @samp{set env @var{varname} =}; @code{unset environment} removes the variable from the environment, rather than assigning it an empty value. @end table @emph{Warning:} On Unix systems, @value{GDBN} runs your program using the shell indicated by your @code{SHELL} environment variable if it exists (or @code{/bin/sh} if not). If your @code{SHELL} variable names a shell that runs an initialization file---such as @file{.cshrc} for C-shell, or @file{.bashrc} for BASH---any variables you set in that file affect your program. You may wish to move setting of environment variables to files that are only run when you sign on, such as @file{.login} or @file{.profile}. @node Working Directory @section Your Program's Working Directory @cindex working directory (of your program) Each time you start your program with @code{run}, it inherits its working directory from the current working directory of @value{GDBN}. The @value{GDBN} working directory is initially whatever it inherited from its parent process (typically the shell), but you can specify a new working directory in @value{GDBN} with the @code{cd} command. The @value{GDBN} working directory also serves as a default for the commands that specify files for @value{GDBN} to operate on. @xref{Files, ,Commands to Specify Files}. @table @code @kindex cd @cindex change working directory @item cd @var{directory} Set the @value{GDBN} working directory to @var{directory}. @kindex pwd @item pwd Print the @value{GDBN} working directory. @end table It is generally impossible to find the current working directory of the process being debugged (since a program can change its directory during its run). If you work on a system where @value{GDBN} is configured with the @file{/proc} support, you can use the @code{info proc} command (@pxref{SVR4 Process Information}) to find out the current working directory of the debuggee. @node Input/Output @section Your Program's Input and Output @cindex redirection @cindex i/o @cindex terminal By default, the program you run under @value{GDBN} does input and output to the same terminal that @value{GDBN} uses. @value{GDBN} switches the terminal to its own terminal modes to interact with you, but it records the terminal modes your program was using and switches back to them when you continue running your program. @table @code @kindex info terminal @item info terminal Displays information recorded by @value{GDBN} about the terminal modes your program is using. @end table You can redirect your program's input and/or output using shell redirection with the @code{run} command. For example, @smallexample run > outfile @end smallexample @noindent starts your program, diverting its output to the file @file{outfile}. @kindex tty @cindex controlling terminal Another way to specify where your program should do input and output is with the @code{tty} command. This command accepts a file name as argument, and causes this file to be the default for future @code{run} commands. It also resets the controlling terminal for the child process, for future @code{run} commands. For example, @smallexample tty /dev/ttyb @end smallexample @noindent directs that processes started with subsequent @code{run} commands default to do input and output on the terminal @file{/dev/ttyb} and have that as their controlling terminal. An explicit redirection in @code{run} overrides the @code{tty} command's effect on the input/output device, but not its effect on the controlling terminal. When you use the @code{tty} command or redirect input in the @code{run} command, only the input @emph{for your program} is affected. The input for @value{GDBN} still comes from your terminal. @code{tty} is an alias for @code{set inferior-tty}. @cindex inferior tty @cindex set inferior controlling terminal You can use the @code{show inferior-tty} command to tell @value{GDBN} to display the name of the terminal that will be used for future runs of your program. @table @code @item set inferior-tty /dev/ttyb @kindex set inferior-tty Set the tty for the program being debugged to /dev/ttyb. @item show inferior-tty @kindex show inferior-tty Show the current tty for the program being debugged. @end table @node Attach @section Debugging an Already-running Process @kindex attach @cindex attach @table @code @item attach @var{process-id} This command attaches to a running process---one that was started outside @value{GDBN}. (@code{info files} shows your active targets.) The command takes as argument a process ID. The usual way to find out the @var{process-id} of a Unix process is with the @code{ps} utility, or with the @samp{jobs -l} shell command. @code{attach} does not repeat if you press @key{RET} a second time after executing the command. @end table To use @code{attach}, your program must be running in an environment which supports processes; for example, @code{attach} does not work for programs on bare-board targets that lack an operating system. You must also have permission to send the process a signal. When you use @code{attach}, the debugger finds the program running in the process first by looking in the current working directory, then (if the program is not found) by using the source file search path (@pxref{Source Path, ,Specifying Source Directories}). You can also use the @code{file} command to load the program. @xref{Files, ,Commands to Specify Files}. The first thing @value{GDBN} does after arranging to debug the specified process is to stop it. You can examine and modify an attached process with all the @value{GDBN} commands that are ordinarily available when you start processes with @code{run}. You can insert breakpoints; you can step and continue; you can modify storage. If you would rather the process continue running, you may use the @code{continue} command after attaching @value{GDBN} to the process. @table @code @kindex detach @item detach When you have finished debugging the attached process, you can use the @code{detach} command to release it from @value{GDBN} control. Detaching the process continues its execution. After the @code{detach} command, that process and @value{GDBN} become completely independent once more, and you are ready to @code{attach} another process or start one with @code{run}. @code{detach} does not repeat if you press @key{RET} again after executing the command. @end table If you exit @value{GDBN} while you have an attached process, you detach that process. If you use the @code{run} command, you kill that process. By default, @value{GDBN} asks for confirmation if you try to do either of these things; you can control whether or not you need to confirm by using the @code{set confirm} command (@pxref{Messages/Warnings, ,Optional Warnings and Messages}). @node Kill Process @section Killing the Child Process @table @code @kindex kill @item kill Kill the child process in which your program is running under @value{GDBN}. @end table This command is useful if you wish to debug a core dump instead of a running process. @value{GDBN} ignores any core dump file while your program is running. On some operating systems, a program cannot be executed outside @value{GDBN} while you have breakpoints set on it inside @value{GDBN}. You can use the @code{kill} command in this situation to permit running your program outside the debugger. The @code{kill} command is also useful if you wish to recompile and relink your program, since on many systems it is impossible to modify an executable file while it is running in a process. In this case, when you next type @code{run}, @value{GDBN} notices that the file has changed, and reads the symbol table again (while trying to preserve your current breakpoint settings). @node Threads @section Debugging Programs with Multiple Threads @cindex threads of execution @cindex multiple threads @cindex switching threads In some operating systems, such as HP-UX and Solaris, a single program may have more than one @dfn{thread} of execution. The precise semantics of threads differ from one operating system to another, but in general the threads of a single program are akin to multiple processes---except that they share one address space (that is, they can all examine and modify the same variables). On the other hand, each thread has its own registers and execution stack, and perhaps private memory. @value{GDBN} provides these facilities for debugging multi-thread programs: @itemize @bullet @item automatic notification of new threads @item @samp{thread @var{threadno}}, a command to switch among threads @item @samp{info threads}, a command to inquire about existing threads @item @samp{thread apply [@var{threadno}] [@var{all}] @var{args}}, a command to apply a command to a list of threads @item thread-specific breakpoints @item @samp{set print thread-events}, which controls printing of messages on thread start and exit. @end itemize @quotation @emph{Warning:} These facilities are not yet available on every @value{GDBN} configuration where the operating system supports threads. If your @value{GDBN} does not support threads, these commands have no effect. For example, a system without thread support shows no output from @samp{info threads}, and always rejects the @code{thread} command, like this: @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) info threads (@value{GDBP}) thread 1 Thread ID 1 not known. Use the "info threads" command to see the IDs of currently known threads. @end smallexample @c FIXME to implementors: how hard would it be to say "sorry, this GDB @c doesn't support threads"? @end quotation @cindex focus of debugging @cindex current thread The @value{GDBN} thread debugging facility allows you to observe all threads while your program runs---but whenever @value{GDBN} takes control, one thread in particular is always the focus of debugging. This thread is called the @dfn{current thread}. Debugging commands show program information from the perspective of the current thread. @cindex @code{New} @var{systag} message @cindex thread identifier (system) @c FIXME-implementors!! It would be more helpful if the [New...] message @c included GDB's numeric thread handle, so you could just go to that @c thread without first checking `info threads'. Whenever @value{GDBN} detects a new thread in your program, it displays the target system's identification for the thread with a message in the form @samp{[New @var{systag}]}. @var{systag} is a thread identifier whose form varies depending on the particular system. For example, on @sc{gnu}/Linux, you might see @smallexample [New Thread 46912507313328 (LWP 25582)] @end smallexample @noindent when @value{GDBN} notices a new thread. In contrast, on an SGI system, the @var{systag} is simply something like @samp{process 368}, with no further qualifier. @c FIXME!! (1) Does the [New...] message appear even for the very first @c thread of a program, or does it only appear for the @c second---i.e.@: when it becomes obvious we have a multithread @c program? @c (2) *Is* there necessarily a first thread always? Or do some @c multithread systems permit starting a program with multiple @c threads ab initio? @cindex thread number @cindex thread identifier (GDB) For debugging purposes, @value{GDBN} associates its own thread number---always a single integer---with each thread in your program. @table @code @kindex info threads @item info threads Display a summary of all threads currently in your program. @value{GDBN} displays for each thread (in this order): @enumerate @item the thread number assigned by @value{GDBN} @item the target system's thread identifier (@var{systag}) @item the current stack frame summary for that thread @end enumerate @noindent An asterisk @samp{*} to the left of the @value{GDBN} thread number indicates the current thread. For example, @end table @c end table here to get a little more width for example @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) info threads 3 process 35 thread 27 0x34e5 in sigpause () 2 process 35 thread 23 0x34e5 in sigpause () * 1 process 35 thread 13 main (argc=1, argv=0x7ffffff8) at threadtest.c:68 @end smallexample On HP-UX systems: @cindex debugging multithreaded programs (on HP-UX) @cindex thread identifier (GDB), on HP-UX For debugging purposes, @value{GDBN} associates its own thread number---a small integer assigned in thread-creation order---with each thread in your program. @cindex @code{New} @var{systag} message, on HP-UX @cindex thread identifier (system), on HP-UX @c FIXME-implementors!! It would be more helpful if the [New...] message @c included GDB's numeric thread handle, so you could just go to that @c thread without first checking `info threads'. Whenever @value{GDBN} detects a new thread in your program, it displays both @value{GDBN}'s thread number and the target system's identification for the thread with a message in the form @samp{[New @var{systag}]}. @var{systag} is a thread identifier whose form varies depending on the particular system. For example, on HP-UX, you see @smallexample [New thread 2 (system thread 26594)] @end smallexample @noindent when @value{GDBN} notices a new thread. @table @code @kindex info threads (HP-UX) @item info threads Display a summary of all threads currently in your program. @value{GDBN} displays for each thread (in this order): @enumerate @item the thread number assigned by @value{GDBN} @item the target system's thread identifier (@var{systag}) @item the current stack frame summary for that thread @end enumerate @noindent An asterisk @samp{*} to the left of the @value{GDBN} thread number indicates the current thread. For example, @end table @c end table here to get a little more width for example @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) info threads * 3 system thread 26607 worker (wptr=0x7b09c318 "@@") \@* at quicksort.c:137 2 system thread 26606 0x7b0030d8 in __ksleep () \@* from /usr/lib/libc.2 1 system thread 27905 0x7b003498 in _brk () \@* from /usr/lib/libc.2 @end smallexample On Solaris, you can display more information about user threads with a Solaris-specific command: @table @code @item maint info sol-threads @kindex maint info sol-threads @cindex thread info (Solaris) Display info on Solaris user threads. @end table @table @code @kindex thread @var{threadno} @item thread @var{threadno} Make thread number @var{threadno} the current thread. The command argument @var{threadno} is the internal @value{GDBN} thread number, as shown in the first field of the @samp{info threads} display. @value{GDBN} responds by displaying the system identifier of the thread you selected, and its current stack frame summary: @smallexample @c FIXME!! This example made up; find a @value{GDBN} w/threads and get real one (@value{GDBP}) thread 2 [Switching to process 35 thread 23] 0x34e5 in sigpause () @end smallexample @noindent As with the @samp{[New @dots{}]} message, the form of the text after @samp{Switching to} depends on your system's conventions for identifying threads. @kindex thread apply @cindex apply command to several threads @item thread apply [@var{threadno}] [@var{all}] @var{command} The @code{thread apply} command allows you to apply the named @var{command} to one or more threads. Specify the numbers of the threads that you want affected with the command argument @var{threadno}. It can be a single thread number, one of the numbers shown in the first field of the @samp{info threads} display; or it could be a range of thread numbers, as in @code{2-4}. To apply a command to all threads, type @kbd{thread apply all @var{command}}. @kindex set print thread-events @cindex print messages on thread start and exit @item set print thread-events @itemx set print thread-events on @itemx set print thread-events off The @code{set print thread-events} command allows you to enable or disable printing of messages when @value{GDBN} notices that new threads have started or that threads have exited. By default, these messages will be printed if detection of these events is supported by the target. Note that these messages cannot be disabled on all targets. @kindex show print thread-events @item show print thread-events Show whether messages will be printed when @value{GDBN} detects that threads have started and exited. @end table @cindex automatic thread selection @cindex switching threads automatically @cindex threads, automatic switching Whenever @value{GDBN} stops your program, due to a breakpoint or a signal, it automatically selects the thread where that breakpoint or signal happened. @value{GDBN} alerts you to the context switch with a message of the form @samp{[Switching to @var{systag}]} to identify the thread. @xref{Thread Stops,,Stopping and Starting Multi-thread Programs}, for more information about how @value{GDBN} behaves when you stop and start programs with multiple threads. @xref{Set Watchpoints,,Setting Watchpoints}, for information about watchpoints in programs with multiple threads. @node Processes @section Debugging Programs with Multiple Processes @cindex fork, debugging programs which call @cindex multiple processes @cindex processes, multiple On most systems, @value{GDBN} has no special support for debugging programs which create additional processes using the @code{fork} function. When a program forks, @value{GDBN} will continue to debug the parent process and the child process will run unimpeded. If you have set a breakpoint in any code which the child then executes, the child will get a @code{SIGTRAP} signal which (unless it catches the signal) will cause it to terminate. However, if you want to debug the child process there is a workaround which isn't too painful. Put a call to @code{sleep} in the code which the child process executes after the fork. It may be useful to sleep only if a certain environment variable is set, or a certain file exists, so that the delay need not occur when you don't want to run @value{GDBN} on the child. While the child is sleeping, use the @code{ps} program to get its process ID. Then tell @value{GDBN} (a new invocation of @value{GDBN} if you are also debugging the parent process) to attach to the child process (@pxref{Attach}). From that point on you can debug the child process just like any other process which you attached to. On some systems, @value{GDBN} provides support for debugging programs that create additional processes using the @code{fork} or @code{vfork} functions. Currently, the only platforms with this feature are HP-UX (11.x and later only?) and @sc{gnu}/Linux (kernel version 2.5.60 and later). By default, when a program forks, @value{GDBN} will continue to debug the parent process and the child process will run unimpeded. If you want to follow the child process instead of the parent process, use the command @w{@code{set follow-fork-mode}}. @table @code @kindex set follow-fork-mode @item set follow-fork-mode @var{mode} Set the debugger response to a program call of @code{fork} or @code{vfork}. A call to @code{fork} or @code{vfork} creates a new process. The @var{mode} argument can be: @table @code @item parent The original process is debugged after a fork. The child process runs unimpeded. This is the default. @item child The new process is debugged after a fork. The parent process runs unimpeded. @end table @kindex show follow-fork-mode @item show follow-fork-mode Display the current debugger response to a @code{fork} or @code{vfork} call. @end table @cindex debugging multiple processes On Linux, if you want to debug both the parent and child processes, use the command @w{@code{set detach-on-fork}}. @table @code @kindex set detach-on-fork @item set detach-on-fork @var{mode} Tells gdb whether to detach one of the processes after a fork, or retain debugger control over them both. @table @code @item on The child process (or parent process, depending on the value of @code{follow-fork-mode}) will be detached and allowed to run independently. This is the default. @item off Both processes will be held under the control of @value{GDBN}. One process (child or parent, depending on the value of @code{follow-fork-mode}) is debugged as usual, while the other is held suspended. @end table @kindex show detach-on-fork @item show detach-on-fork Show whether detach-on-fork mode is on/off. @end table If you choose to set @samp{detach-on-fork} mode off, then @value{GDBN} will retain control of all forked processes (including nested forks). You can list the forked processes under the control of @value{GDBN} by using the @w{@code{info forks}} command, and switch from one fork to another by using the @w{@code{fork}} command. @table @code @kindex info forks @item info forks Print a list of all forked processes under the control of @value{GDBN}. The listing will include a fork id, a process id, and the current position (program counter) of the process. @kindex fork @var{fork-id} @item fork @var{fork-id} Make fork number @var{fork-id} the current process. The argument @var{fork-id} is the internal fork number assigned by @value{GDBN}, as shown in the first field of the @samp{info forks} display. @kindex process @var{process-id} @item process @var{process-id} Make process number @var{process-id} the current process. The argument @var{process-id} must be one that is listed in the output of @samp{info forks}. @end table To quit debugging one of the forked processes, you can either detach from it by using the @w{@code{detach fork}} command (allowing it to run independently), or delete (and kill) it using the @w{@code{delete fork}} command. @table @code @kindex detach fork @var{fork-id} @item detach fork @var{fork-id} Detach from the process identified by @value{GDBN} fork number @var{fork-id}, and remove it from the fork list. The process will be allowed to run independently. @kindex delete fork @var{fork-id} @item delete fork @var{fork-id} Kill the process identified by @value{GDBN} fork number @var{fork-id}, and remove it from the fork list. @end table If you ask to debug a child process and a @code{vfork} is followed by an @code{exec}, @value{GDBN} executes the new target up to the first breakpoint in the new target. If you have a breakpoint set on @code{main} in your original program, the breakpoint will also be set on the child process's @code{main}. When a child process is spawned by @code{vfork}, you cannot debug the child or parent until an @code{exec} call completes. If you issue a @code{run} command to @value{GDBN} after an @code{exec} call executes, the new target restarts. To restart the parent process, use the @code{file} command with the parent executable name as its argument. You can use the @code{catch} command to make @value{GDBN} stop whenever a @code{fork}, @code{vfork}, or @code{exec} call is made. @xref{Set Catchpoints, ,Setting Catchpoints}. @node Checkpoint/Restart @section Setting a @emph{Bookmark} to Return to Later @cindex checkpoint @cindex restart @cindex bookmark @cindex snapshot of a process @cindex rewind program state On certain operating systems@footnote{Currently, only @sc{gnu}/Linux.}, @value{GDBN} is able to save a @dfn{snapshot} of a program's state, called a @dfn{checkpoint}, and come back to it later. Returning to a checkpoint effectively undoes everything that has happened in the program since the @code{checkpoint} was saved. This includes changes in memory, registers, and even (within some limits) system state. Effectively, it is like going back in time to the moment when the checkpoint was saved. Thus, if you're stepping thru a program and you think you're getting close to the point where things go wrong, you can save a checkpoint. Then, if you accidentally go too far and miss the critical statement, instead of having to restart your program from the beginning, you can just go back to the checkpoint and start again from there. This can be especially useful if it takes a lot of time or steps to reach the point where you think the bug occurs. To use the @code{checkpoint}/@code{restart} method of debugging: @table @code @kindex checkpoint @item checkpoint Save a snapshot of the debugged program's current execution state. The @code{checkpoint} command takes no arguments, but each checkpoint is assigned a small integer id, similar to a breakpoint id. @kindex info checkpoints @item info checkpoints List the checkpoints that have been saved in the current debugging session. For each checkpoint, the following information will be listed: @table @code @item Checkpoint ID @item Process ID @item Code Address @item Source line, or label @end table @kindex restart @var{checkpoint-id} @item restart @var{checkpoint-id} Restore the program state that was saved as checkpoint number @var{checkpoint-id}. All program variables, registers, stack frames etc.@: will be returned to the values that they had when the checkpoint was saved. In essence, gdb will ``wind back the clock'' to the point in time when the checkpoint was saved. Note that breakpoints, @value{GDBN} variables, command history etc. are not affected by restoring a checkpoint. In general, a checkpoint only restores things that reside in the program being debugged, not in the debugger. @kindex delete checkpoint @var{checkpoint-id} @item delete checkpoint @var{checkpoint-id} Delete the previously-saved checkpoint identified by @var{checkpoint-id}. @end table Returning to a previously saved checkpoint will restore the user state of the program being debugged, plus a significant subset of the system (OS) state, including file pointers. It won't ``un-write'' data from a file, but it will rewind the file pointer to the previous location, so that the previously written data can be overwritten. For files opened in read mode, the pointer will also be restored so that the previously read data can be read again. Of course, characters that have been sent to a printer (or other external device) cannot be ``snatched back'', and characters received from eg.@: a serial device can be removed from internal program buffers, but they cannot be ``pushed back'' into the serial pipeline, ready to be received again. Similarly, the actual contents of files that have been changed cannot be restored (at this time). However, within those constraints, you actually can ``rewind'' your program to a previously saved point in time, and begin debugging it again --- and you can change the course of events so as to debug a different execution path this time. @cindex checkpoints and process id Finally, there is one bit of internal program state that will be different when you return to a checkpoint --- the program's process id. Each checkpoint will have a unique process id (or @var{pid}), and each will be different from the program's original @var{pid}. If your program has saved a local copy of its process id, this could potentially pose a problem. @subsection A Non-obvious Benefit of Using Checkpoints On some systems such as @sc{gnu}/Linux, address space randomization is performed on new processes for security reasons. This makes it difficult or impossible to set a breakpoint, or watchpoint, on an absolute address if you have to restart the program, since the absolute location of a symbol will change from one execution to the next. A checkpoint, however, is an @emph{identical} copy of a process. Therefore if you create a checkpoint at (eg.@:) the start of main, and simply return to that checkpoint instead of restarting the process, you can avoid the effects of address randomization and your symbols will all stay in the same place. @node Stopping @chapter Stopping and Continuing The principal purposes of using a debugger are so that you can stop your program before it terminates; or so that, if your program runs into trouble, you can investigate and find out why. Inside @value{GDBN}, your program may stop for any of several reasons, such as a signal, a breakpoint, or reaching a new line after a @value{GDBN} command such as @code{step}. You may then examine and change variables, set new breakpoints or remove old ones, and then continue execution. Usually, the messages shown by @value{GDBN} provide ample explanation of the status of your program---but you can also explicitly request this information at any time. @table @code @kindex info program @item info program Display information about the status of your program: whether it is running or not, what process it is, and why it stopped. @end table @menu * Breakpoints:: Breakpoints, watchpoints, and catchpoints * Continuing and Stepping:: Resuming execution * Signals:: Signals * Thread Stops:: Stopping and starting multi-thread programs @end menu @node Breakpoints @section Breakpoints, Watchpoints, and Catchpoints @cindex breakpoints A @dfn{breakpoint} makes your program stop whenever a certain point in the program is reached. For each breakpoint, you can add conditions to control in finer detail whether your program stops. You can set breakpoints with the @code{break} command and its variants (@pxref{Set Breaks, ,Setting Breakpoints}), to specify the place where your program should stop by line number, function name or exact address in the program. On some systems, you can set breakpoints in shared libraries before the executable is run. There is a minor limitation on HP-UX systems: you must wait until the executable is run in order to set breakpoints in shared library routines that are not called directly by the program (for example, routines that are arguments in a @code{pthread_create} call). @cindex watchpoints @cindex data breakpoints @cindex memory tracing @cindex breakpoint on memory address @cindex breakpoint on variable modification A @dfn{watchpoint} is a special breakpoint that stops your program when the value of an expression changes. The expression may be a value of a variable, or it could involve values of one or more variables combined by operators, such as @samp{a + b}. This is sometimes called @dfn{data breakpoints}. You must use a different command to set watchpoints (@pxref{Set Watchpoints, ,Setting Watchpoints}), but aside from that, you can manage a watchpoint like any other breakpoint: you enable, disable, and delete both breakpoints and watchpoints using the same commands. You can arrange to have values from your program displayed automatically whenever @value{GDBN} stops at a breakpoint. @xref{Auto Display,, Automatic Display}. @cindex catchpoints @cindex breakpoint on events A @dfn{catchpoint} is another special breakpoint that stops your program when a certain kind of event occurs, such as the throwing of a C@t{++} exception or the loading of a library. As with watchpoints, you use a different command to set a catchpoint (@pxref{Set Catchpoints, ,Setting Catchpoints}), but aside from that, you can manage a catchpoint like any other breakpoint. (To stop when your program receives a signal, use the @code{handle} command; see @ref{Signals, ,Signals}.) @cindex breakpoint numbers @cindex numbers for breakpoints @value{GDBN} assigns a number to each breakpoint, watchpoint, or catchpoint when you create it; these numbers are successive integers starting with one. In many of the commands for controlling various features of breakpoints you use the breakpoint number to say which breakpoint you want to change. Each breakpoint may be @dfn{enabled} or @dfn{disabled}; if disabled, it has no effect on your program until you enable it again. @cindex breakpoint ranges @cindex ranges of breakpoints Some @value{GDBN} commands accept a range of breakpoints on which to operate. A breakpoint range is either a single breakpoint number, like @samp{5}, or two such numbers, in increasing order, separated by a hyphen, like @samp{5-7}. When a breakpoint range is given to a command, all breakpoints in that range are operated on. @menu * Set Breaks:: Setting breakpoints * Set Watchpoints:: Setting watchpoints * Set Catchpoints:: Setting catchpoints * Delete Breaks:: Deleting breakpoints * Disabling:: Disabling breakpoints * Conditions:: Break conditions * Break Commands:: Breakpoint command lists * Breakpoint Menus:: Breakpoint menus * Error in Breakpoints:: ``Cannot insert breakpoints'' * Breakpoint-related Warnings:: ``Breakpoint address adjusted...'' @end menu @node Set Breaks @subsection Setting Breakpoints @c FIXME LMB what does GDB do if no code on line of breakpt? @c consider in particular declaration with/without initialization. @c @c FIXME 2 is there stuff on this already? break at fun start, already init? @kindex break @kindex b @r{(@code{break})} @vindex $bpnum@r{, convenience variable} @cindex latest breakpoint Breakpoints are set with the @code{break} command (abbreviated @code{b}). The debugger convenience variable @samp{$bpnum} records the number of the breakpoint you've set most recently; see @ref{Convenience Vars,, Convenience Variables}, for a discussion of what you can do with convenience variables. @table @code @item break @var{location} Set a breakpoint at the given @var{location}, which can specify a function name, a line number, or an address of an instruction. (@xref{Specify Location}, for a list of all the possible ways to specify a @var{location}.) The breakpoint will stop your program just before it executes any of the code in the specified @var{location}. When using source languages that permit overloading of symbols, such as C@t{++}, a function name may refer to more than one possible place to break. @xref{Breakpoint Menus,,Breakpoint Menus}, for a discussion of that situation. @item break When called without any arguments, @code{break} sets a breakpoint at the next instruction to be executed in the selected stack frame (@pxref{Stack, ,Examining the Stack}). In any selected frame but the innermost, this makes your program stop as soon as control returns to that frame. This is similar to the effect of a @code{finish} command in the frame inside the selected frame---except that @code{finish} does not leave an active breakpoint. If you use @code{break} without an argument in the innermost frame, @value{GDBN} stops the next time it reaches the current location; this may be useful inside loops. @value{GDBN} normally ignores breakpoints when it resumes execution, until at least one instruction has been executed. If it did not do this, you would be unable to proceed past a breakpoint without first disabling the breakpoint. This rule applies whether or not the breakpoint already existed when your program stopped. @item break @dots{} if @var{cond} Set a breakpoint with condition @var{cond}; evaluate the expression @var{cond} each time the breakpoint is reached, and stop only if the value is nonzero---that is, if @var{cond} evaluates as true. @samp{@dots{}} stands for one of the possible arguments described above (or no argument) specifying where to break. @xref{Conditions, ,Break Conditions}, for more information on breakpoint conditions. @kindex tbreak @item tbreak @var{args} Set a breakpoint enabled only for one stop. @var{args} are the same as for the @code{break} command, and the breakpoint is set in the same way, but the breakpoint is automatically deleted after the first time your program stops there. @xref{Disabling, ,Disabling Breakpoints}. @kindex hbreak @cindex hardware breakpoints @item hbreak @var{args} Set a hardware-assisted breakpoint. @var{args} are the same as for the @code{break} command and the breakpoint is set in the same way, but the breakpoint requires hardware support and some target hardware may not have this support. The main purpose of this is EPROM/ROM code debugging, so you can set a breakpoint at an instruction without changing the instruction. This can be used with the new trap-generation provided by SPARClite DSU and most x86-based targets. These targets will generate traps when a program accesses some data or instruction address that is assigned to the debug registers. However the hardware breakpoint registers can take a limited number of breakpoints. For example, on the DSU, only two data breakpoints can be set at a time, and @value{GDBN} will reject this command if more than two are used. Delete or disable unused hardware breakpoints before setting new ones (@pxref{Disabling, ,Disabling Breakpoints}). @xref{Conditions, ,Break Conditions}. For remote targets, you can restrict the number of hardware breakpoints @value{GDBN} will use, see @ref{set remote hardware-breakpoint-limit}. @kindex thbreak @item thbreak @var{args} Set a hardware-assisted breakpoint enabled only for one stop. @var{args} are the same as for the @code{hbreak} command and the breakpoint is set in the same way. However, like the @code{tbreak} command, the breakpoint is automatically deleted after the first time your program stops there. Also, like the @code{hbreak} command, the breakpoint requires hardware support and some target hardware may not have this support. @xref{Disabling, ,Disabling Breakpoints}. See also @ref{Conditions, ,Break Conditions}. @kindex rbreak @cindex regular expression @cindex breakpoints in functions matching a regexp @cindex set breakpoints in many functions @item rbreak @var{regex} Set breakpoints on all functions matching the regular expression @var{regex}. This command sets an unconditional breakpoint on all matches, printing a list of all breakpoints it set. Once these breakpoints are set, they are treated just like the breakpoints set with the @code{break} command. You can delete them, disable them, or make them conditional the same way as any other breakpoint. The syntax of the regular expression is the standard one used with tools like @file{grep}. Note that this is different from the syntax used by shells, so for instance @code{foo*} matches all functions that include an @code{fo} followed by zero or more @code{o}s. There is an implicit @code{.*} leading and trailing the regular expression you supply, so to match only functions that begin with @code{foo}, use @code{^foo}. @cindex non-member C@t{++} functions, set breakpoint in When debugging C@t{++} programs, @code{rbreak} is useful for setting breakpoints on overloaded functions that are not members of any special classes. @cindex set breakpoints on all functions The @code{rbreak} command can be used to set breakpoints in @strong{all} the functions in a program, like this: @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) rbreak . @end smallexample @kindex info breakpoints @cindex @code{$_} and @code{info breakpoints} @item info breakpoints @r{[}@var{n}@r{]} @itemx info break @r{[}@var{n}@r{]} @itemx info watchpoints @r{[}@var{n}@r{]} Print a table of all breakpoints, watchpoints, and catchpoints set and not deleted. Optional argument @var{n} means print information only about the specified breakpoint (or watchpoint or catchpoint). For each breakpoint, following columns are printed: @table @emph @item Breakpoint Numbers @item Type Breakpoint, watchpoint, or catchpoint. @item Disposition Whether the breakpoint is marked to be disabled or deleted when hit. @item Enabled or Disabled Enabled breakpoints are marked with @samp{y}. @samp{n} marks breakpoints that are not enabled. @item Address Where the breakpoint is in your program, as a memory address. For a pending breakpoint whose address is not yet known, this field will contain @samp{}. Such breakpoint won't fire until a shared library that has the symbol or line referred by breakpoint is loaded. See below for details. A breakpoint with several locations will have @samp{} in this field---see below for details. @item What Where the breakpoint is in the source for your program, as a file and line number. For a pending breakpoint, the original string passed to the breakpoint command will be listed as it cannot be resolved until the appropriate shared library is loaded in the future. @end table @noindent If a breakpoint is conditional, @code{info break} shows the condition on the line following the affected breakpoint; breakpoint commands, if any, are listed after that. A pending breakpoint is allowed to have a condition specified for it. The condition is not parsed for validity until a shared library is loaded that allows the pending breakpoint to resolve to a valid location. @noindent @code{info break} with a breakpoint number @var{n} as argument lists only that breakpoint. The convenience variable @code{$_} and the default examining-address for the @code{x} command are set to the address of the last breakpoint listed (@pxref{Memory, ,Examining Memory}). @noindent @code{info break} displays a count of the number of times the breakpoint has been hit. This is especially useful in conjunction with the @code{ignore} command. You can ignore a large number of breakpoint hits, look at the breakpoint info to see how many times the breakpoint was hit, and then run again, ignoring one less than that number. This will get you quickly to the last hit of that breakpoint. @end table @value{GDBN} allows you to set any number of breakpoints at the same place in your program. There is nothing silly or meaningless about this. When the breakpoints are conditional, this is even useful (@pxref{Conditions, ,Break Conditions}). It is possible that a breakpoint corresponds to several locations in your program. Examples of this situation are: @itemize @bullet @item For a C@t{++} constructor, the @value{NGCC} compiler generates several instances of the function body, used in different cases. @item For a C@t{++} template function, a given line in the function can correspond to any number of instantiations. @item For an inlined function, a given source line can correspond to several places where that function is inlined. @end itemize In all those cases, @value{GDBN} will insert a breakpoint at all the relevant locations. A breakpoint with multiple locations is displayed in the breakpoint table using several rows---one header row, followed by one row for each breakpoint location. The header row has @samp{} in the address column. The rows for individual locations contain the actual addresses for locations, and show the functions to which those locations belong. The number column for a location is of the form @var{breakpoint-number}.@var{location-number}. For example: @smallexample Num Type Disp Enb Address What 1 breakpoint keep y stop only if i==1 breakpoint already hit 1 time 1.1 y 0x080486a2 in void foo() at t.cc:8 1.2 y 0x080486ca in void foo() at t.cc:8 @end smallexample Each location can be individually enabled or disabled by passing @var{breakpoint-number}.@var{location-number} as argument to the @code{enable} and @code{disable} commands. Note that you cannot delete the individual locations from the list, you can only delete the entire list of locations that belong to their parent breakpoint (with the @kbd{delete @var{num}} command, where @var{num} is the number of the parent breakpoint, 1 in the above example). Disabling or enabling the parent breakpoint (@pxref{Disabling}) affects all of the locations that belong to that breakpoint. @cindex pending breakpoints It's quite common to have a breakpoint inside a shared library. Shared libraries can be loaded and unloaded explicitly, and possibly repeatedly, as the program is executed. To support this use case, @value{GDBN} updates breakpoint locations whenever any shared library is loaded or unloaded. Typically, you would set a breakpoint in a shared library at the beginning of your debugging session, when the library is not loaded, and when the symbols from the library are not available. When you try to set breakpoint, @value{GDBN} will ask you if you want to set a so called @dfn{pending breakpoint}---breakpoint whose address is not yet resolved. After the program is run, whenever a new shared library is loaded, @value{GDBN} reevaluates all the breakpoints. When a newly loaded shared library contains the symbol or line referred to by some pending breakpoint, that breakpoint is resolved and becomes an ordinary breakpoint. When a library is unloaded, all breakpoints that refer to its symbols or source lines become pending again. This logic works for breakpoints with multiple locations, too. For example, if you have a breakpoint in a C@t{++} template function, and a newly loaded shared library has an instantiation of that template, a new location is added to the list of locations for the breakpoint. Except for having unresolved address, pending breakpoints do not differ from regular breakpoints. You can set conditions or commands, enable and disable them and perform other breakpoint operations. @value{GDBN} provides some additional commands for controlling what happens when the @samp{break} command cannot resolve breakpoint address specification to an address: @kindex set breakpoint pending @kindex show breakpoint pending @table @code @item set breakpoint pending auto This is the default behavior. When @value{GDBN} cannot find the breakpoint location, it queries you whether a pending breakpoint should be created. @item set breakpoint pending on This indicates that an unrecognized breakpoint location should automatically result in a pending breakpoint being created. @item set breakpoint pending off This indicates that pending breakpoints are not to be created. Any unrecognized breakpoint location results in an error. This setting does not affect any pending breakpoints previously created. @item show breakpoint pending Show the current behavior setting for creating pending breakpoints. @end table The settings above only affect the @code{break} command and its variants. Once breakpoint is set, it will be automatically updated as shared libraries are loaded and unloaded. @cindex automatic hardware breakpoints For some targets, @value{GDBN} can automatically decide if hardware or software breakpoints should be used, depending on whether the breakpoint address is read-only or read-write. This applies to breakpoints set with the @code{break} command as well as to internal breakpoints set by commands like @code{next} and @code{finish}. For breakpoints set with @code{hbreak}, @value{GDBN} will always use hardware breakpoints. You can control this automatic behaviour with the following commands:: @kindex set breakpoint auto-hw @kindex show breakpoint auto-hw @table @code @item set breakpoint auto-hw on This is the default behavior. When @value{GDBN} sets a breakpoint, it will try to use the target memory map to decide if software or hardware breakpoint must be used. @item set breakpoint auto-hw off This indicates @value{GDBN} should not automatically select breakpoint type. If the target provides a memory map, @value{GDBN} will warn when trying to set software breakpoint at a read-only address. @end table @cindex negative breakpoint numbers @cindex internal @value{GDBN} breakpoints @value{GDBN} itself sometimes sets breakpoints in your program for special purposes, such as proper handling of @code{longjmp} (in C programs). These internal breakpoints are assigned negative numbers, starting with @code{-1}; @samp{info breakpoints} does not display them. You can see these breakpoints with the @value{GDBN} maintenance command @samp{maint info breakpoints} (@pxref{maint info breakpoints}). @node Set Watchpoints @subsection Setting Watchpoints @cindex setting watchpoints You can use a watchpoint to stop execution whenever the value of an expression changes, without having to predict a particular place where this may happen. (This is sometimes called a @dfn{data breakpoint}.) The expression may be as simple as the value of a single variable, or as complex as many variables combined by operators. Examples include: @itemize @bullet @item A reference to the value of a single variable. @item An address cast to an appropriate data type. For example, @samp{*(int *)0x12345678} will watch a 4-byte region at the specified address (assuming an @code{int} occupies 4 bytes). @item An arbitrarily complex expression, such as @samp{a*b + c/d}. The expression can use any operators valid in the program's native language (@pxref{Languages}). @end itemize You can set a watchpoint on an expression even if the expression can not be evaluated yet. For instance, you can set a watchpoint on @samp{*global_ptr} before @samp{global_ptr} is initialized. @value{GDBN} will stop when your program sets @samp{global_ptr} and the expression produces a valid value. If the expression becomes valid in some other way than changing a variable (e.g.@: if the memory pointed to by @samp{*global_ptr} becomes readable as the result of a @code{malloc} call), @value{GDBN} may not stop until the next time the expression changes. @cindex software watchpoints @cindex hardware watchpoints Depending on your system, watchpoints may be implemented in software or hardware. @value{GDBN} does software watchpointing by single-stepping your program and testing the variable's value each time, which is hundreds of times slower than normal execution. (But this may still be worth it, to catch errors where you have no clue what part of your program is the culprit.) On some systems, such as HP-UX, PowerPC, @sc{gnu}/Linux and most other x86-based targets, @value{GDBN} includes support for hardware watchpoints, which do not slow down the running of your program. @table @code @kindex watch @item watch @var{expr} @r{[}thread @var{threadnum}@r{]} Set a watchpoint for an expression. @value{GDBN} will break when the expression @var{expr} is written into by the program and its value changes. The simplest (and the most popular) use of this command is to watch the value of a single variable: @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) watch foo @end smallexample If the command includes a @code{@r{[}thread @var{threadnum}@r{]}} clause, @value{GDBN} breaks only when the thread identified by @var{threadnum} changes the value of @var{expr}. If any other threads change the value of @var{expr}, @value{GDBN} will not break. Note that watchpoints restricted to a single thread in this way only work with Hardware Watchpoints. @kindex rwatch @item rwatch @var{expr} @r{[}thread @var{threadnum}@r{]} Set a watchpoint that will break when the value of @var{expr} is read by the program. @kindex awatch @item awatch @var{expr} @r{[}thread @var{threadnum}@r{]} Set a watchpoint that will break when @var{expr} is either read from or written into by the program. @kindex info watchpoints @r{[}@var{n}@r{]} @item info watchpoints This command prints a list of watchpoints, breakpoints, and catchpoints; it is the same as @code{info break} (@pxref{Set Breaks}). @end table @value{GDBN} sets a @dfn{hardware watchpoint} if possible. Hardware watchpoints execute very quickly, and the debugger reports a change in value at the exact instruction where the change occurs. If @value{GDBN} cannot set a hardware watchpoint, it sets a software watchpoint, which executes more slowly and reports the change in value at the next @emph{statement}, not the instruction, after the change occurs. @cindex use only software watchpoints You can force @value{GDBN} to use only software watchpoints with the @kbd{set can-use-hw-watchpoints 0} command. With this variable set to zero, @value{GDBN} will never try to use hardware watchpoints, even if the underlying system supports them. (Note that hardware-assisted watchpoints that were set @emph{before} setting @code{can-use-hw-watchpoints} to zero will still use the hardware mechanism of watching expression values.) @table @code @item set can-use-hw-watchpoints @kindex set can-use-hw-watchpoints Set whether or not to use hardware watchpoints. @item show can-use-hw-watchpoints @kindex show can-use-hw-watchpoints Show the current mode of using hardware watchpoints. @end table For remote targets, you can restrict the number of hardware watchpoints @value{GDBN} will use, see @ref{set remote hardware-breakpoint-limit}. When you issue the @code{watch} command, @value{GDBN} reports @smallexample Hardware watchpoint @var{num}: @var{expr} @end smallexample @noindent if it was able to set a hardware watchpoint. Currently, the @code{awatch} and @code{rwatch} commands can only set hardware watchpoints, because accesses to data that don't change the value of the watched expression cannot be detected without examining every instruction as it is being executed, and @value{GDBN} does not do that currently. If @value{GDBN} finds that it is unable to set a hardware breakpoint with the @code{awatch} or @code{rwatch} command, it will print a message like this: @smallexample Expression cannot be implemented with read/access watchpoint. @end smallexample Sometimes, @value{GDBN} cannot set a hardware watchpoint because the data type of the watched expression is wider than what a hardware watchpoint on the target machine can handle. For example, some systems can only watch regions that are up to 4 bytes wide; on such systems you cannot set hardware watchpoints for an expression that yields a double-precision floating-point number (which is typically 8 bytes wide). As a work-around, it might be possible to break the large region into a series of smaller ones and watch them with separate watchpoints. If you set too many hardware watchpoints, @value{GDBN} might be unable to insert all of them when you resume the execution of your program. Since the precise number of active watchpoints is unknown until such time as the program is about to be resumed, @value{GDBN} might not be able to warn you about this when you set the watchpoints, and the warning will be printed only when the program is resumed: @smallexample Hardware watchpoint @var{num}: Could not insert watchpoint @end smallexample @noindent If this happens, delete or disable some of the watchpoints. Watching complex expressions that reference many variables can also exhaust the resources available for hardware-assisted watchpoints. That's because @value{GDBN} needs to watch every variable in the expression with separately allocated resources. If you call a function interactively using @code{print} or @code{call}, any watchpoints you have set will be inactive until @value{GDBN} reaches another kind of breakpoint or the call completes. @value{GDBN} automatically deletes watchpoints that watch local (automatic) variables, or expressions that involve such variables, when they go out of scope, that is, when the execution leaves the block in which these variables were defined. In particular, when the program being debugged terminates, @emph{all} local variables go out of scope, and so only watchpoints that watch global variables remain set. If you rerun the program, you will need to set all such watchpoints again. One way of doing that would be to set a code breakpoint at the entry to the @code{main} function and when it breaks, set all the watchpoints. @cindex watchpoints and threads @cindex threads and watchpoints In multi-threaded programs, watchpoints will detect changes to the watched expression from every thread. @quotation @emph{Warning:} In multi-threaded programs, software watchpoints have only limited usefulness. If @value{GDBN} creates a software watchpoint, it can only watch the value of an expression @emph{in a single thread}. If you are confident that the expression can only change due to the current thread's activity (and if you are also confident that no other thread can become current), then you can use software watchpoints as usual. However, @value{GDBN} may not notice when a non-current thread's activity changes the expression. (Hardware watchpoints, in contrast, watch an expression in all threads.) @end quotation @xref{set remote hardware-watchpoint-limit}. @node Set Catchpoints @subsection Setting Catchpoints @cindex catchpoints, setting @cindex exception handlers @cindex event handling You can use @dfn{catchpoints} to cause the debugger to stop for certain kinds of program events, such as C@t{++} exceptions or the loading of a shared library. Use the @code{catch} command to set a catchpoint. @table @code @kindex catch @item catch @var{event} Stop when @var{event} occurs. @var{event} can be any of the following: @table @code @item throw @cindex stop on C@t{++} exceptions The throwing of a C@t{++} exception. @item catch The catching of a C@t{++} exception. @item exception @cindex Ada exception catching @cindex catch Ada exceptions An Ada exception being raised. If an exception name is specified at the end of the command (eg @code{catch exception Program_Error}), the debugger will stop only when this specific exception is raised. Otherwise, the debugger stops execution when any Ada exception is raised. @item exception unhandled An exception that was raised but is not handled by the program. @item assert A failed Ada assertion. @item exec @cindex break on fork/exec A call to @code{exec}. This is currently only available for HP-UX and @sc{gnu}/Linux. @item fork A call to @code{fork}. This is currently only available for HP-UX and @sc{gnu}/Linux. @item vfork A call to @code{vfork}. This is currently only available for HP-UX and @sc{gnu}/Linux. @item load @itemx load @var{libname} @cindex break on load/unload of shared library The dynamic loading of any shared library, or the loading of the library @var{libname}. This is currently only available for HP-UX. @item unload @itemx unload @var{libname} The unloading of any dynamically loaded shared library, or the unloading of the library @var{libname}. This is currently only available for HP-UX. @end table @item tcatch @var{event} Set a catchpoint that is enabled only for one stop. The catchpoint is automatically deleted after the first time the event is caught. @end table Use the @code{info break} command to list the current catchpoints. There are currently some limitations to C@t{++} exception handling (@code{catch throw} and @code{catch catch}) in @value{GDBN}: @itemize @bullet @item If you call a function interactively, @value{GDBN} normally returns control to you when the function has finished executing. If the call raises an exception, however, the call may bypass the mechanism that returns control to you and cause your program either to abort or to simply continue running until it hits a breakpoint, catches a signal that @value{GDBN} is listening for, or exits. This is the case even if you set a catchpoint for the exception; catchpoints on exceptions are disabled within interactive calls. @item You cannot raise an exception interactively. @item You cannot install an exception handler interactively. @end itemize @cindex raise exceptions Sometimes @code{catch} is not the best way to debug exception handling: if you need to know exactly where an exception is raised, it is better to stop @emph{before} the exception handler is called, since that way you can see the stack before any unwinding takes place. If you set a breakpoint in an exception handler instead, it may not be easy to find out where the exception was raised. To stop just before an exception handler is called, you need some knowledge of the implementation. In the case of @sc{gnu} C@t{++}, exceptions are raised by calling a library function named @code{__raise_exception} which has the following ANSI C interface: @smallexample /* @var{addr} is where the exception identifier is stored. @var{id} is the exception identifier. */ void __raise_exception (void **addr, void *id); @end smallexample @noindent To make the debugger catch all exceptions before any stack unwinding takes place, set a breakpoint on @code{__raise_exception} (@pxref{Breakpoints, ,Breakpoints; Watchpoints; and Exceptions}). With a conditional breakpoint (@pxref{Conditions, ,Break Conditions}) that depends on the value of @var{id}, you can stop your program when a specific exception is raised. You can use multiple conditional breakpoints to stop your program when any of a number of exceptions are raised. @node Delete Breaks @subsection Deleting Breakpoints @cindex clearing breakpoints, watchpoints, catchpoints @cindex deleting breakpoints, watchpoints, catchpoints It is often necessary to eliminate a breakpoint, watchpoint, or catchpoint once it has done its job and you no longer want your program to stop there. This is called @dfn{deleting} the breakpoint. A breakpoint that has been deleted no longer exists; it is forgotten. With the @code{clear} command you can delete breakpoints according to where they are in your program. With the @code{delete} command you can delete individual breakpoints, watchpoints, or catchpoints by specifying their breakpoint numbers. It is not necessary to delete a breakpoint to proceed past it. @value{GDBN} automatically ignores breakpoints on the first instruction to be executed when you continue execution without changing the execution address. @table @code @kindex clear @item clear Delete any breakpoints at the next instruction to be executed in the selected stack frame (@pxref{Selection, ,Selecting a Frame}). When the innermost frame is selected, this is a good way to delete a breakpoint where your program just stopped. @item clear @var{location} Delete any breakpoints set at the specified @var{location}. @xref{Specify Location}, for the various forms of @var{location}; the most useful ones are listed below: @table @code @item clear @var{function} @itemx clear @var{filename}:@var{function} Delete any breakpoints set at entry to the named @var{function}. @item clear @var{linenum} @itemx clear @var{filename}:@var{linenum} Delete any breakpoints set at or within the code of the specified @var{linenum} of the specified @var{filename}. @end table @cindex delete breakpoints @kindex delete @kindex d @r{(@code{delete})} @item delete @r{[}breakpoints@r{]} @r{[}@var{range}@dots{}@r{]} Delete the breakpoints, watchpoints, or catchpoints of the breakpoint ranges specified as arguments. If no argument is specified, delete all breakpoints (@value{GDBN} asks confirmation, unless you have @code{set confirm off}). You can abbreviate this command as @code{d}. @end table @node Disabling @subsection Disabling Breakpoints @cindex enable/disable a breakpoint Rather than deleting a breakpoint, watchpoint, or catchpoint, you might prefer to @dfn{disable} it. This makes the breakpoint inoperative as if it had been deleted, but remembers the information on the breakpoint so that you can @dfn{enable} it again later. You disable and enable breakpoints, watchpoints, and catchpoints with the @code{enable} and @code{disable} commands, optionally specifying one or more breakpoint numbers as arguments. Use @code{info break} or @code{info watch} to print a list of breakpoints, watchpoints, and catchpoints if you do not know which numbers to use. Disabling and enabling a breakpoint that has multiple locations affects all of its locations. A breakpoint, watchpoint, or catchpoint can have any of four different states of enablement: @itemize @bullet @item Enabled. The breakpoint stops your program. A breakpoint set with the @code{break} command starts out in this state. @item Disabled. The breakpoint has no effect on your program. @item Enabled once. The breakpoint stops your program, but then becomes disabled. @item Enabled for deletion. The breakpoint stops your program, but immediately after it does so it is deleted permanently. A breakpoint set with the @code{tbreak} command starts out in this state. @end itemize You can use the following commands to enable or disable breakpoints, watchpoints, and catchpoints: @table @code @kindex disable @kindex dis @r{(@code{disable})} @item disable @r{[}breakpoints@r{]} @r{[}@var{range}@dots{}@r{]} Disable the specified breakpoints---or all breakpoints, if none are listed. A disabled breakpoint has no effect but is not forgotten. All options such as ignore-counts, conditions and commands are remembered in case the breakpoint is enabled again later. You may abbreviate @code{disable} as @code{dis}. @kindex enable @item enable @r{[}breakpoints@r{]} @r{[}@var{range}@dots{}@r{]} Enable the specified breakpoints (or all defined breakpoints). They become effective once again in stopping your program. @item enable @r{[}breakpoints@r{]} once @var{range}@dots{} Enable the specified breakpoints temporarily. @value{GDBN} disables any of these breakpoints immediately after stopping your program. @item enable @r{[}breakpoints@r{]} delete @var{range}@dots{} Enable the specified breakpoints to work once, then die. @value{GDBN} deletes any of these breakpoints as soon as your program stops there. Breakpoints set by the @code{tbreak} command start out in this state. @end table @c FIXME: I think the following ``Except for [...] @code{tbreak}'' is @c confusing: tbreak is also initially enabled. Except for a breakpoint set with @code{tbreak} (@pxref{Set Breaks, ,Setting Breakpoints}), breakpoints that you set are initially enabled; subsequently, they become disabled or enabled only when you use one of the commands above. (The command @code{until} can set and delete a breakpoint of its own, but it does not change the state of your other breakpoints; see @ref{Continuing and Stepping, ,Continuing and Stepping}.) @node Conditions @subsection Break Conditions @cindex conditional breakpoints @cindex breakpoint conditions @c FIXME what is scope of break condition expr? Context where wanted? @c in particular for a watchpoint? The simplest sort of breakpoint breaks every time your program reaches a specified place. You can also specify a @dfn{condition} for a breakpoint. A condition is just a Boolean expression in your programming language (@pxref{Expressions, ,Expressions}). A breakpoint with a condition evaluates the expression each time your program reaches it, and your program stops only if the condition is @emph{true}. This is the converse of using assertions for program validation; in that situation, you want to stop when the assertion is violated---that is, when the condition is false. In C, if you want to test an assertion expressed by the condition @var{assert}, you should set the condition @samp{! @var{assert}} on the appropriate breakpoint. Conditions are also accepted for watchpoints; you may not need them, since a watchpoint is inspecting the value of an expression anyhow---but it might be simpler, say, to just set a watchpoint on a variable name, and specify a condition that tests whether the new value is an interesting one. Break conditions can have side effects, and may even call functions in your program. This can be useful, for example, to activate functions that log program progress, or to use your own print functions to format special data structures. The effects are completely predictable unless there is another enabled breakpoint at the same address. (In that case, @value{GDBN} might see the other breakpoint first and stop your program without checking the condition of this one.) Note that breakpoint commands are usually more convenient and flexible than break conditions for the purpose of performing side effects when a breakpoint is reached (@pxref{Break Commands, ,Breakpoint Command Lists}). Break conditions can be specified when a breakpoint is set, by using @samp{if} in the arguments to the @code{break} command. @xref{Set Breaks, ,Setting Breakpoints}. They can also be changed at any time with the @code{condition} command. You can also use the @code{if} keyword with the @code{watch} command. The @code{catch} command does not recognize the @code{if} keyword; @code{condition} is the only way to impose a further condition on a catchpoint. @table @code @kindex condition @item condition @var{bnum} @var{expression} Specify @var{expression} as the break condition for breakpoint, watchpoint, or catchpoint number @var{bnum}. After you set a condition, breakpoint @var{bnum} stops your program only if the value of @var{expression} is true (nonzero, in C). When you use @code{condition}, @value{GDBN} checks @var{expression} immediately for syntactic correctness, and to determine whether symbols in it have referents in the context of your breakpoint. If @var{expression} uses symbols not referenced in the context of the breakpoint, @value{GDBN} prints an error message: @smallexample No symbol "foo" in current context. @end smallexample @noindent @value{GDBN} does not actually evaluate @var{expression} at the time the @code{condition} command (or a command that sets a breakpoint with a condition, like @code{break if @dots{}}) is given, however. @xref{Expressions, ,Expressions}. @item condition @var{bnum} Remove the condition from breakpoint number @var{bnum}. It becomes an ordinary unconditional breakpoint. @end table @cindex ignore count (of breakpoint) A special case of a breakpoint condition is to stop only when the breakpoint has been reached a certain number of times. This is so useful that there is a special way to do it, using the @dfn{ignore count} of the breakpoint. Every breakpoint has an ignore count, which is an integer. Most of the time, the ignore count is zero, and therefore has no effect. But if your program reaches a breakpoint whose ignore count is positive, then instead of stopping, it just decrements the ignore count by one and continues. As a result, if the ignore count value is @var{n}, the breakpoint does not stop the next @var{n} times your program reaches it. @table @code @kindex ignore @item ignore @var{bnum} @var{count} Set the ignore count of breakpoint number @var{bnum} to @var{count}. The next @var{count} times the breakpoint is reached, your program's execution does not stop; other than to decrement the ignore count, @value{GDBN} takes no action. To make the breakpoint stop the next time it is reached, specify a count of zero. When you use @code{continue} to resume execution of your program from a breakpoint, you can specify an ignore count directly as an argument to @code{continue}, rather than using @code{ignore}. @xref{Continuing and Stepping,,Continuing and Stepping}. If a breakpoint has a positive ignore count and a condition, the condition is not checked. Once the ignore count reaches zero, @value{GDBN} resumes checking the condition. You could achieve the effect of the ignore count with a condition such as @w{@samp{$foo-- <= 0}} using a debugger convenience variable that is decremented each time. @xref{Convenience Vars, ,Convenience Variables}. @end table Ignore counts apply to breakpoints, watchpoints, and catchpoints. @node Break Commands @subsection Breakpoint Command Lists @cindex breakpoint commands You can give any breakpoint (or watchpoint or catchpoint) a series of commands to execute when your program stops due to that breakpoint. For example, you might want to print the values of certain expressions, or enable other breakpoints. @table @code @kindex commands @kindex end@r{ (breakpoint commands)} @item commands @r{[}@var{bnum}@r{]} @itemx @dots{} @var{command-list} @dots{} @itemx end Specify a list of commands for breakpoint number @var{bnum}. The commands themselves appear on the following lines. Type a line containing just @code{end} to terminate the commands. To remove all commands from a breakpoint, type @code{commands} and follow it immediately with @code{end}; that is, give no commands. With no @var{bnum} argument, @code{commands} refers to the last breakpoint, watchpoint, or catchpoint set (not to the breakpoint most recently encountered). @end table Pressing @key{RET} as a means of repeating the last @value{GDBN} command is disabled within a @var{command-list}. You can use breakpoint commands to start your program up again. Simply use the @code{continue} command, or @code{step}, or any other command that resumes execution. Any other commands in the command list, after a command that resumes execution, are ignored. This is because any time you resume execution (even with a simple @code{next} or @code{step}), you may encounter another breakpoint---which could have its own command list, leading to ambiguities about which list to execute. @kindex silent If the first command you specify in a command list is @code{silent}, the usual message about stopping at a breakpoint is not printed. This may be desirable for breakpoints that are to print a specific message and then continue. If none of the remaining commands print anything, you see no sign that the breakpoint was reached. @code{silent} is meaningful only at the beginning of a breakpoint command list. The commands @code{echo}, @code{output}, and @code{printf} allow you to print precisely controlled output, and are often useful in silent breakpoints. @xref{Output, ,Commands for Controlled Output}. For example, here is how you could use breakpoint commands to print the value of @code{x} at entry to @code{foo} whenever @code{x} is positive. @smallexample break foo if x>0 commands silent printf "x is %d\n",x cont end @end smallexample One application for breakpoint commands is to compensate for one bug so you can test for another. Put a breakpoint just after the erroneous line of code, give it a condition to detect the case in which something erroneous has been done, and give it commands to assign correct values to any variables that need them. End with the @code{continue} command so that your program does not stop, and start with the @code{silent} command so that no output is produced. Here is an example: @smallexample break 403 commands silent set x = y + 4 cont end @end smallexample @node Breakpoint Menus @subsection Breakpoint Menus @cindex overloading @cindex symbol overloading Some programming languages (notably C@t{++} and Objective-C) permit a single function name to be defined several times, for application in different contexts. This is called @dfn{overloading}. When a function name is overloaded, @samp{break @var{function}} is not enough to tell @value{GDBN} where you want a breakpoint. You can use explicit signature of the function, as in @samp{break @var{function}(@var{types})}, to specify which particular version of the function you want. Otherwise, @value{GDBN} offers you a menu of numbered choices for different possible breakpoints, and waits for your selection with the prompt @samp{>}. The first two options are always @samp{[0] cancel} and @samp{[1] all}. Typing @kbd{1} sets a breakpoint at each definition of @var{function}, and typing @kbd{0} aborts the @code{break} command without setting any new breakpoints. For example, the following session excerpt shows an attempt to set a breakpoint at the overloaded symbol @code{String::after}. We choose three particular definitions of that function name: @c FIXME! This is likely to change to show arg type lists, at least @smallexample @group (@value{GDBP}) b String::after [0] cancel [1] all [2] file:String.cc; line number:867 [3] file:String.cc; line number:860 [4] file:String.cc; line number:875 [5] file:String.cc; line number:853 [6] file:String.cc; line number:846 [7] file:String.cc; line number:735 > 2 4 6 Breakpoint 1 at 0xb26c: file String.cc, line 867. Breakpoint 2 at 0xb344: file String.cc, line 875. Breakpoint 3 at 0xafcc: file String.cc, line 846. Multiple breakpoints were set. Use the "delete" command to delete unwanted breakpoints. (@value{GDBP}) @end group @end smallexample @c @ifclear BARETARGET @node Error in Breakpoints @subsection ``Cannot insert breakpoints'' @c @c FIXME!! 14/6/95 Is there a real example of this? Let's use it. @c Under some operating systems, breakpoints cannot be used in a program if any other process is running that program. In this situation, attempting to run or continue a program with a breakpoint causes @value{GDBN} to print an error message: @smallexample Cannot insert breakpoints. The same program may be running in another process. @end smallexample When this happens, you have three ways to proceed: @enumerate @item Remove or disable the breakpoints, then continue. @item Suspend @value{GDBN}, and copy the file containing your program to a new name. Resume @value{GDBN} and use the @code{exec-file} command to specify that @value{GDBN} should run your program under that name. Then start your program again. @item Relink your program so that the text segment is nonsharable, using the linker option @samp{-N}. The operating system limitation may not apply to nonsharable executables. @end enumerate @c @end ifclear A similar message can be printed if you request too many active hardware-assisted breakpoints and watchpoints: @c FIXME: the precise wording of this message may change; the relevant @c source change is not committed yet (Sep 3, 1999). @smallexample Stopped; cannot insert breakpoints. You may have requested too many hardware breakpoints and watchpoints. @end smallexample @noindent This message is printed when you attempt to resume the program, since only then @value{GDBN} knows exactly how many hardware breakpoints and watchpoints it needs to insert. When this message is printed, you need to disable or remove some of the hardware-assisted breakpoints and watchpoints, and then continue. @node Breakpoint-related Warnings @subsection ``Breakpoint address adjusted...'' @cindex breakpoint address adjusted Some processor architectures place constraints on the addresses at which breakpoints may be placed. For architectures thus constrained, @value{GDBN} will attempt to adjust the breakpoint's address to comply with the constraints dictated by the architecture. One example of such an architecture is the Fujitsu FR-V. The FR-V is a VLIW architecture in which a number of RISC-like instructions may be bundled together for parallel execution. The FR-V architecture constrains the location of a breakpoint instruction within such a bundle to the instruction with the lowest address. @value{GDBN} honors this constraint by adjusting a breakpoint's address to the first in the bundle. It is not uncommon for optimized code to have bundles which contain instructions from different source statements, thus it may happen that a breakpoint's address will be adjusted from one source statement to another. Since this adjustment may significantly alter @value{GDBN}'s breakpoint related behavior from what the user expects, a warning is printed when the breakpoint is first set and also when the breakpoint is hit. A warning like the one below is printed when setting a breakpoint that's been subject to address adjustment: @smallexample warning: Breakpoint address adjusted from 0x00010414 to 0x00010410. @end smallexample Such warnings are printed both for user settable and @value{GDBN}'s internal breakpoints. If you see one of these warnings, you should verify that a breakpoint set at the adjusted address will have the desired affect. If not, the breakpoint in question may be removed and other breakpoints may be set which will have the desired behavior. E.g., it may be sufficient to place the breakpoint at a later instruction. A conditional breakpoint may also be useful in some cases to prevent the breakpoint from triggering too often. @value{GDBN} will also issue a warning when stopping at one of these adjusted breakpoints: @smallexample warning: Breakpoint 1 address previously adjusted from 0x00010414 to 0x00010410. @end smallexample When this warning is encountered, it may be too late to take remedial action except in cases where the breakpoint is hit earlier or more frequently than expected. @node Continuing and Stepping @section Continuing and Stepping @cindex stepping @cindex continuing @cindex resuming execution @dfn{Continuing} means resuming program execution until your program completes normally. In contrast, @dfn{stepping} means executing just one more ``step'' of your program, where ``step'' may mean either one line of source code, or one machine instruction (depending on what particular command you use). Either when continuing or when stepping, your program may stop even sooner, due to a breakpoint or a signal. (If it stops due to a signal, you may want to use @code{handle}, or use @samp{signal 0} to resume execution. @xref{Signals, ,Signals}.) @table @code @kindex continue @kindex c @r{(@code{continue})} @kindex fg @r{(resume foreground execution)} @item continue @r{[}@var{ignore-count}@r{]} @itemx c @r{[}@var{ignore-count}@r{]} @itemx fg @r{[}@var{ignore-count}@r{]} Resume program execution, at the address where your program last stopped; any breakpoints set at that address are bypassed. The optional argument @var{ignore-count} allows you to specify a further number of times to ignore a breakpoint at this location; its effect is like that of @code{ignore} (@pxref{Conditions, ,Break Conditions}). The argument @var{ignore-count} is meaningful only when your program stopped due to a breakpoint. At other times, the argument to @code{continue} is ignored. The synonyms @code{c} and @code{fg} (for @dfn{foreground}, as the debugged program is deemed to be the foreground program) are provided purely for convenience, and have exactly the same behavior as @code{continue}. @end table To resume execution at a different place, you can use @code{return} (@pxref{Returning, ,Returning from a Function}) to go back to the calling function; or @code{jump} (@pxref{Jumping, ,Continuing at a Different Address}) to go to an arbitrary location in your program. A typical technique for using stepping is to set a breakpoint (@pxref{Breakpoints, ,Breakpoints; Watchpoints; and Catchpoints}) at the beginning of the function or the section of your program where a problem is believed to lie, run your program until it stops at that breakpoint, and then step through the suspect area, examining the variables that are interesting, until you see the problem happen. @table @code @kindex step @kindex s @r{(@code{step})} @item step Continue running your program until control reaches a different source line, then stop it and return control to @value{GDBN}. This command is abbreviated @code{s}. @quotation @c "without debugging information" is imprecise; actually "without line @c numbers in the debugging information". (gcc -g1 has debugging info but @c not line numbers). But it seems complex to try to make that @c distinction here. @emph{Warning:} If you use the @code{step} command while control is within a function that was compiled without debugging information, execution proceeds until control reaches a function that does have debugging information. Likewise, it will not step into a function which is compiled without debugging information. To step through functions without debugging information, use the @code{stepi} command, described below. @end quotation The @code{step} command only stops at the first instruction of a source line. This prevents the multiple stops that could otherwise occur in @code{switch} statements, @code{for} loops, etc. @code{step} continues to stop if a function that has debugging information is called within the line. In other words, @code{step} @emph{steps inside} any functions called within the line. Also, the @code{step} command only enters a function if there is line number information for the function. Otherwise it acts like the @code{next} command. This avoids problems when using @code{cc -gl} on MIPS machines. Previously, @code{step} entered subroutines if there was any debugging information about the routine. @item step @var{count} Continue running as in @code{step}, but do so @var{count} times. If a breakpoint is reached, or a signal not related to stepping occurs before @var{count} steps, stepping stops right away. @kindex next @kindex n @r{(@code{next})} @item next @r{[}@var{count}@r{]} Continue to the next source line in the current (innermost) stack frame. This is similar to @code{step}, but function calls that appear within the line of code are executed without stopping. Execution stops when control reaches a different line of code at the original stack level that was executing when you gave the @code{next} command. This command is abbreviated @code{n}. An argument @var{count} is a repeat count, as for @code{step}. @c FIX ME!! Do we delete this, or is there a way it fits in with @c the following paragraph? --- Vctoria @c @c @code{next} within a function that lacks debugging information acts like @c @code{step}, but any function calls appearing within the code of the @c function are executed without stopping. The @code{next} command only stops at the first instruction of a source line. This prevents multiple stops that could otherwise occur in @code{switch} statements, @code{for} loops, etc. @kindex set step-mode @item set step-mode @cindex functions without line info, and stepping @cindex stepping into functions with no line info @itemx set step-mode on The @code{set step-mode on} command causes the @code{step} command to stop at the first instruction of a function which contains no debug line information rather than stepping over it. This is useful in cases where you may be interested in inspecting the machine instructions of a function which has no symbolic info and do not want @value{GDBN} to automatically skip over this function. @item set step-mode off Causes the @code{step} command to step over any functions which contains no debug information. This is the default. @item show step-mode Show whether @value{GDBN} will stop in or step over functions without source line debug information. @kindex finish @item finish Continue running until just after function in the selected stack frame returns. Print the returned value (if any). Contrast this with the @code{return} command (@pxref{Returning, ,Returning from a Function}). @kindex until @kindex u @r{(@code{until})} @cindex run until specified location @item until @itemx u Continue running until a source line past the current line, in the current stack frame, is reached. This command is used to avoid single stepping through a loop more than once. It is like the @code{next} command, except that when @code{until} encounters a jump, it automatically continues execution until the program counter is greater than the address of the jump. This means that when you reach the end of a loop after single stepping though it, @code{until} makes your program continue execution until it exits the loop. In contrast, a @code{next} command at the end of a loop simply steps back to the beginning of the loop, which forces you to step through the next iteration. @code{until} always stops your program if it attempts to exit the current stack frame. @code{until} may produce somewhat counterintuitive results if the order of machine code does not match the order of the source lines. For example, in the following excerpt from a debugging session, the @code{f} (@code{frame}) command shows that execution is stopped at line @code{206}; yet when we use @code{until}, we get to line @code{195}: @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) f #0 main (argc=4, argv=0xf7fffae8) at m4.c:206 206 expand_input(); (@value{GDBP}) until 195 for ( ; argc > 0; NEXTARG) @{ @end smallexample This happened because, for execution efficiency, the compiler had generated code for the loop closure test at the end, rather than the start, of the loop---even though the test in a C @code{for}-loop is written before the body of the loop. The @code{until} command appeared to step back to the beginning of the loop when it advanced to this expression; however, it has not really gone to an earlier statement---not in terms of the actual machine code. @code{until} with no argument works by means of single instruction stepping, and hence is slower than @code{until} with an argument. @item until @var{location} @itemx u @var{location} Continue running your program until either the specified location is reached, or the current stack frame returns. @var{location} is any of the forms described in @ref{Specify Location}. This form of the command uses temporary breakpoints, and hence is quicker than @code{until} without an argument. The specified location is actually reached only if it is in the current frame. This implies that @code{until} can be used to skip over recursive function invocations. For instance in the code below, if the current location is line @code{96}, issuing @code{until 99} will execute the program up to line @code{99} in the same invocation of factorial, i.e., after the inner invocations have returned. @smallexample 94 int factorial (int value) 95 @{ 96 if (value > 1) @{ 97 value *= factorial (value - 1); 98 @} 99 return (value); 100 @} @end smallexample @kindex advance @var{location} @itemx advance @var{location} Continue running the program up to the given @var{location}. An argument is required, which should be of one of the forms described in @ref{Specify Location}. Execution will also stop upon exit from the current stack frame. This command is similar to @code{until}, but @code{advance} will not skip over recursive function calls, and the target location doesn't have to be in the same frame as the current one. @kindex stepi @kindex si @r{(@code{stepi})} @item stepi @itemx stepi @var{arg} @itemx si Execute one machine instruction, then stop and return to the debugger. It is often useful to do @samp{display/i $pc} when stepping by machine instructions. This makes @value{GDBN} automatically display the next instruction to be executed, each time your program stops. @xref{Auto Display,, Automatic Display}. An argument is a repeat count, as in @code{step}. @need 750 @kindex nexti @kindex ni @r{(@code{nexti})} @item nexti @itemx nexti @var{arg} @itemx ni Execute one machine instruction, but if it is a function call, proceed until the function returns. An argument is a repeat count, as in @code{next}. @end table @node Signals @section Signals @cindex signals A signal is an asynchronous event that can happen in a program. The operating system defines the possible kinds of signals, and gives each kind a name and a number. For example, in Unix @code{SIGINT} is the signal a program gets when you type an interrupt character (often @kbd{Ctrl-c}); @code{SIGSEGV} is the signal a program gets from referencing a place in memory far away from all the areas in use; @code{SIGALRM} occurs when the alarm clock timer goes off (which happens only if your program has requested an alarm). @cindex fatal signals Some signals, including @code{SIGALRM}, are a normal part of the functioning of your program. Others, such as @code{SIGSEGV}, indicate errors; these signals are @dfn{fatal} (they kill your program immediately) if the program has not specified in advance some other way to handle the signal. @code{SIGINT} does not indicate an error in your program, but it is normally fatal so it can carry out the purpose of the interrupt: to kill the program. @value{GDBN} has the ability to detect any occurrence of a signal in your program. You can tell @value{GDBN} in advance what to do for each kind of signal. @cindex handling signals Normally, @value{GDBN} is set up to let the non-erroneous signals like @code{SIGALRM} be silently passed to your program (so as not to interfere with their role in the program's functioning) but to stop your program immediately whenever an error signal happens. You can change these settings with the @code{handle} command. @table @code @kindex info signals @kindex info handle @item info signals @itemx info handle Print a table of all the kinds of signals and how @value{GDBN} has been told to handle each one. You can use this to see the signal numbers of all the defined types of signals. @item info signals @var{sig} Similar, but print information only about the specified signal number. @code{info handle} is an alias for @code{info signals}. @kindex handle @item handle @var{signal} @r{[}@var{keywords}@dots{}@r{]} Change the way @value{GDBN} handles signal @var{signal}. @var{signal} can be the number of a signal or its name (with or without the @samp{SIG} at the beginning); a list of signal numbers of the form @samp{@var{low}-@var{high}}; or the word @samp{all}, meaning all the known signals. Optional arguments @var{keywords}, described below, say what change to make. @end table @c @group The keywords allowed by the @code{handle} command can be abbreviated. Their full names are: @table @code @item nostop @value{GDBN} should not stop your program when this signal happens. It may still print a message telling you that the signal has come in. @item stop @value{GDBN} should stop your program when this signal happens. This implies the @code{print} keyword as well. @item print @value{GDBN} should print a message when this signal happens. @item noprint @value{GDBN} should not mention the occurrence of the signal at all. This implies the @code{nostop} keyword as well. @item pass @itemx noignore @value{GDBN} should allow your program to see this signal; your program can handle the signal, or else it may terminate if the signal is fatal and not handled. @code{pass} and @code{noignore} are synonyms. @item nopass @itemx ignore @value{GDBN} should not allow your program to see this signal. @code{nopass} and @code{ignore} are synonyms. @end table @c @end group When a signal stops your program, the signal is not visible to the program until you continue. Your program sees the signal then, if @code{pass} is in effect for the signal in question @emph{at that time}. In other words, after @value{GDBN} reports a signal, you can use the @code{handle} command with @code{pass} or @code{nopass} to control whether your program sees that signal when you continue. The default is set to @code{nostop}, @code{noprint}, @code{pass} for non-erroneous signals such as @code{SIGALRM}, @code{SIGWINCH} and @code{SIGCHLD}, and to @code{stop}, @code{print}, @code{pass} for the erroneous signals. You can also use the @code{signal} command to prevent your program from seeing a signal, or cause it to see a signal it normally would not see, or to give it any signal at any time. For example, if your program stopped due to some sort of memory reference error, you might store correct values into the erroneous variables and continue, hoping to see more execution; but your program would probably terminate immediately as a result of the fatal signal once it saw the signal. To prevent this, you can continue with @samp{signal 0}. @xref{Signaling, ,Giving your Program a Signal}. @node Thread Stops @section Stopping and Starting Multi-thread Programs When your program has multiple threads (@pxref{Threads,, Debugging Programs with Multiple Threads}), you can choose whether to set breakpoints on all threads, or on a particular thread. @table @code @cindex breakpoints and threads @cindex thread breakpoints @kindex break @dots{} thread @var{threadno} @item break @var{linespec} thread @var{threadno} @itemx break @var{linespec} thread @var{threadno} if @dots{} @var{linespec} specifies source lines; there are several ways of writing them (@pxref{Specify Location}), but the effect is always to specify some source line. Use the qualifier @samp{thread @var{threadno}} with a breakpoint command to specify that you only want @value{GDBN} to stop the program when a particular thread reaches this breakpoint. @var{threadno} is one of the numeric thread identifiers assigned by @value{GDBN}, shown in the first column of the @samp{info threads} display. If you do not specify @samp{thread @var{threadno}} when you set a breakpoint, the breakpoint applies to @emph{all} threads of your program. You can use the @code{thread} qualifier on conditional breakpoints as well; in this case, place @samp{thread @var{threadno}} before the breakpoint condition, like this: @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) break frik.c:13 thread 28 if bartab > lim @end smallexample @end table @cindex stopped threads @cindex threads, stopped Whenever your program stops under @value{GDBN} for any reason, @emph{all} threads of execution stop, not just the current thread. This allows you to examine the overall state of the program, including switching between threads, without worrying that things may change underfoot. @cindex thread breakpoints and system calls @cindex system calls and thread breakpoints @cindex premature return from system calls There is an unfortunate side effect. If one thread stops for a breakpoint, or for some other reason, and another thread is blocked in a system call, then the system call may return prematurely. This is a consequence of the interaction between multiple threads and the signals that @value{GDBN} uses to implement breakpoints and other events that stop execution. To handle this problem, your program should check the return value of each system call and react appropriately. This is good programming style anyways. For example, do not write code like this: @smallexample sleep (10); @end smallexample The call to @code{sleep} will return early if a different thread stops at a breakpoint or for some other reason. Instead, write this: @smallexample int unslept = 10; while (unslept > 0) unslept = sleep (unslept); @end smallexample A system call is allowed to return early, so the system is still conforming to its specification. But @value{GDBN} does cause your multi-threaded program to behave differently than it would without @value{GDBN}. Also, @value{GDBN} uses internal breakpoints in the thread library to monitor certain events such as thread creation and thread destruction. When such an event happens, a system call in another thread may return prematurely, even though your program does not appear to stop. @cindex continuing threads @cindex threads, continuing Conversely, whenever you restart the program, @emph{all} threads start executing. @emph{This is true even when single-stepping} with commands like @code{step} or @code{next}. In particular, @value{GDBN} cannot single-step all threads in lockstep. Since thread scheduling is up to your debugging target's operating system (not controlled by @value{GDBN}), other threads may execute more than one statement while the current thread completes a single step. Moreover, in general other threads stop in the middle of a statement, rather than at a clean statement boundary, when the program stops. You might even find your program stopped in another thread after continuing or even single-stepping. This happens whenever some other thread runs into a breakpoint, a signal, or an exception before the first thread completes whatever you requested. On some OSes, you can lock the OS scheduler and thus allow only a single thread to run. @table @code @item set scheduler-locking @var{mode} @cindex scheduler locking mode @cindex lock scheduler Set the scheduler locking mode. If it is @code{off}, then there is no locking and any thread may run at any time. If @code{on}, then only the current thread may run when the inferior is resumed. The @code{step} mode optimizes for single-stepping. It stops other threads from ``seizing the prompt'' by preempting the current thread while you are stepping. Other threads will only rarely (or never) get a chance to run when you step. They are more likely to run when you @samp{next} over a function call, and they are completely free to run when you use commands like @samp{continue}, @samp{until}, or @samp{finish}. However, unless another thread hits a breakpoint during its timeslice, they will never steal the @value{GDBN} prompt away from the thread that you are debugging. @item show scheduler-locking Display the current scheduler locking mode. @end table @node Stack @chapter Examining the Stack When your program has stopped, the first thing you need to know is where it stopped and how it got there. @cindex call stack Each time your program performs a function call, information about the call is generated. That information includes the location of the call in your program, the arguments of the call, and the local variables of the function being called. The information is saved in a block of data called a @dfn{stack frame}. The stack frames are allocated in a region of memory called the @dfn{call stack}. When your program stops, the @value{GDBN} commands for examining the stack allow you to see all of this information. @cindex selected frame One of the stack frames is @dfn{selected} by @value{GDBN} and many @value{GDBN} commands refer implicitly to the selected frame. In particular, whenever you ask @value{GDBN} for the value of a variable in your program, the value is found in the selected frame. There are special @value{GDBN} commands to select whichever frame you are interested in. @xref{Selection, ,Selecting a Frame}. When your program stops, @value{GDBN} automatically selects the currently executing frame and describes it briefly, similar to the @code{frame} command (@pxref{Frame Info, ,Information about a Frame}). @menu * Frames:: Stack frames * Backtrace:: Backtraces * Selection:: Selecting a frame * Frame Info:: Information on a frame @end menu @node Frames @section Stack Frames @cindex frame, definition @cindex stack frame The call stack is divided up into contiguous pieces called @dfn{stack frames}, or @dfn{frames} for short; each frame is the data associated with one call to one function. The frame contains the arguments given to the function, the function's local variables, and the address at which the function is executing. @cindex initial frame @cindex outermost frame @cindex innermost frame When your program is started, the stack has only one frame, that of the function @code{main}. This is called the @dfn{initial} frame or the @dfn{outermost} frame. Each time a function is called, a new frame is made. Each time a function returns, the frame for that function invocation is eliminated. If a function is recursive, there can be many frames for the same function. The frame for the function in which execution is actually occurring is called the @dfn{innermost} frame. This is the most recently created of all the stack frames that still exist. @cindex frame pointer Inside your program, stack frames are identified by their addresses. A stack frame consists of many bytes, each of which has its own address; each kind of computer has a convention for choosing one byte whose address serves as the address of the frame. Usually this address is kept in a register called the @dfn{frame pointer register} (@pxref{Registers, $fp}) while execution is going on in that frame. @cindex frame number @value{GDBN} assigns numbers to all existing stack frames, starting with zero for the innermost frame, one for the frame that called it, and so on upward. These numbers do not really exist in your program; they are assigned by @value{GDBN} to give you a way of designating stack frames in @value{GDBN} commands. @c The -fomit-frame-pointer below perennially causes hbox overflow @c underflow problems. @cindex frameless execution Some compilers provide a way to compile functions so that they operate without stack frames. (For example, the @value{NGCC} option @smallexample @samp{-fomit-frame-pointer} @end smallexample generates functions without a frame.) This is occasionally done with heavily used library functions to save the frame setup time. @value{GDBN} has limited facilities for dealing with these function invocations. If the innermost function invocation has no stack frame, @value{GDBN} nevertheless regards it as though it had a separate frame, which is numbered zero as usual, allowing correct tracing of the function call chain. However, @value{GDBN} has no provision for frameless functions elsewhere in the stack. @table @code @kindex frame@r{, command} @cindex current stack frame @item frame @var{args} The @code{frame} command allows you to move from one stack frame to another, and to print the stack frame you select. @var{args} may be either the address of the frame or the stack frame number. Without an argument, @code{frame} prints the current stack frame. @kindex select-frame @cindex selecting frame silently @item select-frame The @code{select-frame} command allows you to move from one stack frame to another without printing the frame. This is the silent version of @code{frame}. @end table @node Backtrace @section Backtraces @cindex traceback @cindex call stack traces A backtrace is a summary of how your program got where it is. It shows one line per frame, for many frames, starting with the currently executing frame (frame zero), followed by its caller (frame one), and on up the stack. @table @code @kindex backtrace @kindex bt @r{(@code{backtrace})} @item backtrace @itemx bt Print a backtrace of the entire stack: one line per frame for all frames in the stack. You can stop the backtrace at any time by typing the system interrupt character, normally @kbd{Ctrl-c}. @item backtrace @var{n} @itemx bt @var{n} Similar, but print only the innermost @var{n} frames. @item backtrace -@var{n} @itemx bt -@var{n} Similar, but print only the outermost @var{n} frames. @item backtrace full @itemx bt full @itemx bt full @var{n} @itemx bt full -@var{n} Print the values of the local variables also. @var{n} specifies the number of frames to print, as described above. @end table @kindex where @kindex info stack The names @code{where} and @code{info stack} (abbreviated @code{info s}) are additional aliases for @code{backtrace}. @cindex multiple threads, backtrace In a multi-threaded program, @value{GDBN} by default shows the backtrace only for the current thread. To display the backtrace for several or all of the threads, use the command @code{thread apply} (@pxref{Threads, thread apply}). For example, if you type @kbd{thread apply all backtrace}, @value{GDBN} will display the backtrace for all the threads; this is handy when you debug a core dump of a multi-threaded program. Each line in the backtrace shows the frame number and the function name. The program counter value is also shown---unless you use @code{set print address off}. The backtrace also shows the source file name and line number, as well as the arguments to the function. The program counter value is omitted if it is at the beginning of the code for that line number. Here is an example of a backtrace. It was made with the command @samp{bt 3}, so it shows the innermost three frames. @smallexample @group #0 m4_traceon (obs=0x24eb0, argc=1, argv=0x2b8c8) at builtin.c:993 #1 0x6e38 in expand_macro (sym=0x2b600) at macro.c:242 #2 0x6840 in expand_token (obs=0x0, t=177664, td=0xf7fffb08) at macro.c:71 (More stack frames follow...) @end group @end smallexample @noindent The display for frame zero does not begin with a program counter value, indicating that your program has stopped at the beginning of the code for line @code{993} of @code{builtin.c}. @cindex value optimized out, in backtrace @cindex function call arguments, optimized out If your program was compiled with optimizations, some compilers will optimize away arguments passed to functions if those arguments are never used after the call. Such optimizations generate code that passes arguments through registers, but doesn't store those arguments in the stack frame. @value{GDBN} has no way of displaying such arguments in stack frames other than the innermost one. Here's what such a backtrace might look like: @smallexample @group #0 m4_traceon (obs=0x24eb0, argc=1, argv=0x2b8c8) at builtin.c:993 #1 0x6e38 in expand_macro (sym=) at macro.c:242 #2 0x6840 in expand_token (obs=0x0, t=, td=0xf7fffb08) at macro.c:71 (More stack frames follow...) @end group @end smallexample @noindent The values of arguments that were not saved in their stack frames are shown as @samp{}. If you need to display the values of such optimized-out arguments, either deduce that from other variables whose values depend on the one you are interested in, or recompile without optimizations. @cindex backtrace beyond @code{main} function @cindex program entry point @cindex startup code, and backtrace Most programs have a standard user entry point---a place where system libraries and startup code transition into user code. For C this is @code{main}@footnote{ Note that embedded programs (the so-called ``free-standing'' environment) are not required to have a @code{main} function as the entry point. They could even have multiple entry points.}. When @value{GDBN} finds the entry function in a backtrace it will terminate the backtrace, to avoid tracing into highly system-specific (and generally uninteresting) code. If you need to examine the startup code, or limit the number of levels in a backtrace, you can change this behavior: @table @code @item set backtrace past-main @itemx set backtrace past-main on @kindex set backtrace Backtraces will continue past the user entry point. @item set backtrace past-main off Backtraces will stop when they encounter the user entry point. This is the default. @item show backtrace past-main @kindex show backtrace Display the current user entry point backtrace policy. @item set backtrace past-entry @itemx set backtrace past-entry on Backtraces will continue past the internal entry point of an application. This entry point is encoded by the linker when the application is built, and is likely before the user entry point @code{main} (or equivalent) is called. @item set backtrace past-entry off Backtraces will stop when they encounter the internal entry point of an application. This is the default. @item show backtrace past-entry Display the current internal entry point backtrace policy. @item set backtrace limit @var{n} @itemx set backtrace limit 0 @cindex backtrace limit Limit the backtrace to @var{n} levels. A value of zero means unlimited. @item show backtrace limit Display the current limit on backtrace levels. @end table @node Selection @section Selecting a Frame Most commands for examining the stack and other data in your program work on whichever stack frame is selected at the moment. Here are the commands for selecting a stack frame; all of them finish by printing a brief description of the stack frame just selected. @table @code @kindex frame@r{, selecting} @kindex f @r{(@code{frame})} @item frame @var{n} @itemx f @var{n} Select frame number @var{n}. Recall that frame zero is the innermost (currently executing) frame, frame one is the frame that called the innermost one, and so on. The highest-numbered frame is the one for @code{main}. @item frame @var{addr} @itemx f @var{addr} Select the frame at address @var{addr}. This is useful mainly if the chaining of stack frames has been damaged by a bug, making it impossible for @value{GDBN} to assign numbers properly to all frames. In addition, this can be useful when your program has multiple stacks and switches between them. On the SPARC architecture, @code{frame} needs two addresses to select an arbitrary frame: a frame pointer and a stack pointer. On the MIPS and Alpha architecture, it needs two addresses: a stack pointer and a program counter. On the 29k architecture, it needs three addresses: a register stack pointer, a program counter, and a memory stack pointer. @kindex up @item up @var{n} Move @var{n} frames up the stack. For positive numbers @var{n}, this advances toward the outermost frame, to higher frame numbers, to frames that have existed longer. @var{n} defaults to one. @kindex down @kindex do @r{(@code{down})} @item down @var{n} Move @var{n} frames down the stack. For positive numbers @var{n}, this advances toward the innermost frame, to lower frame numbers, to frames that were created more recently. @var{n} defaults to one. You may abbreviate @code{down} as @code{do}. @end table All of these commands end by printing two lines of output describing the frame. The first line shows the frame number, the function name, the arguments, and the source file and line number of execution in that frame. The second line shows the text of that source line. @need 1000 For example: @smallexample @group (@value{GDBP}) up #1 0x22f0 in main (argc=1, argv=0xf7fffbf4, env=0xf7fffbfc) at env.c:10 10 read_input_file (argv[i]); @end group @end smallexample After such a printout, the @code{list} command with no arguments prints ten lines centered on the point of execution in the frame. You can also edit the program at the point of execution with your favorite editing program by typing @code{edit}. @xref{List, ,Printing Source Lines}, for details. @table @code @kindex down-silently @kindex up-silently @item up-silently @var{n} @itemx down-silently @var{n} These two commands are variants of @code{up} and @code{down}, respectively; they differ in that they do their work silently, without causing display of the new frame. They are intended primarily for use in @value{GDBN} command scripts, where the output might be unnecessary and distracting. @end table @node Frame Info @section Information About a Frame There are several other commands to print information about the selected stack frame. @table @code @item frame @itemx f When used without any argument, this command does not change which frame is selected, but prints a brief description of the currently selected stack frame. It can be abbreviated @code{f}. With an argument, this command is used to select a stack frame. @xref{Selection, ,Selecting a Frame}. @kindex info frame @kindex info f @r{(@code{info frame})} @item info frame @itemx info f This command prints a verbose description of the selected stack frame, including: @itemize @bullet @item the address of the frame @item the address of the next frame down (called by this frame) @item the address of the next frame up (caller of this frame) @item the language in which the source code corresponding to this frame is written @item the address of the frame's arguments @item the address of the frame's local variables @item the program counter saved in it (the address of execution in the caller frame) @item which registers were saved in the frame @end itemize @noindent The verbose description is useful when something has gone wrong that has made the stack format fail to fit the usual conventions. @item info frame @var{addr} @itemx info f @var{addr} Print a verbose description of the frame at address @var{addr}, without selecting that frame. The selected frame remains unchanged by this command. This requires the same kind of address (more than one for some architectures) that you specify in the @code{frame} command. @xref{Selection, ,Selecting a Frame}. @kindex info args @item info args Print the arguments of the selected frame, each on a separate line. @item info locals @kindex info locals Print the local variables of the selected frame, each on a separate line. These are all variables (declared either static or automatic) accessible at the point of execution of the selected frame. @kindex info catch @cindex catch exceptions, list active handlers @cindex exception handlers, how to list @item info catch Print a list of all the exception handlers that are active in the current stack frame at the current point of execution. To see other exception handlers, visit the associated frame (using the @code{up}, @code{down}, or @code{frame} commands); then type @code{info catch}. @xref{Set Catchpoints, , Setting Catchpoints}. @end table @node Source @chapter Examining Source Files @value{GDBN} can print parts of your program's source, since the debugging information recorded in the program tells @value{GDBN} what source files were used to build it. When your program stops, @value{GDBN} spontaneously prints the line where it stopped. Likewise, when you select a stack frame (@pxref{Selection, ,Selecting a Frame}), @value{GDBN} prints the line where execution in that frame has stopped. You can print other portions of source files by explicit command. If you use @value{GDBN} through its @sc{gnu} Emacs interface, you may prefer to use Emacs facilities to view source; see @ref{Emacs, ,Using @value{GDBN} under @sc{gnu} Emacs}. @menu * List:: Printing source lines * Specify Location:: How to specify code locations * Edit:: Editing source files * Search:: Searching source files * Source Path:: Specifying source directories * Machine Code:: Source and machine code @end menu @node List @section Printing Source Lines @kindex list @kindex l @r{(@code{list})} To print lines from a source file, use the @code{list} command (abbreviated @code{l}). By default, ten lines are printed. There are several ways to specify what part of the file you want to print; see @ref{Specify Location}, for the full list. Here are the forms of the @code{list} command most commonly used: @table @code @item list @var{linenum} Print lines centered around line number @var{linenum} in the current source file. @item list @var{function} Print lines centered around the beginning of function @var{function}. @item list Print more lines. If the last lines printed were printed with a @code{list} command, this prints lines following the last lines printed; however, if the last line printed was a solitary line printed as part of displaying a stack frame (@pxref{Stack, ,Examining the Stack}), this prints lines centered around that line. @item list - Print lines just before the lines last printed. @end table @cindex @code{list}, how many lines to display By default, @value{GDBN} prints ten source lines with any of these forms of the @code{list} command. You can change this using @code{set listsize}: @table @code @kindex set listsize @item set listsize @var{count} Make the @code{list} command display @var{count} source lines (unless the @code{list} argument explicitly specifies some other number). @kindex show listsize @item show listsize Display the number of lines that @code{list} prints. @end table Repeating a @code{list} command with @key{RET} discards the argument, so it is equivalent to typing just @code{list}. This is more useful than listing the same lines again. An exception is made for an argument of @samp{-}; that argument is preserved in repetition so that each repetition moves up in the source file. In general, the @code{list} command expects you to supply zero, one or two @dfn{linespecs}. Linespecs specify source lines; there are several ways of writing them (@pxref{Specify Location}), but the effect is always to specify some source line. Here is a complete description of the possible arguments for @code{list}: @table @code @item list @var{linespec} Print lines centered around the line specified by @var{linespec}. @item list @var{first},@var{last} Print lines from @var{first} to @var{last}. Both arguments are linespecs. When a @code{list} command has two linespecs, and the source file of the second linespec is omitted, this refers to the same source file as the first linespec. @item list ,@var{last} Print lines ending with @var{last}. @item list @var{first}, Print lines starting with @var{first}. @item list + Print lines just after the lines last printed. @item list - Print lines just before the lines last printed. @item list As described in the preceding table. @end table @node Specify Location @section Specifying a Location @cindex specifying location @cindex linespec Several @value{GDBN} commands accept arguments that specify a location of your program's code. Since @value{GDBN} is a source-level debugger, a location usually specifies some line in the source code; for that reason, locations are also known as @dfn{linespecs}. Here are all the different ways of specifying a code location that @value{GDBN} understands: @table @code @item @var{linenum} Specifies the line number @var{linenum} of the current source file. @item -@var{offset} @itemx +@var{offset} Specifies the line @var{offset} lines before or after the @dfn{current line}. For the @code{list} command, the current line is the last one printed; for the breakpoint commands, this is the line at which execution stopped in the currently selected @dfn{stack frame} (@pxref{Frames, ,Frames}, for a description of stack frames.) When used as the second of the two linespecs in a @code{list} command, this specifies the line @var{offset} lines up or down from the first linespec. @item @var{filename}:@var{linenum} Specifies the line @var{linenum} in the source file @var{filename}. @item @var{function} Specifies the line that begins the body of the function @var{function}. For example, in C, this is the line with the open brace. @item @var{filename}:@var{function} Specifies the line that begins the body of the function @var{function} in the file @var{filename}. You only need the file name with a function name to avoid ambiguity when there are identically named functions in different source files. @item *@var{address} Specifies the program address @var{address}. For line-oriented commands, such as @code{list} and @code{edit}, this specifies a source line that contains @var{address}. For @code{break} and other breakpoint oriented commands, this can be used to set breakpoints in parts of your program which do not have debugging information or source files. Here @var{address} may be any expression valid in the current working language (@pxref{Languages, working language}) that specifies a code address. In addition, as a convenience, @value{GDBN} extends the semantics of expressions used in locations to cover the situations that frequently happen during debugging. Here are the various forms of @var{address}: @table @code @item @var{expression} Any expression valid in the current working language. @item @var{funcaddr} An address of a function or procedure derived from its name. In C, C@t{++}, Java, Objective-C, Fortran, minimal, and assembly, this is simply the function's name @var{function} (and actually a special case of a valid expression). In Pascal and Modula-2, this is @code{&@var{function}}. In Ada, this is @code{@var{function}'Address} (although the Pascal form also works). This form specifies the address of the function's first instruction, before the stack frame and arguments have been set up. @item '@var{filename}'::@var{funcaddr} Like @var{funcaddr} above, but also specifies the name of the source file explicitly. This is useful if the name of the function does not specify the function unambiguously, e.g., if there are several functions with identical names in different source files. @end table @end table @node Edit @section Editing Source Files @cindex editing source files @kindex edit @kindex e @r{(@code{edit})} To edit the lines in a source file, use the @code{edit} command. The editing program of your choice is invoked with the current line set to the active line in the program. Alternatively, there are several ways to specify what part of the file you want to print if you want to see other parts of the program: @table @code @item edit @var{location} Edit the source file specified by @code{location}. Editing starts at that @var{location}, e.g., at the specified source line of the specified file. @xref{Specify Location}, for all the possible forms of the @var{location} argument; here are the forms of the @code{edit} command most commonly used: @table @code @item edit @var{number} Edit the current source file with @var{number} as the active line number. @item edit @var{function} Edit the file containing @var{function} at the beginning of its definition. @end table @end table @subsection Choosing your Editor You can customize @value{GDBN} to use any editor you want @footnote{ The only restriction is that your editor (say @code{ex}), recognizes the following command-line syntax: @smallexample ex +@var{number} file @end smallexample The optional numeric value +@var{number} specifies the number of the line in the file where to start editing.}. By default, it is @file{@value{EDITOR}}, but you can change this by setting the environment variable @code{EDITOR} before using @value{GDBN}. For example, to configure @value{GDBN} to use the @code{vi} editor, you could use these commands with the @code{sh} shell: @smallexample EDITOR=/usr/bin/vi export EDITOR gdb @dots{} @end smallexample or in the @code{csh} shell, @smallexample setenv EDITOR /usr/bin/vi gdb @dots{} @end smallexample @node Search @section Searching Source Files @cindex searching source files There are two commands for searching through the current source file for a regular expression. @table @code @kindex search @kindex forward-search @item forward-search @var{regexp} @itemx search @var{regexp} The command @samp{forward-search @var{regexp}} checks each line, starting with the one following the last line listed, for a match for @var{regexp}. It lists the line that is found. You can use the synonym @samp{search @var{regexp}} or abbreviate the command name as @code{fo}. @kindex reverse-search @item reverse-search @var{regexp} The command @samp{reverse-search @var{regexp}} checks each line, starting with the one before the last line listed and going backward, for a match for @var{regexp}. It lists the line that is found. You can abbreviate this command as @code{rev}. @end table @node Source Path @section Specifying Source Directories @cindex source path @cindex directories for source files Executable programs sometimes do not record the directories of the source files from which they were compiled, just the names. Even when they do, the directories could be moved between the compilation and your debugging session. @value{GDBN} has a list of directories to search for source files; this is called the @dfn{source path}. Each time @value{GDBN} wants a source file, it tries all the directories in the list, in the order they are present in the list, until it finds a file with the desired name. For example, suppose an executable references the file @file{/usr/src/foo-1.0/lib/foo.c}, and our source path is @file{/mnt/cross}. The file is first looked up literally; if this fails, @file{/mnt/cross/usr/src/foo-1.0/lib/foo.c} is tried; if this fails, @file{/mnt/cross/foo.c} is opened; if this fails, an error message is printed. @value{GDBN} does not look up the parts of the source file name, such as @file{/mnt/cross/src/foo-1.0/lib/foo.c}. Likewise, the subdirectories of the source path are not searched: if the source path is @file{/mnt/cross}, and the binary refers to @file{foo.c}, @value{GDBN} would not find it under @file{/mnt/cross/usr/src/foo-1.0/lib}. Plain file names, relative file names with leading directories, file names containing dots, etc.@: are all treated as described above; for instance, if the source path is @file{/mnt/cross}, and the source file is recorded as @file{../lib/foo.c}, @value{GDBN} would first try @file{../lib/foo.c}, then @file{/mnt/cross/../lib/foo.c}, and after that---@file{/mnt/cross/foo.c}. Note that the executable search path is @emph{not} used to locate the source files. Whenever you reset or rearrange the source path, @value{GDBN} clears out any information it has cached about where source files are found and where each line is in the file. @kindex directory @kindex dir When you start @value{GDBN}, its source path includes only @samp{cdir} and @samp{cwd}, in that order. To add other directories, use the @code{directory} command. The search path is used to find both program source files and @value{GDBN} script files (read using the @samp{-command} option and @samp{source} command). In addition to the source path, @value{GDBN} provides a set of commands that manage a list of source path substitution rules. A @dfn{substitution rule} specifies how to rewrite source directories stored in the program's debug information in case the sources were moved to a different directory between compilation and debugging. A rule is made of two strings, the first specifying what needs to be rewritten in the path, and the second specifying how it should be rewritten. In @ref{set substitute-path}, we name these two parts @var{from} and @var{to} respectively. @value{GDBN} does a simple string replacement of @var{from} with @var{to} at the start of the directory part of the source file name, and uses that result instead of the original file name to look up the sources. Using the previous example, suppose the @file{foo-1.0} tree has been moved from @file{/usr/src} to @file{/mnt/cross}, then you can tell @value{GDBN} to replace @file{/usr/src} in all source path names with @file{/mnt/cross}. The first lookup will then be @file{/mnt/cross/foo-1.0/lib/foo.c} in place of the original location of @file{/usr/src/foo-1.0/lib/foo.c}. To define a source path substitution rule, use the @code{set substitute-path} command (@pxref{set substitute-path}). To avoid unexpected substitution results, a rule is applied only if the @var{from} part of the directory name ends at a directory separator. For instance, a rule substituting @file{/usr/source} into @file{/mnt/cross} will be applied to @file{/usr/source/foo-1.0} but not to @file{/usr/sourceware/foo-2.0}. And because the substitution is applied only at the beginning of the directory name, this rule will not be applied to @file{/root/usr/source/baz.c} either. In many cases, you can achieve the same result using the @code{directory} command. However, @code{set substitute-path} can be more efficient in the case where the sources are organized in a complex tree with multiple subdirectories. With the @code{directory} command, you need to add each subdirectory of your project. If you moved the entire tree while preserving its internal organization, then @code{set substitute-path} allows you to direct the debugger to all the sources with one single command. @code{set substitute-path} is also more than just a shortcut command. The source path is only used if the file at the original location no longer exists. On the other hand, @code{set substitute-path} modifies the debugger behavior to look at the rewritten location instead. So, if for any reason a source file that is not relevant to your executable is located at the original location, a substitution rule is the only method available to point @value{GDBN} at the new location. @table @code @item directory @var{dirname} @dots{} @item dir @var{dirname} @dots{} Add directory @var{dirname} to the front of the source path. Several directory names may be given to this command, separated by @samp{:} (@samp{;} on MS-DOS and MS-Windows, where @samp{:} usually appears as part of absolute file names) or whitespace. You may specify a directory that is already in the source path; this moves it forward, so @value{GDBN} searches it sooner. @kindex cdir @kindex cwd @vindex $cdir@r{, convenience variable} @vindex $cwd@r{, convenience variable} @cindex compilation directory @cindex current directory @cindex working directory @cindex directory, current @cindex directory, compilation You can use the string @samp{$cdir} to refer to the compilation directory (if one is recorded), and @samp{$cwd} to refer to the current working directory. @samp{$cwd} is not the same as @samp{.}---the former tracks the current working directory as it changes during your @value{GDBN} session, while the latter is immediately expanded to the current directory at the time you add an entry to the source path. @item directory Reset the source path to its default value (@samp{$cdir:$cwd} on Unix systems). This requires confirmation. @c RET-repeat for @code{directory} is explicitly disabled, but since @c repeating it would be a no-op we do not say that. (thanks to RMS) @item show directories @kindex show directories Print the source path: show which directories it contains. @anchor{set substitute-path} @item set substitute-path @var{from} @var{to} @kindex set substitute-path Define a source path substitution rule, and add it at the end of the current list of existing substitution rules. If a rule with the same @var{from} was already defined, then the old rule is also deleted. For example, if the file @file{/foo/bar/baz.c} was moved to @file{/mnt/cross/baz.c}, then the command @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) set substitute-path /usr/src /mnt/cross @end smallexample @noindent will tell @value{GDBN} to replace @samp{/usr/src} with @samp{/mnt/cross}, which will allow @value{GDBN} to find the file @file{baz.c} even though it was moved. In the case when more than one substitution rule have been defined, the rules are evaluated one by one in the order where they have been defined. The first one matching, if any, is selected to perform the substitution. For instance, if we had entered the following commands: @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) set substitute-path /usr/src/include /mnt/include (@value{GDBP}) set substitute-path /usr/src /mnt/src @end smallexample @noindent @value{GDBN} would then rewrite @file{/usr/src/include/defs.h} into @file{/mnt/include/defs.h} by using the first rule. However, it would use the second rule to rewrite @file{/usr/src/lib/foo.c} into @file{/mnt/src/lib/foo.c}. @item unset substitute-path [path] @kindex unset substitute-path If a path is specified, search the current list of substitution rules for a rule that would rewrite that path. Delete that rule if found. A warning is emitted by the debugger if no rule could be found. If no path is specified, then all substitution rules are deleted. @item show substitute-path [path] @kindex show substitute-path If a path is specified, then print the source path substitution rule which would rewrite that path, if any. If no path is specified, then print all existing source path substitution rules. @end table If your source path is cluttered with directories that are no longer of interest, @value{GDBN} may sometimes cause confusion by finding the wrong versions of source. You can correct the situation as follows: @enumerate @item Use @code{directory} with no argument to reset the source path to its default value. @item Use @code{directory} with suitable arguments to reinstall the directories you want in the source path. You can add all the directories in one command. @end enumerate @node Machine Code @section Source and Machine Code @cindex source line and its code address You can use the command @code{info line} to map source lines to program addresses (and vice versa), and the command @code{disassemble} to display a range of addresses as machine instructions. When run under @sc{gnu} Emacs mode, the @code{info line} command causes the arrow to point to the line specified. Also, @code{info line} prints addresses in symbolic form as well as hex. @table @code @kindex info line @item info line @var{linespec} Print the starting and ending addresses of the compiled code for source line @var{linespec}. You can specify source lines in any of the ways documented in @ref{Specify Location}. @end table For example, we can use @code{info line} to discover the location of the object code for the first line of function @code{m4_changequote}: @c FIXME: I think this example should also show the addresses in @c symbolic form, as they usually would be displayed. @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) info line m4_changequote Line 895 of "builtin.c" starts at pc 0x634c and ends at 0x6350. @end smallexample @noindent @cindex code address and its source line We can also inquire (using @code{*@var{addr}} as the form for @var{linespec}) what source line covers a particular address: @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) info line *0x63ff Line 926 of "builtin.c" starts at pc 0x63e4 and ends at 0x6404. @end smallexample @cindex @code{$_} and @code{info line} @cindex @code{x} command, default address @kindex x@r{(examine), and} info line After @code{info line}, the default address for the @code{x} command is changed to the starting address of the line, so that @samp{x/i} is sufficient to begin examining the machine code (@pxref{Memory, ,Examining Memory}). Also, this address is saved as the value of the convenience variable @code{$_} (@pxref{Convenience Vars, ,Convenience Variables}). @table @code @kindex disassemble @cindex assembly instructions @cindex instructions, assembly @cindex machine instructions @cindex listing machine instructions @item disassemble This specialized command dumps a range of memory as machine instructions. The default memory range is the function surrounding the program counter of the selected frame. A single argument to this command is a program counter value; @value{GDBN} dumps the function surrounding this value. Two arguments specify a range of addresses (first inclusive, second exclusive) to dump. @end table The following example shows the disassembly of a range of addresses of HP PA-RISC 2.0 code: @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) disas 0x32c4 0x32e4 Dump of assembler code from 0x32c4 to 0x32e4: 0x32c4 : addil 0,dp 0x32c8 : ldw 0x22c(sr0,r1),r26 0x32cc : ldil 0x3000,r31 0x32d0 : ble 0x3f8(sr4,r31) 0x32d4 : ldo 0(r31),rp 0x32d8 : addil -0x800,dp 0x32dc : ldo 0x588(r1),r26 0x32e0 : ldil 0x3000,r31 End of assembler dump. @end smallexample Some architectures have more than one commonly-used set of instruction mnemonics or other syntax. For programs that were dynamically linked and use shared libraries, instructions that call functions or branch to locations in the shared libraries might show a seemingly bogus location---it's actually a location of the relocation table. On some architectures, @value{GDBN} might be able to resolve these to actual function names. @table @code @kindex set disassembly-flavor @cindex Intel disassembly flavor @cindex AT&T disassembly flavor @item set disassembly-flavor @var{instruction-set} Select the instruction set to use when disassembling the program via the @code{disassemble} or @code{x/i} commands. Currently this command is only defined for the Intel x86 family. You can set @var{instruction-set} to either @code{intel} or @code{att}. The default is @code{att}, the AT&T flavor used by default by Unix assemblers for x86-based targets. @kindex show disassembly-flavor @item show disassembly-flavor Show the current setting of the disassembly flavor. @end table @node Data @chapter Examining Data @cindex printing data @cindex examining data @kindex print @kindex inspect @c "inspect" is not quite a synonym if you are using Epoch, which we do not @c document because it is nonstandard... Under Epoch it displays in a @c different window or something like that. The usual way to examine data in your program is with the @code{print} command (abbreviated @code{p}), or its synonym @code{inspect}. It evaluates and prints the value of an expression of the language your program is written in (@pxref{Languages, ,Using @value{GDBN} with Different Languages}). @table @code @item print @var{expr} @itemx print /@var{f} @var{expr} @var{expr} is an expression (in the source language). By default the value of @var{expr} is printed in a format appropriate to its data type; you can choose a different format by specifying @samp{/@var{f}}, where @var{f} is a letter specifying the format; see @ref{Output Formats,,Output Formats}. @item print @itemx print /@var{f} @cindex reprint the last value If you omit @var{expr}, @value{GDBN} displays the last value again (from the @dfn{value history}; @pxref{Value History, ,Value History}). This allows you to conveniently inspect the same value in an alternative format. @end table A more low-level way of examining data is with the @code{x} command. It examines data in memory at a specified address and prints it in a specified format. @xref{Memory, ,Examining Memory}. If you are interested in information about types, or about how the fields of a struct or a class are declared, use the @code{ptype @var{exp}} command rather than @code{print}. @xref{Symbols, ,Examining the Symbol Table}. @menu * Expressions:: Expressions * Variables:: Program variables * Arrays:: Artificial arrays * Output Formats:: Output formats * Memory:: Examining memory * Auto Display:: Automatic display * Print Settings:: Print settings * Value History:: Value history * Convenience Vars:: Convenience variables * Registers:: Registers * Floating Point Hardware:: Floating point hardware * Vector Unit:: Vector Unit * OS Information:: Auxiliary data provided by operating system * Memory Region Attributes:: Memory region attributes * Dump/Restore Files:: Copy between memory and a file * Core File Generation:: Cause a program dump its core * Character Sets:: Debugging programs that use a different character set than GDB does * Caching Remote Data:: Data caching for remote targets @end menu @node Expressions @section Expressions @cindex expressions @code{print} and many other @value{GDBN} commands accept an expression and compute its value. Any kind of constant, variable or operator defined by the programming language you are using is valid in an expression in @value{GDBN}. This includes conditional expressions, function calls, casts, and string constants. It also includes preprocessor macros, if you compiled your program to include this information; see @ref{Compilation}. @cindex arrays in expressions @value{GDBN} supports array constants in expressions input by the user. The syntax is @{@var{element}, @var{element}@dots{}@}. For example, you can use the command @code{print @{1, 2, 3@}} to build up an array in memory that is @code{malloc}ed in the target program. Because C is so widespread, most of the expressions shown in examples in this manual are in C. @xref{Languages, , Using @value{GDBN} with Different Languages}, for information on how to use expressions in other languages. In this section, we discuss operators that you can use in @value{GDBN} expressions regardless of your programming language. @cindex casts, in expressions Casts are supported in all languages, not just in C, because it is so useful to cast a number into a pointer in order to examine a structure at that address in memory. @c FIXME: casts supported---Mod2 true? @value{GDBN} supports these operators, in addition to those common to programming languages: @table @code @item @@ @samp{@@} is a binary operator for treating parts of memory as arrays. @xref{Arrays, ,Artificial Arrays}, for more information. @item :: @samp{::} allows you to specify a variable in terms of the file or function where it is defined. @xref{Variables, ,Program Variables}. @cindex @{@var{type}@} @cindex type casting memory @cindex memory, viewing as typed object @cindex casts, to view memory @item @{@var{type}@} @var{addr} Refers to an object of type @var{type} stored at address @var{addr} in memory. @var{addr} may be any expression whose value is an integer or pointer (but parentheses are required around binary operators, just as in a cast). This construct is allowed regardless of what kind of data is normally supposed to reside at @var{addr}. @end table @node Variables @section Program Variables The most common kind of expression to use is the name of a variable in your program. Variables in expressions are understood in the selected stack frame (@pxref{Selection, ,Selecting a Frame}); they must be either: @itemize @bullet @item global (or file-static) @end itemize @noindent or @itemize @bullet @item visible according to the scope rules of the programming language from the point of execution in that frame @end itemize @noindent This means that in the function @smallexample foo (a) int a; @{ bar (a); @{ int b = test (); bar (b); @} @} @end smallexample @noindent you can examine and use the variable @code{a} whenever your program is executing within the function @code{foo}, but you can only use or examine the variable @code{b} while your program is executing inside the block where @code{b} is declared. @cindex variable name conflict There is an exception: you can refer to a variable or function whose scope is a single source file even if the current execution point is not in this file. But it is possible to have more than one such variable or function with the same name (in different source files). If that happens, referring to that name has unpredictable effects. If you wish, you can specify a static variable in a particular function or file, using the colon-colon (@code{::}) notation: @cindex colon-colon, context for variables/functions @ifnotinfo @c info cannot cope with a :: index entry, but why deprive hard copy readers? @cindex @code{::}, context for variables/functions @end ifnotinfo @smallexample @var{file}::@var{variable} @var{function}::@var{variable} @end smallexample @noindent Here @var{file} or @var{function} is the name of the context for the static @var{variable}. In the case of file names, you can use quotes to make sure @value{GDBN} parses the file name as a single word---for example, to print a global value of @code{x} defined in @file{f2.c}: @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) p 'f2.c'::x @end smallexample @cindex C@t{++} scope resolution This use of @samp{::} is very rarely in conflict with the very similar use of the same notation in C@t{++}. @value{GDBN} also supports use of the C@t{++} scope resolution operator in @value{GDBN} expressions. @c FIXME: Um, so what happens in one of those rare cases where it's in @c conflict?? --mew @cindex wrong values @cindex variable values, wrong @cindex function entry/exit, wrong values of variables @cindex optimized code, wrong values of variables @quotation @emph{Warning:} Occasionally, a local variable may appear to have the wrong value at certain points in a function---just after entry to a new scope, and just before exit. @end quotation You may see this problem when you are stepping by machine instructions. This is because, on most machines, it takes more than one instruction to set up a stack frame (including local variable definitions); if you are stepping by machine instructions, variables may appear to have the wrong values until the stack frame is completely built. On exit, it usually also takes more than one machine instruction to destroy a stack frame; after you begin stepping through that group of instructions, local variable definitions may be gone. This may also happen when the compiler does significant optimizations. To be sure of always seeing accurate values, turn off all optimization when compiling. @cindex ``No symbol "foo" in current context'' Another possible effect of compiler optimizations is to optimize unused variables out of existence, or assign variables to registers (as opposed to memory addresses). Depending on the support for such cases offered by the debug info format used by the compiler, @value{GDBN} might not be able to display values for such local variables. If that happens, @value{GDBN} will print a message like this: @smallexample No symbol "foo" in current context. @end smallexample To solve such problems, either recompile without optimizations, or use a different debug info format, if the compiler supports several such formats. For example, @value{NGCC}, the @sc{gnu} C/C@t{++} compiler, usually supports the @option{-gstabs+} option. @option{-gstabs+} produces debug info in a format that is superior to formats such as COFF. You may be able to use DWARF 2 (@option{-gdwarf-2}), which is also an effective form for debug info. @xref{Debugging Options,,Options for Debugging Your Program or GCC, gcc.info, Using the @sc{gnu} Compiler Collection (GCC)}. @xref{C, ,C and C@t{++}}, for more information about debug info formats that are best suited to C@t{++} programs. If you ask to print an object whose contents are unknown to @value{GDBN}, e.g., because its data type is not completely specified by the debug information, @value{GDBN} will say @samp{}. @xref{Symbols, incomplete type}, for more about this. Strings are identified as arrays of @code{char} values without specified signedness. Arrays of either @code{signed char} or @code{unsigned char} get printed as arrays of 1 byte sized integers. @code{-fsigned-char} or @code{-funsigned-char} @value{NGCC} options have no effect as @value{GDBN} defines literal string type @code{"char"} as @code{char} without a sign. For program code @smallexample char var0[] = "A"; signed char var1[] = "A"; @end smallexample You get during debugging @smallexample (gdb) print var0 $1 = "A" (gdb) print var1 $2 = @{65 'A', 0 '\0'@} @end smallexample @node Arrays @section Artificial Arrays @cindex artificial array @cindex arrays @kindex @@@r{, referencing memory as an array} It is often useful to print out several successive objects of the same type in memory; a section of an array, or an array of dynamically determined size for which only a pointer exists in the program. You can do this by referring to a contiguous span of memory as an @dfn{artificial array}, using the binary operator @samp{@@}. The left operand of @samp{@@} should be the first element of the desired array and be an individual object. The right operand should be the desired length of the array. The result is an array value whose elements are all of the type of the left argument. The first element is actually the left argument; the second element comes from bytes of memory immediately following those that hold the first element, and so on. Here is an example. If a program says @smallexample int *array = (int *) malloc (len * sizeof (int)); @end smallexample @noindent you can print the contents of @code{array} with @smallexample p *array@@len @end smallexample The left operand of @samp{@@} must reside in memory. Array values made with @samp{@@} in this way behave just like other arrays in terms of subscripting, and are coerced to pointers when used in expressions. Artificial arrays most often appear in expressions via the value history (@pxref{Value History, ,Value History}), after printing one out. Another way to create an artificial array is to use a cast. This re-interprets a value as if it were an array. The value need not be in memory: @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) p/x (short[2])0x12345678 $1 = @{0x1234, 0x5678@} @end smallexample As a convenience, if you leave the array length out (as in @samp{(@var{type}[])@var{value}}) @value{GDBN} calculates the size to fill the value (as @samp{sizeof(@var{value})/sizeof(@var{type})}: @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) p/x (short[])0x12345678 $2 = @{0x1234, 0x5678@} @end smallexample Sometimes the artificial array mechanism is not quite enough; in moderately complex data structures, the elements of interest may not actually be adjacent---for example, if you are interested in the values of pointers in an array. One useful work-around in this situation is to use a convenience variable (@pxref{Convenience Vars, ,Convenience Variables}) as a counter in an expression that prints the first interesting value, and then repeat that expression via @key{RET}. For instance, suppose you have an array @code{dtab} of pointers to structures, and you are interested in the values of a field @code{fv} in each structure. Here is an example of what you might type: @smallexample set $i = 0 p dtab[$i++]->fv @key{RET} @key{RET} @dots{} @end smallexample @node Output Formats @section Output Formats @cindex formatted output @cindex output formats By default, @value{GDBN} prints a value according to its data type. Sometimes this is not what you want. For example, you might want to print a number in hex, or a pointer in decimal. Or you might want to view data in memory at a certain address as a character string or as an instruction. To do these things, specify an @dfn{output format} when you print a value. The simplest use of output formats is to say how to print a value already computed. This is done by starting the arguments of the @code{print} command with a slash and a format letter. The format letters supported are: @table @code @item x Regard the bits of the value as an integer, and print the integer in hexadecimal. @item d Print as integer in signed decimal. @item u Print as integer in unsigned decimal. @item o Print as integer in octal. @item t Print as integer in binary. The letter @samp{t} stands for ``two''. @footnote{@samp{b} cannot be used because these format letters are also used with the @code{x} command, where @samp{b} stands for ``byte''; see @ref{Memory,,Examining Memory}.} @item a @cindex unknown address, locating @cindex locate address Print as an address, both absolute in hexadecimal and as an offset from the nearest preceding symbol. You can use this format used to discover where (in what function) an unknown address is located: @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) p/a 0x54320 $3 = 0x54320 <_initialize_vx+396> @end smallexample @noindent The command @code{info symbol 0x54320} yields similar results. @xref{Symbols, info symbol}. @item c Regard as an integer and print it as a character constant. This prints both the numerical value and its character representation. The character representation is replaced with the octal escape @samp{\nnn} for characters outside the 7-bit @sc{ascii} range. Without this format, @value{GDBN} displays @code{char}, @w{@code{unsigned char}}, and @w{@code{signed char}} data as character constants. Single-byte members of vectors are displayed as integer data. @item f Regard the bits of the value as a floating point number and print using typical floating point syntax. @item s @cindex printing strings @cindex printing byte arrays Regard as a string, if possible. With this format, pointers to single-byte data are displayed as null-terminated strings and arrays of single-byte data are displayed as fixed-length strings. Other values are displayed in their natural types. Without this format, @value{GDBN} displays pointers to and arrays of @code{char}, @w{@code{unsigned char}}, and @w{@code{signed char}} as strings. Single-byte members of a vector are displayed as an integer array. @end table For example, to print the program counter in hex (@pxref{Registers}), type @smallexample p/x $pc @end smallexample @noindent Note that no space is required before the slash; this is because command names in @value{GDBN} cannot contain a slash. To reprint the last value in the value history with a different format, you can use the @code{print} command with just a format and no expression. For example, @samp{p/x} reprints the last value in hex. @node Memory @section Examining Memory You can use the command @code{x} (for ``examine'') to examine memory in any of several formats, independently of your program's data types. @cindex examining memory @table @code @kindex x @r{(examine memory)} @item x/@var{nfu} @var{addr} @itemx x @var{addr} @itemx x Use the @code{x} command to examine memory. @end table @var{n}, @var{f}, and @var{u} are all optional parameters that specify how much memory to display and how to format it; @var{addr} is an expression giving the address where you want to start displaying memory. If you use defaults for @var{nfu}, you need not type the slash @samp{/}. Several commands set convenient defaults for @var{addr}. @table @r @item @var{n}, the repeat count The repeat count is a decimal integer; the default is 1. It specifies how much memory (counting by units @var{u}) to display. @c This really is **decimal**; unaffected by 'set radix' as of GDB @c 4.1.2. @item @var{f}, the display format The display format is one of the formats used by @code{print} (@samp{x}, @samp{d}, @samp{u}, @samp{o}, @samp{t}, @samp{a}, @samp{c}, @samp{f}, @samp{s}), and in addition @samp{i} (for machine instructions). The default is @samp{x} (hexadecimal) initially. The default changes each time you use either @code{x} or @code{print}. @item @var{u}, the unit size The unit size is any of @table @code @item b Bytes. @item h Halfwords (two bytes). @item w Words (four bytes). This is the initial default. @item g Giant words (eight bytes). @end table Each time you specify a unit size with @code{x}, that size becomes the default unit the next time you use @code{x}. (For the @samp{s} and @samp{i} formats, the unit size is ignored and is normally not written.) @item @var{addr}, starting display address @var{addr} is the address where you want @value{GDBN} to begin displaying memory. The expression need not have a pointer value (though it may); it is always interpreted as an integer address of a byte of memory. @xref{Expressions, ,Expressions}, for more information on expressions. The default for @var{addr} is usually just after the last address examined---but several other commands also set the default address: @code{info breakpoints} (to the address of the last breakpoint listed), @code{info line} (to the starting address of a line), and @code{print} (if you use it to display a value from memory). @end table For example, @samp{x/3uh 0x54320} is a request to display three halfwords (@code{h}) of memory, formatted as unsigned decimal integers (@samp{u}), starting at address @code{0x54320}. @samp{x/4xw $sp} prints the four words (@samp{w}) of memory above the stack pointer (here, @samp{$sp}; @pxref{Registers, ,Registers}) in hexadecimal (@samp{x}). Since the letters indicating unit sizes are all distinct from the letters specifying output formats, you do not have to remember whether unit size or format comes first; either order works. The output specifications @samp{4xw} and @samp{4wx} mean exactly the same thing. (However, the count @var{n} must come first; @samp{wx4} does not work.) Even though the unit size @var{u} is ignored for the formats @samp{s} and @samp{i}, you might still want to use a count @var{n}; for example, @samp{3i} specifies that you want to see three machine instructions, including any operands. For convenience, especially when used with the @code{display} command, the @samp{i} format also prints branch delay slot instructions, if any, beyond the count specified, which immediately follow the last instruction that is within the count. The command @code{disassemble} gives an alternative way of inspecting machine instructions; see @ref{Machine Code,,Source and Machine Code}. All the defaults for the arguments to @code{x} are designed to make it easy to continue scanning memory with minimal specifications each time you use @code{x}. For example, after you have inspected three machine instructions with @samp{x/3i @var{addr}}, you can inspect the next seven with just @samp{x/7}. If you use @key{RET} to repeat the @code{x} command, the repeat count @var{n} is used again; the other arguments default as for successive uses of @code{x}. @cindex @code{$_}, @code{$__}, and value history The addresses and contents printed by the @code{x} command are not saved in the value history because there is often too much of them and they would get in the way. Instead, @value{GDBN} makes these values available for subsequent use in expressions as values of the convenience variables @code{$_} and @code{$__}. After an @code{x} command, the last address examined is available for use in expressions in the convenience variable @code{$_}. The contents of that address, as examined, are available in the convenience variable @code{$__}. If the @code{x} command has a repeat count, the address and contents saved are from the last memory unit printed; this is not the same as the last address printed if several units were printed on the last line of output. @cindex remote memory comparison @cindex verify remote memory image When you are debugging a program running on a remote target machine (@pxref{Remote Debugging}), you may wish to verify the program's image in the remote machine's memory against the executable file you downloaded to the target. The @code{compare-sections} command is provided for such situations. @table @code @kindex compare-sections @item compare-sections @r{[}@var{section-name}@r{]} Compare the data of a loadable section @var{section-name} in the executable file of the program being debugged with the same section in the remote machine's memory, and report any mismatches. With no arguments, compares all loadable sections. This command's availability depends on the target's support for the @code{"qCRC"} remote request. @end table @node Auto Display @section Automatic Display @cindex automatic display @cindex display of expressions If you find that you want to print the value of an expression frequently (to see how it changes), you might want to add it to the @dfn{automatic display list} so that @value{GDBN} prints its value each time your program stops. Each expression added to the list is given a number to identify it; to remove an expression from the list, you specify that number. The automatic display looks like this: @smallexample 2: foo = 38 3: bar[5] = (struct hack *) 0x3804 @end smallexample @noindent This display shows item numbers, expressions and their current values. As with displays you request manually using @code{x} or @code{print}, you can specify the output format you prefer; in fact, @code{display} decides whether to use @code{print} or @code{x} depending your format specification---it uses @code{x} if you specify either the @samp{i} or @samp{s} format, or a unit size; otherwise it uses @code{print}. @table @code @kindex display @item display @var{expr} Add the expression @var{expr} to the list of expressions to display each time your program stops. @xref{Expressions, ,Expressions}. @code{display} does not repeat if you press @key{RET} again after using it. @item display/@var{fmt} @var{expr} For @var{fmt} specifying only a display format and not a size or count, add the expression @var{expr} to the auto-display list but arrange to display it each time in the specified format @var{fmt}. @xref{Output Formats,,Output Formats}. @item display/@var{fmt} @var{addr} For @var{fmt} @samp{i} or @samp{s}, or including a unit-size or a number of units, add the expression @var{addr} as a memory address to be examined each time your program stops. Examining means in effect doing @samp{x/@var{fmt} @var{addr}}. @xref{Memory, ,Examining Memory}. @end table For example, @samp{display/i $pc} can be helpful, to see the machine instruction about to be executed each time execution stops (@samp{$pc} is a common name for the program counter; @pxref{Registers, ,Registers}). @table @code @kindex delete display @kindex undisplay @item undisplay @var{dnums}@dots{} @itemx delete display @var{dnums}@dots{} Remove item numbers @var{dnums} from the list of expressions to display. @code{undisplay} does not repeat if you press @key{RET} after using it. (Otherwise you would just get the error @samp{No display number @dots{}}.) @kindex disable display @item disable display @var{dnums}@dots{} Disable the display of item numbers @var{dnums}. A disabled display item is not printed automatically, but is not forgotten. It may be enabled again later. @kindex enable display @item enable display @var{dnums}@dots{} Enable display of item numbers @var{dnums}. It becomes effective once again in auto display of its expression, until you specify otherwise. @item display Display the current values of the expressions on the list, just as is done when your program stops. @kindex info display @item info display Print the list of expressions previously set up to display automatically, each one with its item number, but without showing the values. This includes disabled expressions, which are marked as such. It also includes expressions which would not be displayed right now because they refer to automatic variables not currently available. @end table @cindex display disabled out of scope If a display expression refers to local variables, then it does not make sense outside the lexical context for which it was set up. Such an expression is disabled when execution enters a context where one of its variables is not defined. For example, if you give the command @code{display last_char} while inside a function with an argument @code{last_char}, @value{GDBN} displays this argument while your program continues to stop inside that function. When it stops elsewhere---where there is no variable @code{last_char}---the display is disabled automatically. The next time your program stops where @code{last_char} is meaningful, you can enable the display expression once again. @node Print Settings @section Print Settings @cindex format options @cindex print settings @value{GDBN} provides the following ways to control how arrays, structures, and symbols are printed. @noindent These settings are useful for debugging programs in any language: @table @code @kindex set print @item set print address @itemx set print address on @cindex print/don't print memory addresses @value{GDBN} prints memory addresses showing the location of stack traces, structure values, pointer values, breakpoints, and so forth, even when it also displays the contents of those addresses. The default is @code{on}. For example, this is what a stack frame display looks like with @code{set print address on}: @smallexample @group (@value{GDBP}) f #0 set_quotes (lq=0x34c78 "<<", rq=0x34c88 ">>") at input.c:530 530 if (lquote != def_lquote) @end group @end smallexample @item set print address off Do not print addresses when displaying their contents. For example, this is the same stack frame displayed with @code{set print address off}: @smallexample @group (@value{GDBP}) set print addr off (@value{GDBP}) f #0 set_quotes (lq="<<", rq=">>") at input.c:530 530 if (lquote != def_lquote) @end group @end smallexample You can use @samp{set print address off} to eliminate all machine dependent displays from the @value{GDBN} interface. For example, with @code{print address off}, you should get the same text for backtraces on all machines---whether or not they involve pointer arguments. @kindex show print @item show print address Show whether or not addresses are to be printed. @end table When @value{GDBN} prints a symbolic address, it normally prints the closest earlier symbol plus an offset. If that symbol does not uniquely identify the address (for example, it is a name whose scope is a single source file), you may need to clarify. One way to do this is with @code{info line}, for example @samp{info line *0x4537}. Alternately, you can set @value{GDBN} to print the source file and line number when it prints a symbolic address: @table @code @item set print symbol-filename on @cindex source file and line of a symbol @cindex symbol, source file and line Tell @value{GDBN} to print the source file name and line number of a symbol in the symbolic form of an address. @item set print symbol-filename off Do not print source file name and line number of a symbol. This is the default. @item show print symbol-filename Show whether or not @value{GDBN} will print the source file name and line number of a symbol in the symbolic form of an address. @end table Another situation where it is helpful to show symbol filenames and line numbers is when disassembling code; @value{GDBN} shows you the line number and source file that corresponds to each instruction. Also, you may wish to see the symbolic form only if the address being printed is reasonably close to the closest earlier symbol: @table @code @item set print max-symbolic-offset @var{max-offset} @cindex maximum value for offset of closest symbol Tell @value{GDBN} to only display the symbolic form of an address if the offset between the closest earlier symbol and the address is less than @var{max-offset}. The default is 0, which tells @value{GDBN} to always print the symbolic form of an address if any symbol precedes it. @item show print max-symbolic-offset Ask how large the maximum offset is that @value{GDBN} prints in a symbolic address. @end table @cindex wild pointer, interpreting @cindex pointer, finding referent If you have a pointer and you are not sure where it points, try @samp{set print symbol-filename on}. Then you can determine the name and source file location of the variable where it points, using @samp{p/a @var{pointer}}. This interprets the address in symbolic form. For example, here @value{GDBN} shows that a variable @code{ptt} points at another variable @code{t}, defined in @file{hi2.c}: @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) set print symbol-filename on (@value{GDBP}) p/a ptt $4 = 0xe008 @end smallexample @quotation @emph{Warning:} For pointers that point to a local variable, @samp{p/a} does not show the symbol name and filename of the referent, even with the appropriate @code{set print} options turned on. @end quotation Other settings control how different kinds of objects are printed: @table @code @item set print array @itemx set print array on @cindex pretty print arrays Pretty print arrays. This format is more convenient to read, but uses more space. The default is off. @item set print array off Return to compressed format for arrays. @item show print array Show whether compressed or pretty format is selected for displaying arrays. @cindex print array indexes @item set print array-indexes @itemx set print array-indexes on Print the index of each element when displaying arrays. May be more convenient to locate a given element in the array or quickly find the index of a given element in that printed array. The default is off. @item set print array-indexes off Stop printing element indexes when displaying arrays. @item show print array-indexes Show whether the index of each element is printed when displaying arrays. @item set print elements @var{number-of-elements} @cindex number of array elements to print @cindex limit on number of printed array elements Set a limit on how many elements of an array @value{GDBN} will print. If @value{GDBN} is printing a large array, it stops printing after it has printed the number of elements set by the @code{set print elements} command. This limit also applies to the display of strings. When @value{GDBN} starts, this limit is set to 200. Setting @var{number-of-elements} to zero means that the printing is unlimited. @item show print elements Display the number of elements of a large array that @value{GDBN} will print. If the number is 0, then the printing is unlimited. @item set print frame-arguments @var{value} @cindex printing frame argument values @cindex print all frame argument values @cindex print frame argument values for scalars only @cindex do not print frame argument values This command allows to control how the values of arguments are printed when the debugger prints a frame (@pxref{Frames}). The possible values are: @table @code @item all The values of all arguments are printed. This is the default. @item scalars Print the value of an argument only if it is a scalar. The value of more complex arguments such as arrays, structures, unions, etc, is replaced by @code{@dots{}}. Here is an example where only scalar arguments are shown: @smallexample #1 0x08048361 in call_me (i=3, s=@dots{}, ss=0xbf8d508c, u=@dots{}, e=green) at frame-args.c:23 @end smallexample @item none None of the argument values are printed. Instead, the value of each argument is replaced by @code{@dots{}}. In this case, the example above now becomes: @smallexample #1 0x08048361 in call_me (i=@dots{}, s=@dots{}, ss=@dots{}, u=@dots{}, e=@dots{}) at frame-args.c:23 @end smallexample @end table By default, all argument values are always printed. But this command can be useful in several cases. For instance, it can be used to reduce the amount of information printed in each frame, making the backtrace more readable. Also, this command can be used to improve performance when displaying Ada frames, because the computation of large arguments can sometimes be CPU-intensive, especiallly in large applications. Setting @code{print frame-arguments} to @code{scalars} or @code{none} avoids this computation, thus speeding up the display of each Ada frame. @item show print frame-arguments Show how the value of arguments should be displayed when printing a frame. @item set print repeats @cindex repeated array elements Set the threshold for suppressing display of repeated array elements. When the number of consecutive identical elements of an array exceeds the threshold, @value{GDBN} prints the string @code{""}, where @var{n} is the number of identical repetitions, instead of displaying the identical elements themselves. Setting the threshold to zero will cause all elements to be individually printed. The default threshold is 10. @item show print repeats Display the current threshold for printing repeated identical elements. @item set print null-stop @cindex @sc{null} elements in arrays Cause @value{GDBN} to stop printing the characters of an array when the first @sc{null} is encountered. This is useful when large arrays actually contain only short strings. The default is off. @item show print null-stop Show whether @value{GDBN} stops printing an array on the first @sc{null} character. @item set print pretty on @cindex print structures in indented form @cindex indentation in structure display Cause @value{GDBN} to print structures in an indented format with one member per line, like this: @smallexample @group $1 = @{ next = 0x0, flags = @{ sweet = 1, sour = 1 @}, meat = 0x54 "Pork" @} @end group @end smallexample @item set print pretty off Cause @value{GDBN} to print structures in a compact format, like this: @smallexample @group $1 = @{next = 0x0, flags = @{sweet = 1, sour = 1@}, \ meat = 0x54 "Pork"@} @end group @end smallexample @noindent This is the default format. @item show print pretty Show which format @value{GDBN} is using to print structures. @item set print sevenbit-strings on @cindex eight-bit characters in strings @cindex octal escapes in strings Print using only seven-bit characters; if this option is set, @value{GDBN} displays any eight-bit characters (in strings or character values) using the notation @code{\}@var{nnn}. This setting is best if you are working in English (@sc{ascii}) and you use the high-order bit of characters as a marker or ``meta'' bit. @item set print sevenbit-strings off Print full eight-bit characters. This allows the use of more international character sets, and is the default. @item show print sevenbit-strings Show whether or not @value{GDBN} is printing only seven-bit characters. @item set print union on @cindex unions in structures, printing Tell @value{GDBN} to print unions which are contained in structures and other unions. This is the default setting. @item set print union off Tell @value{GDBN} not to print unions which are contained in structures and other unions. @value{GDBN} will print @code{"@{...@}"} instead. @item show print union Ask @value{GDBN} whether or not it will print unions which are contained in structures and other unions. For example, given the declarations @smallexample typedef enum @{Tree, Bug@} Species; typedef enum @{Big_tree, Acorn, Seedling@} Tree_forms; typedef enum @{Caterpillar, Cocoon, Butterfly@} Bug_forms; struct thing @{ Species it; union @{ Tree_forms tree; Bug_forms bug; @} form; @}; struct thing foo = @{Tree, @{Acorn@}@}; @end smallexample @noindent with @code{set print union on} in effect @samp{p foo} would print @smallexample $1 = @{it = Tree, form = @{tree = Acorn, bug = Cocoon@}@} @end smallexample @noindent and with @code{set print union off} in effect it would print @smallexample $1 = @{it = Tree, form = @{...@}@} @end smallexample @noindent @code{set print union} affects programs written in C-like languages and in Pascal. @end table @need 1000 @noindent These settings are of interest when debugging C@t{++} programs: @table @code @cindex demangling C@t{++} names @item set print demangle @itemx set print demangle on Print C@t{++} names in their source form rather than in the encoded (``mangled'') form passed to the assembler and linker for type-safe linkage. The default is on. @item show print demangle Show whether C@t{++} names are printed in mangled or demangled form. @item set print asm-demangle @itemx set print asm-demangle on Print C@t{++} names in their source form rather than their mangled form, even in assembler code printouts such as instruction disassemblies. The default is off. @item show print asm-demangle Show whether C@t{++} names in assembly listings are printed in mangled or demangled form. @cindex C@t{++} symbol decoding style @cindex symbol decoding style, C@t{++} @kindex set demangle-style @item set demangle-style @var{style} Choose among several encoding schemes used by different compilers to represent C@t{++} names. The choices for @var{style} are currently: @table @code @item auto Allow @value{GDBN} to choose a decoding style by inspecting your program. @item gnu Decode based on the @sc{gnu} C@t{++} compiler (@code{g++}) encoding algorithm. This is the default. @item hp Decode based on the HP ANSI C@t{++} (@code{aCC}) encoding algorithm. @item lucid Decode based on the Lucid C@t{++} compiler (@code{lcc}) encoding algorithm. @item arm Decode using the algorithm in the @cite{C@t{++} Annotated Reference Manual}. @strong{Warning:} this setting alone is not sufficient to allow debugging @code{cfront}-generated executables. @value{GDBN} would require further enhancement to permit that. @end table If you omit @var{style}, you will see a list of possible formats. @item show demangle-style Display the encoding style currently in use for decoding C@t{++} symbols. @item set print object @itemx set print object on @cindex derived type of an object, printing @cindex display derived types When displaying a pointer to an object, identify the @emph{actual} (derived) type of the object rather than the @emph{declared} type, using the virtual function table. @item set print object off Display only the declared type of objects, without reference to the virtual function table. This is the default setting. @item show print object Show whether actual, or declared, object types are displayed. @item set print static-members @itemx set print static-members on @cindex static members of C@t{++} objects Print static members when displaying a C@t{++} object. The default is on. @item set print static-members off Do not print static members when displaying a C@t{++} object. @item show print static-members Show whether C@t{++} static members are printed or not. @item set print pascal_static-members @itemx set print pascal_static-members on @cindex static members of Pascal objects @cindex Pascal objects, static members display Print static members when displaying a Pascal object. The default is on. @item set print pascal_static-members off Do not print static members when displaying a Pascal object. @item show print pascal_static-members Show whether Pascal static members are printed or not. @c These don't work with HP ANSI C++ yet. @item set print vtbl @itemx set print vtbl on @cindex pretty print C@t{++} virtual function tables @cindex virtual functions (C@t{++}) display @cindex VTBL display Pretty print C@t{++} virtual function tables. The default is off. (The @code{vtbl} commands do not work on programs compiled with the HP ANSI C@t{++} compiler (@code{aCC}).) @item set print vtbl off Do not pretty print C@t{++} virtual function tables. @item show print vtbl Show whether C@t{++} virtual function tables are pretty printed, or not. @end table @node Value History @section Value History @cindex value history @cindex history of values printed by @value{GDBN} Values printed by the @code{print} command are saved in the @value{GDBN} @dfn{value history}. This allows you to refer to them in other expressions. Values are kept until the symbol table is re-read or discarded (for example with the @code{file} or @code{symbol-file} commands). When the symbol table changes, the value history is discarded, since the values may contain pointers back to the types defined in the symbol table. @cindex @code{$} @cindex @code{$$} @cindex history number The values printed are given @dfn{history numbers} by which you can refer to them. These are successive integers starting with one. @code{print} shows you the history number assigned to a value by printing @samp{$@var{num} = } before the value; here @var{num} is the history number. To refer to any previous value, use @samp{$} followed by the value's history number. The way @code{print} labels its output is designed to remind you of this. Just @code{$} refers to the most recent value in the history, and @code{$$} refers to the value before that. @code{$$@var{n}} refers to the @var{n}th value from the end; @code{$$2} is the value just prior to @code{$$}, @code{$$1} is equivalent to @code{$$}, and @code{$$0} is equivalent to @code{$}. For example, suppose you have just printed a pointer to a structure and want to see the contents of the structure. It suffices to type @smallexample p *$ @end smallexample If you have a chain of structures where the component @code{next} points to the next one, you can print the contents of the next one with this: @smallexample p *$.next @end smallexample @noindent You can print successive links in the chain by repeating this command---which you can do by just typing @key{RET}. Note that the history records values, not expressions. If the value of @code{x} is 4 and you type these commands: @smallexample print x set x=5 @end smallexample @noindent then the value recorded in the value history by the @code{print} command remains 4 even though the value of @code{x} has changed. @table @code @kindex show values @item show values Print the last ten values in the value history, with their item numbers. This is like @samp{p@ $$9} repeated ten times, except that @code{show values} does not change the history. @item show values @var{n} Print ten history values centered on history item number @var{n}. @item show values + Print ten history values just after the values last printed. If no more values are available, @code{show values +} produces no display. @end table Pressing @key{RET} to repeat @code{show values @var{n}} has exactly the same effect as @samp{show values +}. @node Convenience Vars @section Convenience Variables @cindex convenience variables @cindex user-defined variables @value{GDBN} provides @dfn{convenience variables} that you can use within @value{GDBN} to hold on to a value and refer to it later. These variables exist entirely within @value{GDBN}; they are not part of your program, and setting a convenience variable has no direct effect on further execution of your program. That is why you can use them freely. Convenience variables are prefixed with @samp{$}. Any name preceded by @samp{$} can be used for a convenience variable, unless it is one of the predefined machine-specific register names (@pxref{Registers, ,Registers}). (Value history references, in contrast, are @emph{numbers} preceded by @samp{$}. @xref{Value History, ,Value History}.) You can save a value in a convenience variable with an assignment expression, just as you would set a variable in your program. For example: @smallexample set $foo = *object_ptr @end smallexample @noindent would save in @code{$foo} the value contained in the object pointed to by @code{object_ptr}. Using a convenience variable for the first time creates it, but its value is @code{void} until you assign a new value. You can alter the value with another assignment at any time. Convenience variables have no fixed types. You can assign a convenience variable any type of value, including structures and arrays, even if that variable already has a value of a different type. The convenience variable, when used as an expression, has the type of its current value. @table @code @kindex show convenience @cindex show all user variables @item show convenience Print a list of convenience variables used so far, and their values. Abbreviated @code{show conv}. @kindex init-if-undefined @cindex convenience variables, initializing @item init-if-undefined $@var{variable} = @var{expression} Set a convenience variable if it has not already been set. This is useful for user-defined commands that keep some state. It is similar, in concept, to using local static variables with initializers in C (except that convenience variables are global). It can also be used to allow users to override default values used in a command script. If the variable is already defined then the expression is not evaluated so any side-effects do not occur. @end table One of the ways to use a convenience variable is as a counter to be incremented or a pointer to be advanced. For example, to print a field from successive elements of an array of structures: @smallexample set $i = 0 print bar[$i++]->contents @end smallexample @noindent Repeat that command by typing @key{RET}. Some convenience variables are created automatically by @value{GDBN} and given values likely to be useful. @table @code @vindex $_@r{, convenience variable} @item $_ The variable @code{$_} is automatically set by the @code{x} command to the last address examined (@pxref{Memory, ,Examining Memory}). Other commands which provide a default address for @code{x} to examine also set @code{$_} to that address; these commands include @code{info line} and @code{info breakpoint}. The type of @code{$_} is @code{void *} except when set by the @code{x} command, in which case it is a pointer to the type of @code{$__}. @vindex $__@r{, convenience variable} @item $__ The variable @code{$__} is automatically set by the @code{x} command to the value found in the last address examined. Its type is chosen to match the format in which the data was printed. @item $_exitcode @vindex $_exitcode@r{, convenience variable} The variable @code{$_exitcode} is automatically set to the exit code when the program being debugged terminates. @end table On HP-UX systems, if you refer to a function or variable name that begins with a dollar sign, @value{GDBN} searches for a user or system name first, before it searches for a convenience variable. @node Registers @section Registers @cindex registers You can refer to machine register contents, in expressions, as variables with names starting with @samp{$}. The names of registers are different for each machine; use @code{info registers} to see the names used on your machine. @table @code @kindex info registers @item info registers Print the names and values of all registers except floating-point and vector registers (in the selected stack frame). @kindex info all-registers @cindex floating point registers @item info all-registers Print the names and values of all registers, including floating-point and vector registers (in the selected stack frame). @item info registers @var{regname} @dots{} Print the @dfn{relativized} value of each specified register @var{regname}. As discussed in detail below, register values are normally relative to the selected stack frame. @var{regname} may be any register name valid on the machine you are using, with or without the initial @samp{$}. @end table @cindex stack pointer register @cindex program counter register @cindex process status register @cindex frame pointer register @cindex standard registers @value{GDBN} has four ``standard'' register names that are available (in expressions) on most machines---whenever they do not conflict with an architecture's canonical mnemonics for registers. The register names @code{$pc} and @code{$sp} are used for the program counter register and the stack pointer. @code{$fp} is used for a register that contains a pointer to the current stack frame, and @code{$ps} is used for a register that contains the processor status. For example, you could print the program counter in hex with @smallexample p/x $pc @end smallexample @noindent or print the instruction to be executed next with @smallexample x/i $pc @end smallexample @noindent or add four to the stack pointer@footnote{This is a way of removing one word from the stack, on machines where stacks grow downward in memory (most machines, nowadays). This assumes that the innermost stack frame is selected; setting @code{$sp} is not allowed when other stack frames are selected. To pop entire frames off the stack, regardless of machine architecture, use @code{return}; see @ref{Returning, ,Returning from a Function}.} with @smallexample set $sp += 4 @end smallexample Whenever possible, these four standard register names are available on your machine even though the machine has different canonical mnemonics, so long as there is no conflict. The @code{info registers} command shows the canonical names. For example, on the SPARC, @code{info registers} displays the processor status register as @code{$psr} but you can also refer to it as @code{$ps}; and on x86-based machines @code{$ps} is an alias for the @sc{eflags} register. @value{GDBN} always considers the contents of an ordinary register as an integer when the register is examined in this way. Some machines have special registers which can hold nothing but floating point; these registers are considered to have floating point values. There is no way to refer to the contents of an ordinary register as floating point value (although you can @emph{print} it as a floating point value with @samp{print/f $@var{regname}}). Some registers have distinct ``raw'' and ``virtual'' data formats. This means that the data format in which the register contents are saved by the operating system is not the same one that your program normally sees. For example, the registers of the 68881 floating point coprocessor are always saved in ``extended'' (raw) format, but all C programs expect to work with ``double'' (virtual) format. In such cases, @value{GDBN} normally works with the virtual format only (the format that makes sense for your program), but the @code{info registers} command prints the data in both formats. @cindex SSE registers (x86) @cindex MMX registers (x86) Some machines have special registers whose contents can be interpreted in several different ways. For example, modern x86-based machines have SSE and MMX registers that can hold several values packed together in several different formats. @value{GDBN} refers to such registers in @code{struct} notation: @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) print $xmm1 $1 = @{ v4_float = @{0, 3.43859137e-038, 1.54142831e-044, 1.821688e-044@}, v2_double = @{9.92129282474342e-303, 2.7585945287983262e-313@}, v16_int8 = "\000\000\000\000\3706;\001\v\000\000\000\r\000\000", v8_int16 = @{0, 0, 14072, 315, 11, 0, 13, 0@}, v4_int32 = @{0, 20657912, 11, 13@}, v2_int64 = @{88725056443645952, 55834574859@}, uint128 = 0x0000000d0000000b013b36f800000000 @} @end smallexample @noindent To set values of such registers, you need to tell @value{GDBN} which view of the register you wish to change, as if you were assigning value to a @code{struct} member: @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) set $xmm1.uint128 = 0x000000000000000000000000FFFFFFFF @end smallexample Normally, register values are relative to the selected stack frame (@pxref{Selection, ,Selecting a Frame}). This means that you get the value that the register would contain if all stack frames farther in were exited and their saved registers restored. In order to see the true contents of hardware registers, you must select the innermost frame (with @samp{frame 0}). However, @value{GDBN} must deduce where registers are saved, from the machine code generated by your compiler. If some registers are not saved, or if @value{GDBN} is unable to locate the saved registers, the selected stack frame makes no difference. @node Floating Point Hardware @section Floating Point Hardware @cindex floating point Depending on the configuration, @value{GDBN} may be able to give you more information about the status of the floating point hardware. @table @code @kindex info float @item info float Display hardware-dependent information about the floating point unit. The exact contents and layout vary depending on the floating point chip. Currently, @samp{info float} is supported on the ARM and x86 machines. @end table @node Vector Unit @section Vector Unit @cindex vector unit Depending on the configuration, @value{GDBN} may be able to give you more information about the status of the vector unit. @table @code @kindex info vector @item info vector Display information about the vector unit. The exact contents and layout vary depending on the hardware. @end table @node OS Information @section Operating System Auxiliary Information @cindex OS information @value{GDBN} provides interfaces to useful OS facilities that can help you debug your program. @cindex @code{ptrace} system call @cindex @code{struct user} contents When @value{GDBN} runs on a @dfn{Posix system} (such as GNU or Unix machines), it interfaces with the inferior via the @code{ptrace} system call. The operating system creates a special sata structure, called @code{struct user}, for this interface. You can use the command @code{info udot} to display the contents of this data structure. @table @code @item info udot @kindex info udot Display the contents of the @code{struct user} maintained by the OS kernel for the program being debugged. @value{GDBN} displays the contents of @code{struct user} as a list of hex numbers, similar to the @code{examine} command. @end table @cindex auxiliary vector @cindex vector, auxiliary Some operating systems supply an @dfn{auxiliary vector} to programs at startup. This is akin to the arguments and environment that you specify for a program, but contains a system-dependent variety of binary values that tell system libraries important details about the hardware, operating system, and process. Each value's purpose is identified by an integer tag; the meanings are well-known but system-specific. Depending on the configuration and operating system facilities, @value{GDBN} may be able to show you this information. For remote targets, this functionality may further depend on the remote stub's support of the @samp{qXfer:auxv:read} packet, see @ref{qXfer auxiliary vector read}. @table @code @kindex info auxv @item info auxv Display the auxiliary vector of the inferior, which can be either a live process or a core dump file. @value{GDBN} prints each tag value numerically, and also shows names and text descriptions for recognized tags. Some values in the vector are numbers, some bit masks, and some pointers to strings or other data. @value{GDBN} displays each value in the most appropriate form for a recognized tag, and in hexadecimal for an unrecognized tag. @end table @node Memory Region Attributes @section Memory Region Attributes @cindex memory region attributes @dfn{Memory region attributes} allow you to describe special handling required by regions of your target's memory. @value{GDBN} uses attributes to determine whether to allow certain types of memory accesses; whether to use specific width accesses; and whether to cache target memory. By default the description of memory regions is fetched from the target (if the current target supports this), but the user can override the fetched regions. Defined memory regions can be individually enabled and disabled. When a memory region is disabled, @value{GDBN} uses the default attributes when accessing memory in that region. Similarly, if no memory regions have been defined, @value{GDBN} uses the default attributes when accessing all memory. When a memory region is defined, it is given a number to identify it; to enable, disable, or remove a memory region, you specify that number. @table @code @kindex mem @item mem @var{lower} @var{upper} @var{attributes}@dots{} Define a memory region bounded by @var{lower} and @var{upper} with attributes @var{attributes}@dots{}, and add it to the list of regions monitored by @value{GDBN}. Note that @var{upper} == 0 is a special case: it is treated as the target's maximum memory address. (0xffff on 16 bit targets, 0xffffffff on 32 bit targets, etc.) @item mem auto Discard any user changes to the memory regions and use target-supplied regions, if available, or no regions if the target does not support. @kindex delete mem @item delete mem @var{nums}@dots{} Remove memory regions @var{nums}@dots{} from the list of regions monitored by @value{GDBN}. @kindex disable mem @item disable mem @var{nums}@dots{} Disable monitoring of memory regions @var{nums}@dots{}. A disabled memory region is not forgotten. It may be enabled again later. @kindex enable mem @item enable mem @var{nums}@dots{} Enable monitoring of memory regions @var{nums}@dots{}. @kindex info mem @item info mem Print a table of all defined memory regions, with the following columns for each region: @table @emph @item Memory Region Number @item Enabled or Disabled. Enabled memory regions are marked with @samp{y}. Disabled memory regions are marked with @samp{n}. @item Lo Address The address defining the inclusive lower bound of the memory region. @item Hi Address The address defining the exclusive upper bound of the memory region. @item Attributes The list of attributes set for this memory region. @end table @end table @subsection Attributes @subsubsection Memory Access Mode The access mode attributes set whether @value{GDBN} may make read or write accesses to a memory region. While these attributes prevent @value{GDBN} from performing invalid memory accesses, they do nothing to prevent the target system, I/O DMA, etc.@: from accessing memory. @table @code @item ro Memory is read only. @item wo Memory is write only. @item rw Memory is read/write. This is the default. @end table @subsubsection Memory Access Size The access size attribute tells @value{GDBN} to use specific sized accesses in the memory region. Often memory mapped device registers require specific sized accesses. If no access size attribute is specified, @value{GDBN} may use accesses of any size. @table @code @item 8 Use 8 bit memory accesses. @item 16 Use 16 bit memory accesses. @item 32 Use 32 bit memory accesses. @item 64 Use 64 bit memory accesses. @end table @c @subsubsection Hardware/Software Breakpoints @c The hardware/software breakpoint attributes set whether @value{GDBN} @c will use hardware or software breakpoints for the internal breakpoints @c used by the step, next, finish, until, etc. commands. @c @c @table @code @c @item hwbreak @c Always use hardware breakpoints @c @item swbreak (default) @c @end table @subsubsection Data Cache The data cache attributes set whether @value{GDBN} will cache target memory. While this generally improves performance by reducing debug protocol overhead, it can lead to incorrect results because @value{GDBN} does not know about volatile variables or memory mapped device registers. @table @code @item cache Enable @value{GDBN} to cache target memory. @item nocache Disable @value{GDBN} from caching target memory. This is the default. @end table @subsection Memory Access Checking @value{GDBN} can be instructed to refuse accesses to memory that is not explicitly described. This can be useful if accessing such regions has undesired effects for a specific target, or to provide better error checking. The following commands control this behaviour. @table @code @kindex set mem inaccessible-by-default @item set mem inaccessible-by-default [on|off] If @code{on} is specified, make @value{GDBN} treat memory not explicitly described by the memory ranges as non-existent and refuse accesses to such memory. The checks are only performed if there's at least one memory range defined. If @code{off} is specified, make @value{GDBN} treat the memory not explicitly described by the memory ranges as RAM. The default value is @code{on}. @kindex show mem inaccessible-by-default @item show mem inaccessible-by-default Show the current handling of accesses to unknown memory. @end table @c @subsubsection Memory Write Verification @c The memory write verification attributes set whether @value{GDBN} @c will re-reads data after each write to verify the write was successful. @c @c @table @code @c @item verify @c @item noverify (default) @c @end table @node Dump/Restore Files @section Copy Between Memory and a File @cindex dump/restore files @cindex append data to a file @cindex dump data to a file @cindex restore data from a file You can use the commands @code{dump}, @code{append}, and @code{restore} to copy data between target memory and a file. The @code{dump} and @code{append} commands write data to a file, and the @code{restore} command reads data from a file back into the inferior's memory. Files may be in binary, Motorola S-record, Intel hex, or Tektronix Hex format; however, @value{GDBN} can only append to binary files. @table @code @kindex dump @item dump @r{[}@var{format}@r{]} memory @var{filename} @var{start_addr} @var{end_addr} @itemx dump @r{[}@var{format}@r{]} value @var{filename} @var{expr} Dump the contents of memory from @var{start_addr} to @var{end_addr}, or the value of @var{expr}, to @var{filename} in the given format. The @var{format} parameter may be any one of: @table @code @item binary Raw binary form. @item ihex Intel hex format. @item srec Motorola S-record format. @item tekhex Tektronix Hex format. @end table @value{GDBN} uses the same definitions of these formats as the @sc{gnu} binary utilities, like @samp{objdump} and @samp{objcopy}. If @var{format} is omitted, @value{GDBN} dumps the data in raw binary form. @kindex append @item append @r{[}binary@r{]} memory @var{filename} @var{start_addr} @var{end_addr} @itemx append @r{[}binary@r{]} value @var{filename} @var{expr} Append the contents of memory from @var{start_addr} to @var{end_addr}, or the value of @var{expr}, to the file @var{filename}, in raw binary form. (@value{GDBN} can only append data to files in raw binary form.) @kindex restore @item restore @var{filename} @r{[}binary@r{]} @var{bias} @var{start} @var{end} Restore the contents of file @var{filename} into memory. The @code{restore} command can automatically recognize any known @sc{bfd} file format, except for raw binary. To restore a raw binary file you must specify the optional keyword @code{binary} after the filename. If @var{bias} is non-zero, its value will be added to the addresses contained in the file. Binary files always start at address zero, so they will be restored at address @var{bias}. Other bfd files have a built-in location; they will be restored at offset @var{bias} from that location. If @var{start} and/or @var{end} are non-zero, then only data between file offset @var{start} and file offset @var{end} will be restored. These offsets are relative to the addresses in the file, before the @var{bias} argument is applied. @end table @node Core File Generation @section How to Produce a Core File from Your Program @cindex dump core from inferior A @dfn{core file} or @dfn{core dump} is a file that records the memory image of a running process and its process status (register values etc.). Its primary use is post-mortem debugging of a program that crashed while it ran outside a debugger. A program that crashes automatically produces a core file, unless this feature is disabled by the user. @xref{Files}, for information on invoking @value{GDBN} in the post-mortem debugging mode. Occasionally, you may wish to produce a core file of the program you are debugging in order to preserve a snapshot of its state. @value{GDBN} has a special command for that. @table @code @kindex gcore @kindex generate-core-file @item generate-core-file [@var{file}] @itemx gcore [@var{file}] Produce a core dump of the inferior process. The optional argument @var{file} specifies the file name where to put the core dump. If not specified, the file name defaults to @file{core.@var{pid}}, where @var{pid} is the inferior process ID. Note that this command is implemented only for some systems (as of this writing, @sc{gnu}/Linux, FreeBSD, Solaris, Unixware, and S390). @end table @node Character Sets @section Character Sets @cindex character sets @cindex charset @cindex translating between character sets @cindex host character set @cindex target character set If the program you are debugging uses a different character set to represent characters and strings than the one @value{GDBN} uses itself, @value{GDBN} can automatically translate between the character sets for you. The character set @value{GDBN} uses we call the @dfn{host character set}; the one the inferior program uses we call the @dfn{target character set}. For example, if you are running @value{GDBN} on a @sc{gnu}/Linux system, which uses the ISO Latin 1 character set, but you are using @value{GDBN}'s remote protocol (@pxref{Remote Debugging}) to debug a program running on an IBM mainframe, which uses the @sc{ebcdic} character set, then the host character set is Latin-1, and the target character set is @sc{ebcdic}. If you give @value{GDBN} the command @code{set target-charset EBCDIC-US}, then @value{GDBN} translates between @sc{ebcdic} and Latin 1 as you print character or string values, or use character and string literals in expressions. @value{GDBN} has no way to automatically recognize which character set the inferior program uses; you must tell it, using the @code{set target-charset} command, described below. Here are the commands for controlling @value{GDBN}'s character set support: @table @code @item set target-charset @var{charset} @kindex set target-charset Set the current target character set to @var{charset}. We list the character set names @value{GDBN} recognizes below, but if you type @code{set target-charset} followed by @key{TAB}@key{TAB}, @value{GDBN} will list the target character sets it supports. @end table @table @code @item set host-charset @var{charset} @kindex set host-charset Set the current host character set to @var{charset}. By default, @value{GDBN} uses a host character set appropriate to the system it is running on; you can override that default using the @code{set host-charset} command. @value{GDBN} can only use certain character sets as its host character set. We list the character set names @value{GDBN} recognizes below, and indicate which can be host character sets, but if you type @code{set target-charset} followed by @key{TAB}@key{TAB}, @value{GDBN} will list the host character sets it supports. @item set charset @var{charset} @kindex set charset Set the current host and target character sets to @var{charset}. As above, if you type @code{set charset} followed by @key{TAB}@key{TAB}, @value{GDBN} will list the name of the character sets that can be used for both host and target. @item show charset @kindex show charset Show the names of the current host and target charsets. @itemx show host-charset @kindex show host-charset Show the name of the current host charset. @itemx show target-charset @kindex show target-charset Show the name of the current target charset. @end table @value{GDBN} currently includes support for the following character sets: @table @code @item ASCII @cindex ASCII character set Seven-bit U.S. @sc{ascii}. @value{GDBN} can use this as its host character set. @item ISO-8859-1 @cindex ISO 8859-1 character set @cindex ISO Latin 1 character set The ISO Latin 1 character set. This extends @sc{ascii} with accented characters needed for French, German, and Spanish. @value{GDBN} can use this as its host character set. @item EBCDIC-US @itemx IBM1047 @cindex EBCDIC character set @cindex IBM1047 character set Variants of the @sc{ebcdic} character set, used on some of IBM's mainframe operating systems. (@sc{gnu}/Linux on the S/390 uses U.S. @sc{ascii}.) @value{GDBN} cannot use these as its host character set. @end table Note that these are all single-byte character sets. More work inside @value{GDBN} is needed to support multi-byte or variable-width character encodings, like the UTF-8 and UCS-2 encodings of Unicode. Here is an example of @value{GDBN}'s character set support in action. Assume that the following source code has been placed in the file @file{charset-test.c}: @smallexample #include char ascii_hello[] = @{72, 101, 108, 108, 111, 44, 32, 119, 111, 114, 108, 100, 33, 10, 0@}; char ibm1047_hello[] = @{200, 133, 147, 147, 150, 107, 64, 166, 150, 153, 147, 132, 90, 37, 0@}; main () @{ printf ("Hello, world!\n"); @} @end smallexample In this program, @code{ascii_hello} and @code{ibm1047_hello} are arrays containing the string @samp{Hello, world!} followed by a newline, encoded in the @sc{ascii} and @sc{ibm1047} character sets. We compile the program, and invoke the debugger on it: @smallexample $ gcc -g charset-test.c -o charset-test $ gdb -nw charset-test GNU gdb 2001-12-19-cvs Copyright 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc. @dots{} (@value{GDBP}) @end smallexample We can use the @code{show charset} command to see what character sets @value{GDBN} is currently using to interpret and display characters and strings: @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) show charset The current host and target character set is `ISO-8859-1'. (@value{GDBP}) @end smallexample For the sake of printing this manual, let's use @sc{ascii} as our initial character set: @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) set charset ASCII (@value{GDBP}) show charset The current host and target character set is `ASCII'. (@value{GDBP}) @end smallexample Let's assume that @sc{ascii} is indeed the correct character set for our host system --- in other words, let's assume that if @value{GDBN} prints characters using the @sc{ascii} character set, our terminal will display them properly. Since our current target character set is also @sc{ascii}, the contents of @code{ascii_hello} print legibly: @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) print ascii_hello $1 = 0x401698 "Hello, world!\n" (@value{GDBP}) print ascii_hello[0] $2 = 72 'H' (@value{GDBP}) @end smallexample @value{GDBN} uses the target character set for character and string literals you use in expressions: @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) print '+' $3 = 43 '+' (@value{GDBP}) @end smallexample The @sc{ascii} character set uses the number 43 to encode the @samp{+} character. @value{GDBN} relies on the user to tell it which character set the target program uses. If we print @code{ibm1047_hello} while our target character set is still @sc{ascii}, we get jibberish: @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) print ibm1047_hello $4 = 0x4016a8 "\310\205\223\223\226k@@\246\226\231\223\204Z%" (@value{GDBP}) print ibm1047_hello[0] $5 = 200 '\310' (@value{GDBP}) @end smallexample If we invoke the @code{set target-charset} followed by @key{TAB}@key{TAB}, @value{GDBN} tells us the character sets it supports: @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) set target-charset ASCII EBCDIC-US IBM1047 ISO-8859-1 (@value{GDBP}) set target-charset @end smallexample We can select @sc{ibm1047} as our target character set, and examine the program's strings again. Now the @sc{ascii} string is wrong, but @value{GDBN} translates the contents of @code{ibm1047_hello} from the target character set, @sc{ibm1047}, to the host character set, @sc{ascii}, and they display correctly: @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) set target-charset IBM1047 (@value{GDBP}) show charset The current host character set is `ASCII'. The current target character set is `IBM1047'. (@value{GDBP}) print ascii_hello $6 = 0x401698 "\110\145%%?\054\040\167?\162%\144\041\012" (@value{GDBP}) print ascii_hello[0] $7 = 72 '\110' (@value{GDBP}) print ibm1047_hello $8 = 0x4016a8 "Hello, world!\n" (@value{GDBP}) print ibm1047_hello[0] $9 = 200 'H' (@value{GDBP}) @end smallexample As above, @value{GDBN} uses the target character set for character and string literals you use in expressions: @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) print '+' $10 = 78 '+' (@value{GDBP}) @end smallexample The @sc{ibm1047} character set uses the number 78 to encode the @samp{+} character. @node Caching Remote Data @section Caching Data of Remote Targets @cindex caching data of remote targets @value{GDBN} can cache data exchanged between the debugger and a remote target (@pxref{Remote Debugging}). Such caching generally improves performance, because it reduces the overhead of the remote protocol by bundling memory reads and writes into large chunks. Unfortunately, @value{GDBN} does not currently know anything about volatile registers, and thus data caching will produce incorrect results when volatile registers are in use. @table @code @kindex set remotecache @item set remotecache on @itemx set remotecache off Set caching state for remote targets. When @code{ON}, use data caching. By default, this option is @code{OFF}. @kindex show remotecache @item show remotecache Show the current state of data caching for remote targets. @kindex info dcache @item info dcache Print the information about the data cache performance. The information displayed includes: the dcache width and depth; and for each cache line, how many times it was referenced, and its data and state (dirty, bad, ok, etc.). This command is useful for debugging the data cache operation. @end table @node Macros @chapter C Preprocessor Macros Some languages, such as C and C@t{++}, provide a way to define and invoke ``preprocessor macros'' which expand into strings of tokens. @value{GDBN} can evaluate expressions containing macro invocations, show the result of macro expansion, and show a macro's definition, including where it was defined. You may need to compile your program specially to provide @value{GDBN} with information about preprocessor macros. Most compilers do not include macros in their debugging information, even when you compile with the @option{-g} flag. @xref{Compilation}. A program may define a macro at one point, remove that definition later, and then provide a different definition after that. Thus, at different points in the program, a macro may have different definitions, or have no definition at all. If there is a current stack frame, @value{GDBN} uses the macros in scope at that frame's source code line. Otherwise, @value{GDBN} uses the macros in scope at the current listing location; see @ref{List}. At the moment, @value{GDBN} does not support the @code{##} token-splicing operator, the @code{#} stringification operator, or variable-arity macros. Whenever @value{GDBN} evaluates an expression, it always expands any macro invocations present in the expression. @value{GDBN} also provides the following commands for working with macros explicitly. @table @code @kindex macro expand @cindex macro expansion, showing the results of preprocessor @cindex preprocessor macro expansion, showing the results of @cindex expanding preprocessor macros @item macro expand @var{expression} @itemx macro exp @var{expression} Show the results of expanding all preprocessor macro invocations in @var{expression}. Since @value{GDBN} simply expands macros, but does not parse the result, @var{expression} need not be a valid expression; it can be any string of tokens. @kindex macro exp1 @item macro expand-once @var{expression} @itemx macro exp1 @var{expression} @cindex expand macro once @i{(This command is not yet implemented.)} Show the results of expanding those preprocessor macro invocations that appear explicitly in @var{expression}. Macro invocations appearing in that expansion are left unchanged. This command allows you to see the effect of a particular macro more clearly, without being confused by further expansions. Since @value{GDBN} simply expands macros, but does not parse the result, @var{expression} need not be a valid expression; it can be any string of tokens. @kindex info macro @cindex macro definition, showing @cindex definition, showing a macro's @item info macro @var{macro} Show the definition of the macro named @var{macro}, and describe the source location where that definition was established. @kindex macro define @cindex user-defined macros @cindex defining macros interactively @cindex macros, user-defined @item macro define @var{macro} @var{replacement-list} @itemx macro define @var{macro}(@var{arglist}) @var{replacement-list} @i{(This command is not yet implemented.)} Introduce a definition for a preprocessor macro named @var{macro}, invocations of which are replaced by the tokens given in @var{replacement-list}. The first form of this command defines an ``object-like'' macro, which takes no arguments; the second form defines a ``function-like'' macro, which takes the arguments given in @var{arglist}. A definition introduced by this command is in scope in every expression evaluated in @value{GDBN}, until it is removed with the @command{macro undef} command, described below. The definition overrides all definitions for @var{macro} present in the program being debugged, as well as any previous user-supplied definition. @kindex macro undef @item macro undef @var{macro} @i{(This command is not yet implemented.)} Remove any user-supplied definition for the macro named @var{macro}. This command only affects definitions provided with the @command{macro define} command, described above; it cannot remove definitions present in the program being debugged. @kindex macro list @item macro list @i{(This command is not yet implemented.)} List all the macros defined using the @code{macro define} command. @end table @cindex macros, example of debugging with Here is a transcript showing the above commands in action. First, we show our source files: @smallexample $ cat sample.c #include #include "sample.h" #define M 42 #define ADD(x) (M + x) main () @{ #define N 28 printf ("Hello, world!\n"); #undef N printf ("We're so creative.\n"); #define N 1729 printf ("Goodbye, world!\n"); @} $ cat sample.h #define Q < $ @end smallexample Now, we compile the program using the @sc{gnu} C compiler, @value{NGCC}. We pass the @option{-gdwarf-2} and @option{-g3} flags to ensure the compiler includes information about preprocessor macros in the debugging information. @smallexample $ gcc -gdwarf-2 -g3 sample.c -o sample $ @end smallexample Now, we start @value{GDBN} on our sample program: @smallexample $ gdb -nw sample GNU gdb 2002-05-06-cvs Copyright 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. GDB is free software, @dots{} (@value{GDBP}) @end smallexample We can expand macros and examine their definitions, even when the program is not running. @value{GDBN} uses the current listing position to decide which macro definitions are in scope: @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) list main 3 4 #define M 42 5 #define ADD(x) (M + x) 6 7 main () 8 @{ 9 #define N 28 10 printf ("Hello, world!\n"); 11 #undef N 12 printf ("We're so creative.\n"); (@value{GDBP}) info macro ADD Defined at /home/jimb/gdb/macros/play/sample.c:5 #define ADD(x) (M + x) (@value{GDBP}) info macro Q Defined at /home/jimb/gdb/macros/play/sample.h:1 included at /home/jimb/gdb/macros/play/sample.c:2 #define Q < (@value{GDBP}) macro expand ADD(1) expands to: (42 + 1) (@value{GDBP}) macro expand-once ADD(1) expands to: once (M + 1) (@value{GDBP}) @end smallexample In the example above, note that @command{macro expand-once} expands only the macro invocation explicit in the original text --- the invocation of @code{ADD} --- but does not expand the invocation of the macro @code{M}, which was introduced by @code{ADD}. Once the program is running, @value{GDBN} uses the macro definitions in force at the source line of the current stack frame: @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) break main Breakpoint 1 at 0x8048370: file sample.c, line 10. (@value{GDBP}) run Starting program: /home/jimb/gdb/macros/play/sample Breakpoint 1, main () at sample.c:10 10 printf ("Hello, world!\n"); (@value{GDBP}) @end smallexample At line 10, the definition of the macro @code{N} at line 9 is in force: @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) info macro N Defined at /home/jimb/gdb/macros/play/sample.c:9 #define N 28 (@value{GDBP}) macro expand N Q M expands to: 28 < 42 (@value{GDBP}) print N Q M $1 = 1 (@value{GDBP}) @end smallexample As we step over directives that remove @code{N}'s definition, and then give it a new definition, @value{GDBN} finds the definition (or lack thereof) in force at each point: @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) next Hello, world! 12 printf ("We're so creative.\n"); (@value{GDBP}) info macro N The symbol `N' has no definition as a C/C++ preprocessor macro at /home/jimb/gdb/macros/play/sample.c:12 (@value{GDBP}) next We're so creative. 14 printf ("Goodbye, world!\n"); (@value{GDBP}) info macro N Defined at /home/jimb/gdb/macros/play/sample.c:13 #define N 1729 (@value{GDBP}) macro expand N Q M expands to: 1729 < 42 (@value{GDBP}) print N Q M $2 = 0 (@value{GDBP}) @end smallexample @node Tracepoints @chapter Tracepoints @c This chapter is based on the documentation written by Michael @c Snyder, David Taylor, Jim Blandy, and Elena Zannoni. @cindex tracepoints In some applications, it is not feasible for the debugger to interrupt the program's execution long enough for the developer to learn anything helpful about its behavior. If the program's correctness depends on its real-time behavior, delays introduced by a debugger might cause the program to change its behavior drastically, or perhaps fail, even when the code itself is correct. It is useful to be able to observe the program's behavior without interrupting it. Using @value{GDBN}'s @code{trace} and @code{collect} commands, you can specify locations in the program, called @dfn{tracepoints}, and arbitrary expressions to evaluate when those tracepoints are reached. Later, using the @code{tfind} command, you can examine the values those expressions had when the program hit the tracepoints. The expressions may also denote objects in memory---structures or arrays, for example---whose values @value{GDBN} should record; while visiting a particular tracepoint, you may inspect those objects as if they were in memory at that moment. However, because @value{GDBN} records these values without interacting with you, it can do so quickly and unobtrusively, hopefully not disturbing the program's behavior. The tracepoint facility is currently available only for remote targets. @xref{Targets}. In addition, your remote target must know how to collect trace data. This functionality is implemented in the remote stub; however, none of the stubs distributed with @value{GDBN} support tracepoints as of this writing. The format of the remote packets used to implement tracepoints are described in @ref{Tracepoint Packets}. This chapter describes the tracepoint commands and features. @menu * Set Tracepoints:: * Analyze Collected Data:: * Tracepoint Variables:: @end menu @node Set Tracepoints @section Commands to Set Tracepoints Before running such a @dfn{trace experiment}, an arbitrary number of tracepoints can be set. Like a breakpoint (@pxref{Set Breaks}), a tracepoint has a number assigned to it by @value{GDBN}. Like with breakpoints, tracepoint numbers are successive integers starting from one. Many of the commands associated with tracepoints take the tracepoint number as their argument, to identify which tracepoint to work on. For each tracepoint, you can specify, in advance, some arbitrary set of data that you want the target to collect in the trace buffer when it hits that tracepoint. The collected data can include registers, local variables, or global data. Later, you can use @value{GDBN} commands to examine the values these data had at the time the tracepoint was hit. This section describes commands to set tracepoints and associated conditions and actions. @menu * Create and Delete Tracepoints:: * Enable and Disable Tracepoints:: * Tracepoint Passcounts:: * Tracepoint Actions:: * Listing Tracepoints:: * Starting and Stopping Trace Experiments:: @end menu @node Create and Delete Tracepoints @subsection Create and Delete Tracepoints @table @code @cindex set tracepoint @kindex trace @item trace The @code{trace} command is very similar to the @code{break} command. Its argument can be a source line, a function name, or an address in the target program. @xref{Set Breaks}. The @code{trace} command defines a tracepoint, which is a point in the target program where the debugger will briefly stop, collect some data, and then allow the program to continue. Setting a tracepoint or changing its commands doesn't take effect until the next @code{tstart} command; thus, you cannot change the tracepoint attributes once a trace experiment is running. Here are some examples of using the @code{trace} command: @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) @b{trace foo.c:121} // a source file and line number (@value{GDBP}) @b{trace +2} // 2 lines forward (@value{GDBP}) @b{trace my_function} // first source line of function (@value{GDBP}) @b{trace *my_function} // EXACT start address of function (@value{GDBP}) @b{trace *0x2117c4} // an address @end smallexample @noindent You can abbreviate @code{trace} as @code{tr}. @vindex $tpnum @cindex last tracepoint number @cindex recent tracepoint number @cindex tracepoint number The convenience variable @code{$tpnum} records the tracepoint number of the most recently set tracepoint. @kindex delete tracepoint @cindex tracepoint deletion @item delete tracepoint @r{[}@var{num}@r{]} Permanently delete one or more tracepoints. With no argument, the default is to delete all tracepoints. Examples: @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) @b{delete trace 1 2 3} // remove three tracepoints (@value{GDBP}) @b{delete trace} // remove all tracepoints @end smallexample @noindent You can abbreviate this command as @code{del tr}. @end table @node Enable and Disable Tracepoints @subsection Enable and Disable Tracepoints @table @code @kindex disable tracepoint @item disable tracepoint @r{[}@var{num}@r{]} Disable tracepoint @var{num}, or all tracepoints if no argument @var{num} is given. A disabled tracepoint will have no effect during the next trace experiment, but it is not forgotten. You can re-enable a disabled tracepoint using the @code{enable tracepoint} command. @kindex enable tracepoint @item enable tracepoint @r{[}@var{num}@r{]} Enable tracepoint @var{num}, or all tracepoints. The enabled tracepoints will become effective the next time a trace experiment is run. @end table @node Tracepoint Passcounts @subsection Tracepoint Passcounts @table @code @kindex passcount @cindex tracepoint pass count @item passcount @r{[}@var{n} @r{[}@var{num}@r{]]} Set the @dfn{passcount} of a tracepoint. The passcount is a way to automatically stop a trace experiment. If a tracepoint's passcount is @var{n}, then the trace experiment will be automatically stopped on the @var{n}'th time that tracepoint is hit. If the tracepoint number @var{num} is not specified, the @code{passcount} command sets the passcount of the most recently defined tracepoint. If no passcount is given, the trace experiment will run until stopped explicitly by the user. Examples: @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) @b{passcount 5 2} // Stop on the 5th execution of @exdent @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @code{// tracepoint 2} (@value{GDBP}) @b{passcount 12} // Stop on the 12th execution of the @exdent @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @code{// most recently defined tracepoint.} (@value{GDBP}) @b{trace foo} (@value{GDBP}) @b{pass 3} (@value{GDBP}) @b{trace bar} (@value{GDBP}) @b{pass 2} (@value{GDBP}) @b{trace baz} (@value{GDBP}) @b{pass 1} // Stop tracing when foo has been @exdent @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @code{// executed 3 times OR when bar has} @exdent @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @code{// been executed 2 times} @exdent @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @code{// OR when baz has been executed 1 time.} @end smallexample @end table @node Tracepoint Actions @subsection Tracepoint Action Lists @table @code @kindex actions @cindex tracepoint actions @item actions @r{[}@var{num}@r{]} This command will prompt for a list of actions to be taken when the tracepoint is hit. If the tracepoint number @var{num} is not specified, this command sets the actions for the one that was most recently defined (so that you can define a tracepoint and then say @code{actions} without bothering about its number). You specify the actions themselves on the following lines, one action at a time, and terminate the actions list with a line containing just @code{end}. So far, the only defined actions are @code{collect} and @code{while-stepping}. @cindex remove actions from a tracepoint To remove all actions from a tracepoint, type @samp{actions @var{num}} and follow it immediately with @samp{end}. @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) @b{collect @var{data}} // collect some data (@value{GDBP}) @b{while-stepping 5} // single-step 5 times, collect data (@value{GDBP}) @b{end} // signals the end of actions. @end smallexample In the following example, the action list begins with @code{collect} commands indicating the things to be collected when the tracepoint is hit. Then, in order to single-step and collect additional data following the tracepoint, a @code{while-stepping} command is used, followed by the list of things to be collected while stepping. The @code{while-stepping} command is terminated by its own separate @code{end} command. Lastly, the action list is terminated by an @code{end} command. @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) @b{trace foo} (@value{GDBP}) @b{actions} Enter actions for tracepoint 1, one per line: > collect bar,baz > collect $regs > while-stepping 12 > collect $fp, $sp > end end @end smallexample @kindex collect @r{(tracepoints)} @item collect @var{expr1}, @var{expr2}, @dots{} Collect values of the given expressions when the tracepoint is hit. This command accepts a comma-separated list of any valid expressions. In addition to global, static, or local variables, the following special arguments are supported: @table @code @item $regs collect all registers @item $args collect all function arguments @item $locals collect all local variables. @end table You can give several consecutive @code{collect} commands, each one with a single argument, or one @code{collect} command with several arguments separated by commas: the effect is the same. The command @code{info scope} (@pxref{Symbols, info scope}) is particularly useful for figuring out what data to collect. @kindex while-stepping @r{(tracepoints)} @item while-stepping @var{n} Perform @var{n} single-step traces after the tracepoint, collecting new data at each step. The @code{while-stepping} command is followed by the list of what to collect while stepping (followed by its own @code{end} command): @smallexample > while-stepping 12 > collect $regs, myglobal > end > @end smallexample @noindent You may abbreviate @code{while-stepping} as @code{ws} or @code{stepping}. @end table @node Listing Tracepoints @subsection Listing Tracepoints @table @code @kindex info tracepoints @kindex info tp @cindex information about tracepoints @item info tracepoints @r{[}@var{num}@r{]} Display information about the tracepoint @var{num}. If you don't specify a tracepoint number, displays information about all the tracepoints defined so far. For each tracepoint, the following information is shown: @itemize @bullet @item its number @item whether it is enabled or disabled @item its address @item its passcount as given by the @code{passcount @var{n}} command @item its step count as given by the @code{while-stepping @var{n}} command @item where in the source files is the tracepoint set @item its action list as given by the @code{actions} command @end itemize @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) @b{info trace} Num Enb Address PassC StepC What 1 y 0x002117c4 0 0 2 y 0x0020dc64 0 0 in g_test at g_test.c:1375 3 y 0x0020b1f4 0 0 in get_data at ../foo.c:41 (@value{GDBP}) @end smallexample @noindent This command can be abbreviated @code{info tp}. @end table @node Starting and Stopping Trace Experiments @subsection Starting and Stopping Trace Experiments @table @code @kindex tstart @cindex start a new trace experiment @cindex collected data discarded @item tstart This command takes no arguments. It starts the trace experiment, and begins collecting data. This has the side effect of discarding all the data collected in the trace buffer during the previous trace experiment. @kindex tstop @cindex stop a running trace experiment @item tstop This command takes no arguments. It ends the trace experiment, and stops collecting data. @strong{Note}: a trace experiment and data collection may stop automatically if any tracepoint's passcount is reached (@pxref{Tracepoint Passcounts}), or if the trace buffer becomes full. @kindex tstatus @cindex status of trace data collection @cindex trace experiment, status of @item tstatus This command displays the status of the current trace data collection. @end table Here is an example of the commands we described so far: @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) @b{trace gdb_c_test} (@value{GDBP}) @b{actions} Enter actions for tracepoint #1, one per line. > collect $regs,$locals,$args > while-stepping 11 > collect $regs > end > end (@value{GDBP}) @b{tstart} [time passes @dots{}] (@value{GDBP}) @b{tstop} @end smallexample @node Analyze Collected Data @section Using the Collected Data After the tracepoint experiment ends, you use @value{GDBN} commands for examining the trace data. The basic idea is that each tracepoint collects a trace @dfn{snapshot} every time it is hit and another snapshot every time it single-steps. All these snapshots are consecutively numbered from zero and go into a buffer, and you can examine them later. The way you examine them is to @dfn{focus} on a specific trace snapshot. When the remote stub is focused on a trace snapshot, it will respond to all @value{GDBN} requests for memory and registers by reading from the buffer which belongs to that snapshot, rather than from @emph{real} memory or registers of the program being debugged. This means that @strong{all} @value{GDBN} commands (@code{print}, @code{info registers}, @code{backtrace}, etc.) will behave as if we were currently debugging the program state as it was when the tracepoint occurred. Any requests for data that are not in the buffer will fail. @menu * tfind:: How to select a trace snapshot * tdump:: How to display all data for a snapshot * save-tracepoints:: How to save tracepoints for a future run @end menu @node tfind @subsection @code{tfind @var{n}} @kindex tfind @cindex select trace snapshot @cindex find trace snapshot The basic command for selecting a trace snapshot from the buffer is @code{tfind @var{n}}, which finds trace snapshot number @var{n}, counting from zero. If no argument @var{n} is given, the next snapshot is selected. Here are the various forms of using the @code{tfind} command. @table @code @item tfind start Find the first snapshot in the buffer. This is a synonym for @code{tfind 0} (since 0 is the number of the first snapshot). @item tfind none Stop debugging trace snapshots, resume @emph{live} debugging. @item tfind end Same as @samp{tfind none}. @item tfind No argument means find the next trace snapshot. @item tfind - Find the previous trace snapshot before the current one. This permits retracing earlier steps. @item tfind tracepoint @var{num} Find the next snapshot associated with tracepoint @var{num}. Search proceeds forward from the last examined trace snapshot. If no argument @var{num} is given, it means find the next snapshot collected for the same tracepoint as the current snapshot. @item tfind pc @var{addr} Find the next snapshot associated with the value @var{addr} of the program counter. Search proceeds forward from the last examined trace snapshot. If no argument @var{addr} is given, it means find the next snapshot with the same value of PC as the current snapshot. @item tfind outside @var{addr1}, @var{addr2} Find the next snapshot whose PC is outside the given range of addresses. @item tfind range @var{addr1}, @var{addr2} Find the next snapshot whose PC is between @var{addr1} and @var{addr2}. @c FIXME: Is the range inclusive or exclusive? @item tfind line @r{[}@var{file}:@r{]}@var{n} Find the next snapshot associated with the source line @var{n}. If the optional argument @var{file} is given, refer to line @var{n} in that source file. Search proceeds forward from the last examined trace snapshot. If no argument @var{n} is given, it means find the next line other than the one currently being examined; thus saying @code{tfind line} repeatedly can appear to have the same effect as stepping from line to line in a @emph{live} debugging session. @end table The default arguments for the @code{tfind} commands are specifically designed to make it easy to scan through the trace buffer. For instance, @code{tfind} with no argument selects the next trace snapshot, and @code{tfind -} with no argument selects the previous trace snapshot. So, by giving one @code{tfind} command, and then simply hitting @key{RET} repeatedly you can examine all the trace snapshots in order. Or, by saying @code{tfind -} and then hitting @key{RET} repeatedly you can examine the snapshots in reverse order. The @code{tfind line} command with no argument selects the snapshot for the next source line executed. The @code{tfind pc} command with no argument selects the next snapshot with the same program counter (PC) as the current frame. The @code{tfind tracepoint} command with no argument selects the next trace snapshot collected by the same tracepoint as the current one. In addition to letting you scan through the trace buffer manually, these commands make it easy to construct @value{GDBN} scripts that scan through the trace buffer and print out whatever collected data you are interested in. Thus, if we want to examine the PC, FP, and SP registers from each trace frame in the buffer, we can say this: @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) @b{tfind start} (@value{GDBP}) @b{while ($trace_frame != -1)} > printf "Frame %d, PC = %08X, SP = %08X, FP = %08X\n", \ $trace_frame, $pc, $sp, $fp > tfind > end Frame 0, PC = 0020DC64, SP = 0030BF3C, FP = 0030BF44 Frame 1, PC = 0020DC6C, SP = 0030BF38, FP = 0030BF44 Frame 2, PC = 0020DC70, SP = 0030BF34, FP = 0030BF44 Frame 3, PC = 0020DC74, SP = 0030BF30, FP = 0030BF44 Frame 4, PC = 0020DC78, SP = 0030BF2C, FP = 0030BF44 Frame 5, PC = 0020DC7C, SP = 0030BF28, FP = 0030BF44 Frame 6, PC = 0020DC80, SP = 0030BF24, FP = 0030BF44 Frame 7, PC = 0020DC84, SP = 0030BF20, FP = 0030BF44 Frame 8, PC = 0020DC88, SP = 0030BF1C, FP = 0030BF44 Frame 9, PC = 0020DC8E, SP = 0030BF18, FP = 0030BF44 Frame 10, PC = 00203F6C, SP = 0030BE3C, FP = 0030BF14 @end smallexample Or, if we want to examine the variable @code{X} at each source line in the buffer: @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) @b{tfind start} (@value{GDBP}) @b{while ($trace_frame != -1)} > printf "Frame %d, X == %d\n", $trace_frame, X > tfind line > end Frame 0, X = 1 Frame 7, X = 2 Frame 13, X = 255 @end smallexample @node tdump @subsection @code{tdump} @kindex tdump @cindex dump all data collected at tracepoint @cindex tracepoint data, display This command takes no arguments. It prints all the data collected at the current trace snapshot. @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) @b{trace 444} (@value{GDBP}) @b{actions} Enter actions for tracepoint #2, one per line: > collect $regs, $locals, $args, gdb_long_test > end (@value{GDBP}) @b{tstart} (@value{GDBP}) @b{tfind line 444} #0 gdb_test (p1=0x11, p2=0x22, p3=0x33, p4=0x44, p5=0x55, p6=0x66) at gdb_test.c:444 444 printp( "%s: arguments = 0x%X 0x%X 0x%X 0x%X 0x%X 0x%X\n", ) (@value{GDBP}) @b{tdump} Data collected at tracepoint 2, trace frame 1: d0 0xc4aa0085 -995491707 d1 0x18 24 d2 0x80 128 d3 0x33 51 d4 0x71aea3d 119204413 d5 0x22 34 d6 0xe0 224 d7 0x380035 3670069 a0 0x19e24a 1696330 a1 0x3000668 50333288 a2 0x100 256 a3 0x322000 3284992 a4 0x3000698 50333336 a5 0x1ad3cc 1758156 fp 0x30bf3c 0x30bf3c sp 0x30bf34 0x30bf34 ps 0x0 0 pc 0x20b2c8 0x20b2c8 fpcontrol 0x0 0 fpstatus 0x0 0 fpiaddr 0x0 0 p = 0x20e5b4 "gdb-test" p1 = (void *) 0x11 p2 = (void *) 0x22 p3 = (void *) 0x33 p4 = (void *) 0x44 p5 = (void *) 0x55 p6 = (void *) 0x66 gdb_long_test = 17 '\021' (@value{GDBP}) @end smallexample @node save-tracepoints @subsection @code{save-tracepoints @var{filename}} @kindex save-tracepoints @cindex save tracepoints for future sessions This command saves all current tracepoint definitions together with their actions and passcounts, into a file @file{@var{filename}} suitable for use in a later debugging session. To read the saved tracepoint definitions, use the @code{source} command (@pxref{Command Files}). @node Tracepoint Variables @section Convenience Variables for Tracepoints @cindex tracepoint variables @cindex convenience variables for tracepoints @table @code @vindex $trace_frame @item (int) $trace_frame The current trace snapshot (a.k.a.@: @dfn{frame}) number, or -1 if no snapshot is selected. @vindex $tracepoint @item (int) $tracepoint The tracepoint for the current trace snapshot. @vindex $trace_line @item (int) $trace_line The line number for the current trace snapshot. @vindex $trace_file @item (char []) $trace_file The source file for the current trace snapshot. @vindex $trace_func @item (char []) $trace_func The name of the function containing @code{$tracepoint}. @end table Note: @code{$trace_file} is not suitable for use in @code{printf}, use @code{output} instead. Here's a simple example of using these convenience variables for stepping through all the trace snapshots and printing some of their data. @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) @b{tfind start} (@value{GDBP}) @b{while $trace_frame != -1} > output $trace_file > printf ", line %d (tracepoint #%d)\n", $trace_line, $tracepoint > tfind > end @end smallexample @node Overlays @chapter Debugging Programs That Use Overlays @cindex overlays If your program is too large to fit completely in your target system's memory, you can sometimes use @dfn{overlays} to work around this problem. @value{GDBN} provides some support for debugging programs that use overlays. @menu * How Overlays Work:: A general explanation of overlays. * Overlay Commands:: Managing overlays in @value{GDBN}. * Automatic Overlay Debugging:: @value{GDBN} can find out which overlays are mapped by asking the inferior. * Overlay Sample Program:: A sample program using overlays. @end menu @node How Overlays Work @section How Overlays Work @cindex mapped overlays @cindex unmapped overlays @cindex load address, overlay's @cindex mapped address @cindex overlay area Suppose you have a computer whose instruction address space is only 64 kilobytes long, but which has much more memory which can be accessed by other means: special instructions, segment registers, or memory management hardware, for example. Suppose further that you want to adapt a program which is larger than 64 kilobytes to run on this system. One solution is to identify modules of your program which are relatively independent, and need not call each other directly; call these modules @dfn{overlays}. Separate the overlays from the main program, and place their machine code in the larger memory. Place your main program in instruction memory, but leave at least enough space there to hold the largest overlay as well. Now, to call a function located in an overlay, you must first copy that overlay's machine code from the large memory into the space set aside for it in the instruction memory, and then jump to its entry point there. @c NB: In the below the mapped area's size is greater or equal to the @c size of all overlays. This is intentional to remind the developer @c that overlays don't necessarily need to be the same size. @smallexample @group Data Instruction Larger Address Space Address Space Address Space +-----------+ +-----------+ +-----------+ | | | | | | +-----------+ +-----------+ +-----------+<-- overlay 1 | program | | main | .----| overlay 1 | load address | variables | | program | | +-----------+ | and heap | | | | | | +-----------+ | | | +-----------+<-- overlay 2 | | +-----------+ | | | load address +-----------+ | | | .-| overlay 2 | | | | | | | mapped --->+-----------+ | | +-----------+ address | | | | | | | overlay | <-' | | | | area | <---' +-----------+<-- overlay 3 | | <---. | | load address +-----------+ `--| overlay 3 | | | | | +-----------+ | | +-----------+ | | +-----------+ @anchor{A code overlay}A code overlay @end group @end smallexample The diagram (@pxref{A code overlay}) shows a system with separate data and instruction address spaces. To map an overlay, the program copies its code from the larger address space to the instruction address space. Since the overlays shown here all use the same mapped address, only one may be mapped at a time. For a system with a single address space for data and instructions, the diagram would be similar, except that the program variables and heap would share an address space with the main program and the overlay area. An overlay loaded into instruction memory and ready for use is called a @dfn{mapped} overlay; its @dfn{mapped address} is its address in the instruction memory. An overlay not present (or only partially present) in instruction memory is called @dfn{unmapped}; its @dfn{load address} is its address in the larger memory. The mapped address is also called the @dfn{virtual memory address}, or @dfn{VMA}; the load address is also called the @dfn{load memory address}, or @dfn{LMA}. Unfortunately, overlays are not a completely transparent way to adapt a program to limited instruction memory. They introduce a new set of global constraints you must keep in mind as you design your program: @itemize @bullet @item Before calling or returning to a function in an overlay, your program must make sure that overlay is actually mapped. Otherwise, the call or return will transfer control to the right address, but in the wrong overlay, and your program will probably crash. @item If the process of mapping an overlay is expensive on your system, you will need to choose your overlays carefully to minimize their effect on your program's performance. @item The executable file you load onto your system must contain each overlay's instructions, appearing at the overlay's load address, not its mapped address. However, each overlay's instructions must be relocated and its symbols defined as if the overlay were at its mapped address. You can use GNU linker scripts to specify different load and relocation addresses for pieces of your program; see @ref{Overlay Description,,, ld.info, Using ld: the GNU linker}. @item The procedure for loading executable files onto your system must be able to load their contents into the larger address space as well as the instruction and data spaces. @end itemize The overlay system described above is rather simple, and could be improved in many ways: @itemize @bullet @item If your system has suitable bank switch registers or memory management hardware, you could use those facilities to make an overlay's load area contents simply appear at their mapped address in instruction space. This would probably be faster than copying the overlay to its mapped area in the usual way. @item If your overlays are small enough, you could set aside more than one overlay area, and have more than one overlay mapped at a time. @item You can use overlays to manage data, as well as instructions. In general, data overlays are even less transparent to your design than code overlays: whereas code overlays only require care when you call or return to functions, data overlays require care every time you access the data. Also, if you change the contents of a data overlay, you must copy its contents back out to its load address before you can copy a different data overlay into the same mapped area. @end itemize @node Overlay Commands @section Overlay Commands To use @value{GDBN}'s overlay support, each overlay in your program must correspond to a separate section of the executable file. The section's virtual memory address and load memory address must be the overlay's mapped and load addresses. Identifying overlays with sections allows @value{GDBN} to determine the appropriate address of a function or variable, depending on whether the overlay is mapped or not. @value{GDBN}'s overlay commands all start with the word @code{overlay}; you can abbreviate this as @code{ov} or @code{ovly}. The commands are: @table @code @item overlay off @kindex overlay Disable @value{GDBN}'s overlay support. When overlay support is disabled, @value{GDBN} assumes that all functions and variables are always present at their mapped addresses. By default, @value{GDBN}'s overlay support is disabled. @item overlay manual @cindex manual overlay debugging Enable @dfn{manual} overlay debugging. In this mode, @value{GDBN} relies on you to tell it which overlays are mapped, and which are not, using the @code{overlay map-overlay} and @code{overlay unmap-overlay} commands described below. @item overlay map-overlay @var{overlay} @itemx overlay map @var{overlay} @cindex map an overlay Tell @value{GDBN} that @var{overlay} is now mapped; @var{overlay} must be the name of the object file section containing the overlay. When an overlay is mapped, @value{GDBN} assumes it can find the overlay's functions and variables at their mapped addresses. @value{GDBN} assumes that any other overlays whose mapped ranges overlap that of @var{overlay} are now unmapped. @item overlay unmap-overlay @var{overlay} @itemx overlay unmap @var{overlay} @cindex unmap an overlay Tell @value{GDBN} that @var{overlay} is no longer mapped; @var{overlay} must be the name of the object file section containing the overlay. When an overlay is unmapped, @value{GDBN} assumes it can find the overlay's functions and variables at their load addresses. @item overlay auto Enable @dfn{automatic} overlay debugging. In this mode, @value{GDBN} consults a data structure the overlay manager maintains in the inferior to see which overlays are mapped. For details, see @ref{Automatic Overlay Debugging}. @item overlay load-target @itemx overlay load @cindex reloading the overlay table Re-read the overlay table from the inferior. Normally, @value{GDBN} re-reads the table @value{GDBN} automatically each time the inferior stops, so this command should only be necessary if you have changed the overlay mapping yourself using @value{GDBN}. This command is only useful when using automatic overlay debugging. @item overlay list-overlays @itemx overlay list @cindex listing mapped overlays Display a list of the overlays currently mapped, along with their mapped addresses, load addresses, and sizes. @end table Normally, when @value{GDBN} prints a code address, it includes the name of the function the address falls in: @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) print main $3 = @{int ()@} 0x11a0
@end smallexample @noindent When overlay debugging is enabled, @value{GDBN} recognizes code in unmapped overlays, and prints the names of unmapped functions with asterisks around them. For example, if @code{foo} is a function in an unmapped overlay, @value{GDBN} prints it this way: @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) overlay list No sections are mapped. (@value{GDBP}) print foo $5 = @{int (int)@} 0x100000 <*foo*> @end smallexample @noindent When @code{foo}'s overlay is mapped, @value{GDBN} prints the function's name normally: @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) overlay list Section .ov.foo.text, loaded at 0x100000 - 0x100034, mapped at 0x1016 - 0x104a (@value{GDBP}) print foo $6 = @{int (int)@} 0x1016 @end smallexample When overlay debugging is enabled, @value{GDBN} can find the correct address for functions and variables in an overlay, whether or not the overlay is mapped. This allows most @value{GDBN} commands, like @code{break} and @code{disassemble}, to work normally, even on unmapped code. However, @value{GDBN}'s breakpoint support has some limitations: @itemize @bullet @item @cindex breakpoints in overlays @cindex overlays, setting breakpoints in You can set breakpoints in functions in unmapped overlays, as long as @value{GDBN} can write to the overlay at its load address. @item @value{GDBN} can not set hardware or simulator-based breakpoints in unmapped overlays. However, if you set a breakpoint at the end of your overlay manager (and tell @value{GDBN} which overlays are now mapped, if you are using manual overlay management), @value{GDBN} will re-set its breakpoints properly. @end itemize @node Automatic Overlay Debugging @section Automatic Overlay Debugging @cindex automatic overlay debugging @value{GDBN} can automatically track which overlays are mapped and which are not, given some simple co-operation from the overlay manager in the inferior. If you enable automatic overlay debugging with the @code{overlay auto} command (@pxref{Overlay Commands}), @value{GDBN} looks in the inferior's memory for certain variables describing the current state of the overlays. Here are the variables your overlay manager must define to support @value{GDBN}'s automatic overlay debugging: @table @asis @item @code{_ovly_table}: This variable must be an array of the following structures: @smallexample struct @{ /* The overlay's mapped address. */ unsigned long vma; /* The size of the overlay, in bytes. */ unsigned long size; /* The overlay's load address. */ unsigned long lma; /* Non-zero if the overlay is currently mapped; zero otherwise. */ unsigned long mapped; @} @end smallexample @item @code{_novlys}: This variable must be a four-byte signed integer, holding the total number of elements in @code{_ovly_table}. @end table To decide whether a particular overlay is mapped or not, @value{GDBN} looks for an entry in @w{@code{_ovly_table}} whose @code{vma} and @code{lma} members equal the VMA and LMA of the overlay's section in the executable file. When @value{GDBN} finds a matching entry, it consults the entry's @code{mapped} member to determine whether the overlay is currently mapped. In addition, your overlay manager may define a function called @code{_ovly_debug_event}. If this function is defined, @value{GDBN} will silently set a breakpoint there. If the overlay manager then calls this function whenever it has changed the overlay table, this will enable @value{GDBN} to accurately keep track of which overlays are in program memory, and update any breakpoints that may be set in overlays. This will allow breakpoints to work even if the overlays are kept in ROM or other non-writable memory while they are not being executed. @node Overlay Sample Program @section Overlay Sample Program @cindex overlay example program When linking a program which uses overlays, you must place the overlays at their load addresses, while relocating them to run at their mapped addresses. To do this, you must write a linker script (@pxref{Overlay Description,,, ld.info, Using ld: the GNU linker}). Unfortunately, since linker scripts are specific to a particular host system, target architecture, and target memory layout, this manual cannot provide portable sample code demonstrating @value{GDBN}'s overlay support. However, the @value{GDBN} source distribution does contain an overlaid program, with linker scripts for a few systems, as part of its test suite. The program consists of the following files from @file{gdb/testsuite/gdb.base}: @table @file @item overlays.c The main program file. @item ovlymgr.c A simple overlay manager, used by @file{overlays.c}. @item foo.c @itemx bar.c @itemx baz.c @itemx grbx.c Overlay modules, loaded and used by @file{overlays.c}. @item d10v.ld @itemx m32r.ld Linker scripts for linking the test program on the @code{d10v-elf} and @code{m32r-elf} targets. @end table You can build the test program using the @code{d10v-elf} GCC cross-compiler like this: @smallexample $ d10v-elf-gcc -g -c overlays.c $ d10v-elf-gcc -g -c ovlymgr.c $ d10v-elf-gcc -g -c foo.c $ d10v-elf-gcc -g -c bar.c $ d10v-elf-gcc -g -c baz.c $ d10v-elf-gcc -g -c grbx.c $ d10v-elf-gcc -g overlays.o ovlymgr.o foo.o bar.o \ baz.o grbx.o -Wl,-Td10v.ld -o overlays @end smallexample The build process is identical for any other architecture, except that you must substitute the appropriate compiler and linker script for the target system for @code{d10v-elf-gcc} and @code{d10v.ld}. @node Languages @chapter Using @value{GDBN} with Different Languages @cindex languages Although programming languages generally have common aspects, they are rarely expressed in the same manner. For instance, in ANSI C, dereferencing a pointer @code{p} is accomplished by @code{*p}, but in Modula-2, it is accomplished by @code{p^}. Values can also be represented (and displayed) differently. Hex numbers in C appear as @samp{0x1ae}, while in Modula-2 they appear as @samp{1AEH}. @cindex working language Language-specific information is built into @value{GDBN} for some languages, allowing you to express operations like the above in your program's native language, and allowing @value{GDBN} to output values in a manner consistent with the syntax of your program's native language. The language you use to build expressions is called the @dfn{working language}. @menu * Setting:: Switching between source languages * Show:: Displaying the language * Checks:: Type and range checks * Supported Languages:: Supported languages * Unsupported Languages:: Unsupported languages @end menu @node Setting @section Switching Between Source Languages There are two ways to control the working language---either have @value{GDBN} set it automatically, or select it manually yourself. You can use the @code{set language} command for either purpose. On startup, @value{GDBN} defaults to setting the language automatically. The working language is used to determine how expressions you type are interpreted, how values are printed, etc. In addition to the working language, every source file that @value{GDBN} knows about has its own working language. For some object file formats, the compiler might indicate which language a particular source file is in. However, most of the time @value{GDBN} infers the language from the name of the file. The language of a source file controls whether C@t{++} names are demangled---this way @code{backtrace} can show each frame appropriately for its own language. There is no way to set the language of a source file from within @value{GDBN}, but you can set the language associated with a filename extension. @xref{Show, , Displaying the Language}. This is most commonly a problem when you use a program, such as @code{cfront} or @code{f2c}, that generates C but is written in another language. In that case, make the program use @code{#line} directives in its C output; that way @value{GDBN} will know the correct language of the source code of the original program, and will display that source code, not the generated C code. @menu * Filenames:: Filename extensions and languages. * Manually:: Setting the working language manually * Automatically:: Having @value{GDBN} infer the source language @end menu @node Filenames @subsection List of Filename Extensions and Languages If a source file name ends in one of the following extensions, then @value{GDBN} infers that its language is the one indicated. @table @file @item .ada @itemx .ads @itemx .adb @itemx .a Ada source file. @item .c C source file @item .C @itemx .cc @itemx .cp @itemx .cpp @itemx .cxx @itemx .c++ C@t{++} source file @item .m Objective-C source file @item .f @itemx .F Fortran source file @item .mod Modula-2 source file @item .s @itemx .S Assembler source file. This actually behaves almost like C, but @value{GDBN} does not skip over function prologues when stepping. @end table In addition, you may set the language associated with a filename extension. @xref{Show, , Displaying the Language}. @node Manually @subsection Setting the Working Language If you allow @value{GDBN} to set the language automatically, expressions are interpreted the same way in your debugging session and your program. @kindex set language If you wish, you may set the language manually. To do this, issue the command @samp{set language @var{lang}}, where @var{lang} is the name of a language, such as @code{c} or @code{modula-2}. For a list of the supported languages, type @samp{set language}. Setting the language manually prevents @value{GDBN} from updating the working language automatically. This can lead to confusion if you try to debug a program when the working language is not the same as the source language, when an expression is acceptable to both languages---but means different things. For instance, if the current source file were written in C, and @value{GDBN} was parsing Modula-2, a command such as: @smallexample print a = b + c @end smallexample @noindent might not have the effect you intended. In C, this means to add @code{b} and @code{c} and place the result in @code{a}. The result printed would be the value of @code{a}. In Modula-2, this means to compare @code{a} to the result of @code{b+c}, yielding a @code{BOOLEAN} value. @node Automatically @subsection Having @value{GDBN} Infer the Source Language To have @value{GDBN} set the working language automatically, use @samp{set language local} or @samp{set language auto}. @value{GDBN} then infers the working language. That is, when your program stops in a frame (usually by encountering a breakpoint), @value{GDBN} sets the working language to the language recorded for the function in that frame. If the language for a frame is unknown (that is, if the function or block corresponding to the frame was defined in a source file that does not have a recognized extension), the current working language is not changed, and @value{GDBN} issues a warning. This may not seem necessary for most programs, which are written entirely in one source language. However, program modules and libraries written in one source language can be used by a main program written in a different source language. Using @samp{set language auto} in this case frees you from having to set the working language manually. @node Show @section Displaying the Language The following commands help you find out which language is the working language, and also what language source files were written in. @table @code @item show language @kindex show language Display the current working language. This is the language you can use with commands such as @code{print} to build and compute expressions that may involve variables in your program. @item info frame @kindex info frame@r{, show the source language} Display the source language for this frame. This language becomes the working language if you use an identifier from this frame. @xref{Frame Info, ,Information about a Frame}, to identify the other information listed here. @item info source @kindex info source@r{, show the source language} Display the source language of this source file. @xref{Symbols, ,Examining the Symbol Table}, to identify the other information listed here. @end table In unusual circumstances, you may have source files with extensions not in the standard list. You can then set the extension associated with a language explicitly: @table @code @item set extension-language @var{ext} @var{language} @kindex set extension-language Tell @value{GDBN} that source files with extension @var{ext} are to be assumed as written in the source language @var{language}. @item info extensions @kindex info extensions List all the filename extensions and the associated languages. @end table @node Checks @section Type and Range Checking @quotation @emph{Warning:} In this release, the @value{GDBN} commands for type and range checking are included, but they do not yet have any effect. This section documents the intended facilities. @end quotation @c FIXME remove warning when type/range code added Some languages are designed to guard you against making seemingly common errors through a series of compile- and run-time checks. These include checking the type of arguments to functions and operators, and making sure mathematical overflows are caught at run time. Checks such as these help to ensure a program's correctness once it has been compiled by eliminating type mismatches, and providing active checks for range errors when your program is running. @value{GDBN} can check for conditions like the above if you wish. Although @value{GDBN} does not check the statements in your program, it can check expressions entered directly into @value{GDBN} for evaluation via the @code{print} command, for example. As with the working language, @value{GDBN} can also decide whether or not to check automatically based on your program's source language. @xref{Supported Languages, ,Supported Languages}, for the default settings of supported languages. @menu * Type Checking:: An overview of type checking * Range Checking:: An overview of range checking @end menu @cindex type checking @cindex checks, type @node Type Checking @subsection An Overview of Type Checking Some languages, such as Modula-2, are strongly typed, meaning that the arguments to operators and functions have to be of the correct type, otherwise an error occurs. These checks prevent type mismatch errors from ever causing any run-time problems. For example, @smallexample 1 + 2 @result{} 3 @exdent but @error{} 1 + 2.3 @end smallexample The second example fails because the @code{CARDINAL} 1 is not type-compatible with the @code{REAL} 2.3. For the expressions you use in @value{GDBN} commands, you can tell the @value{GDBN} type checker to skip checking; to treat any mismatches as errors and abandon the expression; or to only issue warnings when type mismatches occur, but evaluate the expression anyway. When you choose the last of these, @value{GDBN} evaluates expressions like the second example above, but also issues a warning. Even if you turn type checking off, there may be other reasons related to type that prevent @value{GDBN} from evaluating an expression. For instance, @value{GDBN} does not know how to add an @code{int} and a @code{struct foo}. These particular type errors have nothing to do with the language in use, and usually arise from expressions, such as the one described above, which make little sense to evaluate anyway. Each language defines to what degree it is strict about type. For instance, both Modula-2 and C require the arguments to arithmetical operators to be numbers. In C, enumerated types and pointers can be represented as numbers, so that they are valid arguments to mathematical operators. @xref{Supported Languages, ,Supported Languages}, for further details on specific languages. @value{GDBN} provides some additional commands for controlling the type checker: @kindex set check type @kindex show check type @table @code @item set check type auto Set type checking on or off based on the current working language. @xref{Supported Languages, ,Supported Languages}, for the default settings for each language. @item set check type on @itemx set check type off Set type checking on or off, overriding the default setting for the current working language. Issue a warning if the setting does not match the language default. If any type mismatches occur in evaluating an expression while type checking is on, @value{GDBN} prints a message and aborts evaluation of the expression. @item set check type warn Cause the type checker to issue warnings, but to always attempt to evaluate the expression. Evaluating the expression may still be impossible for other reasons. For example, @value{GDBN} cannot add numbers and structures. @item show type Show the current setting of the type checker, and whether or not @value{GDBN} is setting it automatically. @end table @cindex range checking @cindex checks, range @node Range Checking @subsection An Overview of Range Checking In some languages (such as Modula-2), it is an error to exceed the bounds of a type; this is enforced with run-time checks. Such range checking is meant to ensure program correctness by making sure computations do not overflow, or indices on an array element access do not exceed the bounds of the array. For expressions you use in @value{GDBN} commands, you can tell @value{GDBN} to treat range errors in one of three ways: ignore them, always treat them as errors and abandon the expression, or issue warnings but evaluate the expression anyway. A range error can result from numerical overflow, from exceeding an array index bound, or when you type a constant that is not a member of any type. Some languages, however, do not treat overflows as an error. In many implementations of C, mathematical overflow causes the result to ``wrap around'' to lower values---for example, if @var{m} is the largest integer value, and @var{s} is the smallest, then @smallexample @var{m} + 1 @result{} @var{s} @end smallexample This, too, is specific to individual languages, and in some cases specific to individual compilers or machines. @xref{Supported Languages, , Supported Languages}, for further details on specific languages. @value{GDBN} provides some additional commands for controlling the range checker: @kindex set check range @kindex show check range @table @code @item set check range auto Set range checking on or off based on the current working language. @xref{Supported Languages, ,Supported Languages}, for the default settings for each language. @item set check range on @itemx set check range off Set range checking on or off, overriding the default setting for the current working language. A warning is issued if the setting does not match the language default. If a range error occurs and range checking is on, then a message is printed and evaluation of the expression is aborted. @item set check range warn Output messages when the @value{GDBN} range checker detects a range error, but attempt to evaluate the expression anyway. Evaluating the expression may still be impossible for other reasons, such as accessing memory that the process does not own (a typical example from many Unix systems). @item show range Show the current setting of the range checker, and whether or not it is being set automatically by @value{GDBN}. @end table @node Supported Languages @section Supported Languages @value{GDBN} supports C, C@t{++}, Objective-C, Fortran, Java, Pascal, assembly, Modula-2, and Ada. @c This is false ... Some @value{GDBN} features may be used in expressions regardless of the language you use: the @value{GDBN} @code{@@} and @code{::} operators, and the @samp{@{type@}addr} construct (@pxref{Expressions, ,Expressions}) can be used with the constructs of any supported language. The following sections detail to what degree each source language is supported by @value{GDBN}. These sections are not meant to be language tutorials or references, but serve only as a reference guide to what the @value{GDBN} expression parser accepts, and what input and output formats should look like for different languages. There are many good books written on each of these languages; please look to these for a language reference or tutorial. @menu * C:: C and C@t{++} * Objective-C:: Objective-C * Fortran:: Fortran * Pascal:: Pascal * Modula-2:: Modula-2 * Ada:: Ada @end menu @node C @subsection C and C@t{++} @cindex C and C@t{++} @cindex expressions in C or C@t{++} Since C and C@t{++} are so closely related, many features of @value{GDBN} apply to both languages. Whenever this is the case, we discuss those languages together. @cindex C@t{++} @cindex @code{g++}, @sc{gnu} C@t{++} compiler @cindex @sc{gnu} C@t{++} The C@t{++} debugging facilities are jointly implemented by the C@t{++} compiler and @value{GDBN}. Therefore, to debug your C@t{++} code effectively, you must compile your C@t{++} programs with a supported C@t{++} compiler, such as @sc{gnu} @code{g++}, or the HP ANSI C@t{++} compiler (@code{aCC}). For best results when using @sc{gnu} C@t{++}, use the DWARF 2 debugging format; if it doesn't work on your system, try the stabs+ debugging format. You can select those formats explicitly with the @code{g++} command-line options @option{-gdwarf-2} and @option{-gstabs+}. @xref{Debugging Options,,Options for Debugging Your Program or GCC, gcc.info, Using the @sc{gnu} Compiler Collection (GCC)}. @menu * C Operators:: C and C@t{++} operators * C Constants:: C and C@t{++} constants * C Plus Plus Expressions:: C@t{++} expressions * C Defaults:: Default settings for C and C@t{++} * C Checks:: C and C@t{++} type and range checks * Debugging C:: @value{GDBN} and C * Debugging C Plus Plus:: @value{GDBN} features for C@t{++} * Decimal Floating Point:: Numbers in Decimal Floating Point format @end menu @node C Operators @subsubsection C and C@t{++} Operators @cindex C and C@t{++} operators Operators must be defined on values of specific types. For instance, @code{+} is defined on numbers, but not on structures. Operators are often defined on groups of types. For the purposes of C and C@t{++}, the following definitions hold: @itemize @bullet @item @emph{Integral types} include @code{int} with any of its storage-class specifiers; @code{char}; @code{enum}; and, for C@t{++}, @code{bool}. @item @emph{Floating-point types} include @code{float}, @code{double}, and @code{long double} (if supported by the target platform). @item @emph{Pointer types} include all types defined as @code{(@var{type} *)}. @item @emph{Scalar types} include all of the above. @end itemize @noindent The following operators are supported. They are listed here in order of increasing precedence: @table @code @item , The comma or sequencing operator. Expressions in a comma-separated list are evaluated from left to right, with the result of the entire expression being the last expression evaluated. @item = Assignment. The value of an assignment expression is the value assigned. Defined on scalar types. @item @var{op}= Used in an expression of the form @w{@code{@var{a} @var{op}= @var{b}}}, and translated to @w{@code{@var{a} = @var{a op b}}}. @w{@code{@var{op}=}} and @code{=} have the same precedence. @var{op} is any one of the operators @code{|}, @code{^}, @code{&}, @code{<<}, @code{>>}, @code{+}, @code{-}, @code{*}, @code{/}, @code{%}. @item ?: The ternary operator. @code{@var{a} ? @var{b} : @var{c}} can be thought of as: if @var{a} then @var{b} else @var{c}. @var{a} should be of an integral type. @item || Logical @sc{or}. Defined on integral types. @item && Logical @sc{and}. Defined on integral types. @item | Bitwise @sc{or}. Defined on integral types. @item ^ Bitwise exclusive-@sc{or}. Defined on integral types. @item & Bitwise @sc{and}. Defined on integral types. @item ==@r{, }!= Equality and inequality. Defined on scalar types. The value of these expressions is 0 for false and non-zero for true. @item <@r{, }>@r{, }<=@r{, }>= Less than, greater than, less than or equal, greater than or equal. Defined on scalar types. The value of these expressions is 0 for false and non-zero for true. @item <<@r{, }>> left shift, and right shift. Defined on integral types. @item @@ The @value{GDBN} ``artificial array'' operator (@pxref{Expressions, ,Expressions}). @item +@r{, }- Addition and subtraction. Defined on integral types, floating-point types and pointer types. @item *@r{, }/@r{, }% Multiplication, division, and modulus. Multiplication and division are defined on integral and floating-point types. Modulus is defined on integral types. @item ++@r{, }-- Increment and decrement. When appearing before a variable, the operation is performed before the variable is used in an expression; when appearing after it, the variable's value is used before the operation takes place. @item * Pointer dereferencing. Defined on pointer types. Same precedence as @code{++}. @item & Address operator. Defined on variables. Same precedence as @code{++}. For debugging C@t{++}, @value{GDBN} implements a use of @samp{&} beyond what is allowed in the C@t{++} language itself: you can use @samp{&(&@var{ref})} to examine the address where a C@t{++} reference variable (declared with @samp{&@var{ref}}) is stored. @item - Negative. Defined on integral and floating-point types. Same precedence as @code{++}. @item ! Logical negation. Defined on integral types. Same precedence as @code{++}. @item ~ Bitwise complement operator. Defined on integral types. Same precedence as @code{++}. @item .@r{, }-> Structure member, and pointer-to-structure member. For convenience, @value{GDBN} regards the two as equivalent, choosing whether to dereference a pointer based on the stored type information. Defined on @code{struct} and @code{union} data. @item .*@r{, }->* Dereferences of pointers to members. @item [] Array indexing. @code{@var{a}[@var{i}]} is defined as @code{*(@var{a}+@var{i})}. Same precedence as @code{->}. @item () Function parameter list. Same precedence as @code{->}. @item :: C@t{++} scope resolution operator. Defined on @code{struct}, @code{union}, and @code{class} types. @item :: Doubled colons also represent the @value{GDBN} scope operator (@pxref{Expressions, ,Expressions}). Same precedence as @code{::}, above. @end table If an operator is redefined in the user code, @value{GDBN} usually attempts to invoke the redefined version instead of using the operator's predefined meaning. @node C Constants @subsubsection C and C@t{++} Constants @cindex C and C@t{++} constants @value{GDBN} allows you to express the constants of C and C@t{++} in the following ways: @itemize @bullet @item Integer constants are a sequence of digits. Octal constants are specified by a leading @samp{0} (i.e.@: zero), and hexadecimal constants by a leading @samp{0x} or @samp{0X}. Constants may also end with a letter @samp{l}, specifying that the constant should be treated as a @code{long} value. @item Floating point constants are a sequence of digits, followed by a decimal point, followed by a sequence of digits, and optionally followed by an exponent. An exponent is of the form: @samp{@w{e@r{[[}+@r{]|}-@r{]}@var{nnn}}}, where @var{nnn} is another sequence of digits. The @samp{+} is optional for positive exponents. A floating-point constant may also end with a letter @samp{f} or @samp{F}, specifying that the constant should be treated as being of the @code{float} (as opposed to the default @code{double}) type; or with a letter @samp{l} or @samp{L}, which specifies a @code{long double} constant. @item Enumerated constants consist of enumerated identifiers, or their integral equivalents. @item Character constants are a single character surrounded by single quotes (@code{'}), or a number---the ordinal value of the corresponding character (usually its @sc{ascii} value). Within quotes, the single character may be represented by a letter or by @dfn{escape sequences}, which are of the form @samp{\@var{nnn}}, where @var{nnn} is the octal representation of the character's ordinal value; or of the form @samp{\@var{x}}, where @samp{@var{x}} is a predefined special character---for example, @samp{\n} for newline. @item String constants are a sequence of character constants surrounded by double quotes (@code{"}). Any valid character constant (as described above) may appear. Double quotes within the string must be preceded by a backslash, so for instance @samp{"a\"b'c"} is a string of five characters. @item Pointer constants are an integral value. You can also write pointers to constants using the C operator @samp{&}. @item Array constants are comma-separated lists surrounded by braces @samp{@{} and @samp{@}}; for example, @samp{@{1,2,3@}} is a three-element array of integers, @samp{@{@{1,2@}, @{3,4@}, @{5,6@}@}} is a three-by-two array, and @samp{@{&"hi", &"there", &"fred"@}} is a three-element array of pointers. @end itemize @node C Plus Plus Expressions @subsubsection C@t{++} Expressions @cindex expressions in C@t{++} @value{GDBN} expression handling can interpret most C@t{++} expressions. @cindex debugging C@t{++} programs @cindex C@t{++} compilers @cindex debug formats and C@t{++} @cindex @value{NGCC} and C@t{++} @quotation @emph{Warning:} @value{GDBN} can only debug C@t{++} code if you use the proper compiler and the proper debug format. Currently, @value{GDBN} works best when debugging C@t{++} code that is compiled with @value{NGCC} 2.95.3 or with @value{NGCC} 3.1 or newer, using the options @option{-gdwarf-2} or @option{-gstabs+}. DWARF 2 is preferred over stabs+. Most configurations of @value{NGCC} emit either DWARF 2 or stabs+ as their default debug format, so you usually don't need to specify a debug format explicitly. Other compilers and/or debug formats are likely to work badly or not at all when using @value{GDBN} to debug C@t{++} code. @end quotation @enumerate @cindex member functions @item Member function calls are allowed; you can use expressions like @smallexample count = aml->GetOriginal(x, y) @end smallexample @vindex this@r{, inside C@t{++} member functions} @cindex namespace in C@t{++} @item While a member function is active (in the selected stack frame), your expressions have the same namespace available as the member function; that is, @value{GDBN} allows implicit references to the class instance pointer @code{this} following the same rules as C@t{++}. @cindex call overloaded functions @cindex overloaded functions, calling @cindex type conversions in C@t{++} @item You can call overloaded functions; @value{GDBN} resolves the function call to the right definition, with some restrictions. @value{GDBN} does not perform overload resolution involving user-defined type conversions, calls to constructors, or instantiations of templates that do not exist in the program. It also cannot handle ellipsis argument lists or default arguments. It does perform integral conversions and promotions, floating-point promotions, arithmetic conversions, pointer conversions, conversions of class objects to base classes, and standard conversions such as those of functions or arrays to pointers; it requires an exact match on the number of function arguments. Overload resolution is always performed, unless you have specified @code{set overload-resolution off}. @xref{Debugging C Plus Plus, ,@value{GDBN} Features for C@t{++}}. You must specify @code{set overload-resolution off} in order to use an explicit function signature to call an overloaded function, as in @smallexample p 'foo(char,int)'('x', 13) @end smallexample The @value{GDBN} command-completion facility can simplify this; see @ref{Completion, ,Command Completion}. @cindex reference declarations @item @value{GDBN} understands variables declared as C@t{++} references; you can use them in expressions just as you do in C@t{++} source---they are automatically dereferenced. In the parameter list shown when @value{GDBN} displays a frame, the values of reference variables are not displayed (unlike other variables); this avoids clutter, since references are often used for large structures. The @emph{address} of a reference variable is always shown, unless you have specified @samp{set print address off}. @item @value{GDBN} supports the C@t{++} name resolution operator @code{::}---your expressions can use it just as expressions in your program do. Since one scope may be defined in another, you can use @code{::} repeatedly if necessary, for example in an expression like @samp{@var{scope1}::@var{scope2}::@var{name}}. @value{GDBN} also allows resolving name scope by reference to source files, in both C and C@t{++} debugging (@pxref{Variables, ,Program Variables}). @end enumerate In addition, when used with HP's C@t{++} compiler, @value{GDBN} supports calling virtual functions correctly, printing out virtual bases of objects, calling functions in a base subobject, casting objects, and invoking user-defined operators. @node C Defaults @subsubsection C and C@t{++} Defaults @cindex C and C@t{++} defaults If you allow @value{GDBN} to set type and range checking automatically, they both default to @code{off} whenever the working language changes to C or C@t{++}. This happens regardless of whether you or @value{GDBN} selects the working language. If you allow @value{GDBN} to set the language automatically, it recognizes source files whose names end with @file{.c}, @file{.C}, or @file{.cc}, etc, and when @value{GDBN} enters code compiled from one of these files, it sets the working language to C or C@t{++}. @xref{Automatically, ,Having @value{GDBN} Infer the Source Language}, for further details. @c Type checking is (a) primarily motivated by Modula-2, and (b) @c unimplemented. If (b) changes, it might make sense to let this node @c appear even if Mod-2 does not, but meanwhile ignore it. roland 16jul93. @node C Checks @subsubsection C and C@t{++} Type and Range Checks @cindex C and C@t{++} checks By default, when @value{GDBN} parses C or C@t{++} expressions, type checking is not used. However, if you turn type checking on, @value{GDBN} considers two variables type equivalent if: @itemize @bullet @item The two variables are structured and have the same structure, union, or enumerated tag. @item The two variables have the same type name, or types that have been declared equivalent through @code{typedef}. @ignore @c leaving this out because neither J Gilmore nor R Pesch understand it. @c FIXME--beers? @item The two @code{struct}, @code{union}, or @code{enum} variables are declared in the same declaration. (Note: this may not be true for all C compilers.) @end ignore @end itemize Range checking, if turned on, is done on mathematical operations. Array indices are not checked, since they are often used to index a pointer that is not itself an array. @node Debugging C @subsubsection @value{GDBN} and C The @code{set print union} and @code{show print union} commands apply to the @code{union} type. When set to @samp{on}, any @code{union} that is inside a @code{struct} or @code{class} is also printed. Otherwise, it appears as @samp{@{...@}}. The @code{@@} operator aids in the debugging of dynamic arrays, formed with pointers and a memory allocation function. @xref{Expressions, ,Expressions}. @node Debugging C Plus Plus @subsubsection @value{GDBN} Features for C@t{++} @cindex commands for C@t{++} Some @value{GDBN} commands are particularly useful with C@t{++}, and some are designed specifically for use with C@t{++}. Here is a summary: @table @code @cindex break in overloaded functions @item @r{breakpoint menus} When you want a breakpoint in a function whose name is overloaded, @value{GDBN} breakpoint menus help you specify which function definition you want. @xref{Breakpoint Menus,,Breakpoint Menus}. @cindex overloading in C@t{++} @item rbreak @var{regex} Setting breakpoints using regular expressions is helpful for setting breakpoints on overloaded functions that are not members of any special classes. @xref{Set Breaks, ,Setting Breakpoints}. @cindex C@t{++} exception handling @item catch throw @itemx catch catch Debug C@t{++} exception handling using these commands. @xref{Set Catchpoints, , Setting Catchpoints}. @cindex inheritance @item ptype @var{typename} Print inheritance relationships as well as other information for type @var{typename}. @xref{Symbols, ,Examining the Symbol Table}. @cindex C@t{++} symbol display @item set print demangle @itemx show print demangle @itemx set print asm-demangle @itemx show print asm-demangle Control whether C@t{++} symbols display in their source form, both when displaying code as C@t{++} source and when displaying disassemblies. @xref{Print Settings, ,Print Settings}. @item set print object @itemx show print object Choose whether to print derived (actual) or declared types of objects. @xref{Print Settings, ,Print Settings}. @item set print vtbl @itemx show print vtbl Control the format for printing virtual function tables. @xref{Print Settings, ,Print Settings}. (The @code{vtbl} commands do not work on programs compiled with the HP ANSI C@t{++} compiler (@code{aCC}).) @kindex set overload-resolution @cindex overloaded functions, overload resolution @item set overload-resolution on Enable overload resolution for C@t{++} expression evaluation. The default is on. For overloaded functions, @value{GDBN} evaluates the arguments and searches for a function whose signature matches the argument types, using the standard C@t{++} conversion rules (see @ref{C Plus Plus Expressions, ,C@t{++} Expressions}, for details). If it cannot find a match, it emits a message. @item set overload-resolution off Disable overload resolution for C@t{++} expression evaluation. For overloaded functions that are not class member functions, @value{GDBN} chooses the first function of the specified name that it finds in the symbol table, whether or not its arguments are of the correct type. For overloaded functions that are class member functions, @value{GDBN} searches for a function whose signature @emph{exactly} matches the argument types. @kindex show overload-resolution @item show overload-resolution Show the current setting of overload resolution. @item @r{Overloaded symbol names} You can specify a particular definition of an overloaded symbol, using the same notation that is used to declare such symbols in C@t{++}: type @code{@var{symbol}(@var{types})} rather than just @var{symbol}. You can also use the @value{GDBN} command-line word completion facilities to list the available choices, or to finish the type list for you. @xref{Completion,, Command Completion}, for details on how to do this. @end table @node Decimal Floating Point @subsubsection Decimal Floating Point format @cindex decimal floating point format @value{GDBN} can examine, set and perform computations with numbers in decimal floating point format, which in the C language correspond to the @code{_Decimal32}, @code{_Decimal64} and @code{_Decimal128} types as specified by the extension to support decimal floating-point arithmetic. There are two encodings in use, depending on the architecture: BID (Binary Integer Decimal) for x86 and x86-64, and DPD (Densely Packed Decimal) for PowerPC. @value{GDBN} will use the appropriate encoding for the configured target. Because of a limitation in @file{libdecnumber}, the library used by @value{GDBN} to manipulate decimal floating point numbers, it is not possible to convert (using a cast, for example) integers wider than 32-bit to decimal float. In addition, in order to imitate @value{GDBN}'s behaviour with binary floating point computations, error checking in decimal float operations ignores underflow, overflow and divide by zero exceptions. In the PowerPC architecture, @value{GDBN} provides a set of pseudo-registers to inspect @code{_Decimal128} values stored in floating point registers. See @ref{PowerPC,,PowerPC} for more details. @node Objective-C @subsection Objective-C @cindex Objective-C This section provides information about some commands and command options that are useful for debugging Objective-C code. See also @ref{Symbols, info classes}, and @ref{Symbols, info selectors}, for a few more commands specific to Objective-C support. @menu * Method Names in Commands:: * The Print Command with Objective-C:: @end menu @node Method Names in Commands @subsubsection Method Names in Commands The following commands have been extended to accept Objective-C method names as line specifications: @kindex clear@r{, and Objective-C} @kindex break@r{, and Objective-C} @kindex info line@r{, and Objective-C} @kindex jump@r{, and Objective-C} @kindex list@r{, and Objective-C} @itemize @item @code{clear} @item @code{break} @item @code{info line} @item @code{jump} @item @code{list} @end itemize A fully qualified Objective-C method name is specified as @smallexample -[@var{Class} @var{methodName}] @end smallexample where the minus sign is used to indicate an instance method and a plus sign (not shown) is used to indicate a class method. The class name @var{Class} and method name @var{methodName} are enclosed in brackets, similar to the way messages are specified in Objective-C source code. For example, to set a breakpoint at the @code{create} instance method of class @code{Fruit} in the program currently being debugged, enter: @smallexample break -[Fruit create] @end smallexample To list ten program lines around the @code{initialize} class method, enter: @smallexample list +[NSText initialize] @end smallexample In the current version of @value{GDBN}, the plus or minus sign is required. In future versions of @value{GDBN}, the plus or minus sign will be optional, but you can use it to narrow the search. It is also possible to specify just a method name: @smallexample break create @end smallexample You must specify the complete method name, including any colons. If your program's source files contain more than one @code{create} method, you'll be presented with a numbered list of classes that implement that method. Indicate your choice by number, or type @samp{0} to exit if none apply. As another example, to clear a breakpoint established at the @code{makeKeyAndOrderFront:} method of the @code{NSWindow} class, enter: @smallexample clear -[NSWindow makeKeyAndOrderFront:] @end smallexample @node The Print Command with Objective-C @subsubsection The Print Command With Objective-C @cindex Objective-C, print objects @kindex print-object @kindex po @r{(@code{print-object})} The print command has also been extended to accept methods. For example: @smallexample print -[@var{object} hash] @end smallexample @cindex print an Objective-C object description @cindex @code{_NSPrintForDebugger}, and printing Objective-C objects @noindent will tell @value{GDBN} to send the @code{hash} message to @var{object} and print the result. Also, an additional command has been added, @code{print-object} or @code{po} for short, which is meant to print the description of an object. However, this command may only work with certain Objective-C libraries that have a particular hook function, @code{_NSPrintForDebugger}, defined. @node Fortran @subsection Fortran @cindex Fortran-specific support in @value{GDBN} @value{GDBN} can be used to debug programs written in Fortran, but it currently supports only the features of Fortran 77 language. @cindex trailing underscore, in Fortran symbols Some Fortran compilers (@sc{gnu} Fortran 77 and Fortran 95 compilers among them) append an underscore to the names of variables and functions. When you debug programs compiled by those compilers, you will need to refer to variables and functions with a trailing underscore. @menu * Fortran Operators:: Fortran operators and expressions * Fortran Defaults:: Default settings for Fortran * Special Fortran Commands:: Special @value{GDBN} commands for Fortran @end menu @node Fortran Operators @subsubsection Fortran Operators and Expressions @cindex Fortran operators and expressions Operators must be defined on values of specific types. For instance, @code{+} is defined on numbers, but not on characters or other non- arithmetic types. Operators are often defined on groups of types. @table @code @item ** The exponentiation operator. It raises the first operand to the power of the second one. @item : The range operator. Normally used in the form of array(low:high) to represent a section of array. @end table @node Fortran Defaults @subsubsection Fortran Defaults @cindex Fortran Defaults Fortran symbols are usually case-insensitive, so @value{GDBN} by default uses case-insensitive matches for Fortran symbols. You can change that with the @samp{set case-insensitive} command, see @ref{Symbols}, for the details. @node Special Fortran Commands @subsubsection Special Fortran Commands @cindex Special Fortran commands @value{GDBN} has some commands to support Fortran-specific features, such as displaying common blocks. @table @code @cindex @code{COMMON} blocks, Fortran @kindex info common @item info common @r{[}@var{common-name}@r{]} This command prints the values contained in the Fortran @code{COMMON} block whose name is @var{common-name}. With no argument, the names of all @code{COMMON} blocks visible at the current program location are printed. @end table @node Pascal @subsection Pascal @cindex Pascal support in @value{GDBN}, limitations Debugging Pascal programs which use sets, subranges, file variables, or nested functions does not currently work. @value{GDBN} does not support entering expressions, printing values, or similar features using Pascal syntax. The Pascal-specific command @code{set print pascal_static-members} controls whether static members of Pascal objects are displayed. @xref{Print Settings, pascal_static-members}. @node Modula-2 @subsection Modula-2 @cindex Modula-2, @value{GDBN} support The extensions made to @value{GDBN} to support Modula-2 only support output from the @sc{gnu} Modula-2 compiler (which is currently being developed). Other Modula-2 compilers are not currently supported, and attempting to debug executables produced by them is most likely to give an error as @value{GDBN} reads in the executable's symbol table. @cindex expressions in Modula-2 @menu * M2 Operators:: Built-in operators * Built-In Func/Proc:: Built-in functions and procedures * M2 Constants:: Modula-2 constants * M2 Types:: Modula-2 types * M2 Defaults:: Default settings for Modula-2 * Deviations:: Deviations from standard Modula-2 * M2 Checks:: Modula-2 type and range checks * M2 Scope:: The scope operators @code{::} and @code{.} * GDB/M2:: @value{GDBN} and Modula-2 @end menu @node M2 Operators @subsubsection Operators @cindex Modula-2 operators Operators must be defined on values of specific types. For instance, @code{+} is defined on numbers, but not on structures. Operators are often defined on groups of types. For the purposes of Modula-2, the following definitions hold: @itemize @bullet @item @emph{Integral types} consist of @code{INTEGER}, @code{CARDINAL}, and their subranges. @item @emph{Character types} consist of @code{CHAR} and its subranges. @item @emph{Floating-point types} consist of @code{REAL}. @item @emph{Pointer types} consist of anything declared as @code{POINTER TO @var{type}}. @item @emph{Scalar types} consist of all of the above. @item @emph{Set types} consist of @code{SET} and @code{BITSET} types. @item @emph{Boolean types} consist of @code{BOOLEAN}. @end itemize @noindent The following operators are supported, and appear in order of increasing precedence: @table @code @item , Function argument or array index separator. @item := Assignment. The value of @var{var} @code{:=} @var{value} is @var{value}. @item <@r{, }> Less than, greater than on integral, floating-point, or enumerated types. @item <=@r{, }>= Less than or equal to, greater than or equal to on integral, floating-point and enumerated types, or set inclusion on set types. Same precedence as @code{<}. @item =@r{, }<>@r{, }# Equality and two ways of expressing inequality, valid on scalar types. Same precedence as @code{<}. In @value{GDBN} scripts, only @code{<>} is available for inequality, since @code{#} conflicts with the script comment character. @item IN Set membership. Defined on set types and the types of their members. Same precedence as @code{<}. @item OR Boolean disjunction. Defined on boolean types. @item AND@r{, }& Boolean conjunction. Defined on boolean types. @item @@ The @value{GDBN} ``artificial array'' operator (@pxref{Expressions, ,Expressions}). @item +@r{, }- Addition and subtraction on integral and floating-point types, or union and difference on set types. @item * Multiplication on integral and floating-point types, or set intersection on set types. @item / Division on floating-point types, or symmetric set difference on set types. Same precedence as @code{*}. @item DIV@r{, }MOD Integer division and remainder. Defined on integral types. Same precedence as @code{*}. @item - Negative. Defined on @code{INTEGER} and @code{REAL} data. @item ^ Pointer dereferencing. Defined on pointer types. @item NOT Boolean negation. Defined on boolean types. Same precedence as @code{^}. @item . @code{RECORD} field selector. Defined on @code{RECORD} data. Same precedence as @code{^}. @item [] Array indexing. Defined on @code{ARRAY} data. Same precedence as @code{^}. @item () Procedure argument list. Defined on @code{PROCEDURE} objects. Same precedence as @code{^}. @item ::@r{, }. @value{GDBN} and Modula-2 scope operators. @end table @quotation @emph{Warning:} Set expressions and their operations are not yet supported, so @value{GDBN} treats the use of the operator @code{IN}, or the use of operators @code{+}, @code{-}, @code{*}, @code{/}, @code{=}, , @code{<>}, @code{#}, @code{<=}, and @code{>=} on sets as an error. @end quotation @node Built-In Func/Proc @subsubsection Built-in Functions and Procedures @cindex Modula-2 built-ins Modula-2 also makes available several built-in procedures and functions. In describing these, the following metavariables are used: @table @var @item a represents an @code{ARRAY} variable. @item c represents a @code{CHAR} constant or variable. @item i represents a variable or constant of integral type. @item m represents an identifier that belongs to a set. Generally used in the same function with the metavariable @var{s}. The type of @var{s} should be @code{SET OF @var{mtype}} (where @var{mtype} is the type of @var{m}). @item n represents a variable or constant of integral or floating-point type. @item r represents a variable or constant of floating-point type. @item t represents a type. @item v represents a variable. @item x represents a variable or constant of one of many types. See the explanation of the function for details. @end table All Modula-2 built-in procedures also return a result, described below. @table @code @item ABS(@var{n}) Returns the absolute value of @var{n}. @item CAP(@var{c}) If @var{c} is a lower case letter, it returns its upper case equivalent, otherwise it returns its argument. @item CHR(@var{i}) Returns the character whose ordinal value is @var{i}. @item DEC(@var{v}) Decrements the value in the variable @var{v} by one. Returns the new value. @item DEC(@var{v},@var{i}) Decrements the value in the variable @var{v} by @var{i}. Returns the new value. @item EXCL(@var{m},@var{s}) Removes the element @var{m} from the set @var{s}. Returns the new set. @item FLOAT(@var{i}) Returns the floating point equivalent of the integer @var{i}. @item HIGH(@var{a}) Returns the index of the last member of @var{a}. @item INC(@var{v}) Increments the value in the variable @var{v} by one. Returns the new value. @item INC(@var{v},@var{i}) Increments the value in the variable @var{v} by @var{i}. Returns the new value. @item INCL(@var{m},@var{s}) Adds the element @var{m} to the set @var{s} if it is not already there. Returns the new set. @item MAX(@var{t}) Returns the maximum value of the type @var{t}. @item MIN(@var{t}) Returns the minimum value of the type @var{t}. @item ODD(@var{i}) Returns boolean TRUE if @var{i} is an odd number. @item ORD(@var{x}) Returns the ordinal value of its argument. For example, the ordinal value of a character is its @sc{ascii} value (on machines supporting the @sc{ascii} character set). @var{x} must be of an ordered type, which include integral, character and enumerated types. @item SIZE(@var{x}) Returns the size of its argument. @var{x} can be a variable or a type. @item TRUNC(@var{r}) Returns the integral part of @var{r}. @item TSIZE(@var{x}) Returns the size of its argument. @var{x} can be a variable or a type. @item VAL(@var{t},@var{i}) Returns the member of the type @var{t} whose ordinal value is @var{i}. @end table @quotation @emph{Warning:} Sets and their operations are not yet supported, so @value{GDBN} treats the use of procedures @code{INCL} and @code{EXCL} as an error. @end quotation @cindex Modula-2 constants @node M2 Constants @subsubsection Constants @value{GDBN} allows you to express the constants of Modula-2 in the following ways: @itemize @bullet @item Integer constants are simply a sequence of digits. When used in an expression, a constant is interpreted to be type-compatible with the rest of the expression. Hexadecimal integers are specified by a trailing @samp{H}, and octal integers by a trailing @samp{B}. @item Floating point constants appear as a sequence of digits, followed by a decimal point and another sequence of digits. An optional exponent can then be specified, in the form @samp{E@r{[}+@r{|}-@r{]}@var{nnn}}, where @samp{@r{[}+@r{|}-@r{]}@var{nnn}} is the desired exponent. All of the digits of the floating point constant must be valid decimal (base 10) digits. @item Character constants consist of a single character enclosed by a pair of like quotes, either single (@code{'}) or double (@code{"}). They may also be expressed by their ordinal value (their @sc{ascii} value, usually) followed by a @samp{C}. @item String constants consist of a sequence of characters enclosed by a pair of like quotes, either single (@code{'}) or double (@code{"}). Escape sequences in the style of C are also allowed. @xref{C Constants, ,C and C@t{++} Constants}, for a brief explanation of escape sequences. @item Enumerated constants consist of an enumerated identifier. @item Boolean constants consist of the identifiers @code{TRUE} and @code{FALSE}. @item Pointer constants consist of integral values only. @item Set constants are not yet supported. @end itemize @node M2 Types @subsubsection Modula-2 Types @cindex Modula-2 types Currently @value{GDBN} can print the following data types in Modula-2 syntax: array types, record types, set types, pointer types, procedure types, enumerated types, subrange types and base types. You can also print the contents of variables declared using these type. This section gives a number of simple source code examples together with sample @value{GDBN} sessions. The first example contains the following section of code: @smallexample VAR s: SET OF CHAR ; r: [20..40] ; @end smallexample @noindent and you can request @value{GDBN} to interrogate the type and value of @code{r} and @code{s}. @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) print s @{'A'..'C', 'Z'@} (@value{GDBP}) ptype s SET OF CHAR (@value{GDBP}) print r 21 (@value{GDBP}) ptype r [20..40] @end smallexample @noindent Likewise if your source code declares @code{s} as: @smallexample VAR s: SET ['A'..'Z'] ; @end smallexample @noindent then you may query the type of @code{s} by: @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) ptype s type = SET ['A'..'Z'] @end smallexample @noindent Note that at present you cannot interactively manipulate set expressions using the debugger. The following example shows how you might declare an array in Modula-2 and how you can interact with @value{GDBN} to print its type and contents: @smallexample VAR s: ARRAY [-10..10] OF CHAR ; @end smallexample @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) ptype s ARRAY [-10..10] OF CHAR @end smallexample Note that the array handling is not yet complete and although the type is printed correctly, expression handling still assumes that all arrays have a lower bound of zero and not @code{-10} as in the example above. Here are some more type related Modula-2 examples: @smallexample TYPE colour = (blue, red, yellow, green) ; t = [blue..yellow] ; VAR s: t ; BEGIN s := blue ; @end smallexample @noindent The @value{GDBN} interaction shows how you can query the data type and value of a variable. @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) print s $1 = blue (@value{GDBP}) ptype t type = [blue..yellow] @end smallexample @noindent In this example a Modula-2 array is declared and its contents displayed. Observe that the contents are written in the same way as their @code{C} counterparts. @smallexample VAR s: ARRAY [1..5] OF CARDINAL ; BEGIN s[1] := 1 ; @end smallexample @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) print s $1 = @{1, 0, 0, 0, 0@} (@value{GDBP}) ptype s type = ARRAY [1..5] OF CARDINAL @end smallexample The Modula-2 language interface to @value{GDBN} also understands pointer types as shown in this example: @smallexample VAR s: POINTER TO ARRAY [1..5] OF CARDINAL ; BEGIN NEW(s) ; s^[1] := 1 ; @end smallexample @noindent and you can request that @value{GDBN} describes the type of @code{s}. @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) ptype s type = POINTER TO ARRAY [1..5] OF CARDINAL @end smallexample @value{GDBN} handles compound types as we can see in this example. Here we combine array types, record types, pointer types and subrange types: @smallexample TYPE foo = RECORD f1: CARDINAL ; f2: CHAR ; f3: myarray ; END ; myarray = ARRAY myrange OF CARDINAL ; myrange = [-2..2] ; VAR s: POINTER TO ARRAY myrange OF foo ; @end smallexample @noindent and you can ask @value{GDBN} to describe the type of @code{s} as shown below. @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) ptype s type = POINTER TO ARRAY [-2..2] OF foo = RECORD f1 : CARDINAL; f2 : CHAR; f3 : ARRAY [-2..2] OF CARDINAL; END @end smallexample @node M2 Defaults @subsubsection Modula-2 Defaults @cindex Modula-2 defaults If type and range checking are set automatically by @value{GDBN}, they both default to @code{on} whenever the working language changes to Modula-2. This happens regardless of whether you or @value{GDBN} selected the working language. If you allow @value{GDBN} to set the language automatically, then entering code compiled from a file whose name ends with @file{.mod} sets the working language to Modula-2. @xref{Automatically, ,Having @value{GDBN} Infer the Source Language}, for further details. @node Deviations @subsubsection Deviations from Standard Modula-2 @cindex Modula-2, deviations from A few changes have been made to make Modula-2 programs easier to debug. This is done primarily via loosening its type strictness: @itemize @bullet @item Unlike in standard Modula-2, pointer constants can be formed by integers. This allows you to modify pointer variables during debugging. (In standard Modula-2, the actual address contained in a pointer variable is hidden from you; it can only be modified through direct assignment to another pointer variable or expression that returned a pointer.) @item C escape sequences can be used in strings and characters to represent non-printable characters. @value{GDBN} prints out strings with these escape sequences embedded. Single non-printable characters are printed using the @samp{CHR(@var{nnn})} format. @item The assignment operator (@code{:=}) returns the value of its right-hand argument. @item All built-in procedures both modify @emph{and} return their argument. @end itemize @node M2 Checks @subsubsection Modula-2 Type and Range Checks @cindex Modula-2 checks @quotation @emph{Warning:} in this release, @value{GDBN} does not yet perform type or range checking. @end quotation @c FIXME remove warning when type/range checks added @value{GDBN} considers two Modula-2 variables type equivalent if: @itemize @bullet @item They are of types that have been declared equivalent via a @code{TYPE @var{t1} = @var{t2}} statement @item They have been declared on the same line. (Note: This is true of the @sc{gnu} Modula-2 compiler, but it may not be true of other compilers.) @end itemize As long as type checking is enabled, any attempt to combine variables whose types are not equivalent is an error. Range checking is done on all mathematical operations, assignment, array index bounds, and all built-in functions and procedures. @node M2 Scope @subsubsection The Scope Operators @code{::} and @code{.} @cindex scope @cindex @code{.}, Modula-2 scope operator @cindex colon, doubled as scope operator @ifinfo @vindex colon-colon@r{, in Modula-2} @c Info cannot handle :: but TeX can. @end ifinfo @iftex @vindex ::@r{, in Modula-2} @end iftex There are a few subtle differences between the Modula-2 scope operator (@code{.}) and the @value{GDBN} scope operator (@code{::}). The two have similar syntax: @smallexample @var{module} . @var{id} @var{scope} :: @var{id} @end smallexample @noindent where @var{scope} is the name of a module or a procedure, @var{module} the name of a module, and @var{id} is any declared identifier within your program, except another module. Using the @code{::} operator makes @value{GDBN} search the scope specified by @var{scope} for the identifier @var{id}. If it is not found in the specified scope, then @value{GDBN} searches all scopes enclosing the one specified by @var{scope}. Using the @code{.} operator makes @value{GDBN} search the current scope for the identifier specified by @var{id} that was imported from the definition module specified by @var{module}. With this operator, it is an error if the identifier @var{id} was not imported from definition module @var{module}, or if @var{id} is not an identifier in @var{module}. @node GDB/M2 @subsubsection @value{GDBN} and Modula-2 Some @value{GDBN} commands have little use when debugging Modula-2 programs. Five subcommands of @code{set print} and @code{show print} apply specifically to C and C@t{++}: @samp{vtbl}, @samp{demangle}, @samp{asm-demangle}, @samp{object}, and @samp{union}. The first four apply to C@t{++}, and the last to the C @code{union} type, which has no direct analogue in Modula-2. The @code{@@} operator (@pxref{Expressions, ,Expressions}), while available with any language, is not useful with Modula-2. Its intent is to aid the debugging of @dfn{dynamic arrays}, which cannot be created in Modula-2 as they can in C or C@t{++}. However, because an address can be specified by an integral constant, the construct @samp{@{@var{type}@}@var{adrexp}} is still useful. @cindex @code{#} in Modula-2 In @value{GDBN} scripts, the Modula-2 inequality operator @code{#} is interpreted as the beginning of a comment. Use @code{<>} instead. @node Ada @subsection Ada @cindex Ada The extensions made to @value{GDBN} for Ada only support output from the @sc{gnu} Ada (GNAT) compiler. Other Ada compilers are not currently supported, and attempting to debug executables produced by them is most likely to be difficult. @cindex expressions in Ada @menu * Ada Mode Intro:: General remarks on the Ada syntax and semantics supported by Ada mode in @value{GDBN}. * Omissions from Ada:: Restrictions on the Ada expression syntax. * Additions to Ada:: Extensions of the Ada expression syntax. * Stopping Before Main Program:: Debugging the program during elaboration. * Ada Glitches:: Known peculiarities of Ada mode. @end menu @node Ada Mode Intro @subsubsection Introduction @cindex Ada mode, general The Ada mode of @value{GDBN} supports a fairly large subset of Ada expression syntax, with some extensions. The philosophy behind the design of this subset is @itemize @bullet @item That @value{GDBN} should provide basic literals and access to operations for arithmetic, dereferencing, field selection, indexing, and subprogram calls, leaving more sophisticated computations to subprograms written into the program (which therefore may be called from @value{GDBN}). @item That type safety and strict adherence to Ada language restrictions are not particularly important to the @value{GDBN} user. @item That brevity is important to the @value{GDBN} user. @end itemize Thus, for brevity, the debugger acts as if there were implicit @code{with} and @code{use} clauses in effect for all user-written packages, making it unnecessary to fully qualify most names with their packages, regardless of context. Where this causes ambiguity, @value{GDBN} asks the user's intent. The debugger will start in Ada mode if it detects an Ada main program. As for other languages, it will enter Ada mode when stopped in a program that was translated from an Ada source file. While in Ada mode, you may use `@t{--}' for comments. This is useful mostly for documenting command files. The standard @value{GDBN} comment (@samp{#}) still works at the beginning of a line in Ada mode, but not in the middle (to allow based literals). The debugger supports limited overloading. Given a subprogram call in which the function symbol has multiple definitions, it will use the number of actual parameters and some information about their types to attempt to narrow the set of definitions. It also makes very limited use of context, preferring procedures to functions in the context of the @code{call} command, and functions to procedures elsewhere. @node Omissions from Ada @subsubsection Omissions from Ada @cindex Ada, omissions from Here are the notable omissions from the subset: @itemize @bullet @item Only a subset of the attributes are supported: @itemize @minus @item @t{'First}, @t{'Last}, and @t{'Length} on array objects (not on types and subtypes). @item @t{'Min} and @t{'Max}. @item @t{'Pos} and @t{'Val}. @item @t{'Tag}. @item @t{'Range} on array objects (not subtypes), but only as the right operand of the membership (@code{in}) operator. @item @t{'Access}, @t{'Unchecked_Access}, and @t{'Unrestricted_Access} (a GNAT extension). @item @t{'Address}. @end itemize @item The names in @code{Characters.Latin_1} are not available and concatenation is not implemented. Thus, escape characters in strings are not currently available. @item Equality tests (@samp{=} and @samp{/=}) on arrays test for bitwise equality of representations. They will generally work correctly for strings and arrays whose elements have integer or enumeration types. They may not work correctly for arrays whose element types have user-defined equality, for arrays of real values (in particular, IEEE-conformant floating point, because of negative zeroes and NaNs), and for arrays whose elements contain unused bits with indeterminate values. @item The other component-by-component array operations (@code{and}, @code{or}, @code{xor}, @code{not}, and relational tests other than equality) are not implemented. @item @cindex array aggregates (Ada) @cindex record aggregates (Ada) @cindex aggregates (Ada) There is limited support for array and record aggregates. They are permitted only on the right sides of assignments, as in these examples: @smallexample set An_Array := (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) set An_Array := (1, others => 0) set An_Array := (0|4 => 1, 1..3 => 2, 5 => 6) set A_2D_Array := ((1, 2, 3), (4, 5, 6), (7, 8, 9)) set A_Record := (1, "Peter", True); set A_Record := (Name => "Peter", Id => 1, Alive => True) @end smallexample Changing a discriminant's value by assigning an aggregate has an undefined effect if that discriminant is used within the record. However, you can first modify discriminants by directly assigning to them (which normally would not be allowed in Ada), and then performing an aggregate assignment. For example, given a variable @code{A_Rec} declared to have a type such as: @smallexample type Rec (Len : Small_Integer := 0) is record Id : Integer; Vals : IntArray (1 .. Len); end record; @end smallexample you can assign a value with a different size of @code{Vals} with two assignments: @smallexample set A_Rec.Len := 4 set A_Rec := (Id => 42, Vals => (1, 2, 3, 4)) @end smallexample As this example also illustrates, @value{GDBN} is very loose about the usual rules concerning aggregates. You may leave out some of the components of an array or record aggregate (such as the @code{Len} component in the assignment to @code{A_Rec} above); they will retain their original values upon assignment. You may freely use dynamic values as indices in component associations. You may even use overlapping or redundant component associations, although which component values are assigned in such cases is not defined. @item Calls to dispatching subprograms are not implemented. @item The overloading algorithm is much more limited (i.e., less selective) than that of real Ada. It makes only limited use of the context in which a subexpression appears to resolve its meaning, and it is much looser in its rules for allowing type matches. As a result, some function calls will be ambiguous, and the user will be asked to choose the proper resolution. @item The @code{new} operator is not implemented. @item Entry calls are not implemented. @item Aside from printing, arithmetic operations on the native VAX floating-point formats are not supported. @item It is not possible to slice a packed array. @end itemize @node Additions to Ada @subsubsection Additions to Ada @cindex Ada, deviations from As it does for other languages, @value{GDBN} makes certain generic extensions to Ada (@pxref{Expressions}): @itemize @bullet @item If the expression @var{E} is a variable residing in memory (typically a local variable or array element) and @var{N} is a positive integer, then @code{@var{E}@@@var{N}} displays the values of @var{E} and the @var{N}-1 adjacent variables following it in memory as an array. In Ada, this operator is generally not necessary, since its prime use is in displaying parts of an array, and slicing will usually do this in Ada. However, there are occasional uses when debugging programs in which certain debugging information has been optimized away. @item @code{@var{B}::@var{var}} means ``the variable named @var{var} that appears in function or file @var{B}.'' When @var{B} is a file name, you must typically surround it in single quotes. @item The expression @code{@{@var{type}@} @var{addr}} means ``the variable of type @var{type} that appears at address @var{addr}.'' @item A name starting with @samp{$} is a convenience variable (@pxref{Convenience Vars}) or a machine register (@pxref{Registers}). @end itemize In addition, @value{GDBN} provides a few other shortcuts and outright additions specific to Ada: @itemize @bullet @item The assignment statement is allowed as an expression, returning its right-hand operand as its value. Thus, you may enter @smallexample set x := y + 3 print A(tmp := y + 1) @end smallexample @item The semicolon is allowed as an ``operator,'' returning as its value the value of its right-hand operand. This allows, for example, complex conditional breaks: @smallexample break f condition 1 (report(i); k += 1; A(k) > 100) @end smallexample @item Rather than use catenation and symbolic character names to introduce special characters into strings, one may instead use a special bracket notation, which is also used to print strings. A sequence of characters of the form @samp{["@var{XX}"]} within a string or character literal denotes the (single) character whose numeric encoding is @var{XX} in hexadecimal. The sequence of characters @samp{["""]} also denotes a single quotation mark in strings. For example, @smallexample "One line.["0a"]Next line.["0a"]" @end smallexample @noindent contains an ASCII newline character (@code{Ada.Characters.Latin_1.LF}) after each period. @item The subtype used as a prefix for the attributes @t{'Pos}, @t{'Min}, and @t{'Max} is optional (and is ignored in any case). For example, it is valid to write @smallexample print 'max(x, y) @end smallexample @item When printing arrays, @value{GDBN} uses positional notation when the array has a lower bound of 1, and uses a modified named notation otherwise. For example, a one-dimensional array of three integers with a lower bound of 3 might print as @smallexample (3 => 10, 17, 1) @end smallexample @noindent That is, in contrast to valid Ada, only the first component has a @code{=>} clause. @item You may abbreviate attributes in expressions with any unique, multi-character subsequence of their names (an exact match gets preference). For example, you may use @t{a'len}, @t{a'gth}, or @t{a'lh} in place of @t{a'length}. @item @cindex quoting Ada internal identifiers Since Ada is case-insensitive, the debugger normally maps identifiers you type to lower case. The GNAT compiler uses upper-case characters for some of its internal identifiers, which are normally of no interest to users. For the rare occasions when you actually have to look at them, enclose them in angle brackets to avoid the lower-case mapping. For example, @smallexample @value{GDBP} print [0] @end smallexample @item Printing an object of class-wide type or dereferencing an access-to-class-wide value will display all the components of the object's specific type (as indicated by its run-time tag). Likewise, component selection on such a value will operate on the specific type of the object. @end itemize @node Stopping Before Main Program @subsubsection Stopping at the Very Beginning @cindex breakpointing Ada elaboration code It is sometimes necessary to debug the program during elaboration, and before reaching the main procedure. As defined in the Ada Reference Manual, the elaboration code is invoked from a procedure called @code{adainit}. To run your program up to the beginning of elaboration, simply use the following two commands: @code{tbreak adainit} and @code{run}. @node Ada Glitches @subsubsection Known Peculiarities of Ada Mode @cindex Ada, problems Besides the omissions listed previously (@pxref{Omissions from Ada}), we know of several problems with and limitations of Ada mode in @value{GDBN}, some of which will be fixed with planned future releases of the debugger and the GNU Ada compiler. @itemize @bullet @item Currently, the debugger has insufficient information to determine whether certain pointers represent pointers to objects or the objects themselves. Thus, the user may have to tack an extra @code{.all} after an expression to get it printed properly. @item Static constants that the compiler chooses not to materialize as objects in storage are invisible to the debugger. @item Named parameter associations in function argument lists are ignored (the argument lists are treated as positional). @item Many useful library packages are currently invisible to the debugger. @item Fixed-point arithmetic, conversions, input, and output is carried out using floating-point arithmetic, and may give results that only approximate those on the host machine. @item The type of the @t{'Address} attribute may not be @code{System.Address}. @item The GNAT compiler never generates the prefix @code{Standard} for any of the standard symbols defined by the Ada language. @value{GDBN} knows about this: it will strip the prefix from names when you use it, and will never look for a name you have so qualified among local symbols, nor match against symbols in other packages or subprograms. If you have defined entities anywhere in your program other than parameters and local variables whose simple names match names in @code{Standard}, GNAT's lack of qualification here can cause confusion. When this happens, you can usually resolve the confusion by qualifying the problematic names with package @code{Standard} explicitly. @end itemize @node Unsupported Languages @section Unsupported Languages @cindex unsupported languages @cindex minimal language In addition to the other fully-supported programming languages, @value{GDBN} also provides a pseudo-language, called @code{minimal}. It does not represent a real programming language, but provides a set of capabilities close to what the C or assembly languages provide. This should allow most simple operations to be performed while debugging an application that uses a language currently not supported by @value{GDBN}. If the language is set to @code{auto}, @value{GDBN} will automatically select this language if the current frame corresponds to an unsupported language. @node Symbols @chapter Examining the Symbol Table The commands described in this chapter allow you to inquire about the symbols (names of variables, functions and types) defined in your program. This information is inherent in the text of your program and does not change as your program executes. @value{GDBN} finds it in your program's symbol table, in the file indicated when you started @value{GDBN} (@pxref{File Options, ,Choosing Files}), or by one of the file-management commands (@pxref{Files, ,Commands to Specify Files}). @cindex symbol names @cindex names of symbols @cindex quoting names Occasionally, you may need to refer to symbols that contain unusual characters, which @value{GDBN} ordinarily treats as word delimiters. The most frequent case is in referring to static variables in other source files (@pxref{Variables,,Program Variables}). File names are recorded in object files as debugging symbols, but @value{GDBN} would ordinarily parse a typical file name, like @file{foo.c}, as the three words @samp{foo} @samp{.} @samp{c}. To allow @value{GDBN} to recognize @samp{foo.c} as a single symbol, enclose it in single quotes; for example, @smallexample p 'foo.c'::x @end smallexample @noindent looks up the value of @code{x} in the scope of the file @file{foo.c}. @table @code @cindex case-insensitive symbol names @cindex case sensitivity in symbol names @kindex set case-sensitive @item set case-sensitive on @itemx set case-sensitive off @itemx set case-sensitive auto Normally, when @value{GDBN} looks up symbols, it matches their names with case sensitivity determined by the current source language. Occasionally, you may wish to control that. The command @code{set case-sensitive} lets you do that by specifying @code{on} for case-sensitive matches or @code{off} for case-insensitive ones. If you specify @code{auto}, case sensitivity is reset to the default suitable for the source language. The default is case-sensitive matches for all languages except for Fortran, for which the default is case-insensitive matches. @kindex show case-sensitive @item show case-sensitive This command shows the current setting of case sensitivity for symbols lookups. @kindex info address @cindex address of a symbol @item info address @var{symbol} Describe where the data for @var{symbol} is stored. For a register variable, this says which register it is kept in. For a non-register local variable, this prints the stack-frame offset at which the variable is always stored. Note the contrast with @samp{print &@var{symbol}}, which does not work at all for a register variable, and for a stack local variable prints the exact address of the current instantiation of the variable. @kindex info symbol @cindex symbol from address @cindex closest symbol and offset for an address @item info symbol @var{addr} Print the name of a symbol which is stored at the address @var{addr}. If no symbol is stored exactly at @var{addr}, @value{GDBN} prints the nearest symbol and an offset from it: @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) info symbol 0x54320 _initialize_vx + 396 in section .text @end smallexample @noindent This is the opposite of the @code{info address} command. You can use it to find out the name of a variable or a function given its address. @kindex whatis @item whatis [@var{arg}] Print the data type of @var{arg}, which can be either an expression or a data type. With no argument, print the data type of @code{$}, the last value in the value history. If @var{arg} is an expression, it is not actually evaluated, and any side-effecting operations (such as assignments or function calls) inside it do not take place. If @var{arg} is a type name, it may be the name of a type or typedef, or for C code it may have the form @samp{class @var{class-name}}, @samp{struct @var{struct-tag}}, @samp{union @var{union-tag}} or @samp{enum @var{enum-tag}}. @xref{Expressions, ,Expressions}. @kindex ptype @item ptype [@var{arg}] @code{ptype} accepts the same arguments as @code{whatis}, but prints a detailed description of the type, instead of just the name of the type. @xref{Expressions, ,Expressions}. For example, for this variable declaration: @smallexample struct complex @{double real; double imag;@} v; @end smallexample @noindent the two commands give this output: @smallexample @group (@value{GDBP}) whatis v type = struct complex (@value{GDBP}) ptype v type = struct complex @{ double real; double imag; @} @end group @end smallexample @noindent As with @code{whatis}, using @code{ptype} without an argument refers to the type of @code{$}, the last value in the value history. @cindex incomplete type Sometimes, programs use opaque data types or incomplete specifications of complex data structure. If the debug information included in the program does not allow @value{GDBN} to display a full declaration of the data type, it will say @samp{}. For example, given these declarations: @smallexample struct foo; struct foo *fooptr; @end smallexample @noindent but no definition for @code{struct foo} itself, @value{GDBN} will say: @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) ptype foo $1 = @end smallexample @noindent ``Incomplete type'' is C terminology for data types that are not completely specified. @kindex info types @item info types @var{regexp} @itemx info types Print a brief description of all types whose names match the regular expression @var{regexp} (or all types in your program, if you supply no argument). Each complete typename is matched as though it were a complete line; thus, @samp{i type value} gives information on all types in your program whose names include the string @code{value}, but @samp{i type ^value$} gives information only on types whose complete name is @code{value}. This command differs from @code{ptype} in two ways: first, like @code{whatis}, it does not print a detailed description; second, it lists all source files where a type is defined. @kindex info scope @cindex local variables @item info scope @var{location} List all the variables local to a particular scope. This command accepts a @var{location} argument---a function name, a source line, or an address preceded by a @samp{*}, and prints all the variables local to the scope defined by that location. (@xref{Specify Location}, for details about supported forms of @var{location}.) For example: @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) @b{info scope command_line_handler} Scope for command_line_handler: Symbol rl is an argument at stack/frame offset 8, length 4. Symbol linebuffer is in static storage at address 0x150a18, length 4. Symbol linelength is in static storage at address 0x150a1c, length 4. Symbol p is a local variable in register $esi, length 4. Symbol p1 is a local variable in register $ebx, length 4. Symbol nline is a local variable in register $edx, length 4. Symbol repeat is a local variable at frame offset -8, length 4. @end smallexample @noindent This command is especially useful for determining what data to collect during a @dfn{trace experiment}, see @ref{Tracepoint Actions, collect}. @kindex info source @item info source Show information about the current source file---that is, the source file for the function containing the current point of execution: @itemize @bullet @item the name of the source file, and the directory containing it, @item the directory it was compiled in, @item its length, in lines, @item which programming language it is written in, @item whether the executable includes debugging information for that file, and if so, what format the information is in (e.g., STABS, Dwarf 2, etc.), and @item whether the debugging information includes information about preprocessor macros. @end itemize @kindex info sources @item info sources Print the names of all source files in your program for which there is debugging information, organized into two lists: files whose symbols have already been read, and files whose symbols will be read when needed. @kindex info functions @item info functions Print the names and data types of all defined functions. @item info functions @var{regexp} Print the names and data types of all defined functions whose names contain a match for regular expression @var{regexp}. Thus, @samp{info fun step} finds all functions whose names include @code{step}; @samp{info fun ^step} finds those whose names start with @code{step}. If a function name contains characters that conflict with the regular expression language (e.g.@: @samp{operator*()}), they may be quoted with a backslash. @kindex info variables @item info variables Print the names and data types of all variables that are declared outside of functions (i.e.@: excluding local variables). @item info variables @var{regexp} Print the names and data types of all variables (except for local variables) whose names contain a match for regular expression @var{regexp}. @kindex info classes @cindex Objective-C, classes and selectors @item info classes @itemx info classes @var{regexp} Display all Objective-C classes in your program, or (with the @var{regexp} argument) all those matching a particular regular expression. @kindex info selectors @item info selectors @itemx info selectors @var{regexp} Display all Objective-C selectors in your program, or (with the @var{regexp} argument) all those matching a particular regular expression. @ignore This was never implemented. @kindex info methods @item info methods @itemx info methods @var{regexp} The @code{info methods} command permits the user to examine all defined methods within C@t{++} program, or (with the @var{regexp} argument) a specific set of methods found in the various C@t{++} classes. Many C@t{++} classes provide a large number of methods. Thus, the output from the @code{ptype} command can be overwhelming and hard to use. The @code{info-methods} command filters the methods, printing only those which match the regular-expression @var{regexp}. @end ignore @cindex reloading symbols Some systems allow individual object files that make up your program to be replaced without stopping and restarting your program. For example, in VxWorks you can simply recompile a defective object file and keep on running. If you are running on one of these systems, you can allow @value{GDBN} to reload the symbols for automatically relinked modules: @table @code @kindex set symbol-reloading @item set symbol-reloading on Replace symbol definitions for the corresponding source file when an object file with a particular name is seen again. @item set symbol-reloading off Do not replace symbol definitions when encountering object files of the same name more than once. This is the default state; if you are not running on a system that permits automatic relinking of modules, you should leave @code{symbol-reloading} off, since otherwise @value{GDBN} may discard symbols when linking large programs, that may contain several modules (from different directories or libraries) with the same name. @kindex show symbol-reloading @item show symbol-reloading Show the current @code{on} or @code{off} setting. @end table @cindex opaque data types @kindex set opaque-type-resolution @item set opaque-type-resolution on Tell @value{GDBN} to resolve opaque types. An opaque type is a type declared as a pointer to a @code{struct}, @code{class}, or @code{union}---for example, @code{struct MyType *}---that is used in one source file although the full declaration of @code{struct MyType} is in another source file. The default is on. A change in the setting of this subcommand will not take effect until the next time symbols for a file are loaded. @item set opaque-type-resolution off Tell @value{GDBN} not to resolve opaque types. In this case, the type is printed as follows: @smallexample @{@} @end smallexample @kindex show opaque-type-resolution @item show opaque-type-resolution Show whether opaque types are resolved or not. @kindex maint print symbols @cindex symbol dump @kindex maint print psymbols @cindex partial symbol dump @item maint print symbols @var{filename} @itemx maint print psymbols @var{filename} @itemx maint print msymbols @var{filename} Write a dump of debugging symbol data into the file @var{filename}. These commands are used to debug the @value{GDBN} symbol-reading code. Only symbols with debugging data are included. If you use @samp{maint print symbols}, @value{GDBN} includes all the symbols for which it has already collected full details: that is, @var{filename} reflects symbols for only those files whose symbols @value{GDBN} has read. You can use the command @code{info sources} to find out which files these are. If you use @samp{maint print psymbols} instead, the dump shows information about symbols that @value{GDBN} only knows partially---that is, symbols defined in files that @value{GDBN} has skimmed, but not yet read completely. Finally, @samp{maint print msymbols} dumps just the minimal symbol information required for each object file from which @value{GDBN} has read some symbols. @xref{Files, ,Commands to Specify Files}, for a discussion of how @value{GDBN} reads symbols (in the description of @code{symbol-file}). @kindex maint info symtabs @kindex maint info psymtabs @cindex listing @value{GDBN}'s internal symbol tables @cindex symbol tables, listing @value{GDBN}'s internal @cindex full symbol tables, listing @value{GDBN}'s internal @cindex partial symbol tables, listing @value{GDBN}'s internal @item maint info symtabs @r{[} @var{regexp} @r{]} @itemx maint info psymtabs @r{[} @var{regexp} @r{]} List the @code{struct symtab} or @code{struct partial_symtab} structures whose names match @var{regexp}. If @var{regexp} is not given, list them all. The output includes expressions which you can copy into a @value{GDBN} debugging this one to examine a particular structure in more detail. For example: @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) maint info psymtabs dwarf2read @{ objfile /home/gnu/build/gdb/gdb ((struct objfile *) 0x82e69d0) @{ psymtab /home/gnu/src/gdb/dwarf2read.c ((struct partial_symtab *) 0x8474b10) readin no fullname (null) text addresses 0x814d3c8 -- 0x8158074 globals (* (struct partial_symbol **) 0x8507a08 @@ 9) statics (* (struct partial_symbol **) 0x40e95b78 @@ 2882) dependencies (none) @} @} (@value{GDBP}) maint info symtabs (@value{GDBP}) @end smallexample @noindent We see that there is one partial symbol table whose filename contains the string @samp{dwarf2read}, belonging to the @samp{gdb} executable; and we see that @value{GDBN} has not read in any symtabs yet at all. If we set a breakpoint on a function, that will cause @value{GDBN} to read the symtab for the compilation unit containing that function: @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) break dwarf2_psymtab_to_symtab Breakpoint 1 at 0x814e5da: file /home/gnu/src/gdb/dwarf2read.c, line 1574. (@value{GDBP}) maint info symtabs @{ objfile /home/gnu/build/gdb/gdb ((struct objfile *) 0x82e69d0) @{ symtab /home/gnu/src/gdb/dwarf2read.c ((struct symtab *) 0x86c1f38) dirname (null) fullname (null) blockvector ((struct blockvector *) 0x86c1bd0) (primary) linetable ((struct linetable *) 0x8370fa0) debugformat DWARF 2 @} @} (@value{GDBP}) @end smallexample @end table @node Altering @chapter Altering Execution Once you think you have found an error in your program, you might want to find out for certain whether correcting the apparent error would lead to correct results in the rest of the run. You can find the answer by experiment, using the @value{GDBN} features for altering execution of the program. For example, you can store new values into variables or memory locations, give your program a signal, restart it at a different address, or even return prematurely from a function. @menu * Assignment:: Assignment to variables * Jumping:: Continuing at a different address * Signaling:: Giving your program a signal * Returning:: Returning from a function * Calling:: Calling your program's functions * Patching:: Patching your program @end menu @node Assignment @section Assignment to Variables @cindex assignment @cindex setting variables To alter the value of a variable, evaluate an assignment expression. @xref{Expressions, ,Expressions}. For example, @smallexample print x=4 @end smallexample @noindent stores the value 4 into the variable @code{x}, and then prints the value of the assignment expression (which is 4). @xref{Languages, ,Using @value{GDBN} with Different Languages}, for more information on operators in supported languages. @kindex set variable @cindex variables, setting If you are not interested in seeing the value of the assignment, use the @code{set} command instead of the @code{print} command. @code{set} is really the same as @code{print} except that the expression's value is not printed and is not put in the value history (@pxref{Value History, ,Value History}). The expression is evaluated only for its effects. If the beginning of the argument string of the @code{set} command appears identical to a @code{set} subcommand, use the @code{set variable} command instead of just @code{set}. This command is identical to @code{set} except for its lack of subcommands. For example, if your program has a variable @code{width}, you get an error if you try to set a new value with just @samp{set width=13}, because @value{GDBN} has the command @code{set width}: @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) whatis width type = double (@value{GDBP}) p width $4 = 13 (@value{GDBP}) set width=47 Invalid syntax in expression. @end smallexample @noindent The invalid expression, of course, is @samp{=47}. In order to actually set the program's variable @code{width}, use @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) set var width=47 @end smallexample Because the @code{set} command has many subcommands that can conflict with the names of program variables, it is a good idea to use the @code{set variable} command instead of just @code{set}. For example, if your program has a variable @code{g}, you run into problems if you try to set a new value with just @samp{set g=4}, because @value{GDBN} has the command @code{set gnutarget}, abbreviated @code{set g}: @smallexample @group (@value{GDBP}) whatis g type = double (@value{GDBP}) p g $1 = 1 (@value{GDBP}) set g=4 (@value{GDBP}) p g $2 = 1 (@value{GDBP}) r The program being debugged has been started already. Start it from the beginning? (y or n) y Starting program: /home/smith/cc_progs/a.out "/home/smith/cc_progs/a.out": can't open to read symbols: Invalid bfd target. (@value{GDBP}) show g The current BFD target is "=4". @end group @end smallexample @noindent The program variable @code{g} did not change, and you silently set the @code{gnutarget} to an invalid value. In order to set the variable @code{g}, use @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) set var g=4 @end smallexample @value{GDBN} allows more implicit conversions in assignments than C; you can freely store an integer value into a pointer variable or vice versa, and you can convert any structure to any other structure that is the same length or shorter. @comment FIXME: how do structs align/pad in these conversions? @comment /doc@cygnus.com 18dec1990 To store values into arbitrary places in memory, use the @samp{@{@dots{}@}} construct to generate a value of specified type at a specified address (@pxref{Expressions, ,Expressions}). For example, @code{@{int@}0x83040} refers to memory location @code{0x83040} as an integer (which implies a certain size and representation in memory), and @smallexample set @{int@}0x83040 = 4 @end smallexample @noindent stores the value 4 into that memory location. @node Jumping @section Continuing at a Different Address Ordinarily, when you continue your program, you do so at the place where it stopped, with the @code{continue} command. You can instead continue at an address of your own choosing, with the following commands: @table @code @kindex jump @item jump @var{linespec} @itemx jump @var{location} Resume execution at line @var{linespec} or at address given by @var{location}. Execution stops again immediately if there is a breakpoint there. @xref{Specify Location}, for a description of the different forms of @var{linespec} and @var{location}. It is common practice to use the @code{tbreak} command in conjunction with @code{jump}. @xref{Set Breaks, ,Setting Breakpoints}. The @code{jump} command does not change the current stack frame, or the stack pointer, or the contents of any memory location or any register other than the program counter. If line @var{linespec} is in a different function from the one currently executing, the results may be bizarre if the two functions expect different patterns of arguments or of local variables. For this reason, the @code{jump} command requests confirmation if the specified line is not in the function currently executing. However, even bizarre results are predictable if you are well acquainted with the machine-language code of your program. @end table @c Doesn't work on HP-UX; have to set $pcoqh and $pcoqt. On many systems, you can get much the same effect as the @code{jump} command by storing a new value into the register @code{$pc}. The difference is that this does not start your program running; it only changes the address of where it @emph{will} run when you continue. For example, @smallexample set $pc = 0x485 @end smallexample @noindent makes the next @code{continue} command or stepping command execute at address @code{0x485}, rather than at the address where your program stopped. @xref{Continuing and Stepping, ,Continuing and Stepping}. The most common occasion to use the @code{jump} command is to back up---perhaps with more breakpoints set---over a portion of a program that has already executed, in order to examine its execution in more detail. @c @group @node Signaling @section Giving your Program a Signal @cindex deliver a signal to a program @table @code @kindex signal @item signal @var{signal} Resume execution where your program stopped, but immediately give it the signal @var{signal}. @var{signal} can be the name or the number of a signal. For example, on many systems @code{signal 2} and @code{signal SIGINT} are both ways of sending an interrupt signal. Alternatively, if @var{signal} is zero, continue execution without giving a signal. This is useful when your program stopped on account of a signal and would ordinary see the signal when resumed with the @code{continue} command; @samp{signal 0} causes it to resume without a signal. @code{signal} does not repeat when you press @key{RET} a second time after executing the command. @end table @c @end group Invoking the @code{signal} command is not the same as invoking the @code{kill} utility from the shell. Sending a signal with @code{kill} causes @value{GDBN} to decide what to do with the signal depending on the signal handling tables (@pxref{Signals}). The @code{signal} command passes the signal directly to your program. @node Returning @section Returning from a Function @table @code @cindex returning from a function @kindex return @item return @itemx return @var{expression} You can cancel execution of a function call with the @code{return} command. If you give an @var{expression} argument, its value is used as the function's return value. @end table When you use @code{return}, @value{GDBN} discards the selected stack frame (and all frames within it). You can think of this as making the discarded frame return prematurely. If you wish to specify a value to be returned, give that value as the argument to @code{return}. This pops the selected stack frame (@pxref{Selection, ,Selecting a Frame}), and any other frames inside of it, leaving its caller as the innermost remaining frame. That frame becomes selected. The specified value is stored in the registers used for returning values of functions. The @code{return} command does not resume execution; it leaves the program stopped in the state that would exist if the function had just returned. In contrast, the @code{finish} command (@pxref{Continuing and Stepping, ,Continuing and Stepping}) resumes execution until the selected stack frame returns naturally. @node Calling @section Calling Program Functions @table @code @cindex calling functions @cindex inferior functions, calling @item print @var{expr} Evaluate the expression @var{expr} and display the resulting value. @var{expr} may include calls to functions in the program being debugged. @kindex call @item call @var{expr} Evaluate the expression @var{expr} without displaying @code{void} returned values. You can use this variant of the @code{print} command if you want to execute a function from your program that does not return anything (a.k.a.@: @dfn{a void function}), but without cluttering the output with @code{void} returned values that @value{GDBN} will otherwise print. If the result is not void, it is printed and saved in the value history. @end table It is possible for the function you call via the @code{print} or @code{call} command to generate a signal (e.g., if there's a bug in the function, or if you passed it incorrect arguments). What happens in that case is controlled by the @code{set unwindonsignal} command. @table @code @item set unwindonsignal @kindex set unwindonsignal @cindex unwind stack in called functions @cindex call dummy stack unwinding Set unwinding of the stack if a signal is received while in a function that @value{GDBN} called in the program being debugged. If set to on, @value{GDBN} unwinds the stack it created for the call and restores the context to what it was before the call. If set to off (the default), @value{GDBN} stops in the frame where the signal was received. @item show unwindonsignal @kindex show unwindonsignal Show the current setting of stack unwinding in the functions called by @value{GDBN}. @end table @cindex weak alias functions Sometimes, a function you wish to call is actually a @dfn{weak alias} for another function. In such case, @value{GDBN} might not pick up the type information, including the types of the function arguments, which causes @value{GDBN} to call the inferior function incorrectly. As a result, the called function will function erroneously and may even crash. A solution to that is to use the name of the aliased function instead. @node Patching @section Patching Programs @cindex patching binaries @cindex writing into executables @cindex writing into corefiles By default, @value{GDBN} opens the file containing your program's executable code (or the corefile) read-only. This prevents accidental alterations to machine code; but it also prevents you from intentionally patching your program's binary. If you'd like to be able to patch the binary, you can specify that explicitly with the @code{set write} command. For example, you might want to turn on internal debugging flags, or even to make emergency repairs. @table @code @kindex set write @item set write on @itemx set write off If you specify @samp{set write on}, @value{GDBN} opens executable and core files for both reading and writing; if you specify @samp{set write off} (the default), @value{GDBN} opens them read-only. If you have already loaded a file, you must load it again (using the @code{exec-file} or @code{core-file} command) after changing @code{set write}, for your new setting to take effect. @item show write @kindex show write Display whether executable files and core files are opened for writing as well as reading. @end table @node GDB Files @chapter @value{GDBN} Files @value{GDBN} needs to know the file name of the program to be debugged, both in order to read its symbol table and in order to start your program. To debug a core dump of a previous run, you must also tell @value{GDBN} the name of the core dump file. @menu * Files:: Commands to specify files * Separate Debug Files:: Debugging information in separate files * Symbol Errors:: Errors reading symbol files @end menu @node Files @section Commands to Specify Files @cindex symbol table @cindex core dump file You may want to specify executable and core dump file names. The usual way to do this is at start-up time, using the arguments to @value{GDBN}'s start-up commands (@pxref{Invocation, , Getting In and Out of @value{GDBN}}). Occasionally it is necessary to change to a different file during a @value{GDBN} session. Or you may run @value{GDBN} and forget to specify a file you want to use. Or you are debugging a remote target via @code{gdbserver} (@pxref{Server, file, Using the @code{gdbserver} Program}). In these situations the @value{GDBN} commands to specify new files are useful. @table @code @cindex executable file @kindex file @item file @var{filename} Use @var{filename} as the program to be debugged. It is read for its symbols and for the contents of pure memory. It is also the program executed when you use the @code{run} command. If you do not specify a directory and the file is not found in the @value{GDBN} working directory, @value{GDBN} uses the environment variable @code{PATH} as a list of directories to search, just as the shell does when looking for a program to run. You can change the value of this variable, for both @value{GDBN} and your program, using the @code{path} command. @cindex unlinked object files @cindex patching object files You can load unlinked object @file{.o} files into @value{GDBN} using the @code{file} command. You will not be able to ``run'' an object file, but you can disassemble functions and inspect variables. Also, if the underlying BFD functionality supports it, you could use @kbd{gdb -write} to patch object files using this technique. Note that @value{GDBN} can neither interpret nor modify relocations in this case, so branches and some initialized variables will appear to go to the wrong place. But this feature is still handy from time to time. @item file @code{file} with no argument makes @value{GDBN} discard any information it has on both executable file and the symbol table. @kindex exec-file @item exec-file @r{[} @var{filename} @r{]} Specify that the program to be run (but not the symbol table) is found in @var{filename}. @value{GDBN} searches the environment variable @code{PATH} if necessary to locate your program. Omitting @var{filename} means to discard information on the executable file. @kindex symbol-file @item symbol-file @r{[} @var{filename} @r{]} Read symbol table information from file @var{filename}. @code{PATH} is searched when necessary. Use the @code{file} command to get both symbol table and program to run from the same file. @code{symbol-file} with no argument clears out @value{GDBN} information on your program's symbol table. The @code{symbol-file} command causes @value{GDBN} to forget the contents of some breakpoints and auto-display expressions. This is because they may contain pointers to the internal data recording symbols and data types, which are part of the old symbol table data being discarded inside @value{GDBN}. @code{symbol-file} does not repeat if you press @key{RET} again after executing it once. When @value{GDBN} is configured for a particular environment, it understands debugging information in whatever format is the standard generated for that environment; you may use either a @sc{gnu} compiler, or other compilers that adhere to the local conventions. Best results are usually obtained from @sc{gnu} compilers; for example, using @code{@value{NGCC}} you can generate debugging information for optimized code. For most kinds of object files, with the exception of old SVR3 systems using COFF, the @code{symbol-file} command does not normally read the symbol table in full right away. Instead, it scans the symbol table quickly to find which source files and which symbols are present. The details are read later, one source file at a time, as they are needed. The purpose of this two-stage reading strategy is to make @value{GDBN} start up faster. For the most part, it is invisible except for occasional pauses while the symbol table details for a particular source file are being read. (The @code{set verbose} command can turn these pauses into messages if desired. @xref{Messages/Warnings, ,Optional Warnings and Messages}.) We have not implemented the two-stage strategy for COFF yet. When the symbol table is stored in COFF format, @code{symbol-file} reads the symbol table data in full right away. Note that ``stabs-in-COFF'' still does the two-stage strategy, since the debug info is actually in stabs format. @kindex readnow @cindex reading symbols immediately @cindex symbols, reading immediately @item symbol-file @var{filename} @r{[} -readnow @r{]} @itemx file @var{filename} @r{[} -readnow @r{]} You can override the @value{GDBN} two-stage strategy for reading symbol tables by using the @samp{-readnow} option with any of the commands that load symbol table information, if you want to be sure @value{GDBN} has the entire symbol table available. @c FIXME: for now no mention of directories, since this seems to be in @c flux. 13mar1992 status is that in theory GDB would look either in @c current dir or in same dir as myprog; but issues like competing @c GDB's, or clutter in system dirs, mean that in practice right now @c only current dir is used. FFish says maybe a special GDB hierarchy @c (eg rooted in val of env var GDBSYMS) could exist for mappable symbol @c files. @kindex core-file @item core-file @r{[}@var{filename}@r{]} @itemx core Specify the whereabouts of a core dump file to be used as the ``contents of memory''. Traditionally, core files contain only some parts of the address space of the process that generated them; @value{GDBN} can access the executable file itself for other parts. @code{core-file} with no argument specifies that no core file is to be used. Note that the core file is ignored when your program is actually running under @value{GDBN}. So, if you have been running your program and you wish to debug a core file instead, you must kill the subprocess in which the program is running. To do this, use the @code{kill} command (@pxref{Kill Process, ,Killing the Child Process}). @kindex add-symbol-file @cindex dynamic linking @item add-symbol-file @var{filename} @var{address} @itemx add-symbol-file @var{filename} @var{address} @r{[} -readnow @r{]} @itemx add-symbol-file @var{filename} @r{-s}@var{section} @var{address} @dots{} The @code{add-symbol-file} command reads additional symbol table information from the file @var{filename}. You would use this command when @var{filename} has been dynamically loaded (by some other means) into the program that is running. @var{address} should be the memory address at which the file has been loaded; @value{GDBN} cannot figure this out for itself. You can additionally specify an arbitrary number of @samp{@r{-s}@var{section} @var{address}} pairs, to give an explicit section name and base address for that section. You can specify any @var{address} as an expression. The symbol table of the file @var{filename} is added to the symbol table originally read with the @code{symbol-file} command. You can use the @code{add-symbol-file} command any number of times; the new symbol data thus read keeps adding to the old. To discard all old symbol data instead, use the @code{symbol-file} command without any arguments. @cindex relocatable object files, reading symbols from @cindex object files, relocatable, reading symbols from @cindex reading symbols from relocatable object files @cindex symbols, reading from relocatable object files @cindex @file{.o} files, reading symbols from Although @var{filename} is typically a shared library file, an executable file, or some other object file which has been fully relocated for loading into a process, you can also load symbolic information from relocatable @file{.o} files, as long as: @itemize @bullet @item the file's symbolic information refers only to linker symbols defined in that file, not to symbols defined by other object files, @item every section the file's symbolic information refers to has actually been loaded into the inferior, as it appears in the file, and @item you can determine the address at which every section was loaded, and provide these to the @code{add-symbol-file} command. @end itemize @noindent Some embedded operating systems, like Sun Chorus and VxWorks, can load relocatable files into an already running program; such systems typically make the requirements above easy to meet. However, it's important to recognize that many native systems use complex link procedures (@code{.linkonce} section factoring and C@t{++} constructor table assembly, for example) that make the requirements difficult to meet. In general, one cannot assume that using @code{add-symbol-file} to read a relocatable object file's symbolic information will have the same effect as linking the relocatable object file into the program in the normal way. @code{add-symbol-file} does not repeat if you press @key{RET} after using it. @kindex add-symbol-file-from-memory @cindex @code{syscall DSO} @cindex load symbols from memory @item add-symbol-file-from-memory @var{address} Load symbols from the given @var{address} in a dynamically loaded object file whose image is mapped directly into the inferior's memory. For example, the Linux kernel maps a @code{syscall DSO} into each process's address space; this DSO provides kernel-specific code for some system calls. The argument can be any expression whose evaluation yields the address of the file's shared object file header. For this command to work, you must have used @code{symbol-file} or @code{exec-file} commands in advance. @kindex add-shared-symbol-files @kindex assf @item add-shared-symbol-files @var{library-file} @itemx assf @var{library-file} The @code{add-shared-symbol-files} command can currently be used only in the Cygwin build of @value{GDBN} on MS-Windows OS, where it is an alias for the @code{dll-symbols} command (@pxref{Cygwin Native}). @value{GDBN} automatically looks for shared libraries, however if @value{GDBN} does not find yours, you can invoke @code{add-shared-symbol-files}. It takes one argument: the shared library's file name. @code{assf} is a shorthand alias for @code{add-shared-symbol-files}. @kindex section @item section @var{section} @var{addr} The @code{section} command changes the base address of the named @var{section} of the exec file to @var{addr}. This can be used if the exec file does not contain section addresses, (such as in the @code{a.out} format), or when the addresses specified in the file itself are wrong. Each section must be changed separately. The @code{info files} command, described below, lists all the sections and their addresses. @kindex info files @kindex info target @item info files @itemx info target @code{info files} and @code{info target} are synonymous; both print the current target (@pxref{Targets, ,Specifying a Debugging Target}), including the names of the executable and core dump files currently in use by @value{GDBN}, and the files from which symbols were loaded. The command @code{help target} lists all possible targets rather than current ones. @kindex maint info sections @item maint info sections Another command that can give you extra information about program sections is @code{maint info sections}. In addition to the section information displayed by @code{info files}, this command displays the flags and file offset of each section in the executable and core dump files. In addition, @code{maint info sections} provides the following command options (which may be arbitrarily combined): @table @code @item ALLOBJ Display sections for all loaded object files, including shared libraries. @item @var{sections} Display info only for named @var{sections}. @item @var{section-flags} Display info only for sections for which @var{section-flags} are true. The section flags that @value{GDBN} currently knows about are: @table @code @item ALLOC Section will have space allocated in the process when loaded. Set for all sections except those containing debug information. @item LOAD Section will be loaded from the file into the child process memory. Set for pre-initialized code and data, clear for @code{.bss} sections. @item RELOC Section needs to be relocated before loading. @item READONLY Section cannot be modified by the child process. @item CODE Section contains executable code only. @item DATA Section contains data only (no executable code). @item ROM Section will reside in ROM. @item CONSTRUCTOR Section contains data for constructor/destructor lists. @item HAS_CONTENTS Section is not empty. @item NEVER_LOAD An instruction to the linker to not output the section. @item COFF_SHARED_LIBRARY A notification to the linker that the section contains COFF shared library information. @item IS_COMMON Section contains common symbols. @end table @end table @kindex set trust-readonly-sections @cindex read-only sections @item set trust-readonly-sections on Tell @value{GDBN} that readonly sections in your object file really are read-only (i.e.@: that their contents will not change). In that case, @value{GDBN} can fetch values from these sections out of the object file, rather than from the target program. For some targets (notably embedded ones), this can be a significant enhancement to debugging performance. The default is off. @item set trust-readonly-sections off Tell @value{GDBN} not to trust readonly sections. This means that the contents of the section might change while the program is running, and must therefore be fetched from the target when needed. @item show trust-readonly-sections Show the current setting of trusting readonly sections. @end table All file-specifying commands allow both absolute and relative file names as arguments. @value{GDBN} always converts the file name to an absolute file name and remembers it that way. @cindex shared libraries @anchor{Shared Libraries} @value{GDBN} supports @sc{gnu}/Linux, MS-Windows, HP-UX, SunOS, SVr4, Irix, and IBM RS/6000 AIX shared libraries. On MS-Windows @value{GDBN} must be linked with the Expat library to support shared libraries. @xref{Expat}. @value{GDBN} automatically loads symbol definitions from shared libraries when you use the @code{run} command, or when you examine a core file. (Before you issue the @code{run} command, @value{GDBN} does not understand references to a function in a shared library, however---unless you are debugging a core file). On HP-UX, if the program loads a library explicitly, @value{GDBN} automatically loads the symbols at the time of the @code{shl_load} call. @c FIXME: some @value{GDBN} release may permit some refs to undef @c FIXME...symbols---eg in a break cmd---assuming they are from a shared @c FIXME...lib; check this from time to time when updating manual There are times, however, when you may wish to not automatically load symbol definitions from shared libraries, such as when they are particularly large or there are many of them. To control the automatic loading of shared library symbols, use the commands: @table @code @kindex set auto-solib-add @item set auto-solib-add @var{mode} If @var{mode} is @code{on}, symbols from all shared object libraries will be loaded automatically when the inferior begins execution, you attach to an independently started inferior, or when the dynamic linker informs @value{GDBN} that a new library has been loaded. If @var{mode} is @code{off}, symbols must be loaded manually, using the @code{sharedlibrary} command. The default value is @code{on}. @cindex memory used for symbol tables If your program uses lots of shared libraries with debug info that takes large amounts of memory, you can decrease the @value{GDBN} memory footprint by preventing it from automatically loading the symbols from shared libraries. To that end, type @kbd{set auto-solib-add off} before running the inferior, then load each library whose debug symbols you do need with @kbd{sharedlibrary @var{regexp}}, where @var{regexp} is a regular expression that matches the libraries whose symbols you want to be loaded. @kindex show auto-solib-add @item show auto-solib-add Display the current autoloading mode. @end table @cindex load shared library To explicitly load shared library symbols, use the @code{sharedlibrary} command: @table @code @kindex info sharedlibrary @kindex info share @item info share @itemx info sharedlibrary Print the names of the shared libraries which are currently loaded. @kindex sharedlibrary @kindex share @item sharedlibrary @var{regex} @itemx share @var{regex} Load shared object library symbols for files matching a Unix regular expression. As with files loaded automatically, it only loads shared libraries required by your program for a core file or after typing @code{run}. If @var{regex} is omitted all shared libraries required by your program are loaded. @item nosharedlibrary @kindex nosharedlibrary @cindex unload symbols from shared libraries Unload all shared object library symbols. This discards all symbols that have been loaded from all shared libraries. Symbols from shared libraries that were loaded by explicit user requests are not discarded. @end table Sometimes you may wish that @value{GDBN} stops and gives you control when any of shared library events happen. Use the @code{set stop-on-solib-events} command for this: @table @code @item set stop-on-solib-events @kindex set stop-on-solib-events This command controls whether @value{GDBN} should give you control when the dynamic linker notifies it about some shared library event. The most common event of interest is loading or unloading of a new shared library. @item show stop-on-solib-events @kindex show stop-on-solib-events Show whether @value{GDBN} stops and gives you control when shared library events happen. @end table Shared libraries are also supported in many cross or remote debugging configurations. A copy of the target's libraries need to be present on the host system; they need to be the same as the target libraries, although the copies on the target can be stripped as long as the copies on the host are not. @cindex where to look for shared libraries For remote debugging, you need to tell @value{GDBN} where the target libraries are, so that it can load the correct copies---otherwise, it may try to load the host's libraries. @value{GDBN} has two variables to specify the search directories for target libraries. @table @code @cindex prefix for shared library file names @cindex system root, alternate @kindex set solib-absolute-prefix @kindex set sysroot @item set sysroot @var{path} Use @var{path} as the system root for the program being debugged. Any absolute shared library paths will be prefixed with @var{path}; many runtime loaders store the absolute paths to the shared library in the target program's memory. If you use @code{set sysroot} to find shared libraries, they need to be laid out in the same way that they are on the target, with e.g.@: a @file{/lib} and @file{/usr/lib} hierarchy under @var{path}. The @code{set solib-absolute-prefix} command is an alias for @code{set sysroot}. @cindex default system root @cindex @samp{--with-sysroot} You can set the default system root by using the configure-time @samp{--with-sysroot} option. If the system root is inside @value{GDBN}'s configured binary prefix (set with @samp{--prefix} or @samp{--exec-prefix}), then the default system root will be updated automatically if the installed @value{GDBN} is moved to a new location. @kindex show sysroot @item show sysroot Display the current shared library prefix. @kindex set solib-search-path @item set solib-search-path @var{path} If this variable is set, @var{path} is a colon-separated list of directories to search for shared libraries. @samp{solib-search-path} is used after @samp{sysroot} fails to locate the library, or if the path to the library is relative instead of absolute. If you want to use @samp{solib-search-path} instead of @samp{sysroot}, be sure to set @samp{sysroot} to a nonexistent directory to prevent @value{GDBN} from finding your host's libraries. @samp{sysroot} is preferred; setting it to a nonexistent directory may interfere with automatic loading of shared library symbols. @kindex show solib-search-path @item show solib-search-path Display the current shared library search path. @end table @node Separate Debug Files @section Debugging Information in Separate Files @cindex separate debugging information files @cindex debugging information in separate files @cindex @file{.debug} subdirectories @cindex debugging information directory, global @cindex global debugging information directory @cindex build ID, and separate debugging files @cindex @file{.build-id} directory @value{GDBN} allows you to put a program's debugging information in a file separate from the executable itself, in a way that allows @value{GDBN} to find and load the debugging information automatically. Since debugging information can be very large---sometimes larger than the executable code itself---some systems distribute debugging information for their executables in separate files, which users can install only when they need to debug a problem. @value{GDBN} supports two ways of specifying the separate debug info file: @itemize @bullet @item The executable contains a @dfn{debug link} that specifies the name of the separate debug info file. The separate debug file's name is usually @file{@var{executable}.debug}, where @var{executable} is the name of the corresponding executable file without leading directories (e.g., @file{ls.debug} for @file{/usr/bin/ls}). In addition, the debug link specifies a CRC32 checksum for the debug file, which @value{GDBN} uses to validate that the executable and the debug file came from the same build. @item The executable contains a @dfn{build ID}, a unique bit string that is also present in the corresponding debug info file. (This is supported only on some operating systems, notably those which use the ELF format for binary files and the @sc{gnu} Binutils.) For more details about this feature, see the description of the @option{--build-id} command-line option in @ref{Options, , Command Line Options, ld.info, The GNU Linker}. The debug info file's name is not specified explicitly by the build ID, but can be computed from the build ID, see below. @end itemize Depending on the way the debug info file is specified, @value{GDBN} uses two different methods of looking for the debug file: @itemize @bullet @item For the ``debug link'' method, @value{GDBN} looks up the named file in the directory of the executable file, then in a subdirectory of that directory named @file{.debug}, and finally under the global debug directory, in a subdirectory whose name is identical to the leading directories of the executable's absolute file name. @item For the ``build ID'' method, @value{GDBN} looks in the @file{.build-id} subdirectory of the global debug directory for a file named @file{@var{nn}/@var{nnnnnnnn}.debug}, where @var{nn} are the first 2 hex characters of the build ID bit string, and @var{nnnnnnnn} are the rest of the bit string. (Real build ID strings are 32 or more hex characters, not 10.) @end itemize So, for example, suppose you ask @value{GDBN} to debug @file{/usr/bin/ls}, which has a debug link that specifies the file @file{ls.debug}, and a build ID whose value in hex is @code{abcdef1234}. If the global debug directory is @file{/usr/lib/debug}, then @value{GDBN} will look for the following debug information files, in the indicated order: @itemize @minus @item @file{/usr/lib/debug/.build-id/ab/cdef1234.debug} @item @file{/usr/bin/ls.debug} @item @file{/usr/bin/.debug/ls.debug} @item @file{/usr/lib/debug/usr/bin/ls.debug}. @end itemize You can set the global debugging info directory's name, and view the name @value{GDBN} is currently using. @table @code @kindex set debug-file-directory @item set debug-file-directory @var{directory} Set the directory which @value{GDBN} searches for separate debugging information files to @var{directory}. @kindex show debug-file-directory @item show debug-file-directory Show the directory @value{GDBN} searches for separate debugging information files. @end table @cindex @code{.gnu_debuglink} sections @cindex debug link sections A debug link is a special section of the executable file named @code{.gnu_debuglink}. The section must contain: @itemize @item A filename, with any leading directory components removed, followed by a zero byte, @item zero to three bytes of padding, as needed to reach the next four-byte boundary within the section, and @item a four-byte CRC checksum, stored in the same endianness used for the executable file itself. The checksum is computed on the debugging information file's full contents by the function given below, passing zero as the @var{crc} argument. @end itemize Any executable file format can carry a debug link, as long as it can contain a section named @code{.gnu_debuglink} with the contents described above. @cindex @code{.note.gnu.build-id} sections @cindex build ID sections The build ID is a special section in the executable file (and in other ELF binary files that @value{GDBN} may consider). This section is often named @code{.note.gnu.build-id}, but that name is not mandatory. It contains unique identification for the built files---the ID remains the same across multiple builds of the same build tree. The default algorithm SHA1 produces 160 bits (40 hexadecimal characters) of the content for the build ID string. The same section with an identical value is present in the original built binary with symbols, in its stripped variant, and in the separate debugging information file. The debugging information file itself should be an ordinary executable, containing a full set of linker symbols, sections, and debugging information. The sections of the debugging information file should have the same names, addresses, and sizes as the original file, but they need not contain any data---much like a @code{.bss} section in an ordinary executable. The @sc{gnu} binary utilities (Binutils) package includes the @samp{objcopy} utility that can produce the separated executable / debugging information file pairs using the following commands: @smallexample @kbd{objcopy --only-keep-debug foo foo.debug} @kbd{strip -g foo} @end smallexample @noindent These commands remove the debugging information from the executable file @file{foo} and place it in the file @file{foo.debug}. You can use the first, second or both methods to link the two files: @itemize @bullet @item The debug link method needs the following additional command to also leave behind a debug link in @file{foo}: @smallexample @kbd{objcopy --add-gnu-debuglink=foo.debug foo} @end smallexample Ulrich Drepper's @file{elfutils} package, starting with version 0.53, contains a version of the @code{strip} command such that the command @kbd{strip foo -f foo.debug} has the same functionality as the two @code{objcopy} commands and the @code{ln -s} command above, together. @item Build ID gets embedded into the main executable using @code{ld --build-id} or the @value{NGCC} counterpart @code{gcc -Wl,--build-id}. Build ID support plus compatibility fixes for debug files separation are present in @sc{gnu} binary utilities (Binutils) package since version 2.18. @end itemize @noindent Since there are many different ways to compute CRC's for the debug link (different polynomials, reversals, byte ordering, etc.), the simplest way to describe the CRC used in @code{.gnu_debuglink} sections is to give the complete code for a function that computes it: @kindex gnu_debuglink_crc32 @smallexample unsigned long gnu_debuglink_crc32 (unsigned long crc, unsigned char *buf, size_t len) @{ static const unsigned long crc32_table[256] = @{ 0x00000000, 0x77073096, 0xee0e612c, 0x990951ba, 0x076dc419, 0x706af48f, 0xe963a535, 0x9e6495a3, 0x0edb8832, 0x79dcb8a4, 0xe0d5e91e, 0x97d2d988, 0x09b64c2b, 0x7eb17cbd, 0xe7b82d07, 0x90bf1d91, 0x1db71064, 0x6ab020f2, 0xf3b97148, 0x84be41de, 0x1adad47d, 0x6ddde4eb, 0xf4d4b551, 0x83d385c7, 0x136c9856, 0x646ba8c0, 0xfd62f97a, 0x8a65c9ec, 0x14015c4f, 0x63066cd9, 0xfa0f3d63, 0x8d080df5, 0x3b6e20c8, 0x4c69105e, 0xd56041e4, 0xa2677172, 0x3c03e4d1, 0x4b04d447, 0xd20d85fd, 0xa50ab56b, 0x35b5a8fa, 0x42b2986c, 0xdbbbc9d6, 0xacbcf940, 0x32d86ce3, 0x45df5c75, 0xdcd60dcf, 0xabd13d59, 0x26d930ac, 0x51de003a, 0xc8d75180, 0xbfd06116, 0x21b4f4b5, 0x56b3c423, 0xcfba9599, 0xb8bda50f, 0x2802b89e, 0x5f058808, 0xc60cd9b2, 0xb10be924, 0x2f6f7c87, 0x58684c11, 0xc1611dab, 0xb6662d3d, 0x76dc4190, 0x01db7106, 0x98d220bc, 0xefd5102a, 0x71b18589, 0x06b6b51f, 0x9fbfe4a5, 0xe8b8d433, 0x7807c9a2, 0x0f00f934, 0x9609a88e, 0xe10e9818, 0x7f6a0dbb, 0x086d3d2d, 0x91646c97, 0xe6635c01, 0x6b6b51f4, 0x1c6c6162, 0x856530d8, 0xf262004e, 0x6c0695ed, 0x1b01a57b, 0x8208f4c1, 0xf50fc457, 0x65b0d9c6, 0x12b7e950, 0x8bbeb8ea, 0xfcb9887c, 0x62dd1ddf, 0x15da2d49, 0x8cd37cf3, 0xfbd44c65, 0x4db26158, 0x3ab551ce, 0xa3bc0074, 0xd4bb30e2, 0x4adfa541, 0x3dd895d7, 0xa4d1c46d, 0xd3d6f4fb, 0x4369e96a, 0x346ed9fc, 0xad678846, 0xda60b8d0, 0x44042d73, 0x33031de5, 0xaa0a4c5f, 0xdd0d7cc9, 0x5005713c, 0x270241aa, 0xbe0b1010, 0xc90c2086, 0x5768b525, 0x206f85b3, 0xb966d409, 0xce61e49f, 0x5edef90e, 0x29d9c998, 0xb0d09822, 0xc7d7a8b4, 0x59b33d17, 0x2eb40d81, 0xb7bd5c3b, 0xc0ba6cad, 0xedb88320, 0x9abfb3b6, 0x03b6e20c, 0x74b1d29a, 0xead54739, 0x9dd277af, 0x04db2615, 0x73dc1683, 0xe3630b12, 0x94643b84, 0x0d6d6a3e, 0x7a6a5aa8, 0xe40ecf0b, 0x9309ff9d, 0x0a00ae27, 0x7d079eb1, 0xf00f9344, 0x8708a3d2, 0x1e01f268, 0x6906c2fe, 0xf762575d, 0x806567cb, 0x196c3671, 0x6e6b06e7, 0xfed41b76, 0x89d32be0, 0x10da7a5a, 0x67dd4acc, 0xf9b9df6f, 0x8ebeeff9, 0x17b7be43, 0x60b08ed5, 0xd6d6a3e8, 0xa1d1937e, 0x38d8c2c4, 0x4fdff252, 0xd1bb67f1, 0xa6bc5767, 0x3fb506dd, 0x48b2364b, 0xd80d2bda, 0xaf0a1b4c, 0x36034af6, 0x41047a60, 0xdf60efc3, 0xa867df55, 0x316e8eef, 0x4669be79, 0xcb61b38c, 0xbc66831a, 0x256fd2a0, 0x5268e236, 0xcc0c7795, 0xbb0b4703, 0x220216b9, 0x5505262f, 0xc5ba3bbe, 0xb2bd0b28, 0x2bb45a92, 0x5cb36a04, 0xc2d7ffa7, 0xb5d0cf31, 0x2cd99e8b, 0x5bdeae1d, 0x9b64c2b0, 0xec63f226, 0x756aa39c, 0x026d930a, 0x9c0906a9, 0xeb0e363f, 0x72076785, 0x05005713, 0x95bf4a82, 0xe2b87a14, 0x7bb12bae, 0x0cb61b38, 0x92d28e9b, 0xe5d5be0d, 0x7cdcefb7, 0x0bdbdf21, 0x86d3d2d4, 0xf1d4e242, 0x68ddb3f8, 0x1fda836e, 0x81be16cd, 0xf6b9265b, 0x6fb077e1, 0x18b74777, 0x88085ae6, 0xff0f6a70, 0x66063bca, 0x11010b5c, 0x8f659eff, 0xf862ae69, 0x616bffd3, 0x166ccf45, 0xa00ae278, 0xd70dd2ee, 0x4e048354, 0x3903b3c2, 0xa7672661, 0xd06016f7, 0x4969474d, 0x3e6e77db, 0xaed16a4a, 0xd9d65adc, 0x40df0b66, 0x37d83bf0, 0xa9bcae53, 0xdebb9ec5, 0x47b2cf7f, 0x30b5ffe9, 0xbdbdf21c, 0xcabac28a, 0x53b39330, 0x24b4a3a6, 0xbad03605, 0xcdd70693, 0x54de5729, 0x23d967bf, 0xb3667a2e, 0xc4614ab8, 0x5d681b02, 0x2a6f2b94, 0xb40bbe37, 0xc30c8ea1, 0x5a05df1b, 0x2d02ef8d @}; unsigned char *end; crc = ~crc & 0xffffffff; for (end = buf + len; buf < end; ++buf) crc = crc32_table[(crc ^ *buf) & 0xff] ^ (crc >> 8); return ~crc & 0xffffffff; @} @end smallexample @noindent This computation does not apply to the ``build ID'' method. @node Symbol Errors @section Errors Reading Symbol Files While reading a symbol file, @value{GDBN} occasionally encounters problems, such as symbol types it does not recognize, or known bugs in compiler output. By default, @value{GDBN} does not notify you of such problems, since they are relatively common and primarily of interest to people debugging compilers. If you are interested in seeing information about ill-constructed symbol tables, you can either ask @value{GDBN} to print only one message about each such type of problem, no matter how many times the problem occurs; or you can ask @value{GDBN} to print more messages, to see how many times the problems occur, with the @code{set complaints} command (@pxref{Messages/Warnings, ,Optional Warnings and Messages}). The messages currently printed, and their meanings, include: @table @code @item inner block not inside outer block in @var{symbol} The symbol information shows where symbol scopes begin and end (such as at the start of a function or a block of statements). This error indicates that an inner scope block is not fully contained in its outer scope blocks. @value{GDBN} circumvents the problem by treating the inner block as if it had the same scope as the outer block. In the error message, @var{symbol} may be shown as ``@code{(don't know)}'' if the outer block is not a function. @item block at @var{address} out of order The symbol information for symbol scope blocks should occur in order of increasing addresses. This error indicates that it does not do so. @value{GDBN} does not circumvent this problem, and has trouble locating symbols in the source file whose symbols it is reading. (You can often determine what source file is affected by specifying @code{set verbose on}. @xref{Messages/Warnings, ,Optional Warnings and Messages}.) @item bad block start address patched The symbol information for a symbol scope block has a start address smaller than the address of the preceding source line. This is known to occur in the SunOS 4.1.1 (and earlier) C compiler. @value{GDBN} circumvents the problem by treating the symbol scope block as starting on the previous source line. @item bad string table offset in symbol @var{n} @cindex foo Symbol number @var{n} contains a pointer into the string table which is larger than the size of the string table. @value{GDBN} circumvents the problem by considering the symbol to have the name @code{foo}, which may cause other problems if many symbols end up with this name. @item unknown symbol type @code{0x@var{nn}} The symbol information contains new data types that @value{GDBN} does not yet know how to read. @code{0x@var{nn}} is the symbol type of the uncomprehended information, in hexadecimal. @value{GDBN} circumvents the error by ignoring this symbol information. This usually allows you to debug your program, though certain symbols are not accessible. If you encounter such a problem and feel like debugging it, you can debug @code{@value{GDBP}} with itself, breakpoint on @code{complain}, then go up to the function @code{read_dbx_symtab} and examine @code{*bufp} to see the symbol. @item stub type has NULL name @value{GDBN} could not find the full definition for a struct or class. @item const/volatile indicator missing (ok if using g++ v1.x), got@dots{} The symbol information for a C@t{++} member function is missing some information that recent versions of the compiler should have output for it. @item info mismatch between compiler and debugger @value{GDBN} could not parse a type specification output by the compiler. @end table @node Targets @chapter Specifying a Debugging Target @cindex debugging target A @dfn{target} is the execution environment occupied by your program. Often, @value{GDBN} runs in the same host environment as your program; in that case, the debugging target is specified as a side effect when you use the @code{file} or @code{core} commands. When you need more flexibility---for example, running @value{GDBN} on a physically separate host, or controlling a standalone system over a serial port or a realtime system over a TCP/IP connection---you can use the @code{target} command to specify one of the target types configured for @value{GDBN} (@pxref{Target Commands, ,Commands for Managing Targets}). @cindex target architecture It is possible to build @value{GDBN} for several different @dfn{target architectures}. When @value{GDBN} is built like that, you can choose one of the available architectures with the @kbd{set architecture} command. @table @code @kindex set architecture @kindex show architecture @item set architecture @var{arch} This command sets the current target architecture to @var{arch}. The value of @var{arch} can be @code{"auto"}, in addition to one of the supported architectures. @item show architecture Show the current target architecture. @item set processor @itemx processor @kindex set processor @kindex show processor These are alias commands for, respectively, @code{set architecture} and @code{show architecture}. @end table @menu * Active Targets:: Active targets * Target Commands:: Commands for managing targets * Byte Order:: Choosing target byte order @end menu @node Active Targets @section Active Targets @cindex stacking targets @cindex active targets @cindex multiple targets There are three classes of targets: processes, core files, and executable files. @value{GDBN} can work concurrently on up to three active targets, one in each class. This allows you to (for example) start a process and inspect its activity without abandoning your work on a core file. For example, if you execute @samp{gdb a.out}, then the executable file @code{a.out} is the only active target. If you designate a core file as well---presumably from a prior run that crashed and coredumped---then @value{GDBN} has two active targets and uses them in tandem, looking first in the corefile target, then in the executable file, to satisfy requests for memory addresses. (Typically, these two classes of target are complementary, since core files contain only a program's read-write memory---variables and so on---plus machine status, while executable files contain only the program text and initialized data.) When you type @code{run}, your executable file becomes an active process target as well. When a process target is active, all @value{GDBN} commands requesting memory addresses refer to that target; addresses in an active core file or executable file target are obscured while the process target is active. Use the @code{core-file} and @code{exec-file} commands to select a new core file or executable target (@pxref{Files, ,Commands to Specify Files}). To specify as a target a process that is already running, use the @code{attach} command (@pxref{Attach, ,Debugging an Already-running Process}). @node Target Commands @section Commands for Managing Targets @table @code @item target @var{type} @var{parameters} Connects the @value{GDBN} host environment to a target machine or process. A target is typically a protocol for talking to debugging facilities. You use the argument @var{type} to specify the type or protocol of the target machine. Further @var{parameters} are interpreted by the target protocol, but typically include things like device names or host names to connect with, process numbers, and baud rates. The @code{target} command does not repeat if you press @key{RET} again after executing the command. @kindex help target @item help target Displays the names of all targets available. To display targets currently selected, use either @code{info target} or @code{info files} (@pxref{Files, ,Commands to Specify Files}). @item help target @var{name} Describe a particular target, including any parameters necessary to select it. @kindex set gnutarget @item set gnutarget @var{args} @value{GDBN} uses its own library BFD to read your files. @value{GDBN} knows whether it is reading an @dfn{executable}, a @dfn{core}, or a @dfn{.o} file; however, you can specify the file format with the @code{set gnutarget} command. Unlike most @code{target} commands, with @code{gnutarget} the @code{target} refers to a program, not a machine. @quotation @emph{Warning:} To specify a file format with @code{set gnutarget}, you must know the actual BFD name. @end quotation @noindent @xref{Files, , Commands to Specify Files}. @kindex show gnutarget @item show gnutarget Use the @code{show gnutarget} command to display what file format @code{gnutarget} is set to read. If you have not set @code{gnutarget}, @value{GDBN} will determine the file format for each file automatically, and @code{show gnutarget} displays @samp{The current BDF target is "auto"}. @end table @cindex common targets Here are some common targets (available, or not, depending on the GDB configuration): @table @code @kindex target @item target exec @var{program} @cindex executable file target An executable file. @samp{target exec @var{program}} is the same as @samp{exec-file @var{program}}. @item target core @var{filename} @cindex core dump file target A core dump file. @samp{target core @var{filename}} is the same as @samp{core-file @var{filename}}. @item target remote @var{medium} @cindex remote target A remote system connected to @value{GDBN} via a serial line or network connection. This command tells @value{GDBN} to use its own remote protocol over @var{medium} for debugging. @xref{Remote Debugging}. For example, if you have a board connected to @file{/dev/ttya} on the machine running @value{GDBN}, you could say: @smallexample target remote /dev/ttya @end smallexample @code{target remote} supports the @code{load} command. This is only useful if you have some other way of getting the stub to the target system, and you can put it somewhere in memory where it won't get clobbered by the download. @item target sim @cindex built-in simulator target Builtin CPU simulator. @value{GDBN} includes simulators for most architectures. In general, @smallexample target sim load run @end smallexample @noindent works; however, you cannot assume that a specific memory map, device drivers, or even basic I/O is available, although some simulators do provide these. For info about any processor-specific simulator details, see the appropriate section in @ref{Embedded Processors, ,Embedded Processors}. @end table Some configurations may include these targets as well: @table @code @item target nrom @var{dev} @cindex NetROM ROM emulator target NetROM ROM emulator. This target only supports downloading. @end table Different targets are available on different configurations of @value{GDBN}; your configuration may have more or fewer targets. Many remote targets require you to download the executable's code once you've successfully established a connection. You may wish to control various aspects of this process. @table @code @item set hash @kindex set hash@r{, for remote monitors} @cindex hash mark while downloading This command controls whether a hash mark @samp{#} is displayed while downloading a file to the remote monitor. If on, a hash mark is displayed after each S-record is successfully downloaded to the monitor. @item show hash @kindex show hash@r{, for remote monitors} Show the current status of displaying the hash mark. @item set debug monitor @kindex set debug monitor @cindex display remote monitor communications Enable or disable display of communications messages between @value{GDBN} and the remote monitor. @item show debug monitor @kindex show debug monitor Show the current status of displaying communications between @value{GDBN} and the remote monitor. @end table @table @code @kindex load @var{filename} @item load @var{filename} @anchor{load} Depending on what remote debugging facilities are configured into @value{GDBN}, the @code{load} command may be available. Where it exists, it is meant to make @var{filename} (an executable) available for debugging on the remote system---by downloading, or dynamic linking, for example. @code{load} also records the @var{filename} symbol table in @value{GDBN}, like the @code{add-symbol-file} command. If your @value{GDBN} does not have a @code{load} command, attempting to execute it gets the error message ``@code{You can't do that when your target is @dots{}}'' The file is loaded at whatever address is specified in the executable. For some object file formats, you can specify the load address when you link the program; for other formats, like a.out, the object file format specifies a fixed address. @c FIXME! This would be a good place for an xref to the GNU linker doc. Depending on the remote side capabilities, @value{GDBN} may be able to load programs into flash memory. @code{load} does not repeat if you press @key{RET} again after using it. @end table @node Byte Order @section Choosing Target Byte Order @cindex choosing target byte order @cindex target byte order Some types of processors, such as the MIPS, PowerPC, and Renesas SH, offer the ability to run either big-endian or little-endian byte orders. Usually the executable or symbol will include a bit to designate the endian-ness, and you will not need to worry about which to use. However, you may still find it useful to adjust @value{GDBN}'s idea of processor endian-ness manually. @table @code @kindex set endian @item set endian big Instruct @value{GDBN} to assume the target is big-endian. @item set endian little Instruct @value{GDBN} to assume the target is little-endian. @item set endian auto Instruct @value{GDBN} to use the byte order associated with the executable. @item show endian Display @value{GDBN}'s current idea of the target byte order. @end table Note that these commands merely adjust interpretation of symbolic data on the host, and that they have absolutely no effect on the target system. @node Remote Debugging @chapter Debugging Remote Programs @cindex remote debugging If you are trying to debug a program running on a machine that cannot run @value{GDBN} in the usual way, it is often useful to use remote debugging. For example, you might use remote debugging on an operating system kernel, or on a small system which does not have a general purpose operating system powerful enough to run a full-featured debugger. Some configurations of @value{GDBN} have special serial or TCP/IP interfaces to make this work with particular debugging targets. In addition, @value{GDBN} comes with a generic serial protocol (specific to @value{GDBN}, but not specific to any particular target system) which you can use if you write the remote stubs---the code that runs on the remote system to communicate with @value{GDBN}. Other remote targets may be available in your configuration of @value{GDBN}; use @code{help target} to list them. @menu * Connecting:: Connecting to a remote target * File Transfer:: Sending files to a remote system * Server:: Using the gdbserver program * Remote Configuration:: Remote configuration * Remote Stub:: Implementing a remote stub @end menu @node Connecting @section Connecting to a Remote Target On the @value{GDBN} host machine, you will need an unstripped copy of your program, since @value{GDBN} needs symbol and debugging information. Start up @value{GDBN} as usual, using the name of the local copy of your program as the first argument. @cindex @code{target remote} @value{GDBN} can communicate with the target over a serial line, or over an @acronym{IP} network using @acronym{TCP} or @acronym{UDP}. In each case, @value{GDBN} uses the same protocol for debugging your program; only the medium carrying the debugging packets varies. The @code{target remote} command establishes a connection to the target. Its arguments indicate which medium to use: @table @code @item target remote @var{serial-device} @cindex serial line, @code{target remote} Use @var{serial-device} to communicate with the target. For example, to use a serial line connected to the device named @file{/dev/ttyb}: @smallexample target remote /dev/ttyb @end smallexample If you're using a serial line, you may want to give @value{GDBN} the @w{@samp{--baud}} option, or use the @code{set remotebaud} command (@pxref{Remote Configuration, set remotebaud}) before the @code{target} command. @item target remote @code{@var{host}:@var{port}} @itemx target remote @code{tcp:@var{host}:@var{port}} @cindex @acronym{TCP} port, @code{target remote} Debug using a @acronym{TCP} connection to @var{port} on @var{host}. The @var{host} may be either a host name or a numeric @acronym{IP} address; @var{port} must be a decimal number. The @var{host} could be the target machine itself, if it is directly connected to the net, or it might be a terminal server which in turn has a serial line to the target. For example, to connect to port 2828 on a terminal server named @code{manyfarms}: @smallexample target remote manyfarms:2828 @end smallexample If your remote target is actually running on the same machine as your debugger session (e.g.@: a simulator for your target running on the same host), you can omit the hostname. For example, to connect to port 1234 on your local machine: @smallexample target remote :1234 @end smallexample @noindent Note that the colon is still required here. @item target remote @code{udp:@var{host}:@var{port}} @cindex @acronym{UDP} port, @code{target remote} Debug using @acronym{UDP} packets to @var{port} on @var{host}. For example, to connect to @acronym{UDP} port 2828 on a terminal server named @code{manyfarms}: @smallexample target remote udp:manyfarms:2828 @end smallexample When using a @acronym{UDP} connection for remote debugging, you should keep in mind that the `U' stands for ``Unreliable''. @acronym{UDP} can silently drop packets on busy or unreliable networks, which will cause havoc with your debugging session. @item target remote | @var{command} @cindex pipe, @code{target remote} to Run @var{command} in the background and communicate with it using a pipe. The @var{command} is a shell command, to be parsed and expanded by the system's command shell, @code{/bin/sh}; it should expect remote protocol packets on its standard input, and send replies on its standard output. You could use this to run a stand-alone simulator that speaks the remote debugging protocol, to make net connections using programs like @code{ssh}, or for other similar tricks. If @var{command} closes its standard output (perhaps by exiting), @value{GDBN} will try to send it a @code{SIGTERM} signal. (If the program has already exited, this will have no effect.) @end table Once the connection has been established, you can use all the usual commands to examine and change data. The remote program is already running; you can use @kbd{step} and @kbd{continue}, and you do not need to use @kbd{run}. @cindex interrupting remote programs @cindex remote programs, interrupting Whenever @value{GDBN} is waiting for the remote program, if you type the interrupt character (often @kbd{Ctrl-c}), @value{GDBN} attempts to stop the program. This may or may not succeed, depending in part on the hardware and the serial drivers the remote system uses. If you type the interrupt character once again, @value{GDBN} displays this prompt: @smallexample Interrupted while waiting for the program. Give up (and stop debugging it)? (y or n) @end smallexample If you type @kbd{y}, @value{GDBN} abandons the remote debugging session. (If you decide you want to try again later, you can use @samp{target remote} again to connect once more.) If you type @kbd{n}, @value{GDBN} goes back to waiting. @table @code @kindex detach (remote) @item detach When you have finished debugging the remote program, you can use the @code{detach} command to release it from @value{GDBN} control. Detaching from the target normally resumes its execution, but the results will depend on your particular remote stub. After the @code{detach} command, @value{GDBN} is free to connect to another target. @kindex disconnect @item disconnect The @code{disconnect} command behaves like @code{detach}, except that the target is generally not resumed. It will wait for @value{GDBN} (this instance or another one) to connect and continue debugging. After the @code{disconnect} command, @value{GDBN} is again free to connect to another target. @cindex send command to remote monitor @cindex extend @value{GDBN} for remote targets @cindex add new commands for external monitor @kindex monitor @item monitor @var{cmd} This command allows you to send arbitrary commands directly to the remote monitor. Since @value{GDBN} doesn't care about the commands it sends like this, this command is the way to extend @value{GDBN}---you can add new commands that only the external monitor will understand and implement. @end table @node File Transfer @section Sending files to a remote system @cindex remote target, file transfer @cindex file transfer @cindex sending files to remote systems Some remote targets offer the ability to transfer files over the same connection used to communicate with @value{GDBN}. This is convenient for targets accessible through other means, e.g.@: @sc{gnu}/Linux systems running @code{gdbserver} over a network interface. For other targets, e.g.@: embedded devices with only a single serial port, this may be the only way to upload or download files. Not all remote targets support these commands. @table @code @kindex remote put @item remote put @var{hostfile} @var{targetfile} Copy file @var{hostfile} from the host system (the machine running @value{GDBN}) to @var{targetfile} on the target system. @kindex remote get @item remote get @var{targetfile} @var{hostfile} Copy file @var{targetfile} from the target system to @var{hostfile} on the host system. @kindex remote delete @item remote delete @var{targetfile} Delete @var{targetfile} from the target system. @end table @node Server @section Using the @code{gdbserver} Program @kindex gdbserver @cindex remote connection without stubs @code{gdbserver} is a control program for Unix-like systems, which allows you to connect your program with a remote @value{GDBN} via @code{target remote}---but without linking in the usual debugging stub. @code{gdbserver} is not a complete replacement for the debugging stubs, because it requires essentially the same operating-system facilities that @value{GDBN} itself does. In fact, a system that can run @code{gdbserver} to connect to a remote @value{GDBN} could also run @value{GDBN} locally! @code{gdbserver} is sometimes useful nevertheless, because it is a much smaller program than @value{GDBN} itself. It is also easier to port than all of @value{GDBN}, so you may be able to get started more quickly on a new system by using @code{gdbserver}. Finally, if you develop code for real-time systems, you may find that the tradeoffs involved in real-time operation make it more convenient to do as much development work as possible on another system, for example by cross-compiling. You can use @code{gdbserver} to make a similar choice for debugging. @value{GDBN} and @code{gdbserver} communicate via either a serial line or a TCP connection, using the standard @value{GDBN} remote serial protocol. @quotation @emph{Warning:} @code{gdbserver} does not have any built-in security. Do not run @code{gdbserver} connected to any public network; a @value{GDBN} connection to @code{gdbserver} provides access to the target system with the same privileges as the user running @code{gdbserver}. @end quotation @subsection Running @code{gdbserver} @cindex arguments, to @code{gdbserver} Run @code{gdbserver} on the target system. You need a copy of the program you want to debug, including any libraries it requires. @code{gdbserver} does not need your program's symbol table, so you can strip the program if necessary to save space. @value{GDBN} on the host system does all the symbol handling. To use the server, you must tell it how to communicate with @value{GDBN}; the name of your program; and the arguments for your program. The usual syntax is: @smallexample target> gdbserver @var{comm} @var{program} [ @var{args} @dots{} ] @end smallexample @var{comm} is either a device name (to use a serial line) or a TCP hostname and portnumber. For example, to debug Emacs with the argument @samp{foo.txt} and communicate with @value{GDBN} over the serial port @file{/dev/com1}: @smallexample target> gdbserver /dev/com1 emacs foo.txt @end smallexample @code{gdbserver} waits passively for the host @value{GDBN} to communicate with it. To use a TCP connection instead of a serial line: @smallexample target> gdbserver host:2345 emacs foo.txt @end smallexample The only difference from the previous example is the first argument, specifying that you are communicating with the host @value{GDBN} via TCP. The @samp{host:2345} argument means that @code{gdbserver} is to expect a TCP connection from machine @samp{host} to local TCP port 2345. (Currently, the @samp{host} part is ignored.) You can choose any number you want for the port number as long as it does not conflict with any TCP ports already in use on the target system (for example, @code{23} is reserved for @code{telnet}).@footnote{If you choose a port number that conflicts with another service, @code{gdbserver} prints an error message and exits.} You must use the same port number with the host @value{GDBN} @code{target remote} command. @subsubsection Attaching to a Running Program On some targets, @code{gdbserver} can also attach to running programs. This is accomplished via the @code{--attach} argument. The syntax is: @smallexample target> gdbserver --attach @var{comm} @var{pid} @end smallexample @var{pid} is the process ID of a currently running process. It isn't necessary to point @code{gdbserver} at a binary for the running process. @pindex pidof @cindex attach to a program by name You can debug processes by name instead of process ID if your target has the @code{pidof} utility: @smallexample target> gdbserver --attach @var{comm} `pidof @var{program}` @end smallexample In case more than one copy of @var{program} is running, or @var{program} has multiple threads, most versions of @code{pidof} support the @code{-s} option to only return the first process ID. @subsubsection Multi-Process Mode for @code{gdbserver} @cindex gdbserver, multiple processes @cindex multiple processes with gdbserver When you connect to @code{gdbserver} using @code{target remote}, @code{gdbserver} debugs the specified program only once. When the program exits, or you detach from it, @value{GDBN} closes the connection and @code{gdbserver} exits. If you connect using @kbd{target extended-remote}, @code{gdbserver} enters multi-process mode. When the debugged program exits, or you detach from it, @value{GDBN} stays connected to @code{gdbserver} even though no program is running. The @code{run} and @code{attach} commands instruct @code{gdbserver} to run or attach to a new program. The @code{run} command uses @code{set remote exec-file} (@pxref{set remote exec-file}) to select the program to run. Command line arguments are supported, except for wildcard expansion and I/O redirection (@pxref{Arguments}). To start @code{gdbserver} without supplying an initial command to run or process ID to attach, use the @option{--multi} command line option. Then you can connect using @kbd{target extended-remote} and start the program you want to debug. @code{gdbserver} does not automatically exit in multi-process mode. You can terminate it by using @code{monitor exit} (@pxref{Monitor Commands for gdbserver}). @subsubsection Other Command-Line Arguments for @code{gdbserver} You can include @option{--debug} on the @code{gdbserver} command line. @code{gdbserver} will display extra status information about the debugging process. This option is intended for @code{gdbserver} development and for bug reports to the developers. The @option{--wrapper} option specifies a wrapper to launch programs for debugging. The option should be followed by the name of the wrapper, then any command-line arguments to pass to the wrapper, then @kbd{--} indicating the end of the wrapper arguments. @code{gdbserver} runs the specified wrapper program with a combined command line including the wrapper arguments, then the name of the program to debug, then any arguments to the program. The wrapper runs until it executes your program, and then @value{GDBN} gains control. You can use any program that eventually calls @code{execve} with its arguments as a wrapper. Several standard Unix utilities do this, e.g.@: @code{env} and @code{nohup}. Any Unix shell script ending with @code{exec "$@@"} will also work. For example, you can use @code{env} to pass an environment variable to the debugged program, without setting the variable in @code{gdbserver}'s environment: @smallexample $ gdbserver --wrapper env LD_PRELOAD=libtest.so -- :2222 ./testprog @end smallexample @subsection Connecting to @code{gdbserver} Run @value{GDBN} on the host system. First make sure you have the necessary symbol files. Load symbols for your application using the @code{file} command before you connect. Use @code{set sysroot} to locate target libraries (unless your @value{GDBN} was compiled with the correct sysroot using @code{--with-sysroot}). The symbol file and target libraries must exactly match the executable and libraries on the target, with one exception: the files on the host system should not be stripped, even if the files on the target system are. Mismatched or missing files will lead to confusing results during debugging. On @sc{gnu}/Linux targets, mismatched or missing files may also prevent @code{gdbserver} from debugging multi-threaded programs. Connect to your target (@pxref{Connecting,,Connecting to a Remote Target}). For TCP connections, you must start up @code{gdbserver} prior to using the @code{target remote} command. Otherwise you may get an error whose text depends on the host system, but which usually looks something like @samp{Connection refused}. Don't use the @code{load} command in @value{GDBN} when using @code{gdbserver}, since the program is already on the target. @subsection Monitor Commands for @code{gdbserver} @cindex monitor commands, for @code{gdbserver} @anchor{Monitor Commands for gdbserver} During a @value{GDBN} session using @code{gdbserver}, you can use the @code{monitor} command to send special requests to @code{gdbserver}. Here are the available commands. @table @code @item monitor help List the available monitor commands. @item monitor set debug 0 @itemx monitor set debug 1 Disable or enable general debugging messages. @item monitor set remote-debug 0 @itemx monitor set remote-debug 1 Disable or enable specific debugging messages associated with the remote protocol (@pxref{Remote Protocol}). @item monitor exit Tell gdbserver to exit immediately. This command should be followed by @code{disconnect} to close the debugging session. @code{gdbserver} will detach from any attached processes and kill any processes it created. Use @code{monitor exit} to terminate @code{gdbserver} at the end of a multi-process mode debug session. @end table @node Remote Configuration @section Remote Configuration @kindex set remote @kindex show remote This section documents the configuration options available when debugging remote programs. For the options related to the File I/O extensions of the remote protocol, see @ref{system, system-call-allowed}. @table @code @item set remoteaddresssize @var{bits} @cindex address size for remote targets @cindex bits in remote address Set the maximum size of address in a memory packet to the specified number of bits. @value{GDBN} will mask off the address bits above that number, when it passes addresses to the remote target. The default value is the number of bits in the target's address. @item show remoteaddresssize Show the current value of remote address size in bits. @item set remotebaud @var{n} @cindex baud rate for remote targets Set the baud rate for the remote serial I/O to @var{n} baud. The value is used to set the speed of the serial port used for debugging remote targets. @item show remotebaud Show the current speed of the remote connection. @item set remotebreak @cindex interrupt remote programs @cindex BREAK signal instead of Ctrl-C @anchor{set remotebreak} If set to on, @value{GDBN} sends a @code{BREAK} signal to the remote when you type @kbd{Ctrl-c} to interrupt the program running on the remote. If set to off, @value{GDBN} sends the @samp{Ctrl-C} character instead. The default is off, since most remote systems expect to see @samp{Ctrl-C} as the interrupt signal. @item show remotebreak Show whether @value{GDBN} sends @code{BREAK} or @samp{Ctrl-C} to interrupt the remote program. @item set remoteflow on @itemx set remoteflow off @kindex set remoteflow Enable or disable hardware flow control (@code{RTS}/@code{CTS}) on the serial port used to communicate to the remote target. @item show remoteflow @kindex show remoteflow Show the current setting of hardware flow control. @item set remotelogbase @var{base} Set the base (a.k.a.@: radix) of logging serial protocol communications to @var{base}. Supported values of @var{base} are: @code{ascii}, @code{octal}, and @code{hex}. The default is @code{ascii}. @item show remotelogbase Show the current setting of the radix for logging remote serial protocol. @item set remotelogfile @var{file} @cindex record serial communications on file Record remote serial communications on the named @var{file}. The default is not to record at all. @item show remotelogfile. Show the current setting of the file name on which to record the serial communications. @item set remotetimeout @var{num} @cindex timeout for serial communications @cindex remote timeout Set the timeout limit to wait for the remote target to respond to @var{num} seconds. The default is 2 seconds. @item show remotetimeout Show the current number of seconds to wait for the remote target responses. @cindex limit hardware breakpoints and watchpoints @cindex remote target, limit break- and watchpoints @anchor{set remote hardware-watchpoint-limit} @anchor{set remote hardware-breakpoint-limit} @item set remote hardware-watchpoint-limit @var{limit} @itemx set remote hardware-breakpoint-limit @var{limit} Restrict @value{GDBN} to using @var{limit} remote hardware breakpoint or watchpoints. A limit of -1, the default, is treated as unlimited. @item set remote exec-file @var{filename} @itemx show remote exec-file @anchor{set remote exec-file} @cindex executable file, for remote target Select the file used for @code{run} with @code{target extended-remote}. This should be set to a filename valid on the target system. If it is not set, the target will use a default filename (e.g.@: the last program run). @end table @cindex remote packets, enabling and disabling The @value{GDBN} remote protocol autodetects the packets supported by your debugging stub. If you need to override the autodetection, you can use these commands to enable or disable individual packets. Each packet can be set to @samp{on} (the remote target supports this packet), @samp{off} (the remote target does not support this packet), or @samp{auto} (detect remote target support for this packet). They all default to @samp{auto}. For more information about each packet, see @ref{Remote Protocol}. During normal use, you should not have to use any of these commands. If you do, that may be a bug in your remote debugging stub, or a bug in @value{GDBN}. You may want to report the problem to the @value{GDBN} developers. For each packet @var{name}, the command to enable or disable the packet is @code{set remote @var{name}-packet}. The available settings are: @multitable @columnfractions 0.28 0.32 0.25 @item Command Name @tab Remote Packet @tab Related Features @item @code{fetch-register} @tab @code{p} @tab @code{info registers} @item @code{set-register} @tab @code{P} @tab @code{set} @item @code{binary-download} @tab @code{X} @tab @code{load}, @code{set} @item @code{read-aux-vector} @tab @code{qXfer:auxv:read} @tab @code{info auxv} @item @code{symbol-lookup} @tab @code{qSymbol} @tab Detecting multiple threads @item @code{attach} @tab @code{vAttach} @tab @code{attach} @item @code{verbose-resume} @tab @code{vCont} @tab Stepping or resuming multiple threads @item @code{run} @tab @code{vRun} @tab @code{run} @item @code{software-breakpoint} @tab @code{Z0} @tab @code{break} @item @code{hardware-breakpoint} @tab @code{Z1} @tab @code{hbreak} @item @code{write-watchpoint} @tab @code{Z2} @tab @code{watch} @item @code{read-watchpoint} @tab @code{Z3} @tab @code{rwatch} @item @code{access-watchpoint} @tab @code{Z4} @tab @code{awatch} @item @code{target-features} @tab @code{qXfer:features:read} @tab @code{set architecture} @item @code{library-info} @tab @code{qXfer:libraries:read} @tab @code{info sharedlibrary} @item @code{memory-map} @tab @code{qXfer:memory-map:read} @tab @code{info mem} @item @code{read-spu-object} @tab @code{qXfer:spu:read} @tab @code{info spu} @item @code{write-spu-object} @tab @code{qXfer:spu:write} @tab @code{info spu} @item @code{get-thread-local-@*storage-address} @tab @code{qGetTLSAddr} @tab Displaying @code{__thread} variables @item @code{supported-packets} @tab @code{qSupported} @tab Remote communications parameters @item @code{pass-signals} @tab @code{QPassSignals} @tab @code{handle @var{signal}} @item @code{hostio-close-packet} @tab @code{vFile:close} @tab @code{remote get}, @code{remote put} @item @code{hostio-open-packet} @tab @code{vFile:open} @tab @code{remote get}, @code{remote put} @item @code{hostio-pread-packet} @tab @code{vFile:pread} @tab @code{remote get}, @code{remote put} @item @code{hostio-pwrite-packet} @tab @code{vFile:pwrite} @tab @code{remote get}, @code{remote put} @item @code{hostio-unlink-packet} @tab @code{vFile:unlink} @tab @code{remote delete} @end multitable @node Remote Stub @section Implementing a Remote Stub @cindex debugging stub, example @cindex remote stub, example @cindex stub example, remote debugging The stub files provided with @value{GDBN} implement the target side of the communication protocol, and the @value{GDBN} side is implemented in the @value{GDBN} source file @file{remote.c}. Normally, you can simply allow these subroutines to communicate, and ignore the details. (If you're implementing your own stub file, you can still ignore the details: start with one of the existing stub files. @file{sparc-stub.c} is the best organized, and therefore the easiest to read.) @cindex remote serial debugging, overview To debug a program running on another machine (the debugging @dfn{target} machine), you must first arrange for all the usual prerequisites for the program to run by itself. For example, for a C program, you need: @enumerate @item A startup routine to set up the C runtime environment; these usually have a name like @file{crt0}. The startup routine may be supplied by your hardware supplier, or you may have to write your own. @item A C subroutine library to support your program's subroutine calls, notably managing input and output. @item A way of getting your program to the other machine---for example, a download program. These are often supplied by the hardware manufacturer, but you may have to write your own from hardware documentation. @end enumerate The next step is to arrange for your program to use a serial port to communicate with the machine where @value{GDBN} is running (the @dfn{host} machine). In general terms, the scheme looks like this: @table @emph @item On the host, @value{GDBN} already understands how to use this protocol; when everything else is set up, you can simply use the @samp{target remote} command (@pxref{Targets,,Specifying a Debugging Target}). @item On the target, you must link with your program a few special-purpose subroutines that implement the @value{GDBN} remote serial protocol. The file containing these subroutines is called a @dfn{debugging stub}. On certain remote targets, you can use an auxiliary program @code{gdbserver} instead of linking a stub into your program. @xref{Server,,Using the @code{gdbserver} Program}, for details. @end table The debugging stub is specific to the architecture of the remote machine; for example, use @file{sparc-stub.c} to debug programs on @sc{sparc} boards. @cindex remote serial stub list These working remote stubs are distributed with @value{GDBN}: @table @code @item i386-stub.c @cindex @file{i386-stub.c} @cindex Intel @cindex i386 For Intel 386 and compatible architectures. @item m68k-stub.c @cindex @file{m68k-stub.c} @cindex Motorola 680x0 @cindex m680x0 For Motorola 680x0 architectures. @item sh-stub.c @cindex @file{sh-stub.c} @cindex Renesas @cindex SH For Renesas SH architectures. @item sparc-stub.c @cindex @file{sparc-stub.c} @cindex Sparc For @sc{sparc} architectures. @item sparcl-stub.c @cindex @file{sparcl-stub.c} @cindex Fujitsu @cindex SparcLite For Fujitsu @sc{sparclite} architectures. @end table The @file{README} file in the @value{GDBN} distribution may list other recently added stubs. @menu * Stub Contents:: What the stub can do for you * Bootstrapping:: What you must do for the stub * Debug Session:: Putting it all together @end menu @node Stub Contents @subsection What the Stub Can Do for You @cindex remote serial stub The debugging stub for your architecture supplies these three subroutines: @table @code @item set_debug_traps @findex set_debug_traps @cindex remote serial stub, initialization This routine arranges for @code{handle_exception} to run when your program stops. You must call this subroutine explicitly near the beginning of your program. @item handle_exception @findex handle_exception @cindex remote serial stub, main routine This is the central workhorse, but your program never calls it explicitly---the setup code arranges for @code{handle_exception} to run when a trap is triggered. @code{handle_exception} takes control when your program stops during execution (for example, on a breakpoint), and mediates communications with @value{GDBN} on the host machine. This is where the communications protocol is implemented; @code{handle_exception} acts as the @value{GDBN} representative on the target machine. It begins by sending summary information on the state of your program, then continues to execute, retrieving and transmitting any information @value{GDBN} needs, until you execute a @value{GDBN} command that makes your program resume; at that point, @code{handle_exception} returns control to your own code on the target machine. @item breakpoint @cindex @code{breakpoint} subroutine, remote Use this auxiliary subroutine to make your program contain a breakpoint. Depending on the particular situation, this may be the only way for @value{GDBN} to get control. For instance, if your target machine has some sort of interrupt button, you won't need to call this; pressing the interrupt button transfers control to @code{handle_exception}---in effect, to @value{GDBN}. On some machines, simply receiving characters on the serial port may also trigger a trap; again, in that situation, you don't need to call @code{breakpoint} from your own program---simply running @samp{target remote} from the host @value{GDBN} session gets control. Call @code{breakpoint} if none of these is true, or if you simply want to make certain your program stops at a predetermined point for the start of your debugging session. @end table @node Bootstrapping @subsection What You Must Do for the Stub @cindex remote stub, support routines The debugging stubs that come with @value{GDBN} are set up for a particular chip architecture, but they have no information about the rest of your debugging target machine. First of all you need to tell the stub how to communicate with the serial port. @table @code @item int getDebugChar() @findex getDebugChar Write this subroutine to read a single character from the serial port. It may be identical to @code{getchar} for your target system; a different name is used to allow you to distinguish the two if you wish. @item void putDebugChar(int) @findex putDebugChar Write this subroutine to write a single character to the serial port. It may be identical to @code{putchar} for your target system; a different name is used to allow you to distinguish the two if you wish. @end table @cindex control C, and remote debugging @cindex interrupting remote targets If you want @value{GDBN} to be able to stop your program while it is running, you need to use an interrupt-driven serial driver, and arrange for it to stop when it receives a @code{^C} (@samp{\003}, the control-C character). That is the character which @value{GDBN} uses to tell the remote system to stop. Getting the debugging target to return the proper status to @value{GDBN} probably requires changes to the standard stub; one quick and dirty way is to just execute a breakpoint instruction (the ``dirty'' part is that @value{GDBN} reports a @code{SIGTRAP} instead of a @code{SIGINT}). Other routines you need to supply are: @table @code @item void exceptionHandler (int @var{exception_number}, void *@var{exception_address}) @findex exceptionHandler Write this function to install @var{exception_address} in the exception handling tables. You need to do this because the stub does not have any way of knowing what the exception handling tables on your target system are like (for example, the processor's table might be in @sc{rom}, containing entries which point to a table in @sc{ram}). @var{exception_number} is the exception number which should be changed; its meaning is architecture-dependent (for example, different numbers might represent divide by zero, misaligned access, etc). When this exception occurs, control should be transferred directly to @var{exception_address}, and the processor state (stack, registers, and so on) should be just as it is when a processor exception occurs. So if you want to use a jump instruction to reach @var{exception_address}, it should be a simple jump, not a jump to subroutine. For the 386, @var{exception_address} should be installed as an interrupt gate so that interrupts are masked while the handler runs. The gate should be at privilege level 0 (the most privileged level). The @sc{sparc} and 68k stubs are able to mask interrupts themselves without help from @code{exceptionHandler}. @item void flush_i_cache() @findex flush_i_cache On @sc{sparc} and @sc{sparclite} only, write this subroutine to flush the instruction cache, if any, on your target machine. If there is no instruction cache, this subroutine may be a no-op. On target machines that have instruction caches, @value{GDBN} requires this function to make certain that the state of your program is stable. @end table @noindent You must also make sure this library routine is available: @table @code @item void *memset(void *, int, int) @findex memset This is the standard library function @code{memset} that sets an area of memory to a known value. If you have one of the free versions of @code{libc.a}, @code{memset} can be found there; otherwise, you must either obtain it from your hardware manufacturer, or write your own. @end table If you do not use the GNU C compiler, you may need other standard library subroutines as well; this varies from one stub to another, but in general the stubs are likely to use any of the common library subroutines which @code{@value{NGCC}} generates as inline code. @node Debug Session @subsection Putting it All Together @cindex remote serial debugging summary In summary, when your program is ready to debug, you must follow these steps. @enumerate @item Make sure you have defined the supporting low-level routines (@pxref{Bootstrapping,,What You Must Do for the Stub}): @display @code{getDebugChar}, @code{putDebugChar}, @code{flush_i_cache}, @code{memset}, @code{exceptionHandler}. @end display @item Insert these lines near the top of your program: @smallexample set_debug_traps(); breakpoint(); @end smallexample @item For the 680x0 stub only, you need to provide a variable called @code{exceptionHook}. Normally you just use: @smallexample void (*exceptionHook)() = 0; @end smallexample @noindent but if before calling @code{set_debug_traps}, you set it to point to a function in your program, that function is called when @code{@value{GDBN}} continues after stopping on a trap (for example, bus error). The function indicated by @code{exceptionHook} is called with one parameter: an @code{int} which is the exception number. @item Compile and link together: your program, the @value{GDBN} debugging stub for your target architecture, and the supporting subroutines. @item Make sure you have a serial connection between your target machine and the @value{GDBN} host, and identify the serial port on the host. @item @c The "remote" target now provides a `load' command, so we should @c document that. FIXME. Download your program to your target machine (or get it there by whatever means the manufacturer provides), and start it. @item Start @value{GDBN} on the host, and connect to the target (@pxref{Connecting,,Connecting to a Remote Target}). @end enumerate @node Configurations @chapter Configuration-Specific Information While nearly all @value{GDBN} commands are available for all native and cross versions of the debugger, there are some exceptions. This chapter describes things that are only available in certain configurations. There are three major categories of configurations: native configurations, where the host and target are the same, embedded operating system configurations, which are usually the same for several different processor architectures, and bare embedded processors, which are quite different from each other. @menu * Native:: * Embedded OS:: * Embedded Processors:: * Architectures:: @end menu @node Native @section Native This section describes details specific to particular native configurations. @menu * HP-UX:: HP-UX * BSD libkvm Interface:: Debugging BSD kernel memory images * SVR4 Process Information:: SVR4 process information * DJGPP Native:: Features specific to the DJGPP port * Cygwin Native:: Features specific to the Cygwin port * Hurd Native:: Features specific to @sc{gnu} Hurd * Neutrino:: Features specific to QNX Neutrino @end menu @node HP-UX @subsection HP-UX On HP-UX systems, if you refer to a function or variable name that begins with a dollar sign, @value{GDBN} searches for a user or system name first, before it searches for a convenience variable. @node BSD libkvm Interface @subsection BSD libkvm Interface @cindex libkvm @cindex kernel memory image @cindex kernel crash dump BSD-derived systems (FreeBSD/NetBSD/OpenBSD) have a kernel memory interface that provides a uniform interface for accessing kernel virtual memory images, including live systems and crash dumps. @value{GDBN} uses this interface to allow you to debug live kernels and kernel crash dumps on many native BSD configurations. This is implemented as a special @code{kvm} debugging target. For debugging a live system, load the currently running kernel into @value{GDBN} and connect to the @code{kvm} target: @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) @b{target kvm} @end smallexample For debugging crash dumps, provide the file name of the crash dump as an argument: @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) @b{target kvm /var/crash/bsd.0} @end smallexample Once connected to the @code{kvm} target, the following commands are available: @table @code @kindex kvm @item kvm pcb Set current context from the @dfn{Process Control Block} (PCB) address. @item kvm proc Set current context from proc address. This command isn't available on modern FreeBSD systems. @end table @node SVR4 Process Information @subsection SVR4 Process Information @cindex /proc @cindex examine process image @cindex process info via @file{/proc} Many versions of SVR4 and compatible systems provide a facility called @samp{/proc} that can be used to examine the image of a running process using file-system subroutines. If @value{GDBN} is configured for an operating system with this facility, the command @code{info proc} is available to report information about the process running your program, or about any process running on your system. @code{info proc} works only on SVR4 systems that include the @code{procfs} code. This includes, as of this writing, @sc{gnu}/Linux, OSF/1 (Digital Unix), Solaris, Irix, and Unixware, but not HP-UX, for example. @table @code @kindex info proc @cindex process ID @item info proc @itemx info proc @var{process-id} Summarize available information about any running process. If a process ID is specified by @var{process-id}, display information about that process; otherwise display information about the program being debugged. The summary includes the debugged process ID, the command line used to invoke it, its current working directory, and its executable file's absolute file name. On some systems, @var{process-id} can be of the form @samp{[@var{pid}]/@var{tid}} which specifies a certain thread ID within a process. If the optional @var{pid} part is missing, it means a thread from the process being debugged (the leading @samp{/} still needs to be present, or else @value{GDBN} will interpret the number as a process ID rather than a thread ID). @item info proc mappings @cindex memory address space mappings Report the memory address space ranges accessible in the program, with information on whether the process has read, write, or execute access rights to each range. On @sc{gnu}/Linux systems, each memory range includes the object file which is mapped to that range, instead of the memory access rights to that range. @item info proc stat @itemx info proc status @cindex process detailed status information These subcommands are specific to @sc{gnu}/Linux systems. They show the process-related information, including the user ID and group ID; how many threads are there in the process; its virtual memory usage; the signals that are pending, blocked, and ignored; its TTY; its consumption of system and user time; its stack size; its @samp{nice} value; etc. For more information, see the @samp{proc} man page (type @kbd{man 5 proc} from your shell prompt). @item info proc all Show all the information about the process described under all of the above @code{info proc} subcommands. @ignore @comment These sub-options of 'info proc' were not included when @comment procfs.c was re-written. Keep their descriptions around @comment against the day when someone finds the time to put them back in. @kindex info proc times @item info proc times Starting time, user CPU time, and system CPU time for your program and its children. @kindex info proc id @item info proc id Report on the process IDs related to your program: its own process ID, the ID of its parent, the process group ID, and the session ID. @end ignore @item set procfs-trace @kindex set procfs-trace @cindex @code{procfs} API calls This command enables and disables tracing of @code{procfs} API calls. @item show procfs-trace @kindex show procfs-trace Show the current state of @code{procfs} API call tracing. @item set procfs-file @var{file} @kindex set procfs-file Tell @value{GDBN} to write @code{procfs} API trace to the named @var{file}. @value{GDBN} appends the trace info to the previous contents of the file. The default is to display the trace on the standard output. @item show procfs-file @kindex show procfs-file Show the file to which @code{procfs} API trace is written. @item proc-trace-entry @itemx proc-trace-exit @itemx proc-untrace-entry @itemx proc-untrace-exit @kindex proc-trace-entry @kindex proc-trace-exit @kindex proc-untrace-entry @kindex proc-untrace-exit These commands enable and disable tracing of entries into and exits from the @code{syscall} interface. @item info pidlist @kindex info pidlist @cindex process list, QNX Neutrino For QNX Neutrino only, this command displays the list of all the processes and all the threads within each process. @item info meminfo @kindex info meminfo @cindex mapinfo list, QNX Neutrino For QNX Neutrino only, this command displays the list of all mapinfos. @end table @node DJGPP Native @subsection Features for Debugging @sc{djgpp} Programs @cindex @sc{djgpp} debugging @cindex native @sc{djgpp} debugging @cindex MS-DOS-specific commands @cindex DPMI @sc{djgpp} is a port of the @sc{gnu} development tools to MS-DOS and MS-Windows. @sc{djgpp} programs are 32-bit protected-mode programs that use the @dfn{DPMI} (DOS Protected-Mode Interface) API to run on top of real-mode DOS systems and their emulations. @value{GDBN} supports native debugging of @sc{djgpp} programs, and defines a few commands specific to the @sc{djgpp} port. This subsection describes those commands. @table @code @kindex info dos @item info dos This is a prefix of @sc{djgpp}-specific commands which print information about the target system and important OS structures. @kindex sysinfo @cindex MS-DOS system info @cindex free memory information (MS-DOS) @item info dos sysinfo This command displays assorted information about the underlying platform: the CPU type and features, the OS version and flavor, the DPMI version, and the available conventional and DPMI memory. @cindex GDT @cindex LDT @cindex IDT @cindex segment descriptor tables @cindex descriptor tables display @item info dos gdt @itemx info dos ldt @itemx info dos idt These 3 commands display entries from, respectively, Global, Local, and Interrupt Descriptor Tables (GDT, LDT, and IDT). The descriptor tables are data structures which store a descriptor for each segment that is currently in use. The segment's selector is an index into a descriptor table; the table entry for that index holds the descriptor's base address and limit, and its attributes and access rights. A typical @sc{djgpp} program uses 3 segments: a code segment, a data segment (used for both data and the stack), and a DOS segment (which allows access to DOS/BIOS data structures and absolute addresses in conventional memory). However, the DPMI host will usually define additional segments in order to support the DPMI environment. @cindex garbled pointers These commands allow to display entries from the descriptor tables. Without an argument, all entries from the specified table are displayed. An argument, which should be an integer expression, means display a single entry whose index is given by the argument. For example, here's a convenient way to display information about the debugged program's data segment: @smallexample @exdent @code{(@value{GDBP}) info dos ldt $ds} @exdent @code{0x13f: base=0x11970000 limit=0x0009ffff 32-Bit Data (Read/Write, Exp-up)} @end smallexample @noindent This comes in handy when you want to see whether a pointer is outside the data segment's limit (i.e.@: @dfn{garbled}). @cindex page tables display (MS-DOS) @item info dos pde @itemx info dos pte These two commands display entries from, respectively, the Page Directory and the Page Tables. Page Directories and Page Tables are data structures which control how virtual memory addresses are mapped into physical addresses. A Page Table includes an entry for every page of memory that is mapped into the program's address space; there may be several Page Tables, each one holding up to 4096 entries. A Page Directory has up to 4096 entries, one each for every Page Table that is currently in use. Without an argument, @kbd{info dos pde} displays the entire Page Directory, and @kbd{info dos pte} displays all the entries in all of the Page Tables. An argument, an integer expression, given to the @kbd{info dos pde} command means display only that entry from the Page Directory table. An argument given to the @kbd{info dos pte} command means display entries from a single Page Table, the one pointed to by the specified entry in the Page Directory. @cindex direct memory access (DMA) on MS-DOS These commands are useful when your program uses @dfn{DMA} (Direct Memory Access), which needs physical addresses to program the DMA controller. These commands are supported only with some DPMI servers. @cindex physical address from linear address @item info dos address-pte @var{addr} This command displays the Page Table entry for a specified linear address. The argument @var{addr} is a linear address which should already have the appropriate segment's base address added to it, because this command accepts addresses which may belong to @emph{any} segment. For example, here's how to display the Page Table entry for the page where a variable @code{i} is stored: @smallexample @exdent @code{(@value{GDBP}) info dos address-pte __djgpp_base_address + (char *)&i} @exdent @code{Page Table entry for address 0x11a00d30:} @exdent @code{Base=0x02698000 Dirty Acc. Not-Cached Write-Back Usr Read-Write +0xd30} @end smallexample @noindent This says that @code{i} is stored at offset @code{0xd30} from the page whose physical base address is @code{0x02698000}, and shows all the attributes of that page. Note that you must cast the addresses of variables to a @code{char *}, since otherwise the value of @code{__djgpp_base_address}, the base address of all variables and functions in a @sc{djgpp} program, will be added using the rules of C pointer arithmetics: if @code{i} is declared an @code{int}, @value{GDBN} will add 4 times the value of @code{__djgpp_base_address} to the address of @code{i}. Here's another example, it displays the Page Table entry for the transfer buffer: @smallexample @exdent @code{(@value{GDBP}) info dos address-pte *((unsigned *)&_go32_info_block + 3)} @exdent @code{Page Table entry for address 0x29110:} @exdent @code{Base=0x00029000 Dirty Acc. Not-Cached Write-Back Usr Read-Write +0x110} @end smallexample @noindent (The @code{+ 3} offset is because the transfer buffer's address is the 3rd member of the @code{_go32_info_block} structure.) The output clearly shows that this DPMI server maps the addresses in conventional memory 1:1, i.e.@: the physical (@code{0x00029000} + @code{0x110}) and linear (@code{0x29110}) addresses are identical. This command is supported only with some DPMI servers. @end table @cindex DOS serial data link, remote debugging In addition to native debugging, the DJGPP port supports remote debugging via a serial data link. The following commands are specific to remote serial debugging in the DJGPP port of @value{GDBN}. @table @code @kindex set com1base @kindex set com1irq @kindex set com2base @kindex set com2irq @kindex set com3base @kindex set com3irq @kindex set com4base @kindex set com4irq @item set com1base @var{addr} This command sets the base I/O port address of the @file{COM1} serial port. @item set com1irq @var{irq} This command sets the @dfn{Interrupt Request} (@code{IRQ}) line to use for the @file{COM1} serial port. There are similar commands @samp{set com2base}, @samp{set com3irq}, etc.@: for setting the port address and the @code{IRQ} lines for the other 3 COM ports. @kindex show com1base @kindex show com1irq @kindex show com2base @kindex show com2irq @kindex show com3base @kindex show com3irq @kindex show com4base @kindex show com4irq The related commands @samp{show com1base}, @samp{show com1irq} etc.@: display the current settings of the base address and the @code{IRQ} lines used by the COM ports. @item info serial @kindex info serial @cindex DOS serial port status This command prints the status of the 4 DOS serial ports. For each port, it prints whether it's active or not, its I/O base address and IRQ number, whether it uses a 16550-style FIFO, its baudrate, and the counts of various errors encountered so far. @end table @node Cygwin Native @subsection Features for Debugging MS Windows PE Executables @cindex MS Windows debugging @cindex native Cygwin debugging @cindex Cygwin-specific commands @value{GDBN} supports native debugging of MS Windows programs, including DLLs with and without symbolic debugging information. There are various additional Cygwin-specific commands, described in this section. Working with DLLs that have no debugging symbols is described in @ref{Non-debug DLL Symbols}. @table @code @kindex info w32 @item info w32 This is a prefix of MS Windows-specific commands which print information about the target system and important OS structures. @item info w32 selector This command displays information returned by the Win32 API @code{GetThreadSelectorEntry} function. It takes an optional argument that is evaluated to a long value to give the information about this given selector. Without argument, this command displays information about the six segment registers. @kindex info dll @item info dll This is a Cygwin-specific alias of @code{info shared}. @kindex dll-symbols @item dll-symbols This command loads symbols from a dll similarly to add-sym command but without the need to specify a base address. @kindex set cygwin-exceptions @cindex debugging the Cygwin DLL @cindex Cygwin DLL, debugging @item set cygwin-exceptions @var{mode} If @var{mode} is @code{on}, @value{GDBN} will break on exceptions that happen inside the Cygwin DLL. If @var{mode} is @code{off}, @value{GDBN} will delay recognition of exceptions, and may ignore some exceptions which seem to be caused by internal Cygwin DLL ``bookkeeping''. This option is meant primarily for debugging the Cygwin DLL itself; the default value is @code{off} to avoid annoying @value{GDBN} users with false @code{SIGSEGV} signals. @kindex show cygwin-exceptions @item show cygwin-exceptions Displays whether @value{GDBN} will break on exceptions that happen inside the Cygwin DLL itself. @kindex set new-console @item set new-console @var{mode} If @var{mode} is @code{on} the debuggee will be started in a new console on next start. If @var{mode} is @code{off}i, the debuggee will be started in the same console as the debugger. @kindex show new-console @item show new-console Displays whether a new console is used when the debuggee is started. @kindex set new-group @item set new-group @var{mode} This boolean value controls whether the debuggee should start a new group or stay in the same group as the debugger. This affects the way the Windows OS handles @samp{Ctrl-C}. @kindex show new-group @item show new-group Displays current value of new-group boolean. @kindex set debugevents @item set debugevents This boolean value adds debug output concerning kernel events related to the debuggee seen by the debugger. This includes events that signal thread and process creation and exit, DLL loading and unloading, console interrupts, and debugging messages produced by the Windows @code{OutputDebugString} API call. @kindex set debugexec @item set debugexec This boolean value adds debug output concerning execute events (such as resume thread) seen by the debugger. @kindex set debugexceptions @item set debugexceptions This boolean value adds debug output concerning exceptions in the debuggee seen by the debugger. @kindex set debugmemory @item set debugmemory This boolean value adds debug output concerning debuggee memory reads and writes by the debugger. @kindex set shell @item set shell This boolean values specifies whether the debuggee is called via a shell or directly (default value is on). @kindex show shell @item show shell Displays if the debuggee will be started with a shell. @end table @menu * Non-debug DLL Symbols:: Support for DLLs without debugging symbols @end menu @node Non-debug DLL Symbols @subsubsection Support for DLLs without Debugging Symbols @cindex DLLs with no debugging symbols @cindex Minimal symbols and DLLs Very often on windows, some of the DLLs that your program relies on do not include symbolic debugging information (for example, @file{kernel32.dll}). When @value{GDBN} doesn't recognize any debugging symbols in a DLL, it relies on the minimal amount of symbolic information contained in the DLL's export table. This section describes working with such symbols, known internally to @value{GDBN} as ``minimal symbols''. Note that before the debugged program has started execution, no DLLs will have been loaded. The easiest way around this problem is simply to start the program --- either by setting a breakpoint or letting the program run once to completion. It is also possible to force @value{GDBN} to load a particular DLL before starting the executable --- see the shared library information in @ref{Files}, or the @code{dll-symbols} command in @ref{Cygwin Native}. Currently, explicitly loading symbols from a DLL with no debugging information will cause the symbol names to be duplicated in @value{GDBN}'s lookup table, which may adversely affect symbol lookup performance. @subsubsection DLL Name Prefixes In keeping with the naming conventions used by the Microsoft debugging tools, DLL export symbols are made available with a prefix based on the DLL name, for instance @code{KERNEL32!CreateFileA}. The plain name is also entered into the symbol table, so @code{CreateFileA} is often sufficient. In some cases there will be name clashes within a program (particularly if the executable itself includes full debugging symbols) necessitating the use of the fully qualified name when referring to the contents of the DLL. Use single-quotes around the name to avoid the exclamation mark (``!'') being interpreted as a language operator. Note that the internal name of the DLL may be all upper-case, even though the file name of the DLL is lower-case, or vice-versa. Since symbols within @value{GDBN} are @emph{case-sensitive} this may cause some confusion. If in doubt, try the @code{info functions} and @code{info variables} commands or even @code{maint print msymbols} (@pxref{Symbols}). Here's an example: @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) info function CreateFileA All functions matching regular expression "CreateFileA": Non-debugging symbols: 0x77e885f4 CreateFileA 0x77e885f4 KERNEL32!CreateFileA @end smallexample @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) info function ! All functions matching regular expression "!": Non-debugging symbols: 0x6100114c cygwin1!__assert 0x61004034 cygwin1!_dll_crt0@@0 0x61004240 cygwin1!dll_crt0(per_process *) [etc...] @end smallexample @subsubsection Working with Minimal Symbols Symbols extracted from a DLL's export table do not contain very much type information. All that @value{GDBN} can do is guess whether a symbol refers to a function or variable depending on the linker section that contains the symbol. Also note that the actual contents of the memory contained in a DLL are not available unless the program is running. This means that you cannot examine the contents of a variable or disassemble a function within a DLL without a running program. Variables are generally treated as pointers and dereferenced automatically. For this reason, it is often necessary to prefix a variable name with the address-of operator (``&'') and provide explicit type information in the command. Here's an example of the type of problem: @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) print 'cygwin1!__argv' $1 = 268572168 @end smallexample @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) x 'cygwin1!__argv' 0x10021610: "\230y\"" @end smallexample And two possible solutions: @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) print ((char **)'cygwin1!__argv')[0] $2 = 0x22fd98 "/cygdrive/c/mydirectory/myprogram" @end smallexample @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) x/2x &'cygwin1!__argv' 0x610c0aa8 : 0x10021608 0x00000000 (@value{GDBP}) x/x 0x10021608 0x10021608: 0x0022fd98 (@value{GDBP}) x/s 0x0022fd98 0x22fd98: "/cygdrive/c/mydirectory/myprogram" @end smallexample Setting a break point within a DLL is possible even before the program starts execution. However, under these circumstances, @value{GDBN} can't examine the initial instructions of the function in order to skip the function's frame set-up code. You can work around this by using ``*&'' to set the breakpoint at a raw memory address: @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) break *&'python22!PyOS_Readline' Breakpoint 1 at 0x1e04eff0 @end smallexample The author of these extensions is not entirely convinced that setting a break point within a shared DLL like @file{kernel32.dll} is completely safe. @node Hurd Native @subsection Commands Specific to @sc{gnu} Hurd Systems @cindex @sc{gnu} Hurd debugging This subsection describes @value{GDBN} commands specific to the @sc{gnu} Hurd native debugging. @table @code @item set signals @itemx set sigs @kindex set signals@r{, Hurd command} @kindex set sigs@r{, Hurd command} This command toggles the state of inferior signal interception by @value{GDBN}. Mach exceptions, such as breakpoint traps, are not affected by this command. @code{sigs} is a shorthand alias for @code{signals}. @item show signals @itemx show sigs @kindex show signals@r{, Hurd command} @kindex show sigs@r{, Hurd command} Show the current state of intercepting inferior's signals. @item set signal-thread @itemx set sigthread @kindex set signal-thread @kindex set sigthread This command tells @value{GDBN} which thread is the @code{libc} signal thread. That thread is run when a signal is delivered to a running process. @code{set sigthread} is the shorthand alias of @code{set signal-thread}. @item show signal-thread @itemx show sigthread @kindex show signal-thread @kindex show sigthread These two commands show which thread will run when the inferior is delivered a signal. @item set stopped @kindex set stopped@r{, Hurd command} This commands tells @value{GDBN} that the inferior process is stopped, as with the @code{SIGSTOP} signal. The stopped process can be continued by delivering a signal to it. @item show stopped @kindex show stopped@r{, Hurd command} This command shows whether @value{GDBN} thinks the debuggee is stopped. @item set exceptions @kindex set exceptions@r{, Hurd command} Use this command to turn off trapping of exceptions in the inferior. When exception trapping is off, neither breakpoints nor single-stepping will work. To restore the default, set exception trapping on. @item show exceptions @kindex show exceptions@r{, Hurd command} Show the current state of trapping exceptions in the inferior. @item set task pause @kindex set task@r{, Hurd commands} @cindex task attributes (@sc{gnu} Hurd) @cindex pause current task (@sc{gnu} Hurd) This command toggles task suspension when @value{GDBN} has control. Setting it to on takes effect immediately, and the task is suspended whenever @value{GDBN} gets control. Setting it to off will take effect the next time the inferior is continued. If this option is set to off, you can use @code{set thread default pause on} or @code{set thread pause on} (see below) to pause individual threads. @item show task pause @kindex show task@r{, Hurd commands} Show the current state of task suspension. @item set task detach-suspend-count @cindex task suspend count @cindex detach from task, @sc{gnu} Hurd This command sets the suspend count the task will be left with when @value{GDBN} detaches from it. @item show task detach-suspend-count Show the suspend count the task will be left with when detaching. @item set task exception-port @itemx set task excp @cindex task exception port, @sc{gnu} Hurd This command sets the task exception port to which @value{GDBN} will forward exceptions. The argument should be the value of the @dfn{send rights} of the task. @code{set task excp} is a shorthand alias. @item set noninvasive @cindex noninvasive task options This command switches @value{GDBN} to a mode that is the least invasive as far as interfering with the inferior is concerned. This is the same as using @code{set task pause}, @code{set exceptions}, and @code{set signals} to values opposite to the defaults. @item info send-rights @itemx info receive-rights @itemx info port-rights @itemx info port-sets @itemx info dead-names @itemx info ports @itemx info psets @cindex send rights, @sc{gnu} Hurd @cindex receive rights, @sc{gnu} Hurd @cindex port rights, @sc{gnu} Hurd @cindex port sets, @sc{gnu} Hurd @cindex dead names, @sc{gnu} Hurd These commands display information about, respectively, send rights, receive rights, port rights, port sets, and dead names of a task. There are also shorthand aliases: @code{info ports} for @code{info port-rights} and @code{info psets} for @code{info port-sets}. @item set thread pause @kindex set thread@r{, Hurd command} @cindex thread properties, @sc{gnu} Hurd @cindex pause current thread (@sc{gnu} Hurd) This command toggles current thread suspension when @value{GDBN} has control. Setting it to on takes effect immediately, and the current thread is suspended whenever @value{GDBN} gets control. Setting it to off will take effect the next time the inferior is continued. Normally, this command has no effect, since when @value{GDBN} has control, the whole task is suspended. However, if you used @code{set task pause off} (see above), this command comes in handy to suspend only the current thread. @item show thread pause @kindex show thread@r{, Hurd command} This command shows the state of current thread suspension. @item set thread run This command sets whether the current thread is allowed to run. @item show thread run Show whether the current thread is allowed to run. @item set thread detach-suspend-count @cindex thread suspend count, @sc{gnu} Hurd @cindex detach from thread, @sc{gnu} Hurd This command sets the suspend count @value{GDBN} will leave on a thread when detaching. This number is relative to the suspend count found by @value{GDBN} when it notices the thread; use @code{set thread takeover-suspend-count} to force it to an absolute value. @item show thread detach-suspend-count Show the suspend count @value{GDBN} will leave on the thread when detaching. @item set thread exception-port @itemx set thread excp Set the thread exception port to which to forward exceptions. This overrides the port set by @code{set task exception-port} (see above). @code{set thread excp} is the shorthand alias. @item set thread takeover-suspend-count Normally, @value{GDBN}'s thread suspend counts are relative to the value @value{GDBN} finds when it notices each thread. This command changes the suspend counts to be absolute instead. @item set thread default @itemx show thread default @cindex thread default settings, @sc{gnu} Hurd Each of the above @code{set thread} commands has a @code{set thread default} counterpart (e.g., @code{set thread default pause}, @code{set thread default exception-port}, etc.). The @code{thread default} variety of commands sets the default thread properties for all threads; you can then change the properties of individual threads with the non-default commands. @end table @node Neutrino @subsection QNX Neutrino @cindex QNX Neutrino @value{GDBN} provides the following commands specific to the QNX Neutrino target: @table @code @item set debug nto-debug @kindex set debug nto-debug When set to on, enables debugging messages specific to the QNX Neutrino support. @item show debug nto-debug @kindex show debug nto-debug Show the current state of QNX Neutrino messages. @end table @node Embedded OS @section Embedded Operating Systems This section describes configurations involving the debugging of embedded operating systems that are available for several different architectures. @menu * VxWorks:: Using @value{GDBN} with VxWorks @end menu @value{GDBN} includes the ability to debug programs running on various real-time operating systems. @node VxWorks @subsection Using @value{GDBN} with VxWorks @cindex VxWorks @table @code @kindex target vxworks @item target vxworks @var{machinename} A VxWorks system, attached via TCP/IP. The argument @var{machinename} is the target system's machine name or IP address. @end table On VxWorks, @code{load} links @var{filename} dynamically on the current target system as well as adding its symbols in @value{GDBN}. @value{GDBN} enables developers to spawn and debug tasks running on networked VxWorks targets from a Unix host. Already-running tasks spawned from the VxWorks shell can also be debugged. @value{GDBN} uses code that runs on both the Unix host and on the VxWorks target. The program @code{@value{GDBP}} is installed and executed on the Unix host. (It may be installed with the name @code{vxgdb}, to distinguish it from a @value{GDBN} for debugging programs on the host itself.) @table @code @item VxWorks-timeout @var{args} @kindex vxworks-timeout All VxWorks-based targets now support the option @code{vxworks-timeout}. This option is set by the user, and @var{args} represents the number of seconds @value{GDBN} waits for responses to rpc's. You might use this if your VxWorks target is a slow software simulator or is on the far side of a thin network line. @end table The following information on connecting to VxWorks was current when this manual was produced; newer releases of VxWorks may use revised procedures. @findex INCLUDE_RDB To use @value{GDBN} with VxWorks, you must rebuild your VxWorks kernel to include the remote debugging interface routines in the VxWorks library @file{rdb.a}. To do this, define @code{INCLUDE_RDB} in the VxWorks configuration file @file{configAll.h} and rebuild your VxWorks kernel. The resulting kernel contains @file{rdb.a}, and spawns the source debugging task @code{tRdbTask} when VxWorks is booted. For more information on configuring and remaking VxWorks, see the manufacturer's manual. @c VxWorks, see the @cite{VxWorks Programmer's Guide}. Once you have included @file{rdb.a} in your VxWorks system image and set your Unix execution search path to find @value{GDBN}, you are ready to run @value{GDBN}. From your Unix host, run @code{@value{GDBP}} (or @code{vxgdb}, depending on your installation). @value{GDBN} comes up showing the prompt: @smallexample (vxgdb) @end smallexample @menu * VxWorks Connection:: Connecting to VxWorks * VxWorks Download:: VxWorks download * VxWorks Attach:: Running tasks @end menu @node VxWorks Connection @subsubsection Connecting to VxWorks The @value{GDBN} command @code{target} lets you connect to a VxWorks target on the network. To connect to a target whose host name is ``@code{tt}'', type: @smallexample (vxgdb) target vxworks tt @end smallexample @need 750 @value{GDBN} displays messages like these: @smallexample Attaching remote machine across net... Connected to tt. @end smallexample @need 1000 @value{GDBN} then attempts to read the symbol tables of any object modules loaded into the VxWorks target since it was last booted. @value{GDBN} locates these files by searching the directories listed in the command search path (@pxref{Environment, ,Your Program's Environment}); if it fails to find an object file, it displays a message such as: @smallexample prog.o: No such file or directory. @end smallexample When this happens, add the appropriate directory to the search path with the @value{GDBN} command @code{path}, and execute the @code{target} command again. @node VxWorks Download @subsubsection VxWorks Download @cindex download to VxWorks If you have connected to the VxWorks target and you want to debug an object that has not yet been loaded, you can use the @value{GDBN} @code{load} command to download a file from Unix to VxWorks incrementally. The object file given as an argument to the @code{load} command is actually opened twice: first by the VxWorks target in order to download the code, then by @value{GDBN} in order to read the symbol table. This can lead to problems if the current working directories on the two systems differ. If both systems have NFS mounted the same filesystems, you can avoid these problems by using absolute paths. Otherwise, it is simplest to set the working directory on both systems to the directory in which the object file resides, and then to reference the file by its name, without any path. For instance, a program @file{prog.o} may reside in @file{@var{vxpath}/vw/demo/rdb} in VxWorks and in @file{@var{hostpath}/vw/demo/rdb} on the host. To load this program, type this on VxWorks: @smallexample -> cd "@var{vxpath}/vw/demo/rdb" @end smallexample @noindent Then, in @value{GDBN}, type: @smallexample (vxgdb) cd @var{hostpath}/vw/demo/rdb (vxgdb) load prog.o @end smallexample @value{GDBN} displays a response similar to this: @smallexample Reading symbol data from wherever/vw/demo/rdb/prog.o... done. @end smallexample You can also use the @code{load} command to reload an object module after editing and recompiling the corresponding source file. Note that this makes @value{GDBN} delete all currently-defined breakpoints, auto-displays, and convenience variables, and to clear the value history. (This is necessary in order to preserve the integrity of debugger's data structures that reference the target system's symbol table.) @node VxWorks Attach @subsubsection Running Tasks @cindex running VxWorks tasks You can also attach to an existing task using the @code{attach} command as follows: @smallexample (vxgdb) attach @var{task} @end smallexample @noindent where @var{task} is the VxWorks hexadecimal task ID. The task can be running or suspended when you attach to it. Running tasks are suspended at the time of attachment. @node Embedded Processors @section Embedded Processors This section goes into details specific to particular embedded configurations. @cindex send command to simulator Whenever a specific embedded processor has a simulator, @value{GDBN} allows to send an arbitrary command to the simulator. @table @code @item sim @var{command} @kindex sim@r{, a command} Send an arbitrary @var{command} string to the simulator. Consult the documentation for the specific simulator in use for information about acceptable commands. @end table @menu * ARM:: ARM RDI * M32R/D:: Renesas M32R/D * M68K:: Motorola M68K * MIPS Embedded:: MIPS Embedded * OpenRISC 1000:: OpenRisc 1000 * PA:: HP PA Embedded * PowerPC Embedded:: PowerPC Embedded * Sparclet:: Tsqware Sparclet * Sparclite:: Fujitsu Sparclite * Z8000:: Zilog Z8000 * AVR:: Atmel AVR * CRIS:: CRIS * Super-H:: Renesas Super-H @end menu @node ARM @subsection ARM @cindex ARM RDI @table @code @kindex target rdi @item target rdi @var{dev} ARM Angel monitor, via RDI library interface to ADP protocol. You may use this target to communicate with both boards running the Angel monitor, or with the EmbeddedICE JTAG debug device. @kindex target rdp @item target rdp @var{dev} ARM Demon monitor. @end table @value{GDBN} provides the following ARM-specific commands: @table @code @item set arm disassembler @kindex set arm This commands selects from a list of disassembly styles. The @code{"std"} style is the standard style. @item show arm disassembler @kindex show arm Show the current disassembly style. @item set arm apcs32 @cindex ARM 32-bit mode This command toggles ARM operation mode between 32-bit and 26-bit. @item show arm apcs32 Display the current usage of the ARM 32-bit mode. @item set arm fpu @var{fputype} This command sets the ARM floating-point unit (FPU) type. The argument @var{fputype} can be one of these: @table @code @item auto Determine the FPU type by querying the OS ABI. @item softfpa Software FPU, with mixed-endian doubles on little-endian ARM processors. @item fpa GCC-compiled FPA co-processor. @item softvfp Software FPU with pure-endian doubles. @item vfp VFP co-processor. @end table @item show arm fpu Show the current type of the FPU. @item set arm abi This command forces @value{GDBN} to use the specified ABI. @item show arm abi Show the currently used ABI. @item set debug arm Toggle whether to display ARM-specific debugging messages from the ARM target support subsystem. @item show debug arm Show whether ARM-specific debugging messages are enabled. @end table The following commands are available when an ARM target is debugged using the RDI interface: @table @code @item rdilogfile @r{[}@var{file}@r{]} @kindex rdilogfile @cindex ADP (Angel Debugger Protocol) logging Set the filename for the ADP (Angel Debugger Protocol) packet log. With an argument, sets the log file to the specified @var{file}. With no argument, show the current log file name. The default log file is @file{rdi.log}. @item rdilogenable @r{[}@var{arg}@r{]} @kindex rdilogenable Control logging of ADP packets. With an argument of 1 or @code{"yes"} enables logging, with an argument 0 or @code{"no"} disables it. With no arguments displays the current setting. When logging is enabled, ADP packets exchanged between @value{GDBN} and the RDI target device are logged to a file. @item set rdiromatzero @kindex set rdiromatzero @cindex ROM at zero address, RDI Tell @value{GDBN} whether the target has ROM at address 0. If on, vector catching is disabled, so that zero address can be used. If off (the default), vector catching is enabled. For this command to take effect, it needs to be invoked prior to the @code{target rdi} command. @item show rdiromatzero @kindex show rdiromatzero Show the current setting of ROM at zero address. @item set rdiheartbeat @kindex set rdiheartbeat @cindex RDI heartbeat Enable or disable RDI heartbeat packets. It is not recommended to turn on this option, since it confuses ARM and EPI JTAG interface, as well as the Angel monitor. @item show rdiheartbeat @kindex show rdiheartbeat Show the setting of RDI heartbeat packets. @end table @node M32R/D @subsection Renesas M32R/D and M32R/SDI @table @code @kindex target m32r @item target m32r @var{dev} Renesas M32R/D ROM monitor. @kindex target m32rsdi @item target m32rsdi @var{dev} Renesas M32R SDI server, connected via parallel port to the board. @end table The following @value{GDBN} commands are specific to the M32R monitor: @table @code @item set download-path @var{path} @kindex set download-path @cindex find downloadable @sc{srec} files (M32R) Set the default path for finding downloadable @sc{srec} files. @item show download-path @kindex show download-path Show the default path for downloadable @sc{srec} files. @item set board-address @var{addr} @kindex set board-address @cindex M32-EVA target board address Set the IP address for the M32R-EVA target board. @item show board-address @kindex show board-address Show the current IP address of the target board. @item set server-address @var{addr} @kindex set server-address @cindex download server address (M32R) Set the IP address for the download server, which is the @value{GDBN}'s host machine. @item show server-address @kindex show server-address Display the IP address of the download server. @item upload @r{[}@var{file}@r{]} @kindex upload@r{, M32R} Upload the specified @sc{srec} @var{file} via the monitor's Ethernet upload capability. If no @var{file} argument is given, the current executable file is uploaded. @item tload @r{[}@var{file}@r{]} @kindex tload@r{, M32R} Test the @code{upload} command. @end table The following commands are available for M32R/SDI: @table @code @item sdireset @kindex sdireset @cindex reset SDI connection, M32R This command resets the SDI connection. @item sdistatus @kindex sdistatus This command shows the SDI connection status. @item debug_chaos @kindex debug_chaos @cindex M32R/Chaos debugging Instructs the remote that M32R/Chaos debugging is to be used. @item use_debug_dma @kindex use_debug_dma Instructs the remote to use the DEBUG_DMA method of accessing memory. @item use_mon_code @kindex use_mon_code Instructs the remote to use the MON_CODE method of accessing memory. @item use_ib_break @kindex use_ib_break Instructs the remote to set breakpoints by IB break. @item use_dbt_break @kindex use_dbt_break Instructs the remote to set breakpoints by DBT. @end table @node M68K @subsection M68k The Motorola m68k configuration includes ColdFire support, and a target command for the following ROM monitor. @table @code @kindex target dbug @item target dbug @var{dev} dBUG ROM monitor for Motorola ColdFire. @end table @node MIPS Embedded @subsection MIPS Embedded @cindex MIPS boards @value{GDBN} can use the MIPS remote debugging protocol to talk to a MIPS board attached to a serial line. This is available when you configure @value{GDBN} with @samp{--target=mips-idt-ecoff}. @need 1000 Use these @value{GDBN} commands to specify the connection to your target board: @table @code @item target mips @var{port} @kindex target mips @var{port} To run a program on the board, start up @code{@value{GDBP}} with the name of your program as the argument. To connect to the board, use the command @samp{target mips @var{port}}, where @var{port} is the name of the serial port connected to the board. If the program has not already been downloaded to the board, you may use the @code{load} command to download it. You can then use all the usual @value{GDBN} commands. For example, this sequence connects to the target board through a serial port, and loads and runs a program called @var{prog} through the debugger: @smallexample host$ @value{GDBP} @var{prog} @value{GDBN} is free software and @dots{} (@value{GDBP}) target mips /dev/ttyb (@value{GDBP}) load @var{prog} (@value{GDBP}) run @end smallexample @item target mips @var{hostname}:@var{portnumber} On some @value{GDBN} host configurations, you can specify a TCP connection (for instance, to a serial line managed by a terminal concentrator) instead of a serial port, using the syntax @samp{@var{hostname}:@var{portnumber}}. @item target pmon @var{port} @kindex target pmon @var{port} PMON ROM monitor. @item target ddb @var{port} @kindex target ddb @var{port} NEC's DDB variant of PMON for Vr4300. @item target lsi @var{port} @kindex target lsi @var{port} LSI variant of PMON. @kindex target r3900 @item target r3900 @var{dev} Densan DVE-R3900 ROM monitor for Toshiba R3900 Mips. @kindex target array @item target array @var{dev} Array Tech LSI33K RAID controller board. @end table @noindent @value{GDBN} also supports these special commands for MIPS targets: @table @code @item set mipsfpu double @itemx set mipsfpu single @itemx set mipsfpu none @itemx set mipsfpu auto @itemx show mipsfpu @kindex set mipsfpu @kindex show mipsfpu @cindex MIPS remote floating point @cindex floating point, MIPS remote If your target board does not support the MIPS floating point coprocessor, you should use the command @samp{set mipsfpu none} (if you need this, you may wish to put the command in your @value{GDBN} init file). This tells @value{GDBN} how to find the return value of functions which return floating point values. It also allows @value{GDBN} to avoid saving the floating point registers when calling functions on the board. If you are using a floating point coprocessor with only single precision floating point support, as on the @sc{r4650} processor, use the command @samp{set mipsfpu single}. The default double precision floating point coprocessor may be selected using @samp{set mipsfpu double}. In previous versions the only choices were double precision or no floating point, so @samp{set mipsfpu on} will select double precision and @samp{set mipsfpu off} will select no floating point. As usual, you can inquire about the @code{mipsfpu} variable with @samp{show mipsfpu}. @item set timeout @var{seconds} @itemx set retransmit-timeout @var{seconds} @itemx show timeout @itemx show retransmit-timeout @cindex @code{timeout}, MIPS protocol @cindex @code{retransmit-timeout}, MIPS protocol @kindex set timeout @kindex show timeout @kindex set retransmit-timeout @kindex show retransmit-timeout You can control the timeout used while waiting for a packet, in the MIPS remote protocol, with the @code{set timeout @var{seconds}} command. The default is 5 seconds. Similarly, you can control the timeout used while waiting for an acknowledgement of a packet with the @code{set retransmit-timeout @var{seconds}} command. The default is 3 seconds. You can inspect both values with @code{show timeout} and @code{show retransmit-timeout}. (These commands are @emph{only} available when @value{GDBN} is configured for @samp{--target=mips-idt-ecoff}.) The timeout set by @code{set timeout} does not apply when @value{GDBN} is waiting for your program to stop. In that case, @value{GDBN} waits forever because it has no way of knowing how long the program is going to run before stopping. @item set syn-garbage-limit @var{num} @kindex set syn-garbage-limit@r{, MIPS remote} @cindex synchronize with remote MIPS target Limit the maximum number of characters @value{GDBN} should ignore when it tries to synchronize with the remote target. The default is 10 characters. Setting the limit to -1 means there's no limit. @item show syn-garbage-limit @kindex show syn-garbage-limit@r{, MIPS remote} Show the current limit on the number of characters to ignore when trying to synchronize with the remote system. @item set monitor-prompt @var{prompt} @kindex set monitor-prompt@r{, MIPS remote} @cindex remote monitor prompt Tell @value{GDBN} to expect the specified @var{prompt} string from the remote monitor. The default depends on the target: @table @asis @item pmon target @samp{PMON} @item ddb target @samp{NEC010} @item lsi target @samp{PMON>} @end table @item show monitor-prompt @kindex show monitor-prompt@r{, MIPS remote} Show the current strings @value{GDBN} expects as the prompt from the remote monitor. @item set monitor-warnings @kindex set monitor-warnings@r{, MIPS remote} Enable or disable monitor warnings about hardware breakpoints. This has effect only for the @code{lsi} target. When on, @value{GDBN} will display warning messages whose codes are returned by the @code{lsi} PMON monitor for breakpoint commands. @item show monitor-warnings @kindex show monitor-warnings@r{, MIPS remote} Show the current setting of printing monitor warnings. @item pmon @var{command} @kindex pmon@r{, MIPS remote} @cindex send PMON command This command allows sending an arbitrary @var{command} string to the monitor. The monitor must be in debug mode for this to work. @end table @node OpenRISC 1000 @subsection OpenRISC 1000 @cindex OpenRISC 1000 @cindex or1k boards See OR1k Architecture document (@uref{www.opencores.org}) for more information about platform and commands. @table @code @kindex target jtag @item target jtag jtag://@var{host}:@var{port} Connects to remote JTAG server. JTAG remote server can be either an or1ksim or JTAG server, connected via parallel port to the board. Example: @code{target jtag jtag://localhost:9999} @kindex or1ksim @item or1ksim @var{command} If connected to @code{or1ksim} OpenRISC 1000 Architectural Simulator, proprietary commands can be executed. @kindex info or1k spr @item info or1k spr Displays spr groups. @item info or1k spr @var{group} @itemx info or1k spr @var{groupno} Displays register names in selected group. @item info or1k spr @var{group} @var{register} @itemx info or1k spr @var{register} @itemx info or1k spr @var{groupno} @var{registerno} @itemx info or1k spr @var{registerno} Shows information about specified spr register. @kindex spr @item spr @var{group} @var{register} @var{value} @itemx spr @var{register @var{value}} @itemx spr @var{groupno} @var{registerno @var{value}} @itemx spr @var{registerno @var{value}} Writes @var{value} to specified spr register. @end table Some implementations of OpenRISC 1000 Architecture also have hardware trace. It is very similar to @value{GDBN} trace, except it does not interfere with normal program execution and is thus much faster. Hardware breakpoints/watchpoint triggers can be set using: @table @code @item $LEA/$LDATA Load effective address/data @item $SEA/$SDATA Store effective address/data @item $AEA/$ADATA Access effective address ($SEA or $LEA) or data ($SDATA/$LDATA) @item $FETCH Fetch data @end table When triggered, it can capture low level data, like: @code{PC}, @code{LSEA}, @code{LDATA}, @code{SDATA}, @code{READSPR}, @code{WRITESPR}, @code{INSTR}. @code{htrace} commands: @cindex OpenRISC 1000 htrace @table @code @kindex hwatch @item hwatch @var{conditional} Set hardware watchpoint on combination of Load/Store Effective Address(es) or Data. For example: @code{hwatch ($LEA == my_var) && ($LDATA < 50) || ($SEA == my_var) && ($SDATA >= 50)} @code{hwatch ($LEA == my_var) && ($LDATA < 50) || ($SEA == my_var) && ($SDATA >= 50)} @kindex htrace @item htrace info Display information about current HW trace configuration. @item htrace trigger @var{conditional} Set starting criteria for HW trace. @item htrace qualifier @var{conditional} Set acquisition qualifier for HW trace. @item htrace stop @var{conditional} Set HW trace stopping criteria. @item htrace record [@var{data}]* Selects the data to be recorded, when qualifier is met and HW trace was triggered. @item htrace enable @itemx htrace disable Enables/disables the HW trace. @item htrace rewind [@var{filename}] Clears currently recorded trace data. If filename is specified, new trace file is made and any newly collected data will be written there. @item htrace print [@var{start} [@var{len}]] Prints trace buffer, using current record configuration. @item htrace mode continuous Set continuous trace mode. @item htrace mode suspend Set suspend trace mode. @end table @node PowerPC Embedded @subsection PowerPC Embedded @value{GDBN} provides the following PowerPC-specific commands: @table @code @kindex set powerpc @item set powerpc soft-float @itemx show powerpc soft-float Force @value{GDBN} to use (or not use) a software floating point calling convention. By default, @value{GDBN} selects the calling convention based on the selected architecture and the provided executable file. @item set powerpc vector-abi @itemx show powerpc vector-abi Force @value{GDBN} to use the specified calling convention for vector arguments and return values. The valid options are @samp{auto}; @samp{generic}, to avoid vector registers even if they are present; @samp{altivec}, to use AltiVec registers; and @samp{spe} to use SPE registers. By default, @value{GDBN} selects the calling convention based on the selected architecture and the provided executable file. @kindex target dink32 @item target dink32 @var{dev} DINK32 ROM monitor. @kindex target ppcbug @item target ppcbug @var{dev} @kindex target ppcbug1 @item target ppcbug1 @var{dev} PPCBUG ROM monitor for PowerPC. @kindex target sds @item target sds @var{dev} SDS monitor, running on a PowerPC board (such as Motorola's ADS). @end table @cindex SDS protocol The following commands specific to the SDS protocol are supported by @value{GDBN}: @table @code @item set sdstimeout @var{nsec} @kindex set sdstimeout Set the timeout for SDS protocol reads to be @var{nsec} seconds. The default is 2 seconds. @item show sdstimeout @kindex show sdstimeout Show the current value of the SDS timeout. @item sds @var{command} @kindex sds@r{, a command} Send the specified @var{command} string to the SDS monitor. @end table @node PA @subsection HP PA Embedded @table @code @kindex target op50n @item target op50n @var{dev} OP50N monitor, running on an OKI HPPA board. @kindex target w89k @item target w89k @var{dev} W89K monitor, running on a Winbond HPPA board. @end table @node Sparclet @subsection Tsqware Sparclet @cindex Sparclet @value{GDBN} enables developers to debug tasks running on Sparclet targets from a Unix host. @value{GDBN} uses code that runs on both the Unix host and on the Sparclet target. The program @code{@value{GDBP}} is installed and executed on the Unix host. @table @code @item remotetimeout @var{args} @kindex remotetimeout @value{GDBN} supports the option @code{remotetimeout}. This option is set by the user, and @var{args} represents the number of seconds @value{GDBN} waits for responses. @end table @cindex compiling, on Sparclet When compiling for debugging, include the options @samp{-g} to get debug information and @samp{-Ttext} to relocate the program to where you wish to load it on the target. You may also want to add the options @samp{-n} or @samp{-N} in order to reduce the size of the sections. Example: @smallexample sparclet-aout-gcc prog.c -Ttext 0x12010000 -g -o prog -N @end smallexample You can use @code{objdump} to verify that the addresses are what you intended: @smallexample sparclet-aout-objdump --headers --syms prog @end smallexample @cindex running, on Sparclet Once you have set your Unix execution search path to find @value{GDBN}, you are ready to run @value{GDBN}. From your Unix host, run @code{@value{GDBP}} (or @code{sparclet-aout-gdb}, depending on your installation). @value{GDBN} comes up showing the prompt: @smallexample (gdbslet) @end smallexample @menu * Sparclet File:: Setting the file to debug * Sparclet Connection:: Connecting to Sparclet * Sparclet Download:: Sparclet download * Sparclet Execution:: Running and debugging @end menu @node Sparclet File @subsubsection Setting File to Debug The @value{GDBN} command @code{file} lets you choose with program to debug. @smallexample (gdbslet) file prog @end smallexample @need 1000 @value{GDBN} then attempts to read the symbol table of @file{prog}. @value{GDBN} locates the file by searching the directories listed in the command search path. If the file was compiled with debug information (option @samp{-g}), source files will be searched as well. @value{GDBN} locates the source files by searching the directories listed in the directory search path (@pxref{Environment, ,Your Program's Environment}). If it fails to find a file, it displays a message such as: @smallexample prog: No such file or directory. @end smallexample When this happens, add the appropriate directories to the search paths with the @value{GDBN} commands @code{path} and @code{dir}, and execute the @code{target} command again. @node Sparclet Connection @subsubsection Connecting to Sparclet The @value{GDBN} command @code{target} lets you connect to a Sparclet target. To connect to a target on serial port ``@code{ttya}'', type: @smallexample (gdbslet) target sparclet /dev/ttya Remote target sparclet connected to /dev/ttya main () at ../prog.c:3 @end smallexample @need 750 @value{GDBN} displays messages like these: @smallexample Connected to ttya. @end smallexample @node Sparclet Download @subsubsection Sparclet Download @cindex download to Sparclet Once connected to the Sparclet target, you can use the @value{GDBN} @code{load} command to download the file from the host to the target. The file name and load offset should be given as arguments to the @code{load} command. Since the file format is aout, the program must be loaded to the starting address. You can use @code{objdump} to find out what this value is. The load offset is an offset which is added to the VMA (virtual memory address) of each of the file's sections. For instance, if the program @file{prog} was linked to text address 0x1201000, with data at 0x12010160 and bss at 0x12010170, in @value{GDBN}, type: @smallexample (gdbslet) load prog 0x12010000 Loading section .text, size 0xdb0 vma 0x12010000 @end smallexample If the code is loaded at a different address then what the program was linked to, you may need to use the @code{section} and @code{add-symbol-file} commands to tell @value{GDBN} where to map the symbol table. @node Sparclet Execution @subsubsection Running and Debugging @cindex running and debugging Sparclet programs You can now begin debugging the task using @value{GDBN}'s execution control commands, @code{b}, @code{step}, @code{run}, etc. See the @value{GDBN} manual for the list of commands. @smallexample (gdbslet) b main Breakpoint 1 at 0x12010000: file prog.c, line 3. (gdbslet) run Starting program: prog Breakpoint 1, main (argc=1, argv=0xeffff21c) at prog.c:3 3 char *symarg = 0; (gdbslet) step 4 char *execarg = "hello!"; (gdbslet) @end smallexample @node Sparclite @subsection Fujitsu Sparclite @table @code @kindex target sparclite @item target sparclite @var{dev} Fujitsu sparclite boards, used only for the purpose of loading. You must use an additional command to debug the program. For example: target remote @var{dev} using @value{GDBN} standard remote protocol. @end table @node Z8000 @subsection Zilog Z8000 @cindex Z8000 @cindex simulator, Z8000 @cindex Zilog Z8000 simulator When configured for debugging Zilog Z8000 targets, @value{GDBN} includes a Z8000 simulator. For the Z8000 family, @samp{target sim} simulates either the Z8002 (the unsegmented variant of the Z8000 architecture) or the Z8001 (the segmented variant). The simulator recognizes which architecture is appropriate by inspecting the object code. @table @code @item target sim @var{args} @kindex sim @kindex target sim@r{, with Z8000} Debug programs on a simulated CPU. If the simulator supports setup options, specify them via @var{args}. @end table @noindent After specifying this target, you can debug programs for the simulated CPU in the same style as programs for your host computer; use the @code{file} command to load a new program image, the @code{run} command to run your program, and so on. As well as making available all the usual machine registers (@pxref{Registers, ,Registers}), the Z8000 simulator provides three additional items of information as specially named registers: @table @code @item cycles Counts clock-ticks in the simulator. @item insts Counts instructions run in the simulator. @item time Execution time in 60ths of a second. @end table You can refer to these values in @value{GDBN} expressions with the usual conventions; for example, @w{@samp{b fputc if $cycles>5000}} sets a conditional breakpoint that suspends only after at least 5000 simulated clock ticks. @node AVR @subsection Atmel AVR @cindex AVR When configured for debugging the Atmel AVR, @value{GDBN} supports the following AVR-specific commands: @table @code @item info io_registers @kindex info io_registers@r{, AVR} @cindex I/O registers (Atmel AVR) This command displays information about the AVR I/O registers. For each register, @value{GDBN} prints its number and value. @end table @node CRIS @subsection CRIS @cindex CRIS When configured for debugging CRIS, @value{GDBN} provides the following CRIS-specific commands: @table @code @item set cris-version @var{ver} @cindex CRIS version Set the current CRIS version to @var{ver}, either @samp{10} or @samp{32}. The CRIS version affects register names and sizes. This command is useful in case autodetection of the CRIS version fails. @item show cris-version Show the current CRIS version. @item set cris-dwarf2-cfi @cindex DWARF-2 CFI and CRIS Set the usage of DWARF-2 CFI for CRIS debugging. The default is @samp{on}. Change to @samp{off} when using @code{gcc-cris} whose version is below @code{R59}. @item show cris-dwarf2-cfi Show the current state of using DWARF-2 CFI. @item set cris-mode @var{mode} @cindex CRIS mode Set the current CRIS mode to @var{mode}. It should only be changed when debugging in guru mode, in which case it should be set to @samp{guru} (the default is @samp{normal}). @item show cris-mode Show the current CRIS mode. @end table @node Super-H @subsection Renesas Super-H @cindex Super-H For the Renesas Super-H processor, @value{GDBN} provides these commands: @table @code @item regs @kindex regs@r{, Super-H} Show the values of all Super-H registers. @end table @node Architectures @section Architectures This section describes characteristics of architectures that affect all uses of @value{GDBN} with the architecture, both native and cross. @menu * i386:: * A29K:: * Alpha:: * MIPS:: * HPPA:: HP PA architecture * SPU:: Cell Broadband Engine SPU architecture * PowerPC:: @end menu @node i386 @subsection x86 Architecture-specific Issues @table @code @item set struct-convention @var{mode} @kindex set struct-convention @cindex struct return convention @cindex struct/union returned in registers Set the convention used by the inferior to return @code{struct}s and @code{union}s from functions to @var{mode}. Possible values of @var{mode} are @code{"pcc"}, @code{"reg"}, and @code{"default"} (the default). @code{"default"} or @code{"pcc"} means that @code{struct}s are returned on the stack, while @code{"reg"} means that a @code{struct} or a @code{union} whose size is 1, 2, 4, or 8 bytes will be returned in a register. @item show struct-convention @kindex show struct-convention Show the current setting of the convention to return @code{struct}s from functions. @end table @node A29K @subsection A29K @table @code @kindex set rstack_high_address @cindex AMD 29K register stack @cindex register stack, AMD29K @item set rstack_high_address @var{address} On AMD 29000 family processors, registers are saved in a separate @dfn{register stack}. There is no way for @value{GDBN} to determine the extent of this stack. Normally, @value{GDBN} just assumes that the stack is ``large enough''. This may result in @value{GDBN} referencing memory locations that do not exist. If necessary, you can get around this problem by specifying the ending address of the register stack with the @code{set rstack_high_address} command. The argument should be an address, which you probably want to precede with @samp{0x} to specify in hexadecimal. @kindex show rstack_high_address @item show rstack_high_address Display the current limit of the register stack, on AMD 29000 family processors. @end table @node Alpha @subsection Alpha See the following section. @node MIPS @subsection MIPS @cindex stack on Alpha @cindex stack on MIPS @cindex Alpha stack @cindex MIPS stack Alpha- and MIPS-based computers use an unusual stack frame, which sometimes requires @value{GDBN} to search backward in the object code to find the beginning of a function. @cindex response time, MIPS debugging To improve response time (especially for embedded applications, where @value{GDBN} may be restricted to a slow serial line for this search) you may want to limit the size of this search, using one of these commands: @table @code @cindex @code{heuristic-fence-post} (Alpha, MIPS) @item set heuristic-fence-post @var{limit} Restrict @value{GDBN} to examining at most @var{limit} bytes in its search for the beginning of a function. A value of @var{0} (the default) means there is no limit. However, except for @var{0}, the larger the limit the more bytes @code{heuristic-fence-post} must search and therefore the longer it takes to run. You should only need to use this command when debugging a stripped executable. @item show heuristic-fence-post Display the current limit. @end table @noindent These commands are available @emph{only} when @value{GDBN} is configured for debugging programs on Alpha or MIPS processors. Several MIPS-specific commands are available when debugging MIPS programs: @table @code @item set mips abi @var{arg} @kindex set mips abi @cindex set ABI for MIPS Tell @value{GDBN} which MIPS ABI is used by the inferior. Possible values of @var{arg} are: @table @samp @item auto The default ABI associated with the current binary (this is the default). @item o32 @item o64 @item n32 @item n64 @item eabi32 @item eabi64 @item auto @end table @item show mips abi @kindex show mips abi Show the MIPS ABI used by @value{GDBN} to debug the inferior. @item set mipsfpu @itemx show mipsfpu @xref{MIPS Embedded, set mipsfpu}. @item set mips mask-address @var{arg} @kindex set mips mask-address @cindex MIPS addresses, masking This command determines whether the most-significant 32 bits of 64-bit MIPS addresses are masked off. The argument @var{arg} can be @samp{on}, @samp{off}, or @samp{auto}. The latter is the default setting, which lets @value{GDBN} determine the correct value. @item show mips mask-address @kindex show mips mask-address Show whether the upper 32 bits of MIPS addresses are masked off or not. @item set remote-mips64-transfers-32bit-regs @kindex set remote-mips64-transfers-32bit-regs This command controls compatibility with 64-bit MIPS targets that transfer data in 32-bit quantities. If you have an old MIPS 64 target that transfers 32 bits for some registers, like @sc{sr} and @sc{fsr}, and 64 bits for other registers, set this option to @samp{on}. @item show remote-mips64-transfers-32bit-regs @kindex show remote-mips64-transfers-32bit-regs Show the current setting of compatibility with older MIPS 64 targets. @item set debug mips @kindex set debug mips This command turns on and off debugging messages for the MIPS-specific target code in @value{GDBN}. @item show debug mips @kindex show debug mips Show the current setting of MIPS debugging messages. @end table @node HPPA @subsection HPPA @cindex HPPA support When @value{GDBN} is debugging the HP PA architecture, it provides the following special commands: @table @code @item set debug hppa @kindex set debug hppa This command determines whether HPPA architecture-specific debugging messages are to be displayed. @item show debug hppa Show whether HPPA debugging messages are displayed. @item maint print unwind @var{address} @kindex maint print unwind@r{, HPPA} This command displays the contents of the unwind table entry at the given @var{address}. @end table @node SPU @subsection Cell Broadband Engine SPU architecture @cindex Cell Broadband Engine @cindex SPU When @value{GDBN} is debugging the Cell Broadband Engine SPU architecture, it provides the following special commands: @table @code @item info spu event @kindex info spu Display SPU event facility status. Shows current event mask and pending event status. @item info spu signal Display SPU signal notification facility status. Shows pending signal-control word and signal notification mode of both signal notification channels. @item info spu mailbox Display SPU mailbox facility status. Shows all pending entries, in order of processing, in each of the SPU Write Outbound, SPU Write Outbound Interrupt, and SPU Read Inbound mailboxes. @item info spu dma Display MFC DMA status. Shows all pending commands in the MFC DMA queue. For each entry, opcode, tag, class IDs, effective and local store addresses and transfer size are shown. @item info spu proxydma Display MFC Proxy-DMA status. Shows all pending commands in the MFC Proxy-DMA queue. For each entry, opcode, tag, class IDs, effective and local store addresses and transfer size are shown. @end table @node PowerPC @subsection PowerPC @cindex PowerPC architecture When @value{GDBN} is debugging the PowerPC architecture, it provides a set of pseudo-registers to enable inspection of 128-bit wide Decimal Floating Point numbers stored in the floating point registers. These values must be stored in two consecutive registers, always starting at an even register like @code{f0} or @code{f2}. The pseudo-registers go from @code{$dl0} through @code{$dl15}, and are formed by joining the even/odd register pairs @code{f0} and @code{f1} for @code{$dl0}, @code{f2} and @code{f3} for @code{$dl1} and so on. @node Controlling GDB @chapter Controlling @value{GDBN} You can alter the way @value{GDBN} interacts with you by using the @code{set} command. For commands controlling how @value{GDBN} displays data, see @ref{Print Settings, ,Print Settings}. Other settings are described here. @menu * Prompt:: Prompt * Editing:: Command editing * Command History:: Command history * Screen Size:: Screen size * Numbers:: Numbers * ABI:: Configuring the current ABI * Messages/Warnings:: Optional warnings and messages * Debugging Output:: Optional messages about internal happenings @end menu @node Prompt @section Prompt @cindex prompt @value{GDBN} indicates its readiness to read a command by printing a string called the @dfn{prompt}. This string is normally @samp{(@value{GDBP})}. You can change the prompt string with the @code{set prompt} command. For instance, when debugging @value{GDBN} with @value{GDBN}, it is useful to change the prompt in one of the @value{GDBN} sessions so that you can always tell which one you are talking to. @emph{Note:} @code{set prompt} does not add a space for you after the prompt you set. This allows you to set a prompt which ends in a space or a prompt that does not. @table @code @kindex set prompt @item set prompt @var{newprompt} Directs @value{GDBN} to use @var{newprompt} as its prompt string henceforth. @kindex show prompt @item show prompt Prints a line of the form: @samp{Gdb's prompt is: @var{your-prompt}} @end table @node Editing @section Command Editing @cindex readline @cindex command line editing @value{GDBN} reads its input commands via the @dfn{Readline} interface. This @sc{gnu} library provides consistent behavior for programs which provide a command line interface to the user. Advantages are @sc{gnu} Emacs-style or @dfn{vi}-style inline editing of commands, @code{csh}-like history substitution, and a storage and recall of command history across debugging sessions. You may control the behavior of command line editing in @value{GDBN} with the command @code{set}. @table @code @kindex set editing @cindex editing @item set editing @itemx set editing on Enable command line editing (enabled by default). @item set editing off Disable command line editing. @kindex show editing @item show editing Show whether command line editing is enabled. @end table @xref{Command Line Editing}, for more details about the Readline interface. Users unfamiliar with @sc{gnu} Emacs or @code{vi} are encouraged to read that chapter. @node Command History @section Command History @cindex command history @value{GDBN} can keep track of the commands you type during your debugging sessions, so that you can be certain of precisely what happened. Use these commands to manage the @value{GDBN} command history facility. @value{GDBN} uses the @sc{gnu} History library, a part of the Readline package, to provide the history facility. @xref{Using History Interactively}, for the detailed description of the History library. To issue a command to @value{GDBN} without affecting certain aspects of the state which is seen by users, prefix it with @samp{server } (@pxref{Server Prefix}). This means that this command will not affect the command history, nor will it affect @value{GDBN}'s notion of which command to repeat if @key{RET} is pressed on a line by itself. @cindex @code{server}, command prefix The server prefix does not affect the recording of values into the value history; to print a value without recording it into the value history, use the @code{output} command instead of the @code{print} command. Here is the description of @value{GDBN} commands related to command history. @table @code @cindex history substitution @cindex history file @kindex set history filename @cindex @env{GDBHISTFILE}, environment variable @item set history filename @var{fname} Set the name of the @value{GDBN} command history file to @var{fname}. This is the file where @value{GDBN} reads an initial command history list, and where it writes the command history from this session when it exits. You can access this list through history expansion or through the history command editing characters listed below. This file defaults to the value of the environment variable @code{GDBHISTFILE}, or to @file{./.gdb_history} (@file{./_gdb_history} on MS-DOS) if this variable is not set. @cindex save command history @kindex set history save @item set history save @itemx set history save on Record command history in a file, whose name may be specified with the @code{set history filename} command. By default, this option is disabled. @item set history save off Stop recording command history in a file. @cindex history size @kindex set history size @cindex @env{HISTSIZE}, environment variable @item set history size @var{size} Set the number of commands which @value{GDBN} keeps in its history list. This defaults to the value of the environment variable @code{HISTSIZE}, or to 256 if this variable is not set. @end table History expansion assigns special meaning to the character @kbd{!}. @xref{Event Designators}, for more details. @cindex history expansion, turn on/off Since @kbd{!} is also the logical not operator in C, history expansion is off by default. If you decide to enable history expansion with the @code{set history expansion on} command, you may sometimes need to follow @kbd{!} (when it is used as logical not, in an expression) with a space or a tab to prevent it from being expanded. The readline history facilities do not attempt substitution on the strings @kbd{!=} and @kbd{!(}, even when history expansion is enabled. The commands to control history expansion are: @table @code @item set history expansion on @itemx set history expansion @kindex set history expansion Enable history expansion. History expansion is off by default. @item set history expansion off Disable history expansion. @c @group @kindex show history @item show history @itemx show history filename @itemx show history save @itemx show history size @itemx show history expansion These commands display the state of the @value{GDBN} history parameters. @code{show history} by itself displays all four states. @c @end group @end table @table @code @kindex show commands @cindex show last commands @cindex display command history @item show commands Display the last ten commands in the command history. @item show commands @var{n} Print ten commands centered on command number @var{n}. @item show commands + Print ten commands just after the commands last printed. @end table @node Screen Size @section Screen Size @cindex size of screen @cindex pauses in output Certain commands to @value{GDBN} may produce large amounts of information output to the screen. To help you read all of it, @value{GDBN} pauses and asks you for input at the end of each page of output. Type @key{RET} when you want to continue the output, or @kbd{q} to discard the remaining output. Also, the screen width setting determines when to wrap lines of output. Depending on what is being printed, @value{GDBN} tries to break the line at a readable place, rather than simply letting it overflow onto the following line. Normally @value{GDBN} knows the size of the screen from the terminal driver software. For example, on Unix @value{GDBN} uses the termcap data base together with the value of the @code{TERM} environment variable and the @code{stty rows} and @code{stty cols} settings. If this is not correct, you can override it with the @code{set height} and @code{set width} commands: @table @code @kindex set height @kindex set width @kindex show width @kindex show height @item set height @var{lpp} @itemx show height @itemx set width @var{cpl} @itemx show width These @code{set} commands specify a screen height of @var{lpp} lines and a screen width of @var{cpl} characters. The associated @code{show} commands display the current settings. If you specify a height of zero lines, @value{GDBN} does not pause during output no matter how long the output is. This is useful if output is to a file or to an editor buffer. Likewise, you can specify @samp{set width 0} to prevent @value{GDBN} from wrapping its output. @item set pagination on @itemx set pagination off @kindex set pagination Turn the output pagination on or off; the default is on. Turning pagination off is the alternative to @code{set height 0}. @item show pagination @kindex show pagination Show the current pagination mode. @end table @node Numbers @section Numbers @cindex number representation @cindex entering numbers You can always enter numbers in octal, decimal, or hexadecimal in @value{GDBN} by the usual conventions: octal numbers begin with @samp{0}, decimal numbers end with @samp{.}, and hexadecimal numbers begin with @samp{0x}. Numbers that neither begin with @samp{0} or @samp{0x}, nor end with a @samp{.} are, by default, entered in base 10; likewise, the default display for numbers---when no particular format is specified---is base 10. You can change the default base for both input and output with the commands described below. @table @code @kindex set input-radix @item set input-radix @var{base} Set the default base for numeric input. Supported choices for @var{base} are decimal 8, 10, or 16. @var{base} must itself be specified either unambiguously or using the current input radix; for example, any of @smallexample set input-radix 012 set input-radix 10. set input-radix 0xa @end smallexample @noindent sets the input base to decimal. On the other hand, @samp{set input-radix 10} leaves the input radix unchanged, no matter what it was, since @samp{10}, being without any leading or trailing signs of its base, is interpreted in the current radix. Thus, if the current radix is 16, @samp{10} is interpreted in hex, i.e.@: as 16 decimal, which doesn't change the radix. @kindex set output-radix @item set output-radix @var{base} Set the default base for numeric display. Supported choices for @var{base} are decimal 8, 10, or 16. @var{base} must itself be specified either unambiguously or using the current input radix. @kindex show input-radix @item show input-radix Display the current default base for numeric input. @kindex show output-radix @item show output-radix Display the current default base for numeric display. @item set radix @r{[}@var{base}@r{]} @itemx show radix @kindex set radix @kindex show radix These commands set and show the default base for both input and output of numbers. @code{set radix} sets the radix of input and output to the same base; without an argument, it resets the radix back to its default value of 10. @end table @node ABI @section Configuring the Current ABI @value{GDBN} can determine the @dfn{ABI} (Application Binary Interface) of your application automatically. However, sometimes you need to override its conclusions. Use these commands to manage @value{GDBN}'s view of the current ABI. @cindex OS ABI @kindex set osabi @kindex show osabi One @value{GDBN} configuration can debug binaries for multiple operating system targets, either via remote debugging or native emulation. @value{GDBN} will autodetect the @dfn{OS ABI} (Operating System ABI) in use, but you can override its conclusion using the @code{set osabi} command. One example where this is useful is in debugging of binaries which use an alternate C library (e.g.@: @sc{uClibc} for @sc{gnu}/Linux) which does not have the same identifying marks that the standard C library for your platform provides. @table @code @item show osabi Show the OS ABI currently in use. @item set osabi With no argument, show the list of registered available OS ABI's. @item set osabi @var{abi} Set the current OS ABI to @var{abi}. @end table @cindex float promotion Generally, the way that an argument of type @code{float} is passed to a function depends on whether the function is prototyped. For a prototyped (i.e.@: ANSI/ISO style) function, @code{float} arguments are passed unchanged, according to the architecture's convention for @code{float}. For unprototyped (i.e.@: K&R style) functions, @code{float} arguments are first promoted to type @code{double} and then passed. Unfortunately, some forms of debug information do not reliably indicate whether a function is prototyped. If @value{GDBN} calls a function that is not marked as prototyped, it consults @kbd{set coerce-float-to-double}. @table @code @kindex set coerce-float-to-double @item set coerce-float-to-double @itemx set coerce-float-to-double on Arguments of type @code{float} will be promoted to @code{double} when passed to an unprototyped function. This is the default setting. @item set coerce-float-to-double off Arguments of type @code{float} will be passed directly to unprototyped functions. @kindex show coerce-float-to-double @item show coerce-float-to-double Show the current setting of promoting @code{float} to @code{double}. @end table @kindex set cp-abi @kindex show cp-abi @value{GDBN} needs to know the ABI used for your program's C@t{++} objects. The correct C@t{++} ABI depends on which C@t{++} compiler was used to build your application. @value{GDBN} only fully supports programs with a single C@t{++} ABI; if your program contains code using multiple C@t{++} ABI's or if @value{GDBN} can not identify your program's ABI correctly, you can tell @value{GDBN} which ABI to use. Currently supported ABI's include ``gnu-v2'', for @code{g++} versions before 3.0, ``gnu-v3'', for @code{g++} versions 3.0 and later, and ``hpaCC'' for the HP ANSI C@t{++} compiler. Other C@t{++} compilers may use the ``gnu-v2'' or ``gnu-v3'' ABI's as well. The default setting is ``auto''. @table @code @item show cp-abi Show the C@t{++} ABI currently in use. @item set cp-abi With no argument, show the list of supported C@t{++} ABI's. @item set cp-abi @var{abi} @itemx set cp-abi auto Set the current C@t{++} ABI to @var{abi}, or return to automatic detection. @end table @node Messages/Warnings @section Optional Warnings and Messages @cindex verbose operation @cindex optional warnings By default, @value{GDBN} is silent about its inner workings. If you are running on a slow machine, you may want to use the @code{set verbose} command. This makes @value{GDBN} tell you when it does a lengthy internal operation, so you will not think it has crashed. Currently, the messages controlled by @code{set verbose} are those which announce that the symbol table for a source file is being read; see @code{symbol-file} in @ref{Files, ,Commands to Specify Files}. @table @code @kindex set verbose @item set verbose on Enables @value{GDBN} output of certain informational messages. @item set verbose off Disables @value{GDBN} output of certain informational messages. @kindex show verbose @item show verbose Displays whether @code{set verbose} is on or off. @end table By default, if @value{GDBN} encounters bugs in the symbol table of an object file, it is silent; but if you are debugging a compiler, you may find this information useful (@pxref{Symbol Errors, ,Errors Reading Symbol Files}). @table @code @kindex set complaints @item set complaints @var{limit} Permits @value{GDBN} to output @var{limit} complaints about each type of unusual symbols before becoming silent about the problem. Set @var{limit} to zero to suppress all complaints; set it to a large number to prevent complaints from being suppressed. @kindex show complaints @item show complaints Displays how many symbol complaints @value{GDBN} is permitted to produce. @end table By default, @value{GDBN} is cautious, and asks what sometimes seems to be a lot of stupid questions to confirm certain commands. For example, if you try to run a program which is already running: @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) run The program being debugged has been started already. Start it from the beginning? (y or n) @end smallexample If you are willing to unflinchingly face the consequences of your own commands, you can disable this ``feature'': @table @code @kindex set confirm @cindex flinching @cindex confirmation @cindex stupid questions @item set confirm off Disables confirmation requests. @item set confirm on Enables confirmation requests (the default). @kindex show confirm @item show confirm Displays state of confirmation requests. @end table @cindex command tracing If you need to debug user-defined commands or sourced files you may find it useful to enable @dfn{command tracing}. In this mode each command will be printed as it is executed, prefixed with one or more @samp{+} symbols, the quantity denoting the call depth of each command. @table @code @kindex set trace-commands @cindex command scripts, debugging @item set trace-commands on Enable command tracing. @item set trace-commands off Disable command tracing. @item show trace-commands Display the current state of command tracing. @end table @node Debugging Output @section Optional Messages about Internal Happenings @cindex optional debugging messages @value{GDBN} has commands that enable optional debugging messages from various @value{GDBN} subsystems; normally these commands are of interest to @value{GDBN} maintainers, or when reporting a bug. This section documents those commands. @table @code @kindex set exec-done-display @item set exec-done-display Turns on or off the notification of asynchronous commands' completion. When on, @value{GDBN} will print a message when an asynchronous command finishes its execution. The default is off. @kindex show exec-done-display @item show exec-done-display Displays the current setting of asynchronous command completion notification. @kindex set debug @cindex gdbarch debugging info @cindex architecture debugging info @item set debug arch Turns on or off display of gdbarch debugging info. The default is off @kindex show debug @item show debug arch Displays the current state of displaying gdbarch debugging info. @item set debug aix-thread @cindex AIX threads Display debugging messages about inner workings of the AIX thread module. @item show debug aix-thread Show the current state of AIX thread debugging info display. @item set debug event @cindex event debugging info Turns on or off display of @value{GDBN} event debugging info. The default is off. @item show debug event Displays the current state of displaying @value{GDBN} event debugging info. @item set debug expression @cindex expression debugging info Turns on or off display of debugging info about @value{GDBN} expression parsing. The default is off. @item show debug expression Displays the current state of displaying debugging info about @value{GDBN} expression parsing. @item set debug frame @cindex frame debugging info Turns on or off display of @value{GDBN} frame debugging info. The default is off. @item show debug frame Displays the current state of displaying @value{GDBN} frame debugging info. @item set debug infrun @cindex inferior debugging info Turns on or off display of @value{GDBN} debugging info for running the inferior. The default is off. @file{infrun.c} contains GDB's runtime state machine used for implementing operations such as single-stepping the inferior. @item show debug infrun Displays the current state of @value{GDBN} inferior debugging. @item set debug lin-lwp @cindex @sc{gnu}/Linux LWP debug messages @cindex Linux lightweight processes Turns on or off debugging messages from the Linux LWP debug support. @item show debug lin-lwp Show the current state of Linux LWP debugging messages. @item set debug observer @cindex observer debugging info Turns on or off display of @value{GDBN} observer debugging. This includes info such as the notification of observable events. @item show debug observer Displays the current state of observer debugging. @item set debug overload @cindex C@t{++} overload debugging info Turns on or off display of @value{GDBN} C@t{++} overload debugging info. This includes info such as ranking of functions, etc. The default is off. @item show debug overload Displays the current state of displaying @value{GDBN} C@t{++} overload debugging info. @cindex packets, reporting on stdout @cindex serial connections, debugging @cindex debug remote protocol @cindex remote protocol debugging @cindex display remote packets @item set debug remote Turns on or off display of reports on all packets sent back and forth across the serial line to the remote machine. The info is printed on the @value{GDBN} standard output stream. The default is off. @item show debug remote Displays the state of display of remote packets. @item set debug serial Turns on or off display of @value{GDBN} serial debugging info. The default is off. @item show debug serial Displays the current state of displaying @value{GDBN} serial debugging info. @item set debug solib-frv @cindex FR-V shared-library debugging Turns on or off debugging messages for FR-V shared-library code. @item show debug solib-frv Display the current state of FR-V shared-library code debugging messages. @item set debug target @cindex target debugging info Turns on or off display of @value{GDBN} target debugging info. This info includes what is going on at the target level of GDB, as it happens. The default is 0. Set it to 1 to track events, and to 2 to also track the value of large memory transfers. Changes to this flag do not take effect until the next time you connect to a target or use the @code{run} command. @item show debug target Displays the current state of displaying @value{GDBN} target debugging info. @item set debug timestamp @cindex timestampping debugging info Turns on or off display of timestamps with @value{GDBN} debugging info. When enabled, seconds and microseconds are displayed before each debugging message. @item show debug timestamp Displays the current state of displaying timestamps with @value{GDBN} debugging info. @item set debugvarobj @cindex variable object debugging info Turns on or off display of @value{GDBN} variable object debugging info. The default is off. @item show debugvarobj Displays the current state of displaying @value{GDBN} variable object debugging info. @item set debug xml @cindex XML parser debugging Turns on or off debugging messages for built-in XML parsers. @item show debug xml Displays the current state of XML debugging messages. @end table @node Sequences @chapter Canned Sequences of Commands Aside from breakpoint commands (@pxref{Break Commands, ,Breakpoint Command Lists}), @value{GDBN} provides two ways to store sequences of commands for execution as a unit: user-defined commands and command files. @menu * Define:: How to define your own commands * Hooks:: Hooks for user-defined commands * Command Files:: How to write scripts of commands to be stored in a file * Output:: Commands for controlled output @end menu @node Define @section User-defined Commands @cindex user-defined command @cindex arguments, to user-defined commands A @dfn{user-defined command} is a sequence of @value{GDBN} commands to which you assign a new name as a command. This is done with the @code{define} command. User commands may accept up to 10 arguments separated by whitespace. Arguments are accessed within the user command via @code{$arg0@dots{}$arg9}. A trivial example: @smallexample define adder print $arg0 + $arg1 + $arg2 end @end smallexample @noindent To execute the command use: @smallexample adder 1 2 3 @end smallexample @noindent This defines the command @code{adder}, which prints the sum of its three arguments. Note the arguments are text substitutions, so they may reference variables, use complex expressions, or even perform inferior functions calls. @cindex argument count in user-defined commands @cindex how many arguments (user-defined commands) In addition, @code{$argc} may be used to find out how many arguments have been passed. This expands to a number in the range 0@dots{}10. @smallexample define adder if $argc == 2 print $arg0 + $arg1 end if $argc == 3 print $arg0 + $arg1 + $arg2 end end @end smallexample @table @code @kindex define @item define @var{commandname} Define a command named @var{commandname}. If there is already a command by that name, you are asked to confirm that you want to redefine it. The definition of the command is made up of other @value{GDBN} command lines, which are given following the @code{define} command. The end of these commands is marked by a line containing @code{end}. @kindex document @kindex end@r{ (user-defined commands)} @item document @var{commandname} Document the user-defined command @var{commandname}, so that it can be accessed by @code{help}. The command @var{commandname} must already be defined. This command reads lines of documentation just as @code{define} reads the lines of the command definition, ending with @code{end}. After the @code{document} command is finished, @code{help} on command @var{commandname} displays the documentation you have written. You may use the @code{document} command again to change the documentation of a command. Redefining the command with @code{define} does not change the documentation. @kindex dont-repeat @cindex don't repeat command @item dont-repeat Used inside a user-defined command, this tells @value{GDBN} that this command should not be repeated when the user hits @key{RET} (@pxref{Command Syntax, repeat last command}). @kindex help user-defined @item help user-defined List all user-defined commands, with the first line of the documentation (if any) for each. @kindex show user @item show user @itemx show user @var{commandname} Display the @value{GDBN} commands used to define @var{commandname} (but not its documentation). If no @var{commandname} is given, display the definitions for all user-defined commands. @cindex infinite recursion in user-defined commands @kindex show max-user-call-depth @kindex set max-user-call-depth @item show max-user-call-depth @itemx set max-user-call-depth The value of @code{max-user-call-depth} controls how many recursion levels are allowed in user-defined commands before @value{GDBN} suspects an infinite recursion and aborts the command. @end table In addition to the above commands, user-defined commands frequently use control flow commands, described in @ref{Command Files}. When user-defined commands are executed, the commands of the definition are not printed. An error in any command stops execution of the user-defined command. If used interactively, commands that would ask for confirmation proceed without asking when used inside a user-defined command. Many @value{GDBN} commands that normally print messages to say what they are doing omit the messages when used in a user-defined command. @node Hooks @section User-defined Command Hooks @cindex command hooks @cindex hooks, for commands @cindex hooks, pre-command @kindex hook You may define @dfn{hooks}, which are a special kind of user-defined command. Whenever you run the command @samp{foo}, if the user-defined command @samp{hook-foo} exists, it is executed (with no arguments) before that command. @cindex hooks, post-command @kindex hookpost A hook may also be defined which is run after the command you executed. Whenever you run the command @samp{foo}, if the user-defined command @samp{hookpost-foo} exists, it is executed (with no arguments) after that command. Post-execution hooks may exist simultaneously with pre-execution hooks, for the same command. It is valid for a hook to call the command which it hooks. If this occurs, the hook is not re-executed, thereby avoiding infinite recursion. @c It would be nice if hookpost could be passed a parameter indicating @c if the command it hooks executed properly or not. FIXME! @kindex stop@r{, a pseudo-command} In addition, a pseudo-command, @samp{stop} exists. Defining (@samp{hook-stop}) makes the associated commands execute every time execution stops in your program: before breakpoint commands are run, displays are printed, or the stack frame is printed. For example, to ignore @code{SIGALRM} signals while single-stepping, but treat them normally during normal execution, you could define: @smallexample define hook-stop handle SIGALRM nopass end define hook-run handle SIGALRM pass end define hook-continue handle SIGALRM pass end @end smallexample As a further example, to hook at the beginning and end of the @code{echo} command, and to add extra text to the beginning and end of the message, you could define: @smallexample define hook-echo echo <<<--- end define hookpost-echo echo --->>>\n end (@value{GDBP}) echo Hello World <<<---Hello World--->>> (@value{GDBP}) @end smallexample You can define a hook for any single-word command in @value{GDBN}, but not for command aliases; you should define a hook for the basic command name, e.g.@: @code{backtrace} rather than @code{bt}. @c FIXME! So how does Joe User discover whether a command is an alias @c or not? If an error occurs during the execution of your hook, execution of @value{GDBN} commands stops and @value{GDBN} issues a prompt (before the command that you actually typed had a chance to run). If you try to define a hook which does not match any known command, you get a warning from the @code{define} command. @node Command Files @section Command Files @cindex command files @cindex scripting commands A command file for @value{GDBN} is a text file made of lines that are @value{GDBN} commands. Comments (lines starting with @kbd{#}) may also be included. An empty line in a command file does nothing; it does not mean to repeat the last command, as it would from the terminal. You can request the execution of a command file with the @code{source} command: @table @code @kindex source @cindex execute commands from a file @item source [@code{-v}] @var{filename} Execute the command file @var{filename}. @end table The lines in a command file are generally executed sequentially, unless the order of execution is changed by one of the @emph{flow-control commands} described below. The commands are not printed as they are executed. An error in any command terminates execution of the command file and control is returned to the console. @value{GDBN} searches for @var{filename} in the current directory and then on the search path (specified with the @samp{directory} command). If @code{-v}, for verbose mode, is given then @value{GDBN} displays each command as it is executed. The option must be given before @var{filename}, and is interpreted as part of the filename anywhere else. Commands that would ask for confirmation if used interactively proceed without asking when used in a command file. Many @value{GDBN} commands that normally print messages to say what they are doing omit the messages when called from command files. @value{GDBN} also accepts command input from standard input. In this mode, normal output goes to standard output and error output goes to standard error. Errors in a command file supplied on standard input do not terminate execution of the command file---execution continues with the next command. @smallexample gdb < cmds > log 2>&1 @end smallexample (The syntax above will vary depending on the shell used.) This example will execute commands from the file @file{cmds}. All output and errors would be directed to @file{log}. Since commands stored on command files tend to be more general than commands typed interactively, they frequently need to deal with complicated situations, such as different or unexpected values of variables and symbols, changes in how the program being debugged is built, etc. @value{GDBN} provides a set of flow-control commands to deal with these complexities. Using these commands, you can write complex scripts that loop over data structures, execute commands conditionally, etc. @table @code @kindex if @kindex else @item if @itemx else This command allows to include in your script conditionally executed commands. The @code{if} command takes a single argument, which is an expression to evaluate. It is followed by a series of commands that are executed only if the expression is true (its value is nonzero). There can then optionally be an @code{else} line, followed by a series of commands that are only executed if the expression was false. The end of the list is marked by a line containing @code{end}. @kindex while @item while This command allows to write loops. Its syntax is similar to @code{if}: the command takes a single argument, which is an expression to evaluate, and must be followed by the commands to execute, one per line, terminated by an @code{end}. These commands are called the @dfn{body} of the loop. The commands in the body of @code{while} are executed repeatedly as long as the expression evaluates to true. @kindex loop_break @item loop_break This command exits the @code{while} loop in whose body it is included. Execution of the script continues after that @code{while}s @code{end} line. @kindex loop_continue @item loop_continue This command skips the execution of the rest of the body of commands in the @code{while} loop in whose body it is included. Execution branches to the beginning of the @code{while} loop, where it evaluates the controlling expression. @kindex end@r{ (if/else/while commands)} @item end Terminate the block of commands that are the body of @code{if}, @code{else}, or @code{while} flow-control commands. @end table @node Output @section Commands for Controlled Output During the execution of a command file or a user-defined command, normal @value{GDBN} output is suppressed; the only output that appears is what is explicitly printed by the commands in the definition. This section describes three commands useful for generating exactly the output you want. @table @code @kindex echo @item echo @var{text} @c I do not consider backslash-space a standard C escape sequence @c because it is not in ANSI. Print @var{text}. Nonprinting characters can be included in @var{text} using C escape sequences, such as @samp{\n} to print a newline. @strong{No newline is printed unless you specify one.} In addition to the standard C escape sequences, a backslash followed by a space stands for a space. This is useful for displaying a string with spaces at the beginning or the end, since leading and trailing spaces are otherwise trimmed from all arguments. To print @samp{@w{ }and foo =@w{ }}, use the command @samp{echo \@w{ }and foo = \@w{ }}. A backslash at the end of @var{text} can be used, as in C, to continue the command onto subsequent lines. For example, @smallexample echo This is some text\n\ which is continued\n\ onto several lines.\n @end smallexample produces the same output as @smallexample echo This is some text\n echo which is continued\n echo onto several lines.\n @end smallexample @kindex output @item output @var{expression} Print the value of @var{expression} and nothing but that value: no newlines, no @samp{$@var{nn} = }. The value is not entered in the value history either. @xref{Expressions, ,Expressions}, for more information on expressions. @item output/@var{fmt} @var{expression} Print the value of @var{expression} in format @var{fmt}. You can use the same formats as for @code{print}. @xref{Output Formats,,Output Formats}, for more information. @kindex printf @item printf @var{template}, @var{expressions}@dots{} Print the values of one or more @var{expressions} under the control of the string @var{template}. To print several values, make @var{expressions} be a comma-separated list of individual expressions, which may be either numbers or pointers. Their values are printed as specified by @var{template}, exactly as a C program would do by executing the code below: @smallexample printf (@var{template}, @var{expressions}@dots{}); @end smallexample As in @code{C} @code{printf}, ordinary characters in @var{template} are printed verbatim, while @dfn{conversion specification} introduced by the @samp{%} character cause subsequent @var{expressions} to be evaluated, their values converted and formatted according to type and style information encoded in the conversion specifications, and then printed. For example, you can print two values in hex like this: @smallexample printf "foo, bar-foo = 0x%x, 0x%x\n", foo, bar-foo @end smallexample @code{printf} supports all the standard @code{C} conversion specifications, including the flags and modifiers between the @samp{%} character and the conversion letter, with the following exceptions: @itemize @bullet @item The argument-ordering modifiers, such as @samp{2$}, are not supported. @item The modifier @samp{*} is not supported for specifying precision or width. @item The @samp{'} flag (for separation of digits into groups according to @code{LC_NUMERIC'}) is not supported. @item The type modifiers @samp{hh}, @samp{j}, @samp{t}, and @samp{z} are not supported. @item The conversion letter @samp{n} (as in @samp{%n}) is not supported. @item The conversion letters @samp{a} and @samp{A} are not supported. @end itemize @noindent Note that the @samp{ll} type modifier is supported only if the underlying @code{C} implementation used to build @value{GDBN} supports the @code{long long int} type, and the @samp{L} type modifier is supported only if @code{long double} type is available. As in @code{C}, @code{printf} supports simple backslash-escape sequences, such as @code{\n}, @samp{\t}, @samp{\\}, @samp{\"}, @samp{\a}, and @samp{\f}, that consist of backslash followed by a single character. Octal and hexadecimal escape sequences are not supported. Additionally, @code{printf} supports conversion specifications for DFP (@dfn{Decimal Floating Point}) types using the following length modifiers together with a floating point specifier. letters: @itemize @bullet @item @samp{H} for printing @code{Decimal32} types. @item @samp{D} for printing @code{Decimal64} types. @item @samp{DD} for printing @code{Decimal128} types. @end itemize If the underlying @code{C} implementation used to build @value{GDBN} has support for the three length modifiers for DFP types, other modifiers such as width and precision will also be available for @value{GDBN} to use. In case there is no such @code{C} support, no additional modifiers will be available and the value will be printed in the standard way. Here's an example of printing DFP types using the above conversion letters: @smallexample printf "D32: %Hf - D64: %Df - D128: %DDf\n",1.2345df,1.2E10dd,1.2E1dl @end smallexample @end table @node Interpreters @chapter Command Interpreters @cindex command interpreters @value{GDBN} supports multiple command interpreters, and some command infrastructure to allow users or user interface writers to switch between interpreters or run commands in other interpreters. @value{GDBN} currently supports two command interpreters, the console interpreter (sometimes called the command-line interpreter or @sc{cli}) and the machine interface interpreter (or @sc{gdb/mi}). This manual describes both of these interfaces in great detail. By default, @value{GDBN} will start with the console interpreter. However, the user may choose to start @value{GDBN} with another interpreter by specifying the @option{-i} or @option{--interpreter} startup options. Defined interpreters include: @table @code @item console @cindex console interpreter The traditional console or command-line interpreter. This is the most often used interpreter with @value{GDBN}. With no interpreter specified at runtime, @value{GDBN} will use this interpreter. @item mi @cindex mi interpreter The newest @sc{gdb/mi} interface (currently @code{mi2}). Used primarily by programs wishing to use @value{GDBN} as a backend for a debugger GUI or an IDE. For more information, see @ref{GDB/MI, ,The @sc{gdb/mi} Interface}. @item mi2 @cindex mi2 interpreter The current @sc{gdb/mi} interface. @item mi1 @cindex mi1 interpreter The @sc{gdb/mi} interface included in @value{GDBN} 5.1, 5.2, and 5.3. @end table @cindex invoke another interpreter The interpreter being used by @value{GDBN} may not be dynamically switched at runtime. Although possible, this could lead to a very precarious situation. Consider an IDE using @sc{gdb/mi}. If a user enters the command "interpreter-set console" in a console view, @value{GDBN} would switch to using the console interpreter, rendering the IDE inoperable! @kindex interpreter-exec Although you may only choose a single interpreter at startup, you may execute commands in any interpreter from the current interpreter using the appropriate command. If you are running the console interpreter, simply use the @code{interpreter-exec} command: @smallexample interpreter-exec mi "-data-list-register-names" @end smallexample @sc{gdb/mi} has a similar command, although it is only available in versions of @value{GDBN} which support @sc{gdb/mi} version 2 (or greater). @node TUI @chapter @value{GDBN} Text User Interface @cindex TUI @cindex Text User Interface @menu * TUI Overview:: TUI overview * TUI Keys:: TUI key bindings * TUI Single Key Mode:: TUI single key mode * TUI Commands:: TUI-specific commands * TUI Configuration:: TUI configuration variables @end menu The @value{GDBN} Text User Interface (TUI) is a terminal interface which uses the @code{curses} library to show the source file, the assembly output, the program registers and @value{GDBN} commands in separate text windows. The TUI mode is supported only on platforms where a suitable version of the @code{curses} library is available. @pindex @value{GDBTUI} The TUI mode is enabled by default when you invoke @value{GDBN} as either @samp{@value{GDBTUI}} or @samp{@value{GDBP} -tui}. You can also switch in and out of TUI mode while @value{GDBN} runs by using various TUI commands and key bindings, such as @kbd{C-x C-a}. @xref{TUI Keys, ,TUI Key Bindings}. @node TUI Overview @section TUI Overview In TUI mode, @value{GDBN} can display several text windows: @table @emph @item command This window is the @value{GDBN} command window with the @value{GDBN} prompt and the @value{GDBN} output. The @value{GDBN} input is still managed using readline. @item source The source window shows the source file of the program. The current line and active breakpoints are displayed in this window. @item assembly The assembly window shows the disassembly output of the program. @item register This window shows the processor registers. Registers are highlighted when their values change. @end table The source and assembly windows show the current program position by highlighting the current line and marking it with a @samp{>} marker. Breakpoints are indicated with two markers. The first marker indicates the breakpoint type: @table @code @item B Breakpoint which was hit at least once. @item b Breakpoint which was never hit. @item H Hardware breakpoint which was hit at least once. @item h Hardware breakpoint which was never hit. @end table The second marker indicates whether the breakpoint is enabled or not: @table @code @item + Breakpoint is enabled. @item - Breakpoint is disabled. @end table The source, assembly and register windows are updated when the current thread changes, when the frame changes, or when the program counter changes. These windows are not all visible at the same time. The command window is always visible. The others can be arranged in several layouts: @itemize @bullet @item source only, @item assembly only, @item source and assembly, @item source and registers, or @item assembly and registers. @end itemize A status line above the command window shows the following information: @table @emph @item target Indicates the current @value{GDBN} target. (@pxref{Targets, ,Specifying a Debugging Target}). @item process Gives the current process or thread number. When no process is being debugged, this field is set to @code{No process}. @item function Gives the current function name for the selected frame. The name is demangled if demangling is turned on (@pxref{Print Settings}). When there is no symbol corresponding to the current program counter, the string @code{??} is displayed. @item line Indicates the current line number for the selected frame. When the current line number is not known, the string @code{??} is displayed. @item pc Indicates the current program counter address. @end table @node TUI Keys @section TUI Key Bindings @cindex TUI key bindings The TUI installs several key bindings in the readline keymaps (@pxref{Command Line Editing}). The following key bindings are installed for both TUI mode and the @value{GDBN} standard mode. @table @kbd @kindex C-x C-a @item C-x C-a @kindex C-x a @itemx C-x a @kindex C-x A @itemx C-x A Enter or leave the TUI mode. When leaving the TUI mode, the curses window management stops and @value{GDBN} operates using its standard mode, writing on the terminal directly. When reentering the TUI mode, control is given back to the curses windows. The screen is then refreshed. @kindex C-x 1 @item C-x 1 Use a TUI layout with only one window. The layout will either be @samp{source} or @samp{assembly}. When the TUI mode is not active, it will switch to the TUI mode. Think of this key binding as the Emacs @kbd{C-x 1} binding. @kindex C-x 2 @item C-x 2 Use a TUI layout with at least two windows. When the current layout already has two windows, the next layout with two windows is used. When a new layout is chosen, one window will always be common to the previous layout and the new one. Think of it as the Emacs @kbd{C-x 2} binding. @kindex C-x o @item C-x o Change the active window. The TUI associates several key bindings (like scrolling and arrow keys) with the active window. This command gives the focus to the next TUI window. Think of it as the Emacs @kbd{C-x o} binding. @kindex C-x s @item C-x s Switch in and out of the TUI SingleKey mode that binds single keys to @value{GDBN} commands (@pxref{TUI Single Key Mode}). @end table The following key bindings only work in the TUI mode: @table @asis @kindex PgUp @item @key{PgUp} Scroll the active window one page up. @kindex PgDn @item @key{PgDn} Scroll the active window one page down. @kindex Up @item @key{Up} Scroll the active window one line up. @kindex Down @item @key{Down} Scroll the active window one line down. @kindex Left @item @key{Left} Scroll the active window one column left. @kindex Right @item @key{Right} Scroll the active window one column right. @kindex C-L @item @kbd{C-L} Refresh the screen. @end table Because the arrow keys scroll the active window in the TUI mode, they are not available for their normal use by readline unless the command window has the focus. When another window is active, you must use other readline key bindings such as @kbd{C-p}, @kbd{C-n}, @kbd{C-b} and @kbd{C-f} to control the command window. @node TUI Single Key Mode @section TUI Single Key Mode @cindex TUI single key mode The TUI also provides a @dfn{SingleKey} mode, which binds several frequently used @value{GDBN} commands to single keys. Type @kbd{C-x s} to switch into this mode, where the following key bindings are used: @table @kbd @kindex c @r{(SingleKey TUI key)} @item c continue @kindex d @r{(SingleKey TUI key)} @item d down @kindex f @r{(SingleKey TUI key)} @item f finish @kindex n @r{(SingleKey TUI key)} @item n next @kindex q @r{(SingleKey TUI key)} @item q exit the SingleKey mode. @kindex r @r{(SingleKey TUI key)} @item r run @kindex s @r{(SingleKey TUI key)} @item s step @kindex u @r{(SingleKey TUI key)} @item u up @kindex v @r{(SingleKey TUI key)} @item v info locals @kindex w @r{(SingleKey TUI key)} @item w where @end table Other keys temporarily switch to the @value{GDBN} command prompt. The key that was pressed is inserted in the editing buffer so that it is possible to type most @value{GDBN} commands without interaction with the TUI SingleKey mode. Once the command is entered the TUI SingleKey mode is restored. The only way to permanently leave this mode is by typing @kbd{q} or @kbd{C-x s}. @node TUI Commands @section TUI-specific Commands @cindex TUI commands The TUI has specific commands to control the text windows. These commands are always available, even when @value{GDBN} is not in the TUI mode. When @value{GDBN} is in the standard mode, most of these commands will automatically switch to the TUI mode. @table @code @item info win @kindex info win List and give the size of all displayed windows. @item layout next @kindex layout Display the next layout. @item layout prev Display the previous layout. @item layout src Display the source window only. @item layout asm Display the assembly window only. @item layout split Display the source and assembly window. @item layout regs Display the register window together with the source or assembly window. @item focus next @kindex focus Make the next window active for scrolling. @item focus prev Make the previous window active for scrolling. @item focus src Make the source window active for scrolling. @item focus asm Make the assembly window active for scrolling. @item focus regs Make the register window active for scrolling. @item focus cmd Make the command window active for scrolling. @item refresh @kindex refresh Refresh the screen. This is similar to typing @kbd{C-L}. @item tui reg float @kindex tui reg Show the floating point registers in the register window. @item tui reg general Show the general registers in the register window. @item tui reg next Show the next register group. The list of register groups as well as their order is target specific. The predefined register groups are the following: @code{general}, @code{float}, @code{system}, @code{vector}, @code{all}, @code{save}, @code{restore}. @item tui reg system Show the system registers in the register window. @item update @kindex update Update the source window and the current execution point. @item winheight @var{name} +@var{count} @itemx winheight @var{name} -@var{count} @kindex winheight Change the height of the window @var{name} by @var{count} lines. Positive counts increase the height, while negative counts decrease it. @item tabset @var{nchars} @kindex tabset Set the width of tab stops to be @var{nchars} characters. @end table @node TUI Configuration @section TUI Configuration Variables @cindex TUI configuration variables Several configuration variables control the appearance of TUI windows. @table @code @item set tui border-kind @var{kind} @kindex set tui border-kind Select the border appearance for the source, assembly and register windows. The possible values are the following: @table @code @item space Use a space character to draw the border. @item ascii Use @sc{ascii} characters @samp{+}, @samp{-} and @samp{|} to draw the border. @item acs Use the Alternate Character Set to draw the border. The border is drawn using character line graphics if the terminal supports them. @end table @item set tui border-mode @var{mode} @kindex set tui border-mode @itemx set tui active-border-mode @var{mode} @kindex set tui active-border-mode Select the display attributes for the borders of the inactive windows or the active window. The @var{mode} can be one of the following: @table @code @item normal Use normal attributes to display the border. @item standout Use standout mode. @item reverse Use reverse video mode. @item half Use half bright mode. @item half-standout Use half bright and standout mode. @item bold Use extra bright or bold mode. @item bold-standout Use extra bright or bold and standout mode. @end table @end table @node Emacs @chapter Using @value{GDBN} under @sc{gnu} Emacs @cindex Emacs @cindex @sc{gnu} Emacs A special interface allows you to use @sc{gnu} Emacs to view (and edit) the source files for the program you are debugging with @value{GDBN}. To use this interface, use the command @kbd{M-x gdb} in Emacs. Give the executable file you want to debug as an argument. This command starts @value{GDBN} as a subprocess of Emacs, with input and output through a newly created Emacs buffer. @c (Do not use the @code{-tui} option to run @value{GDBN} from Emacs.) Running @value{GDBN} under Emacs can be just like running @value{GDBN} normally except for two things: @itemize @bullet @item All ``terminal'' input and output goes through an Emacs buffer, called the GUD buffer. This applies both to @value{GDBN} commands and their output, and to the input and output done by the program you are debugging. This is useful because it means that you can copy the text of previous commands and input them again; you can even use parts of the output in this way. All the facilities of Emacs' Shell mode are available for interacting with your program. In particular, you can send signals the usual way---for example, @kbd{C-c C-c} for an interrupt, @kbd{C-c C-z} for a stop. @item @value{GDBN} displays source code through Emacs. Each time @value{GDBN} displays a stack frame, Emacs automatically finds the source file for that frame and puts an arrow (@samp{=>}) at the left margin of the current line. Emacs uses a separate buffer for source display, and splits the screen to show both your @value{GDBN} session and the source. Explicit @value{GDBN} @code{list} or search commands still produce output as usual, but you probably have no reason to use them from Emacs. @end itemize We call this @dfn{text command mode}. Emacs 22.1, and later, also uses a graphical mode, enabled by default, which provides further buffers that can control the execution and describe the state of your program. @xref{GDB Graphical Interface,,, Emacs, The @sc{gnu} Emacs Manual}. If you specify an absolute file name when prompted for the @kbd{M-x gdb} argument, then Emacs sets your current working directory to where your program resides. If you only specify the file name, then Emacs sets your current working directory to to the directory associated with the previous buffer. In this case, @value{GDBN} may find your program by searching your environment's @code{PATH} variable, but on some operating systems it might not find the source. So, although the @value{GDBN} input and output session proceeds normally, the auxiliary buffer does not display the current source and line of execution. The initial working directory of @value{GDBN} is printed on the top line of the GUD buffer and this serves as a default for the commands that specify files for @value{GDBN} to operate on. @xref{Files, ,Commands to Specify Files}. By default, @kbd{M-x gdb} calls the program called @file{gdb}. If you need to call @value{GDBN} by a different name (for example, if you keep several configurations around, with different names) you can customize the Emacs variable @code{gud-gdb-command-name} to run the one you want. In the GUD buffer, you can use these special Emacs commands in addition to the standard Shell mode commands: @table @kbd @item C-h m Describe the features of Emacs' GUD Mode. @item C-c C-s Execute to another source line, like the @value{GDBN} @code{step} command; also update the display window to show the current file and location. @item C-c C-n Execute to next source line in this function, skipping all function calls, like the @value{GDBN} @code{next} command. Then update the display window to show the current file and location. @item C-c C-i Execute one instruction, like the @value{GDBN} @code{stepi} command; update display window accordingly. @item C-c C-f Execute until exit from the selected stack frame, like the @value{GDBN} @code{finish} command. @item C-c C-r Continue execution of your program, like the @value{GDBN} @code{continue} command. @item C-c < Go up the number of frames indicated by the numeric argument (@pxref{Arguments, , Numeric Arguments, Emacs, The @sc{gnu} Emacs Manual}), like the @value{GDBN} @code{up} command. @item C-c > Go down the number of frames indicated by the numeric argument, like the @value{GDBN} @code{down} command. @end table In any source file, the Emacs command @kbd{C-x @key{SPC}} (@code{gud-break}) tells @value{GDBN} to set a breakpoint on the source line point is on. In text command mode, if you type @kbd{M-x speedbar}, Emacs displays a separate frame which shows a backtrace when the GUD buffer is current. Move point to any frame in the stack and type @key{RET} to make it become the current frame and display the associated source in the source buffer. Alternatively, click @kbd{Mouse-2} to make the selected frame become the current one. In graphical mode, the speedbar displays watch expressions. If you accidentally delete the source-display buffer, an easy way to get it back is to type the command @code{f} in the @value{GDBN} buffer, to request a frame display; when you run under Emacs, this recreates the source buffer if necessary to show you the context of the current frame. The source files displayed in Emacs are in ordinary Emacs buffers which are visiting the source files in the usual way. You can edit the files with these buffers if you wish; but keep in mind that @value{GDBN} communicates with Emacs in terms of line numbers. If you add or delete lines from the text, the line numbers that @value{GDBN} knows cease to correspond properly with the code. A more detailed description of Emacs' interaction with @value{GDBN} is given in the Emacs manual (@pxref{Debuggers,,, Emacs, The @sc{gnu} Emacs Manual}). @c The following dropped because Epoch is nonstandard. Reactivate @c if/when v19 does something similar. ---doc@cygnus.com 19dec1990 @ignore @kindex Emacs Epoch environment @kindex Epoch @kindex inspect Version 18 of @sc{gnu} Emacs has a built-in window system called the @code{epoch} environment. Users of this environment can use a new command, @code{inspect} which performs identically to @code{print} except that each value is printed in its own window. @end ignore @node GDB/MI @chapter The @sc{gdb/mi} Interface @unnumberedsec Function and Purpose @cindex @sc{gdb/mi}, its purpose @sc{gdb/mi} is a line based machine oriented text interface to @value{GDBN} and is activated by specifying using the @option{--interpreter} command line option (@pxref{Mode Options}). It is specifically intended to support the development of systems which use the debugger as just one small component of a larger system. This chapter is a specification of the @sc{gdb/mi} interface. It is written in the form of a reference manual. Note that @sc{gdb/mi} is still under construction, so some of the features described below are incomplete and subject to change (@pxref{GDB/MI Development and Front Ends, , @sc{gdb/mi} Development and Front Ends}). @unnumberedsec Notation and Terminology @cindex notational conventions, for @sc{gdb/mi} This chapter uses the following notation: @itemize @bullet @item @code{|} separates two alternatives. @item @code{[ @var{something} ]} indicates that @var{something} is optional: it may or may not be given. @item @code{( @var{group} )*} means that @var{group} inside the parentheses may repeat zero or more times. @item @code{( @var{group} )+} means that @var{group} inside the parentheses may repeat one or more times. @item @code{"@var{string}"} means a literal @var{string}. @end itemize @ignore @heading Dependencies @end ignore @menu * GDB/MI Command Syntax:: * GDB/MI Compatibility with CLI:: * GDB/MI Development and Front Ends:: * GDB/MI Output Records:: * GDB/MI Simple Examples:: * GDB/MI Command Description Format:: * GDB/MI Breakpoint Commands:: * GDB/MI Program Context:: * GDB/MI Thread Commands:: * GDB/MI Program Execution:: * GDB/MI Stack Manipulation:: * GDB/MI Variable Objects:: * GDB/MI Data Manipulation:: * GDB/MI Tracepoint Commands:: * GDB/MI Symbol Query:: * GDB/MI File Commands:: @ignore * GDB/MI Kod Commands:: * GDB/MI Memory Overlay Commands:: * GDB/MI Signal Handling Commands:: @end ignore * GDB/MI Target Manipulation:: * GDB/MI File Transfer Commands:: * GDB/MI Miscellaneous Commands:: @end menu @c %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% SECTION %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% @node GDB/MI Command Syntax @section @sc{gdb/mi} Command Syntax @menu * GDB/MI Input Syntax:: * GDB/MI Output Syntax:: @end menu @node GDB/MI Input Syntax @subsection @sc{gdb/mi} Input Syntax @cindex input syntax for @sc{gdb/mi} @cindex @sc{gdb/mi}, input syntax @table @code @item @var{command} @expansion{} @code{@var{cli-command} | @var{mi-command}} @item @var{cli-command} @expansion{} @code{[ @var{token} ] @var{cli-command} @var{nl}}, where @var{cli-command} is any existing @value{GDBN} CLI command. @item @var{mi-command} @expansion{} @code{[ @var{token} ] "-" @var{operation} ( " " @var{option} )* @code{[} " --" @code{]} ( " " @var{parameter} )* @var{nl}} @item @var{token} @expansion{} "any sequence of digits" @item @var{option} @expansion{} @code{"-" @var{parameter} [ " " @var{parameter} ]} @item @var{parameter} @expansion{} @code{@var{non-blank-sequence} | @var{c-string}} @item @var{operation} @expansion{} @emph{any of the operations described in this chapter} @item @var{non-blank-sequence} @expansion{} @emph{anything, provided it doesn't contain special characters such as "-", @var{nl}, """ and of course " "} @item @var{c-string} @expansion{} @code{""" @var{seven-bit-iso-c-string-content} """} @item @var{nl} @expansion{} @code{CR | CR-LF} @end table @noindent Notes: @itemize @bullet @item The CLI commands are still handled by the @sc{mi} interpreter; their output is described below. @item The @code{@var{token}}, when present, is passed back when the command finishes. @item Some @sc{mi} commands accept optional arguments as part of the parameter list. Each option is identified by a leading @samp{-} (dash) and may be followed by an optional argument parameter. Options occur first in the parameter list and can be delimited from normal parameters using @samp{--} (this is useful when some parameters begin with a dash). @end itemize Pragmatics: @itemize @bullet @item We want easy access to the existing CLI syntax (for debugging). @item We want it to be easy to spot a @sc{mi} operation. @end itemize @node GDB/MI Output Syntax @subsection @sc{gdb/mi} Output Syntax @cindex output syntax of @sc{gdb/mi} @cindex @sc{gdb/mi}, output syntax The output from @sc{gdb/mi} consists of zero or more out-of-band records followed, optionally, by a single result record. This result record is for the most recent command. The sequence of output records is terminated by @samp{(gdb)}. If an input command was prefixed with a @code{@var{token}} then the corresponding output for that command will also be prefixed by that same @var{token}. @table @code @item @var{output} @expansion{} @code{( @var{out-of-band-record} )* [ @var{result-record} ] "(gdb)" @var{nl}} @item @var{result-record} @expansion{} @code{ [ @var{token} ] "^" @var{result-class} ( "," @var{result} )* @var{nl}} @item @var{out-of-band-record} @expansion{} @code{@var{async-record} | @var{stream-record}} @item @var{async-record} @expansion{} @code{@var{exec-async-output} | @var{status-async-output} | @var{notify-async-output}} @item @var{exec-async-output} @expansion{} @code{[ @var{token} ] "*" @var{async-output}} @item @var{status-async-output} @expansion{} @code{[ @var{token} ] "+" @var{async-output}} @item @var{notify-async-output} @expansion{} @code{[ @var{token} ] "=" @var{async-output}} @item @var{async-output} @expansion{} @code{@var{async-class} ( "," @var{result} )* @var{nl}} @item @var{result-class} @expansion{} @code{"done" | "running" | "connected" | "error" | "exit"} @item @var{async-class} @expansion{} @code{"stopped" | @var{others}} (where @var{others} will be added depending on the needs---this is still in development). @item @var{result} @expansion{} @code{ @var{variable} "=" @var{value}} @item @var{variable} @expansion{} @code{ @var{string} } @item @var{value} @expansion{} @code{ @var{const} | @var{tuple} | @var{list} } @item @var{const} @expansion{} @code{@var{c-string}} @item @var{tuple} @expansion{} @code{ "@{@}" | "@{" @var{result} ( "," @var{result} )* "@}" } @item @var{list} @expansion{} @code{ "[]" | "[" @var{value} ( "," @var{value} )* "]" | "[" @var{result} ( "," @var{result} )* "]" } @item @var{stream-record} @expansion{} @code{@var{console-stream-output} | @var{target-stream-output} | @var{log-stream-output}} @item @var{console-stream-output} @expansion{} @code{"~" @var{c-string}} @item @var{target-stream-output} @expansion{} @code{"@@" @var{c-string}} @item @var{log-stream-output} @expansion{} @code{"&" @var{c-string}} @item @var{nl} @expansion{} @code{CR | CR-LF} @item @var{token} @expansion{} @emph{any sequence of digits}. @end table @noindent Notes: @itemize @bullet @item All output sequences end in a single line containing a period. @item The @code{@var{token}} is from the corresponding request. If an execution command is interrupted by the @samp{-exec-interrupt} command, the @var{token} associated with the @samp{*stopped} message is the one of the original execution command, not the one of the interrupt command. @item @cindex status output in @sc{gdb/mi} @var{status-async-output} contains on-going status information about the progress of a slow operation. It can be discarded. All status output is prefixed by @samp{+}. @item @cindex async output in @sc{gdb/mi} @var{exec-async-output} contains asynchronous state change on the target (stopped, started, disappeared). All async output is prefixed by @samp{*}. @item @cindex notify output in @sc{gdb/mi} @var{notify-async-output} contains supplementary information that the client should handle (e.g., a new breakpoint information). All notify output is prefixed by @samp{=}. @item @cindex console output in @sc{gdb/mi} @var{console-stream-output} is output that should be displayed as is in the console. It is the textual response to a CLI command. All the console output is prefixed by @samp{~}. @item @cindex target output in @sc{gdb/mi} @var{target-stream-output} is the output produced by the target program. All the target output is prefixed by @samp{@@}. @item @cindex log output in @sc{gdb/mi} @var{log-stream-output} is output text coming from @value{GDBN}'s internals, for instance messages that should be displayed as part of an error log. All the log output is prefixed by @samp{&}. @item @cindex list output in @sc{gdb/mi} New @sc{gdb/mi} commands should only output @var{lists} containing @var{values}. @end itemize @xref{GDB/MI Stream Records, , @sc{gdb/mi} Stream Records}, for more details about the various output records. @c %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% SECTION %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% @node GDB/MI Compatibility with CLI @section @sc{gdb/mi} Compatibility with CLI @cindex compatibility, @sc{gdb/mi} and CLI @cindex @sc{gdb/mi}, compatibility with CLI For the developers convenience CLI commands can be entered directly, but there may be some unexpected behaviour. For example, commands that query the user will behave as if the user replied yes, breakpoint command lists are not executed and some CLI commands, such as @code{if}, @code{when} and @code{define}, prompt for further input with @samp{>}, which is not valid MI output. This feature may be removed at some stage in the future and it is recommended that front ends use the @code{-interpreter-exec} command (@pxref{-interpreter-exec}). @c %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% SECTION %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% @node GDB/MI Development and Front Ends @section @sc{gdb/mi} Development and Front Ends @cindex @sc{gdb/mi} development The application which takes the MI output and presents the state of the program being debugged to the user is called a @dfn{front end}. Although @sc{gdb/mi} is still incomplete, it is currently being used by a variety of front ends to @value{GDBN}. This makes it difficult to introduce new functionality without breaking existing usage. This section tries to minimize the problems by describing how the protocol might change. Some changes in MI need not break a carefully designed front end, and for these the MI version will remain unchanged. The following is a list of changes that may occur within one level, so front ends should parse MI output in a way that can handle them: @itemize @bullet @item New MI commands may be added. @item New fields may be added to the output of any MI command. @item The range of values for fields with specified values, e.g., @code{in_scope} (@pxref{-var-update}) may be extended. @c The format of field's content e.g type prefix, may change so parse it @c at your own risk. Yes, in general? @c The order of fields may change? Shouldn't really matter but it might @c resolve inconsistencies. @end itemize If the changes are likely to break front ends, the MI version level will be increased by one. This will allow the front end to parse the output according to the MI version. Apart from mi0, new versions of @value{GDBN} will not support old versions of MI and it will be the responsibility of the front end to work with the new one. @c Starting with mi3, add a new command -mi-version that prints the MI @c version? The best way to avoid unexpected changes in MI that might break your front end is to make your project known to @value{GDBN} developers and follow development on @email{gdb@@sourceware.org} and @email{gdb-patches@@sourceware.org}. There is also the mailing list @email{dmi-discuss@@lists.freestandards.org}, hosted by the Free Standards Group, which has the aim of creating a more general MI protocol called Debugger Machine Interface (DMI) that will become a standard for all debuggers, not just @value{GDBN}. @cindex mailing lists @c %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% SECTION %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% @node GDB/MI Output Records @section @sc{gdb/mi} Output Records @menu * GDB/MI Result Records:: * GDB/MI Stream Records:: * GDB/MI Out-of-band Records:: @end menu @node GDB/MI Result Records @subsection @sc{gdb/mi} Result Records @cindex result records in @sc{gdb/mi} @cindex @sc{gdb/mi}, result records In addition to a number of out-of-band notifications, the response to a @sc{gdb/mi} command includes one of the following result indications: @table @code @findex ^done @item "^done" [ "," @var{results} ] The synchronous operation was successful, @code{@var{results}} are the return values. @item "^running" @findex ^running @c Is this one correct? Should it be an out-of-band notification? The asynchronous operation was successfully started. The target is running. @item "^connected" @findex ^connected @value{GDBN} has connected to a remote target. @item "^error" "," @var{c-string} @findex ^error The operation failed. The @code{@var{c-string}} contains the corresponding error message. @item "^exit" @findex ^exit @value{GDBN} has terminated. @end table @node GDB/MI Stream Records @subsection @sc{gdb/mi} Stream Records @cindex @sc{gdb/mi}, stream records @cindex stream records in @sc{gdb/mi} @value{GDBN} internally maintains a number of output streams: the console, the target, and the log. The output intended for each of these streams is funneled through the @sc{gdb/mi} interface using @dfn{stream records}. Each stream record begins with a unique @dfn{prefix character} which identifies its stream (@pxref{GDB/MI Output Syntax, , @sc{gdb/mi} Output Syntax}). In addition to the prefix, each stream record contains a @code{@var{string-output}}. This is either raw text (with an implicit new line) or a quoted C string (which does not contain an implicit newline). @table @code @item "~" @var{string-output} The console output stream contains text that should be displayed in the CLI console window. It contains the textual responses to CLI commands. @item "@@" @var{string-output} The target output stream contains any textual output from the running target. This is only present when GDB's event loop is truly asynchronous, which is currently only the case for remote targets. @item "&" @var{string-output} The log stream contains debugging messages being produced by @value{GDBN}'s internals. @end table @node GDB/MI Out-of-band Records @subsection @sc{gdb/mi} Out-of-band Records @cindex out-of-band records in @sc{gdb/mi} @cindex @sc{gdb/mi}, out-of-band records @dfn{Out-of-band} records are used to notify the @sc{gdb/mi} client of additional changes that have occurred. Those changes can either be a consequence of @sc{gdb/mi} (e.g., a breakpoint modified) or a result of target activity (e.g., target stopped). The following is a preliminary list of possible out-of-band records. In particular, the @var{exec-async-output} records. @table @code @item *stopped,reason="@var{reason}" @end table @var{reason} can be one of the following: @table @code @item breakpoint-hit A breakpoint was reached. @item watchpoint-trigger A watchpoint was triggered. @item read-watchpoint-trigger A read watchpoint was triggered. @item access-watchpoint-trigger An access watchpoint was triggered. @item function-finished An -exec-finish or similar CLI command was accomplished. @item location-reached An -exec-until or similar CLI command was accomplished. @item watchpoint-scope A watchpoint has gone out of scope. @item end-stepping-range An -exec-next, -exec-next-instruction, -exec-step, -exec-step-instruction or similar CLI command was accomplished. @item exited-signalled The inferior exited because of a signal. @item exited The inferior exited. @item exited-normally The inferior exited normally. @item signal-received A signal was received by the inferior. @end table @c %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% SECTION %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% @node GDB/MI Simple Examples @section Simple Examples of @sc{gdb/mi} Interaction @cindex @sc{gdb/mi}, simple examples This subsection presents several simple examples of interaction using the @sc{gdb/mi} interface. In these examples, @samp{->} means that the following line is passed to @sc{gdb/mi} as input, while @samp{<-} means the output received from @sc{gdb/mi}. Note the line breaks shown in the examples are here only for readability, they don't appear in the real output. @subheading Setting a Breakpoint Setting a breakpoint generates synchronous output which contains detailed information of the breakpoint. @smallexample -> -break-insert main <- ^done,bkpt=@{number="1",type="breakpoint",disp="keep", enabled="y",addr="0x08048564",func="main",file="myprog.c", fullname="/home/nickrob/myprog.c",line="68",times="0"@} <- (gdb) @end smallexample @subheading Program Execution Program execution generates asynchronous records and MI gives the reason that execution stopped. @smallexample -> -exec-run <- ^running <- (gdb) <- *stopped,reason="breakpoint-hit",bkptno="1",thread-id="0", frame=@{addr="0x08048564",func="main", args=[@{name="argc",value="1"@},@{name="argv",value="0xbfc4d4d4"@}], file="myprog.c",fullname="/home/nickrob/myprog.c",line="68"@} <- (gdb) -> -exec-continue <- ^running <- (gdb) <- *stopped,reason="exited-normally" <- (gdb) @end smallexample @subheading Quitting @value{GDBN} Quitting @value{GDBN} just prints the result class @samp{^exit}. @smallexample -> (gdb) <- -gdb-exit <- ^exit @end smallexample @subheading A Bad Command Here's what happens if you pass a non-existent command: @smallexample -> -rubbish <- ^error,msg="Undefined MI command: rubbish" <- (gdb) @end smallexample @c %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% SECTION %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% @node GDB/MI Command Description Format @section @sc{gdb/mi} Command Description Format The remaining sections describe blocks of commands. Each block of commands is laid out in a fashion similar to this section. @subheading Motivation The motivation for this collection of commands. @subheading Introduction A brief introduction to this collection of commands as a whole. @subheading Commands For each command in the block, the following is described: @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -command @var{args}@dots{} @end smallexample @subsubheading Result @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command The corresponding @value{GDBN} CLI command(s), if any. @subsubheading Example Example(s) formatted for readability. Some of the described commands have not been implemented yet and these are labeled N.A.@: (not available). @c %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% SECTION %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% @node GDB/MI Breakpoint Commands @section @sc{gdb/mi} Breakpoint Commands @cindex breakpoint commands for @sc{gdb/mi} @cindex @sc{gdb/mi}, breakpoint commands This section documents @sc{gdb/mi} commands for manipulating breakpoints. @subheading The @code{-break-after} Command @findex -break-after @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -break-after @var{number} @var{count} @end smallexample The breakpoint number @var{number} is not in effect until it has been hit @var{count} times. To see how this is reflected in the output of the @samp{-break-list} command, see the description of the @samp{-break-list} command below. @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{ignore}. @subsubheading Example @smallexample (gdb) -break-insert main ^done,bkpt=@{number="1",addr="0x000100d0",file="hello.c", fullname="/home/foo/hello.c",line="5",times="0"@} (gdb) -break-after 1 3 ~ ^done (gdb) -break-list ^done,BreakpointTable=@{nr_rows="1",nr_cols="6", hdr=[@{width="3",alignment="-1",col_name="number",colhdr="Num"@}, @{width="14",alignment="-1",col_name="type",colhdr="Type"@}, @{width="4",alignment="-1",col_name="disp",colhdr="Disp"@}, @{width="3",alignment="-1",col_name="enabled",colhdr="Enb"@}, @{width="10",alignment="-1",col_name="addr",colhdr="Address"@}, @{width="40",alignment="2",col_name="what",colhdr="What"@}], body=[bkpt=@{number="1",type="breakpoint",disp="keep",enabled="y", addr="0x000100d0",func="main",file="hello.c",fullname="/home/foo/hello.c", line="5",times="0",ignore="3"@}]@} (gdb) @end smallexample @ignore @subheading The @code{-break-catch} Command @findex -break-catch @subheading The @code{-break-commands} Command @findex -break-commands @end ignore @subheading The @code{-break-condition} Command @findex -break-condition @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -break-condition @var{number} @var{expr} @end smallexample Breakpoint @var{number} will stop the program only if the condition in @var{expr} is true. The condition becomes part of the @samp{-break-list} output (see the description of the @samp{-break-list} command below). @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{condition}. @subsubheading Example @smallexample (gdb) -break-condition 1 1 ^done (gdb) -break-list ^done,BreakpointTable=@{nr_rows="1",nr_cols="6", hdr=[@{width="3",alignment="-1",col_name="number",colhdr="Num"@}, @{width="14",alignment="-1",col_name="type",colhdr="Type"@}, @{width="4",alignment="-1",col_name="disp",colhdr="Disp"@}, @{width="3",alignment="-1",col_name="enabled",colhdr="Enb"@}, @{width="10",alignment="-1",col_name="addr",colhdr="Address"@}, @{width="40",alignment="2",col_name="what",colhdr="What"@}], body=[bkpt=@{number="1",type="breakpoint",disp="keep",enabled="y", addr="0x000100d0",func="main",file="hello.c",fullname="/home/foo/hello.c", line="5",cond="1",times="0",ignore="3"@}]@} (gdb) @end smallexample @subheading The @code{-break-delete} Command @findex -break-delete @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -break-delete ( @var{breakpoint} )+ @end smallexample Delete the breakpoint(s) whose number(s) are specified in the argument list. This is obviously reflected in the breakpoint list. @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{delete}. @subsubheading Example @smallexample (gdb) -break-delete 1 ^done (gdb) -break-list ^done,BreakpointTable=@{nr_rows="0",nr_cols="6", hdr=[@{width="3",alignment="-1",col_name="number",colhdr="Num"@}, @{width="14",alignment="-1",col_name="type",colhdr="Type"@}, @{width="4",alignment="-1",col_name="disp",colhdr="Disp"@}, @{width="3",alignment="-1",col_name="enabled",colhdr="Enb"@}, @{width="10",alignment="-1",col_name="addr",colhdr="Address"@}, @{width="40",alignment="2",col_name="what",colhdr="What"@}], body=[]@} (gdb) @end smallexample @subheading The @code{-break-disable} Command @findex -break-disable @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -break-disable ( @var{breakpoint} )+ @end smallexample Disable the named @var{breakpoint}(s). The field @samp{enabled} in the break list is now set to @samp{n} for the named @var{breakpoint}(s). @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{disable}. @subsubheading Example @smallexample (gdb) -break-disable 2 ^done (gdb) -break-list ^done,BreakpointTable=@{nr_rows="1",nr_cols="6", hdr=[@{width="3",alignment="-1",col_name="number",colhdr="Num"@}, @{width="14",alignment="-1",col_name="type",colhdr="Type"@}, @{width="4",alignment="-1",col_name="disp",colhdr="Disp"@}, @{width="3",alignment="-1",col_name="enabled",colhdr="Enb"@}, @{width="10",alignment="-1",col_name="addr",colhdr="Address"@}, @{width="40",alignment="2",col_name="what",colhdr="What"@}], body=[bkpt=@{number="2",type="breakpoint",disp="keep",enabled="n", addr="0x000100d0",func="main",file="hello.c",fullname="/home/foo/hello.c", line="5",times="0"@}]@} (gdb) @end smallexample @subheading The @code{-break-enable} Command @findex -break-enable @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -break-enable ( @var{breakpoint} )+ @end smallexample Enable (previously disabled) @var{breakpoint}(s). @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{enable}. @subsubheading Example @smallexample (gdb) -break-enable 2 ^done (gdb) -break-list ^done,BreakpointTable=@{nr_rows="1",nr_cols="6", hdr=[@{width="3",alignment="-1",col_name="number",colhdr="Num"@}, @{width="14",alignment="-1",col_name="type",colhdr="Type"@}, @{width="4",alignment="-1",col_name="disp",colhdr="Disp"@}, @{width="3",alignment="-1",col_name="enabled",colhdr="Enb"@}, @{width="10",alignment="-1",col_name="addr",colhdr="Address"@}, @{width="40",alignment="2",col_name="what",colhdr="What"@}], body=[bkpt=@{number="2",type="breakpoint",disp="keep",enabled="y", addr="0x000100d0",func="main",file="hello.c",fullname="/home/foo/hello.c", line="5",times="0"@}]@} (gdb) @end smallexample @subheading The @code{-break-info} Command @findex -break-info @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -break-info @var{breakpoint} @end smallexample @c REDUNDANT??? Get information about a single breakpoint. @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{info break @var{breakpoint}}. @subsubheading Example N.A. @subheading The @code{-break-insert} Command @findex -break-insert @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -break-insert [ -t ] [ -h ] [ -f ] [ -c @var{condition} ] [ -i @var{ignore-count} ] [ -p @var{thread} ] [ @var{location} ] @end smallexample @noindent If specified, @var{location}, can be one of: @itemize @bullet @item function @c @item +offset @c @item -offset @c @item linenum @item filename:linenum @item filename:function @item *address @end itemize The possible optional parameters of this command are: @table @samp @item -t Insert a temporary breakpoint. @item -h Insert a hardware breakpoint. @item -c @var{condition} Make the breakpoint conditional on @var{condition}. @item -i @var{ignore-count} Initialize the @var{ignore-count}. @item -f If @var{location} cannot be parsed (for example if it refers to unknown files or functions), create a pending breakpoint. Without this flag, @value{GDBN} will report an error, and won't create a breakpoint, if @var{location} cannot be parsed. @end table @subsubheading Result The result is in the form: @smallexample ^done,bkpt=@{number="@var{number}",type="@var{type}",disp="del"|"keep", enabled="y"|"n",addr="@var{hex}",func="@var{funcname}",file="@var{filename}", fullname="@var{full_filename}",line="@var{lineno}",[thread="@var{threadno},] times="@var{times}"@} @end smallexample @noindent where @var{number} is the @value{GDBN} number for this breakpoint, @var{funcname} is the name of the function where the breakpoint was inserted, @var{filename} is the name of the source file which contains this function, @var{lineno} is the source line number within that file and @var{times} the number of times that the breakpoint has been hit (always 0 for -break-insert but may be greater for -break-info or -break-list which use the same output). Note: this format is open to change. @c An out-of-band breakpoint instead of part of the result? @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command The corresponding @value{GDBN} commands are @samp{break}, @samp{tbreak}, @samp{hbreak}, @samp{thbreak}, and @samp{rbreak}. @subsubheading Example @smallexample (gdb) -break-insert main ^done,bkpt=@{number="1",addr="0x0001072c",file="recursive2.c", fullname="/home/foo/recursive2.c,line="4",times="0"@} (gdb) -break-insert -t foo ^done,bkpt=@{number="2",addr="0x00010774",file="recursive2.c", fullname="/home/foo/recursive2.c,line="11",times="0"@} (gdb) -break-list ^done,BreakpointTable=@{nr_rows="2",nr_cols="6", hdr=[@{width="3",alignment="-1",col_name="number",colhdr="Num"@}, @{width="14",alignment="-1",col_name="type",colhdr="Type"@}, @{width="4",alignment="-1",col_name="disp",colhdr="Disp"@}, @{width="3",alignment="-1",col_name="enabled",colhdr="Enb"@}, @{width="10",alignment="-1",col_name="addr",colhdr="Address"@}, @{width="40",alignment="2",col_name="what",colhdr="What"@}], body=[bkpt=@{number="1",type="breakpoint",disp="keep",enabled="y", addr="0x0001072c", func="main",file="recursive2.c", fullname="/home/foo/recursive2.c,"line="4",times="0"@}, bkpt=@{number="2",type="breakpoint",disp="del",enabled="y", addr="0x00010774",func="foo",file="recursive2.c", fullname="/home/foo/recursive2.c",line="11",times="0"@}]@} (gdb) -break-insert -r foo.* ~int foo(int, int); ^done,bkpt=@{number="3",addr="0x00010774",file="recursive2.c, "fullname="/home/foo/recursive2.c",line="11",times="0"@} (gdb) @end smallexample @subheading The @code{-break-list} Command @findex -break-list @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -break-list @end smallexample Displays the list of inserted breakpoints, showing the following fields: @table @samp @item Number number of the breakpoint @item Type type of the breakpoint: @samp{breakpoint} or @samp{watchpoint} @item Disposition should the breakpoint be deleted or disabled when it is hit: @samp{keep} or @samp{nokeep} @item Enabled is the breakpoint enabled or no: @samp{y} or @samp{n} @item Address memory location at which the breakpoint is set @item What logical location of the breakpoint, expressed by function name, file name, line number @item Times number of times the breakpoint has been hit @end table If there are no breakpoints or watchpoints, the @code{BreakpointTable} @code{body} field is an empty list. @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{info break}. @subsubheading Example @smallexample (gdb) -break-list ^done,BreakpointTable=@{nr_rows="2",nr_cols="6", hdr=[@{width="3",alignment="-1",col_name="number",colhdr="Num"@}, @{width="14",alignment="-1",col_name="type",colhdr="Type"@}, @{width="4",alignment="-1",col_name="disp",colhdr="Disp"@}, @{width="3",alignment="-1",col_name="enabled",colhdr="Enb"@}, @{width="10",alignment="-1",col_name="addr",colhdr="Address"@}, @{width="40",alignment="2",col_name="what",colhdr="What"@}], body=[bkpt=@{number="1",type="breakpoint",disp="keep",enabled="y", addr="0x000100d0",func="main",file="hello.c",line="5",times="0"@}, bkpt=@{number="2",type="breakpoint",disp="keep",enabled="y", addr="0x00010114",func="foo",file="hello.c",fullname="/home/foo/hello.c", line="13",times="0"@}]@} (gdb) @end smallexample Here's an example of the result when there are no breakpoints: @smallexample (gdb) -break-list ^done,BreakpointTable=@{nr_rows="0",nr_cols="6", hdr=[@{width="3",alignment="-1",col_name="number",colhdr="Num"@}, @{width="14",alignment="-1",col_name="type",colhdr="Type"@}, @{width="4",alignment="-1",col_name="disp",colhdr="Disp"@}, @{width="3",alignment="-1",col_name="enabled",colhdr="Enb"@}, @{width="10",alignment="-1",col_name="addr",colhdr="Address"@}, @{width="40",alignment="2",col_name="what",colhdr="What"@}], body=[]@} (gdb) @end smallexample @subheading The @code{-break-watch} Command @findex -break-watch @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -break-watch [ -a | -r ] @end smallexample Create a watchpoint. With the @samp{-a} option it will create an @dfn{access} watchpoint, i.e., a watchpoint that triggers either on a read from or on a write to the memory location. With the @samp{-r} option, the watchpoint created is a @dfn{read} watchpoint, i.e., it will trigger only when the memory location is accessed for reading. Without either of the options, the watchpoint created is a regular watchpoint, i.e., it will trigger when the memory location is accessed for writing. @xref{Set Watchpoints, , Setting Watchpoints}. Note that @samp{-break-list} will report a single list of watchpoints and breakpoints inserted. @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command The corresponding @value{GDBN} commands are @samp{watch}, @samp{awatch}, and @samp{rwatch}. @subsubheading Example Setting a watchpoint on a variable in the @code{main} function: @smallexample (gdb) -break-watch x ^done,wpt=@{number="2",exp="x"@} (gdb) -exec-continue ^running (gdb) *stopped,reason="watchpoint-trigger",wpt=@{number="2",exp="x"@}, value=@{old="-268439212",new="55"@}, frame=@{func="main",args=[],file="recursive2.c", fullname="/home/foo/bar/recursive2.c",line="5"@} (gdb) @end smallexample Setting a watchpoint on a variable local to a function. @value{GDBN} will stop the program execution twice: first for the variable changing value, then for the watchpoint going out of scope. @smallexample (gdb) -break-watch C ^done,wpt=@{number="5",exp="C"@} (gdb) -exec-continue ^running (gdb) *stopped,reason="watchpoint-trigger", wpt=@{number="5",exp="C"@},value=@{old="-276895068",new="3"@}, frame=@{func="callee4",args=[], file="../../../devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c", fullname="/home/foo/bar/devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c",line="13"@} (gdb) -exec-continue ^running (gdb) *stopped,reason="watchpoint-scope",wpnum="5", frame=@{func="callee3",args=[@{name="strarg", value="0x11940 \"A string argument.\""@}], file="../../../devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c", fullname="/home/foo/bar/devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c",line="18"@} (gdb) @end smallexample Listing breakpoints and watchpoints, at different points in the program execution. Note that once the watchpoint goes out of scope, it is deleted. @smallexample (gdb) -break-watch C ^done,wpt=@{number="2",exp="C"@} (gdb) -break-list ^done,BreakpointTable=@{nr_rows="2",nr_cols="6", hdr=[@{width="3",alignment="-1",col_name="number",colhdr="Num"@}, @{width="14",alignment="-1",col_name="type",colhdr="Type"@}, @{width="4",alignment="-1",col_name="disp",colhdr="Disp"@}, @{width="3",alignment="-1",col_name="enabled",colhdr="Enb"@}, @{width="10",alignment="-1",col_name="addr",colhdr="Address"@}, @{width="40",alignment="2",col_name="what",colhdr="What"@}], body=[bkpt=@{number="1",type="breakpoint",disp="keep",enabled="y", addr="0x00010734",func="callee4", file="../../../devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c", fullname="/home/foo/devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c"line="8",times="1"@}, bkpt=@{number="2",type="watchpoint",disp="keep", enabled="y",addr="",what="C",times="0"@}]@} (gdb) -exec-continue ^running (gdb) *stopped,reason="watchpoint-trigger",wpt=@{number="2",exp="C"@}, value=@{old="-276895068",new="3"@}, frame=@{func="callee4",args=[], file="../../../devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c", fullname="/home/foo/bar/devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c",line="13"@} (gdb) -break-list ^done,BreakpointTable=@{nr_rows="2",nr_cols="6", hdr=[@{width="3",alignment="-1",col_name="number",colhdr="Num"@}, @{width="14",alignment="-1",col_name="type",colhdr="Type"@}, @{width="4",alignment="-1",col_name="disp",colhdr="Disp"@}, @{width="3",alignment="-1",col_name="enabled",colhdr="Enb"@}, @{width="10",alignment="-1",col_name="addr",colhdr="Address"@}, @{width="40",alignment="2",col_name="what",colhdr="What"@}], body=[bkpt=@{number="1",type="breakpoint",disp="keep",enabled="y", addr="0x00010734",func="callee4", file="../../../devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c", fullname="/home/foo/devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c",line="8",times="1"@}, bkpt=@{number="2",type="watchpoint",disp="keep", enabled="y",addr="",what="C",times="-5"@}]@} (gdb) -exec-continue ^running ^done,reason="watchpoint-scope",wpnum="2", frame=@{func="callee3",args=[@{name="strarg", value="0x11940 \"A string argument.\""@}], file="../../../devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c", fullname="/home/foo/bar/devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c",line="18"@} (gdb) -break-list ^done,BreakpointTable=@{nr_rows="1",nr_cols="6", hdr=[@{width="3",alignment="-1",col_name="number",colhdr="Num"@}, @{width="14",alignment="-1",col_name="type",colhdr="Type"@}, @{width="4",alignment="-1",col_name="disp",colhdr="Disp"@}, @{width="3",alignment="-1",col_name="enabled",colhdr="Enb"@}, @{width="10",alignment="-1",col_name="addr",colhdr="Address"@}, @{width="40",alignment="2",col_name="what",colhdr="What"@}], body=[bkpt=@{number="1",type="breakpoint",disp="keep",enabled="y", addr="0x00010734",func="callee4", file="../../../devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c", fullname="/home/foo/devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c",line="8", times="1"@}]@} (gdb) @end smallexample @c %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% SECTION %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% @node GDB/MI Program Context @section @sc{gdb/mi} Program Context @subheading The @code{-exec-arguments} Command @findex -exec-arguments @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -exec-arguments @var{args} @end smallexample Set the inferior program arguments, to be used in the next @samp{-exec-run}. @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{set args}. @subsubheading Example @c FIXME! Don't have one around. @subheading The @code{-exec-show-arguments} Command @findex -exec-show-arguments @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -exec-show-arguments @end smallexample Print the arguments of the program. @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{show args}. @subsubheading Example N.A. @subheading The @code{-environment-cd} Command @findex -environment-cd @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -environment-cd @var{pathdir} @end smallexample Set @value{GDBN}'s working directory. @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{cd}. @subsubheading Example @smallexample (gdb) -environment-cd /kwikemart/marge/ezannoni/flathead-dev/devo/gdb ^done (gdb) @end smallexample @subheading The @code{-environment-directory} Command @findex -environment-directory @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -environment-directory [ -r ] [ @var{pathdir} ]+ @end smallexample Add directories @var{pathdir} to beginning of search path for source files. If the @samp{-r} option is used, the search path is reset to the default search path. If directories @var{pathdir} are supplied in addition to the @samp{-r} option, the search path is first reset and then addition occurs as normal. Multiple directories may be specified, separated by blanks. Specifying multiple directories in a single command results in the directories added to the beginning of the search path in the same order they were presented in the command. If blanks are needed as part of a directory name, double-quotes should be used around the name. In the command output, the path will show up separated by the system directory-separator character. The directory-separator character must not be used in any directory name. If no directories are specified, the current search path is displayed. @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{dir}. @subsubheading Example @smallexample (gdb) -environment-directory /kwikemart/marge/ezannoni/flathead-dev/devo/gdb ^done,source-path="/kwikemart/marge/ezannoni/flathead-dev/devo/gdb:$cdir:$cwd" (gdb) -environment-directory "" ^done,source-path="/kwikemart/marge/ezannoni/flathead-dev/devo/gdb:$cdir:$cwd" (gdb) -environment-directory -r /home/jjohnstn/src/gdb /usr/src ^done,source-path="/home/jjohnstn/src/gdb:/usr/src:$cdir:$cwd" (gdb) -environment-directory -r ^done,source-path="$cdir:$cwd" (gdb) @end smallexample @subheading The @code{-environment-path} Command @findex -environment-path @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -environment-path [ -r ] [ @var{pathdir} ]+ @end smallexample Add directories @var{pathdir} to beginning of search path for object files. If the @samp{-r} option is used, the search path is reset to the original search path that existed at gdb start-up. If directories @var{pathdir} are supplied in addition to the @samp{-r} option, the search path is first reset and then addition occurs as normal. Multiple directories may be specified, separated by blanks. Specifying multiple directories in a single command results in the directories added to the beginning of the search path in the same order they were presented in the command. If blanks are needed as part of a directory name, double-quotes should be used around the name. In the command output, the path will show up separated by the system directory-separator character. The directory-separator character must not be used in any directory name. If no directories are specified, the current path is displayed. @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{path}. @subsubheading Example @smallexample (gdb) -environment-path ^done,path="/usr/bin" (gdb) -environment-path /kwikemart/marge/ezannoni/flathead-dev/ppc-eabi/gdb /bin ^done,path="/kwikemart/marge/ezannoni/flathead-dev/ppc-eabi/gdb:/bin:/usr/bin" (gdb) -environment-path -r /usr/local/bin ^done,path="/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin" (gdb) @end smallexample @subheading The @code{-environment-pwd} Command @findex -environment-pwd @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -environment-pwd @end smallexample Show the current working directory. @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{pwd}. @subsubheading Example @smallexample (gdb) -environment-pwd ^done,cwd="/kwikemart/marge/ezannoni/flathead-dev/devo/gdb" (gdb) @end smallexample @c %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% SECTION %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% @node GDB/MI Thread Commands @section @sc{gdb/mi} Thread Commands @subheading The @code{-thread-info} Command @findex -thread-info @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -thread-info [ @var{thread-id} ] @end smallexample Reports information about either a specific thread, if the @var{thread-id} parameter is present, or about all threads. When printing information about all threads, also reports the current thread. @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command The @samp{info thread} command prints the same information about all threads. @subsubheading Example @smallexample -thread-info ^done,threads=[ @{id="2",target-id="Thread 0xb7e14b90 (LWP 21257)", frame=@{level="0",addr="0xffffe410",func="__kernel_vsyscall",args=[]@}, @{id="1",target-id="Thread 0xb7e156b0 (LWP 21254)", frame=@{level="0",addr="0x0804891f",func="foo",args=[@{name="i",value="10"@}], file="/tmp/a.c",fullname="/tmp/a.c",line="158"@}@}], current-thread-id="1" (gdb) @end smallexample @subheading The @code{-thread-list-ids} Command @findex -thread-list-ids @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -thread-list-ids @end smallexample Produces a list of the currently known @value{GDBN} thread ids. At the end of the list it also prints the total number of such threads. @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command Part of @samp{info threads} supplies the same information. @subsubheading Example No threads present, besides the main process: @smallexample (gdb) -thread-list-ids ^done,thread-ids=@{@},number-of-threads="0" (gdb) @end smallexample Several threads: @smallexample (gdb) -thread-list-ids ^done,thread-ids=@{thread-id="3",thread-id="2",thread-id="1"@}, number-of-threads="3" (gdb) @end smallexample @subheading The @code{-thread-select} Command @findex -thread-select @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -thread-select @var{threadnum} @end smallexample Make @var{threadnum} the current thread. It prints the number of the new current thread, and the topmost frame for that thread. @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{thread}. @subsubheading Example @smallexample (gdb) -exec-next ^running (gdb) *stopped,reason="end-stepping-range",thread-id="2",line="187", file="../../../devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.threads/linux-dp.c" (gdb) -thread-list-ids ^done, thread-ids=@{thread-id="3",thread-id="2",thread-id="1"@}, number-of-threads="3" (gdb) -thread-select 3 ^done,new-thread-id="3", frame=@{level="0",func="vprintf", args=[@{name="format",value="0x8048e9c \"%*s%c %d %c\\n\""@}, @{name="arg",value="0x2"@}],file="vprintf.c",line="31"@} (gdb) @end smallexample @c %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% SECTION %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% @node GDB/MI Program Execution @section @sc{gdb/mi} Program Execution These are the asynchronous commands which generate the out-of-band record @samp{*stopped}. Currently @value{GDBN} only really executes asynchronously with remote targets and this interaction is mimicked in other cases. @subheading The @code{-exec-continue} Command @findex -exec-continue @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -exec-continue @end smallexample Resumes the execution of the inferior program until a breakpoint is encountered, or until the inferior exits. @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command The corresponding @value{GDBN} corresponding is @samp{continue}. @subsubheading Example @smallexample -exec-continue ^running (gdb) @@Hello world *stopped,reason="breakpoint-hit",bkptno="2",frame=@{func="foo",args=[], file="hello.c",fullname="/home/foo/bar/hello.c",line="13"@} (gdb) @end smallexample @subheading The @code{-exec-finish} Command @findex -exec-finish @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -exec-finish @end smallexample Resumes the execution of the inferior program until the current function is exited. Displays the results returned by the function. @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{finish}. @subsubheading Example Function returning @code{void}. @smallexample -exec-finish ^running (gdb) @@hello from foo *stopped,reason="function-finished",frame=@{func="main",args=[], file="hello.c",fullname="/home/foo/bar/hello.c",line="7"@} (gdb) @end smallexample Function returning other than @code{void}. The name of the internal @value{GDBN} variable storing the result is printed, together with the value itself. @smallexample -exec-finish ^running (gdb) *stopped,reason="function-finished",frame=@{addr="0x000107b0",func="foo", args=[@{name="a",value="1"],@{name="b",value="9"@}@}, file="recursive2.c",fullname="/home/foo/bar/recursive2.c",line="14"@}, gdb-result-var="$1",return-value="0" (gdb) @end smallexample @subheading The @code{-exec-interrupt} Command @findex -exec-interrupt @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -exec-interrupt @end smallexample Interrupts the background execution of the target. Note how the token associated with the stop message is the one for the execution command that has been interrupted. The token for the interrupt itself only appears in the @samp{^done} output. If the user is trying to interrupt a non-running program, an error message will be printed. @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{interrupt}. @subsubheading Example @smallexample (gdb) 111-exec-continue 111^running (gdb) 222-exec-interrupt 222^done (gdb) 111*stopped,signal-name="SIGINT",signal-meaning="Interrupt", frame=@{addr="0x00010140",func="foo",args=[],file="try.c", fullname="/home/foo/bar/try.c",line="13"@} (gdb) (gdb) -exec-interrupt ^error,msg="mi_cmd_exec_interrupt: Inferior not executing." (gdb) @end smallexample @subheading The @code{-exec-next} Command @findex -exec-next @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -exec-next @end smallexample Resumes execution of the inferior program, stopping when the beginning of the next source line is reached. @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{next}. @subsubheading Example @smallexample -exec-next ^running (gdb) *stopped,reason="end-stepping-range",line="8",file="hello.c" (gdb) @end smallexample @subheading The @code{-exec-next-instruction} Command @findex -exec-next-instruction @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -exec-next-instruction @end smallexample Executes one machine instruction. If the instruction is a function call, continues until the function returns. If the program stops at an instruction in the middle of a source line, the address will be printed as well. @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{nexti}. @subsubheading Example @smallexample (gdb) -exec-next-instruction ^running (gdb) *stopped,reason="end-stepping-range", addr="0x000100d4",line="5",file="hello.c" (gdb) @end smallexample @subheading The @code{-exec-return} Command @findex -exec-return @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -exec-return @end smallexample Makes current function return immediately. Doesn't execute the inferior. Displays the new current frame. @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{return}. @subsubheading Example @smallexample (gdb) 200-break-insert callee4 200^done,bkpt=@{number="1",addr="0x00010734", file="../../../devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c",line="8"@} (gdb) 000-exec-run 000^running (gdb) 000*stopped,reason="breakpoint-hit",bkptno="1", frame=@{func="callee4",args=[], file="../../../devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c", fullname="/home/foo/bar/devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c",line="8"@} (gdb) 205-break-delete 205^done (gdb) 111-exec-return 111^done,frame=@{level="0",func="callee3", args=[@{name="strarg", value="0x11940 \"A string argument.\""@}], file="../../../devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c", fullname="/home/foo/bar/devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c",line="18"@} (gdb) @end smallexample @subheading The @code{-exec-run} Command @findex -exec-run @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -exec-run @end smallexample Starts execution of the inferior from the beginning. The inferior executes until either a breakpoint is encountered or the program exits. In the latter case the output will include an exit code, if the program has exited exceptionally. @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{run}. @subsubheading Examples @smallexample (gdb) -break-insert main ^done,bkpt=@{number="1",addr="0x0001072c",file="recursive2.c",line="4"@} (gdb) -exec-run ^running (gdb) *stopped,reason="breakpoint-hit",bkptno="1", frame=@{func="main",args=[],file="recursive2.c", fullname="/home/foo/bar/recursive2.c",line="4"@} (gdb) @end smallexample @noindent Program exited normally: @smallexample (gdb) -exec-run ^running (gdb) x = 55 *stopped,reason="exited-normally" (gdb) @end smallexample @noindent Program exited exceptionally: @smallexample (gdb) -exec-run ^running (gdb) x = 55 *stopped,reason="exited",exit-code="01" (gdb) @end smallexample Another way the program can terminate is if it receives a signal such as @code{SIGINT}. In this case, @sc{gdb/mi} displays this: @smallexample (gdb) *stopped,reason="exited-signalled",signal-name="SIGINT", signal-meaning="Interrupt" @end smallexample @c @subheading -exec-signal @subheading The @code{-exec-step} Command @findex -exec-step @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -exec-step @end smallexample Resumes execution of the inferior program, stopping when the beginning of the next source line is reached, if the next source line is not a function call. If it is, stop at the first instruction of the called function. @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{step}. @subsubheading Example Stepping into a function: @smallexample -exec-step ^running (gdb) *stopped,reason="end-stepping-range", frame=@{func="foo",args=[@{name="a",value="10"@}, @{name="b",value="0"@}],file="recursive2.c", fullname="/home/foo/bar/recursive2.c",line="11"@} (gdb) @end smallexample Regular stepping: @smallexample -exec-step ^running (gdb) *stopped,reason="end-stepping-range",line="14",file="recursive2.c" (gdb) @end smallexample @subheading The @code{-exec-step-instruction} Command @findex -exec-step-instruction @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -exec-step-instruction @end smallexample Resumes the inferior which executes one machine instruction. The output, once @value{GDBN} has stopped, will vary depending on whether we have stopped in the middle of a source line or not. In the former case, the address at which the program stopped will be printed as well. @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{stepi}. @subsubheading Example @smallexample (gdb) -exec-step-instruction ^running (gdb) *stopped,reason="end-stepping-range", frame=@{func="foo",args=[],file="try.c", fullname="/home/foo/bar/try.c",line="10"@} (gdb) -exec-step-instruction ^running (gdb) *stopped,reason="end-stepping-range", frame=@{addr="0x000100f4",func="foo",args=[],file="try.c", fullname="/home/foo/bar/try.c",line="10"@} (gdb) @end smallexample @subheading The @code{-exec-until} Command @findex -exec-until @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -exec-until [ @var{location} ] @end smallexample Executes the inferior until the @var{location} specified in the argument is reached. If there is no argument, the inferior executes until a source line greater than the current one is reached. The reason for stopping in this case will be @samp{location-reached}. @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{until}. @subsubheading Example @smallexample (gdb) -exec-until recursive2.c:6 ^running (gdb) x = 55 *stopped,reason="location-reached",frame=@{func="main",args=[], file="recursive2.c",fullname="/home/foo/bar/recursive2.c",line="6"@} (gdb) @end smallexample @ignore @subheading -file-clear Is this going away???? @end ignore @c %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% SECTION %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% @node GDB/MI Stack Manipulation @section @sc{gdb/mi} Stack Manipulation Commands @subheading The @code{-stack-info-frame} Command @findex -stack-info-frame @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -stack-info-frame @end smallexample Get info on the selected frame. @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{info frame} or @samp{frame} (without arguments). @subsubheading Example @smallexample (gdb) -stack-info-frame ^done,frame=@{level="1",addr="0x0001076c",func="callee3", file="../../../devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c", fullname="/home/foo/bar/devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c",line="17"@} (gdb) @end smallexample @subheading The @code{-stack-info-depth} Command @findex -stack-info-depth @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -stack-info-depth [ @var{max-depth} ] @end smallexample Return the depth of the stack. If the integer argument @var{max-depth} is specified, do not count beyond @var{max-depth} frames. @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command There's no equivalent @value{GDBN} command. @subsubheading Example For a stack with frame levels 0 through 11: @smallexample (gdb) -stack-info-depth ^done,depth="12" (gdb) -stack-info-depth 4 ^done,depth="4" (gdb) -stack-info-depth 12 ^done,depth="12" (gdb) -stack-info-depth 11 ^done,depth="11" (gdb) -stack-info-depth 13 ^done,depth="12" (gdb) @end smallexample @subheading The @code{-stack-list-arguments} Command @findex -stack-list-arguments @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -stack-list-arguments @var{show-values} [ @var{low-frame} @var{high-frame} ] @end smallexample Display a list of the arguments for the frames between @var{low-frame} and @var{high-frame} (inclusive). If @var{low-frame} and @var{high-frame} are not provided, list the arguments for the whole call stack. If the two arguments are equal, show the single frame at the corresponding level. It is an error if @var{low-frame} is larger than the actual number of frames. On the other hand, @var{high-frame} may be larger than the actual number of frames, in which case only existing frames will be returned. The @var{show-values} argument must have a value of 0 or 1. A value of 0 means that only the names of the arguments are listed, a value of 1 means that both names and values of the arguments are printed. @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command @value{GDBN} does not have an equivalent command. @code{gdbtk} has a @samp{gdb_get_args} command which partially overlaps with the functionality of @samp{-stack-list-arguments}. @subsubheading Example @smallexample (gdb) -stack-list-frames ^done, stack=[ frame=@{level="0",addr="0x00010734",func="callee4", file="../../../devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c", fullname="/home/foo/bar/devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c",line="8"@}, frame=@{level="1",addr="0x0001076c",func="callee3", file="../../../devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c", fullname="/home/foo/bar/devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c",line="17"@}, frame=@{level="2",addr="0x0001078c",func="callee2", file="../../../devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c", fullname="/home/foo/bar/devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c",line="22"@}, frame=@{level="3",addr="0x000107b4",func="callee1", file="../../../devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c", fullname="/home/foo/bar/devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c",line="27"@}, frame=@{level="4",addr="0x000107e0",func="main", file="../../../devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c", fullname="/home/foo/bar/devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c",line="32"@}] (gdb) -stack-list-arguments 0 ^done, stack-args=[ frame=@{level="0",args=[]@}, frame=@{level="1",args=[name="strarg"]@}, frame=@{level="2",args=[name="intarg",name="strarg"]@}, frame=@{level="3",args=[name="intarg",name="strarg",name="fltarg"]@}, frame=@{level="4",args=[]@}] (gdb) -stack-list-arguments 1 ^done, stack-args=[ frame=@{level="0",args=[]@}, frame=@{level="1", args=[@{name="strarg",value="0x11940 \"A string argument.\""@}]@}, frame=@{level="2",args=[ @{name="intarg",value="2"@}, @{name="strarg",value="0x11940 \"A string argument.\""@}]@}, @{frame=@{level="3",args=[ @{name="intarg",value="2"@}, @{name="strarg",value="0x11940 \"A string argument.\""@}, @{name="fltarg",value="3.5"@}]@}, frame=@{level="4",args=[]@}] (gdb) -stack-list-arguments 0 2 2 ^done,stack-args=[frame=@{level="2",args=[name="intarg",name="strarg"]@}] (gdb) -stack-list-arguments 1 2 2 ^done,stack-args=[frame=@{level="2", args=[@{name="intarg",value="2"@}, @{name="strarg",value="0x11940 \"A string argument.\""@}]@}] (gdb) @end smallexample @c @subheading -stack-list-exception-handlers @subheading The @code{-stack-list-frames} Command @findex -stack-list-frames @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -stack-list-frames [ @var{low-frame} @var{high-frame} ] @end smallexample List the frames currently on the stack. For each frame it displays the following info: @table @samp @item @var{level} The frame number, 0 being the topmost frame, i.e., the innermost function. @item @var{addr} The @code{$pc} value for that frame. @item @var{func} Function name. @item @var{file} File name of the source file where the function lives. @item @var{line} Line number corresponding to the @code{$pc}. @end table If invoked without arguments, this command prints a backtrace for the whole stack. If given two integer arguments, it shows the frames whose levels are between the two arguments (inclusive). If the two arguments are equal, it shows the single frame at the corresponding level. It is an error if @var{low-frame} is larger than the actual number of frames. On the other hand, @var{high-frame} may be larger than the actual number of frames, in which case only existing frames will be returned. @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command The corresponding @value{GDBN} commands are @samp{backtrace} and @samp{where}. @subsubheading Example Full stack backtrace: @smallexample (gdb) -stack-list-frames ^done,stack= [frame=@{level="0",addr="0x0001076c",func="foo", file="recursive2.c",fullname="/home/foo/bar/recursive2.c",line="11"@}, frame=@{level="1",addr="0x000107a4",func="foo", file="recursive2.c",fullname="/home/foo/bar/recursive2.c",line="14"@}, frame=@{level="2",addr="0x000107a4",func="foo", file="recursive2.c",fullname="/home/foo/bar/recursive2.c",line="14"@}, frame=@{level="3",addr="0x000107a4",func="foo", file="recursive2.c",fullname="/home/foo/bar/recursive2.c",line="14"@}, frame=@{level="4",addr="0x000107a4",func="foo", file="recursive2.c",fullname="/home/foo/bar/recursive2.c",line="14"@}, frame=@{level="5",addr="0x000107a4",func="foo", file="recursive2.c",fullname="/home/foo/bar/recursive2.c",line="14"@}, frame=@{level="6",addr="0x000107a4",func="foo", file="recursive2.c",fullname="/home/foo/bar/recursive2.c",line="14"@}, frame=@{level="7",addr="0x000107a4",func="foo", file="recursive2.c",fullname="/home/foo/bar/recursive2.c",line="14"@}, frame=@{level="8",addr="0x000107a4",func="foo", file="recursive2.c",fullname="/home/foo/bar/recursive2.c",line="14"@}, frame=@{level="9",addr="0x000107a4",func="foo", file="recursive2.c",fullname="/home/foo/bar/recursive2.c",line="14"@}, frame=@{level="10",addr="0x000107a4",func="foo", file="recursive2.c",fullname="/home/foo/bar/recursive2.c",line="14"@}, frame=@{level="11",addr="0x00010738",func="main", file="recursive2.c",fullname="/home/foo/bar/recursive2.c",line="4"@}] (gdb) @end smallexample Show frames between @var{low_frame} and @var{high_frame}: @smallexample (gdb) -stack-list-frames 3 5 ^done,stack= [frame=@{level="3",addr="0x000107a4",func="foo", file="recursive2.c",fullname="/home/foo/bar/recursive2.c",line="14"@}, frame=@{level="4",addr="0x000107a4",func="foo", file="recursive2.c",fullname="/home/foo/bar/recursive2.c",line="14"@}, frame=@{level="5",addr="0x000107a4",func="foo", file="recursive2.c",fullname="/home/foo/bar/recursive2.c",line="14"@}] (gdb) @end smallexample Show a single frame: @smallexample (gdb) -stack-list-frames 3 3 ^done,stack= [frame=@{level="3",addr="0x000107a4",func="foo", file="recursive2.c",fullname="/home/foo/bar/recursive2.c",line="14"@}] (gdb) @end smallexample @subheading The @code{-stack-list-locals} Command @findex -stack-list-locals @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -stack-list-locals @var{print-values} @end smallexample Display the local variable names for the selected frame. If @var{print-values} is 0 or @code{--no-values}, print only the names of the variables; if it is 1 or @code{--all-values}, print also their values; and if it is 2 or @code{--simple-values}, print the name, type and value for simple data types and the name and type for arrays, structures and unions. In this last case, a frontend can immediately display the value of simple data types and create variable objects for other data types when the user wishes to explore their values in more detail. @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command @samp{info locals} in @value{GDBN}, @samp{gdb_get_locals} in @code{gdbtk}. @subsubheading Example @smallexample (gdb) -stack-list-locals 0 ^done,locals=[name="A",name="B",name="C"] (gdb) -stack-list-locals --all-values ^done,locals=[@{name="A",value="1"@},@{name="B",value="2"@}, @{name="C",value="@{1, 2, 3@}"@}] -stack-list-locals --simple-values ^done,locals=[@{name="A",type="int",value="1"@}, @{name="B",type="int",value="2"@},@{name="C",type="int [3]"@}] (gdb) @end smallexample @subheading The @code{-stack-select-frame} Command @findex -stack-select-frame @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -stack-select-frame @var{framenum} @end smallexample Change the selected frame. Select a different frame @var{framenum} on the stack. @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command The corresponding @value{GDBN} commands are @samp{frame}, @samp{up}, @samp{down}, @samp{select-frame}, @samp{up-silent}, and @samp{down-silent}. @subsubheading Example @smallexample (gdb) -stack-select-frame 2 ^done (gdb) @end smallexample @c %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% SECTION %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% @node GDB/MI Variable Objects @section @sc{gdb/mi} Variable Objects @ignore @subheading Motivation for Variable Objects in @sc{gdb/mi} For the implementation of a variable debugger window (locals, watched expressions, etc.), we are proposing the adaptation of the existing code used by @code{Insight}. The two main reasons for that are: @enumerate 1 @item It has been proven in practice (it is already on its second generation). @item It will shorten development time (needless to say how important it is now). @end enumerate The original interface was designed to be used by Tcl code, so it was slightly changed so it could be used through @sc{gdb/mi}. This section describes the @sc{gdb/mi} operations that will be available and gives some hints about their use. @emph{Note}: In addition to the set of operations described here, we expect the @sc{gui} implementation of a variable window to require, at least, the following operations: @itemize @bullet @item @code{-gdb-show} @code{output-radix} @item @code{-stack-list-arguments} @item @code{-stack-list-locals} @item @code{-stack-select-frame} @end itemize @end ignore @subheading Introduction to Variable Objects @cindex variable objects in @sc{gdb/mi} Variable objects are "object-oriented" MI interface for examining and changing values of expressions. Unlike some other MI interfaces that work with expressions, variable objects are specifically designed for simple and efficient presentation in the frontend. A variable object is identified by string name. When a variable object is created, the frontend specifies the expression for that variable object. The expression can be a simple variable, or it can be an arbitrary complex expression, and can even involve CPU registers. After creating a variable object, the frontend can invoke other variable object operations---for example to obtain or change the value of a variable object, or to change display format. Variable objects have hierarchical tree structure. Any variable object that corresponds to a composite type, such as structure in C, has a number of child variable objects, for example corresponding to each element of a structure. A child variable object can itself have children, recursively. Recursion ends when we reach leaf variable objects, which always have built-in types. Child variable objects are created only by explicit request, so if a frontend is not interested in the children of a particular variable object, no child will be created. For a leaf variable object it is possible to obtain its value as a string, or set the value from a string. String value can be also obtained for a non-leaf variable object, but it's generally a string that only indicates the type of the object, and does not list its contents. Assignment to a non-leaf variable object is not allowed. A frontend does not need to read the values of all variable objects each time the program stops. Instead, MI provides an update command that lists all variable objects whose values has changed since the last update operation. This considerably reduces the amount of data that must be transferred to the frontend. As noted above, children variable objects are created on demand, and only leaf variable objects have a real value. As result, gdb will read target memory only for leaf variables that frontend has created. The automatic update is not always desirable. For example, a frontend might want to keep a value of some expression for future reference, and never update it. For another example, fetching memory is relatively slow for embedded targets, so a frontend might want to disable automatic update for the variables that are either not visible on the screen, or ``closed''. This is possible using so called ``frozen variable objects''. Such variable objects are never implicitly updated. The following is the complete set of @sc{gdb/mi} operations defined to access this functionality: @multitable @columnfractions .4 .6 @item @strong{Operation} @tab @strong{Description} @item @code{-var-create} @tab create a variable object @item @code{-var-delete} @tab delete the variable object and/or its children @item @code{-var-set-format} @tab set the display format of this variable @item @code{-var-show-format} @tab show the display format of this variable @item @code{-var-info-num-children} @tab tells how many children this object has @item @code{-var-list-children} @tab return a list of the object's children @item @code{-var-info-type} @tab show the type of this variable object @item @code{-var-info-expression} @tab print parent-relative expression that this variable object represents @item @code{-var-info-path-expression} @tab print full expression that this variable object represents @item @code{-var-show-attributes} @tab is this variable editable? does it exist here? @item @code{-var-evaluate-expression} @tab get the value of this variable @item @code{-var-assign} @tab set the value of this variable @item @code{-var-update} @tab update the variable and its children @item @code{-var-set-frozen} @tab set frozeness attribute @end multitable In the next subsection we describe each operation in detail and suggest how it can be used. @subheading Description And Use of Operations on Variable Objects @subheading The @code{-var-create} Command @findex -var-create @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -var-create @{@var{name} | "-"@} @{@var{frame-addr} | "*"@} @var{expression} @end smallexample This operation creates a variable object, which allows the monitoring of a variable, the result of an expression, a memory cell or a CPU register. The @var{name} parameter is the string by which the object can be referenced. It must be unique. If @samp{-} is specified, the varobj system will generate a string ``varNNNNNN'' automatically. It will be unique provided that one does not specify @var{name} on that format. The command fails if a duplicate name is found. The frame under which the expression should be evaluated can be specified by @var{frame-addr}. A @samp{*} indicates that the current frame should be used. @var{expression} is any expression valid on the current language set (must not begin with a @samp{*}), or one of the following: @itemize @bullet @item @samp{*@var{addr}}, where @var{addr} is the address of a memory cell @item @samp{*@var{addr}-@var{addr}} --- a memory address range (TBD) @item @samp{$@var{regname}} --- a CPU register name @end itemize @subsubheading Result This operation returns the name, number of children and the type of the object created. Type is returned as a string as the ones generated by the @value{GDBN} CLI: @smallexample name="@var{name}",numchild="N",type="@var{type}" @end smallexample @subheading The @code{-var-delete} Command @findex -var-delete @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -var-delete [ -c ] @var{name} @end smallexample Deletes a previously created variable object and all of its children. With the @samp{-c} option, just deletes the children. Returns an error if the object @var{name} is not found. @subheading The @code{-var-set-format} Command @findex -var-set-format @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -var-set-format @var{name} @var{format-spec} @end smallexample Sets the output format for the value of the object @var{name} to be @var{format-spec}. The syntax for the @var{format-spec} is as follows: @smallexample @var{format-spec} @expansion{} @{binary | decimal | hexadecimal | octal | natural@} @end smallexample The natural format is the default format choosen automatically based on the variable type (like decimal for an @code{int}, hex for pointers, etc.). For a variable with children, the format is set only on the variable itself, and the children are not affected. @subheading The @code{-var-show-format} Command @findex -var-show-format @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -var-show-format @var{name} @end smallexample Returns the format used to display the value of the object @var{name}. @smallexample @var{format} @expansion{} @var{format-spec} @end smallexample @subheading The @code{-var-info-num-children} Command @findex -var-info-num-children @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -var-info-num-children @var{name} @end smallexample Returns the number of children of a variable object @var{name}: @smallexample numchild=@var{n} @end smallexample @subheading The @code{-var-list-children} Command @findex -var-list-children @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -var-list-children [@var{print-values}] @var{name} @end smallexample @anchor{-var-list-children} Return a list of the children of the specified variable object and create variable objects for them, if they do not already exist. With a single argument or if @var{print-values} has a value for of 0 or @code{--no-values}, print only the names of the variables; if @var{print-values} is 1 or @code{--all-values}, also print their values; and if it is 2 or @code{--simple-values} print the name and value for simple data types and just the name for arrays, structures and unions. @subsubheading Example @smallexample (gdb) -var-list-children n ^done,numchild=@var{n},children=[@{name=@var{name}, numchild=@var{n},type=@var{type}@},@r{(repeats N times)}] (gdb) -var-list-children --all-values n ^done,numchild=@var{n},children=[@{name=@var{name}, numchild=@var{n},value=@var{value},type=@var{type}@},@r{(repeats N times)}] @end smallexample @subheading The @code{-var-info-type} Command @findex -var-info-type @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -var-info-type @var{name} @end smallexample Returns the type of the specified variable @var{name}. The type is returned as a string in the same format as it is output by the @value{GDBN} CLI: @smallexample type=@var{typename} @end smallexample @subheading The @code{-var-info-expression} Command @findex -var-info-expression @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -var-info-expression @var{name} @end smallexample Returns a string that is suitable for presenting this variable object in user interface. The string is generally not valid expression in the current language, and cannot be evaluated. For example, if @code{a} is an array, and variable object @code{A} was created for @code{a}, then we'll get this output: @smallexample (gdb) -var-info-expression A.1 ^done,lang="C",exp="1" @end smallexample @noindent Here, the values of @code{lang} can be @code{@{"C" | "C++" | "Java"@}}. Note that the output of the @code{-var-list-children} command also includes those expressions, so the @code{-var-info-expression} command is of limited use. @subheading The @code{-var-info-path-expression} Command @findex -var-info-path-expression @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -var-info-path-expression @var{name} @end smallexample Returns an expression that can be evaluated in the current context and will yield the same value that a variable object has. Compare this with the @code{-var-info-expression} command, which result can be used only for UI presentation. Typical use of the @code{-var-info-path-expression} command is creating a watchpoint from a variable object. For example, suppose @code{C} is a C@t{++} class, derived from class @code{Base}, and that the @code{Base} class has a member called @code{m_size}. Assume a variable @code{c} is has the type of @code{C} and a variable object @code{C} was created for variable @code{c}. Then, we'll get this output: @smallexample (gdb) -var-info-path-expression C.Base.public.m_size ^done,path_expr=((Base)c).m_size) @end smallexample @subheading The @code{-var-show-attributes} Command @findex -var-show-attributes @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -var-show-attributes @var{name} @end smallexample List attributes of the specified variable object @var{name}: @smallexample status=@var{attr} [ ( ,@var{attr} )* ] @end smallexample @noindent where @var{attr} is @code{@{ @{ editable | noneditable @} | TBD @}}. @subheading The @code{-var-evaluate-expression} Command @findex -var-evaluate-expression @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -var-evaluate-expression @var{name} @end smallexample Evaluates the expression that is represented by the specified variable object and returns its value as a string. The format of the string can be changed using the @code{-var-set-format} command. @smallexample value=@var{value} @end smallexample Note that one must invoke @code{-var-list-children} for a variable before the value of a child variable can be evaluated. @subheading The @code{-var-assign} Command @findex -var-assign @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -var-assign @var{name} @var{expression} @end smallexample Assigns the value of @var{expression} to the variable object specified by @var{name}. The object must be @samp{editable}. If the variable's value is altered by the assign, the variable will show up in any subsequent @code{-var-update} list. @subsubheading Example @smallexample (gdb) -var-assign var1 3 ^done,value="3" (gdb) -var-update * ^done,changelist=[@{name="var1",in_scope="true",type_changed="false"@}] (gdb) @end smallexample @subheading The @code{-var-update} Command @findex -var-update @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -var-update [@var{print-values}] @{@var{name} | "*"@} @end smallexample Reevaluate the expressions corresponding to the variable object @var{name} and all its direct and indirect children, and return the list of variable objects whose values have changed; @var{name} must be a root variable object. Here, ``changed'' means that the result of @code{-var-evaluate-expression} before and after the @code{-var-update} is different. If @samp{*} is used as the variable object names, all existing variable objects are updated, except for frozen ones (@pxref{-var-set-frozen}). The option @var{print-values} determines whether both names and values, or just names are printed. The possible values of this options are the same as for @code{-var-list-children} (@pxref{-var-list-children}). It is recommended to use the @samp{--all-values} option, to reduce the number of MI commands needed on each program stop. @subsubheading Example @smallexample (gdb) -var-assign var1 3 ^done,value="3" (gdb) -var-update --all-values var1 ^done,changelist=[@{name="var1",value="3",in_scope="true", type_changed="false"@}] (gdb) @end smallexample @anchor{-var-update} The field in_scope may take three values: @table @code @item "true" The variable object's current value is valid. @item "false" The variable object does not currently hold a valid value but it may hold one in the future if its associated expression comes back into scope. @item "invalid" The variable object no longer holds a valid value. This can occur when the executable file being debugged has changed, either through recompilation or by using the @value{GDBN} @code{file} command. The front end should normally choose to delete these variable objects. @end table In the future new values may be added to this list so the front should be prepared for this possibility. @xref{GDB/MI Development and Front Ends, ,@sc{GDB/MI} Development and Front Ends}. @subheading The @code{-var-set-frozen} Command @findex -var-set-frozen @anchor{-var-set-frozen} @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -var-set-frozen @var{name} @var{flag} @end smallexample Set the frozenness flag on the variable object @var{name}. The @var{flag} parameter should be either @samp{1} to make the variable frozen or @samp{0} to make it unfrozen. If a variable object is frozen, then neither itself, nor any of its children, are implicitly updated by @code{-var-update} of a parent variable or by @code{-var-update *}. Only @code{-var-update} of the variable itself will update its value and values of its children. After a variable object is unfrozen, it is implicitly updated by all subsequent @code{-var-update} operations. Unfreezing a variable does not update it, only subsequent @code{-var-update} does. @subsubheading Example @smallexample (gdb) -var-set-frozen V 1 ^done (gdb) @end smallexample @c %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% SECTION %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% @node GDB/MI Data Manipulation @section @sc{gdb/mi} Data Manipulation @cindex data manipulation, in @sc{gdb/mi} @cindex @sc{gdb/mi}, data manipulation This section describes the @sc{gdb/mi} commands that manipulate data: examine memory and registers, evaluate expressions, etc. @c REMOVED FROM THE INTERFACE. @c @subheading -data-assign @c Change the value of a program variable. Plenty of side effects. @c @subsubheading GDB Command @c set variable @c @subsubheading Example @c N.A. @subheading The @code{-data-disassemble} Command @findex -data-disassemble @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -data-disassemble [ -s @var{start-addr} -e @var{end-addr} ] | [ -f @var{filename} -l @var{linenum} [ -n @var{lines} ] ] -- @var{mode} @end smallexample @noindent Where: @table @samp @item @var{start-addr} is the beginning address (or @code{$pc}) @item @var{end-addr} is the end address @item @var{filename} is the name of the file to disassemble @item @var{linenum} is the line number to disassemble around @item @var{lines} is the number of disassembly lines to be produced. If it is -1, the whole function will be disassembled, in case no @var{end-addr} is specified. If @var{end-addr} is specified as a non-zero value, and @var{lines} is lower than the number of disassembly lines between @var{start-addr} and @var{end-addr}, only @var{lines} lines are displayed; if @var{lines} is higher than the number of lines between @var{start-addr} and @var{end-addr}, only the lines up to @var{end-addr} are displayed. @item @var{mode} is either 0 (meaning only disassembly) or 1 (meaning mixed source and disassembly). @end table @subsubheading Result The output for each instruction is composed of four fields: @itemize @bullet @item Address @item Func-name @item Offset @item Instruction @end itemize Note that whatever included in the instruction field, is not manipulated directly by @sc{gdb/mi}, i.e., it is not possible to adjust its format. @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command There's no direct mapping from this command to the CLI. @subsubheading Example Disassemble from the current value of @code{$pc} to @code{$pc + 20}: @smallexample (gdb) -data-disassemble -s $pc -e "$pc + 20" -- 0 ^done, asm_insns=[ @{address="0x000107c0",func-name="main",offset="4", inst="mov 2, %o0"@}, @{address="0x000107c4",func-name="main",offset="8", inst="sethi %hi(0x11800), %o2"@}, @{address="0x000107c8",func-name="main",offset="12", inst="or %o2, 0x140, %o1\t! 0x11940 <_lib_version+8>"@}, @{address="0x000107cc",func-name="main",offset="16", inst="sethi %hi(0x11800), %o2"@}, @{address="0x000107d0",func-name="main",offset="20", inst="or %o2, 0x168, %o4\t! 0x11968 <_lib_version+48>"@}] (gdb) @end smallexample Disassemble the whole @code{main} function. Line 32 is part of @code{main}. @smallexample -data-disassemble -f basics.c -l 32 -- 0 ^done,asm_insns=[ @{address="0x000107bc",func-name="main",offset="0", inst="save %sp, -112, %sp"@}, @{address="0x000107c0",func-name="main",offset="4", inst="mov 2, %o0"@}, @{address="0x000107c4",func-name="main",offset="8", inst="sethi %hi(0x11800), %o2"@}, [@dots{}] @{address="0x0001081c",func-name="main",offset="96",inst="ret "@}, @{address="0x00010820",func-name="main",offset="100",inst="restore "@}] (gdb) @end smallexample Disassemble 3 instructions from the start of @code{main}: @smallexample (gdb) -data-disassemble -f basics.c -l 32 -n 3 -- 0 ^done,asm_insns=[ @{address="0x000107bc",func-name="main",offset="0", inst="save %sp, -112, %sp"@}, @{address="0x000107c0",func-name="main",offset="4", inst="mov 2, %o0"@}, @{address="0x000107c4",func-name="main",offset="8", inst="sethi %hi(0x11800), %o2"@}] (gdb) @end smallexample Disassemble 3 instructions from the start of @code{main} in mixed mode: @smallexample (gdb) -data-disassemble -f basics.c -l 32 -n 3 -- 1 ^done,asm_insns=[ src_and_asm_line=@{line="31", file="/kwikemart/marge/ezannoni/flathead-dev/devo/gdb/ \ testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c",line_asm_insn=[ @{address="0x000107bc",func-name="main",offset="0", inst="save %sp, -112, %sp"@}]@}, src_and_asm_line=@{line="32", file="/kwikemart/marge/ezannoni/flathead-dev/devo/gdb/ \ testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c",line_asm_insn=[ @{address="0x000107c0",func-name="main",offset="4", inst="mov 2, %o0"@}, @{address="0x000107c4",func-name="main",offset="8", inst="sethi %hi(0x11800), %o2"@}]@}] (gdb) @end smallexample @subheading The @code{-data-evaluate-expression} Command @findex -data-evaluate-expression @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -data-evaluate-expression @var{expr} @end smallexample Evaluate @var{expr} as an expression. The expression could contain an inferior function call. The function call will execute synchronously. If the expression contains spaces, it must be enclosed in double quotes. @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command The corresponding @value{GDBN} commands are @samp{print}, @samp{output}, and @samp{call}. In @code{gdbtk} only, there's a corresponding @samp{gdb_eval} command. @subsubheading Example In the following example, the numbers that precede the commands are the @dfn{tokens} described in @ref{GDB/MI Command Syntax, ,@sc{gdb/mi} Command Syntax}. Notice how @sc{gdb/mi} returns the same tokens in its output. @smallexample 211-data-evaluate-expression A 211^done,value="1" (gdb) 311-data-evaluate-expression &A 311^done,value="0xefffeb7c" (gdb) 411-data-evaluate-expression A+3 411^done,value="4" (gdb) 511-data-evaluate-expression "A + 3" 511^done,value="4" (gdb) @end smallexample @subheading The @code{-data-list-changed-registers} Command @findex -data-list-changed-registers @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -data-list-changed-registers @end smallexample Display a list of the registers that have changed. @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command @value{GDBN} doesn't have a direct analog for this command; @code{gdbtk} has the corresponding command @samp{gdb_changed_register_list}. @subsubheading Example On a PPC MBX board: @smallexample (gdb) -exec-continue ^running (gdb) *stopped,reason="breakpoint-hit",bkptno="1",frame=@{func="main", args=[],file="try.c",fullname="/home/foo/bar/try.c",line="5"@} (gdb) -data-list-changed-registers ^done,changed-registers=["0","1","2","4","5","6","7","8","9", "10","11","13","14","15","16","17","18","19","20","21","22","23", "24","25","26","27","28","30","31","64","65","66","67","69"] (gdb) @end smallexample @subheading The @code{-data-list-register-names} Command @findex -data-list-register-names @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -data-list-register-names [ ( @var{regno} )+ ] @end smallexample Show a list of register names for the current target. If no arguments are given, it shows a list of the names of all the registers. If integer numbers are given as arguments, it will print a list of the names of the registers corresponding to the arguments. To ensure consistency between a register name and its number, the output list may include empty register names. @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command @value{GDBN} does not have a command which corresponds to @samp{-data-list-register-names}. In @code{gdbtk} there is a corresponding command @samp{gdb_regnames}. @subsubheading Example For the PPC MBX board: @smallexample (gdb) -data-list-register-names ^done,register-names=["r0","r1","r2","r3","r4","r5","r6","r7", "r8","r9","r10","r11","r12","r13","r14","r15","r16","r17","r18", "r19","r20","r21","r22","r23","r24","r25","r26","r27","r28","r29", "r30","r31","f0","f1","f2","f3","f4","f5","f6","f7","f8","f9", "f10","f11","f12","f13","f14","f15","f16","f17","f18","f19","f20", "f21","f22","f23","f24","f25","f26","f27","f28","f29","f30","f31", "", "pc","ps","cr","lr","ctr","xer"] (gdb) -data-list-register-names 1 2 3 ^done,register-names=["r1","r2","r3"] (gdb) @end smallexample @subheading The @code{-data-list-register-values} Command @findex -data-list-register-values @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -data-list-register-values @var{fmt} [ ( @var{regno} )*] @end smallexample Display the registers' contents. @var{fmt} is the format according to which the registers' contents are to be returned, followed by an optional list of numbers specifying the registers to display. A missing list of numbers indicates that the contents of all the registers must be returned. Allowed formats for @var{fmt} are: @table @code @item x Hexadecimal @item o Octal @item t Binary @item d Decimal @item r Raw @item N Natural @end table @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command The corresponding @value{GDBN} commands are @samp{info reg}, @samp{info all-reg}, and (in @code{gdbtk}) @samp{gdb_fetch_registers}. @subsubheading Example For a PPC MBX board (note: line breaks are for readability only, they don't appear in the actual output): @smallexample (gdb) -data-list-register-values r 64 65 ^done,register-values=[@{number="64",value="0xfe00a300"@}, @{number="65",value="0x00029002"@}] (gdb) -data-list-register-values x ^done,register-values=[@{number="0",value="0xfe0043c8"@}, @{number="1",value="0x3fff88"@},@{number="2",value="0xfffffffe"@}, @{number="3",value="0x0"@},@{number="4",value="0xa"@}, @{number="5",value="0x3fff68"@},@{number="6",value="0x3fff58"@}, @{number="7",value="0xfe011e98"@},@{number="8",value="0x2"@}, @{number="9",value="0xfa202820"@},@{number="10",value="0xfa202808"@}, @{number="11",value="0x1"@},@{number="12",value="0x0"@}, @{number="13",value="0x4544"@},@{number="14",value="0xffdfffff"@}, @{number="15",value="0xffffffff"@},@{number="16",value="0xfffffeff"@}, @{number="17",value="0xefffffed"@},@{number="18",value="0xfffffffe"@}, @{number="19",value="0xffffffff"@},@{number="20",value="0xffffffff"@}, @{number="21",value="0xffffffff"@},@{number="22",value="0xfffffff7"@}, @{number="23",value="0xffffffff"@},@{number="24",value="0xffffffff"@}, @{number="25",value="0xffffffff"@},@{number="26",value="0xfffffffb"@}, @{number="27",value="0xffffffff"@},@{number="28",value="0xf7bfffff"@}, @{number="29",value="0x0"@},@{number="30",value="0xfe010000"@}, @{number="31",value="0x0"@},@{number="32",value="0x0"@}, @{number="33",value="0x0"@},@{number="34",value="0x0"@}, @{number="35",value="0x0"@},@{number="36",value="0x0"@}, @{number="37",value="0x0"@},@{number="38",value="0x0"@}, @{number="39",value="0x0"@},@{number="40",value="0x0"@}, @{number="41",value="0x0"@},@{number="42",value="0x0"@}, @{number="43",value="0x0"@},@{number="44",value="0x0"@}, @{number="45",value="0x0"@},@{number="46",value="0x0"@}, @{number="47",value="0x0"@},@{number="48",value="0x0"@}, @{number="49",value="0x0"@},@{number="50",value="0x0"@}, @{number="51",value="0x0"@},@{number="52",value="0x0"@}, @{number="53",value="0x0"@},@{number="54",value="0x0"@}, @{number="55",value="0x0"@},@{number="56",value="0x0"@}, @{number="57",value="0x0"@},@{number="58",value="0x0"@}, @{number="59",value="0x0"@},@{number="60",value="0x0"@}, @{number="61",value="0x0"@},@{number="62",value="0x0"@}, @{number="63",value="0x0"@},@{number="64",value="0xfe00a300"@}, @{number="65",value="0x29002"@},@{number="66",value="0x202f04b5"@}, @{number="67",value="0xfe0043b0"@},@{number="68",value="0xfe00b3e4"@}, @{number="69",value="0x20002b03"@}] (gdb) @end smallexample @subheading The @code{-data-read-memory} Command @findex -data-read-memory @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -data-read-memory [ -o @var{byte-offset} ] @var{address} @var{word-format} @var{word-size} @var{nr-rows} @var{nr-cols} [ @var{aschar} ] @end smallexample @noindent where: @table @samp @item @var{address} An expression specifying the address of the first memory word to be read. Complex expressions containing embedded white space should be quoted using the C convention. @item @var{word-format} The format to be used to print the memory words. The notation is the same as for @value{GDBN}'s @code{print} command (@pxref{Output Formats, ,Output Formats}). @item @var{word-size} The size of each memory word in bytes. @item @var{nr-rows} The number of rows in the output table. @item @var{nr-cols} The number of columns in the output table. @item @var{aschar} If present, indicates that each row should include an @sc{ascii} dump. The value of @var{aschar} is used as a padding character when a byte is not a member of the printable @sc{ascii} character set (printable @sc{ascii} characters are those whose code is between 32 and 126, inclusively). @item @var{byte-offset} An offset to add to the @var{address} before fetching memory. @end table This command displays memory contents as a table of @var{nr-rows} by @var{nr-cols} words, each word being @var{word-size} bytes. In total, @code{@var{nr-rows} * @var{nr-cols} * @var{word-size}} bytes are read (returned as @samp{total-bytes}). Should less than the requested number of bytes be returned by the target, the missing words are identified using @samp{N/A}. The number of bytes read from the target is returned in @samp{nr-bytes} and the starting address used to read memory in @samp{addr}. The address of the next/previous row or page is available in @samp{next-row} and @samp{prev-row}, @samp{next-page} and @samp{prev-page}. @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{x}. @code{gdbtk} has @samp{gdb_get_mem} memory read command. @subsubheading Example Read six bytes of memory starting at @code{bytes+6} but then offset by @code{-6} bytes. Format as three rows of two columns. One byte per word. Display each word in hex. @smallexample (gdb) 9-data-read-memory -o -6 -- bytes+6 x 1 3 2 9^done,addr="0x00001390",nr-bytes="6",total-bytes="6", next-row="0x00001396",prev-row="0x0000138e",next-page="0x00001396", prev-page="0x0000138a",memory=[ @{addr="0x00001390",data=["0x00","0x01"]@}, @{addr="0x00001392",data=["0x02","0x03"]@}, @{addr="0x00001394",data=["0x04","0x05"]@}] (gdb) @end smallexample Read two bytes of memory starting at address @code{shorts + 64} and display as a single word formatted in decimal. @smallexample (gdb) 5-data-read-memory shorts+64 d 2 1 1 5^done,addr="0x00001510",nr-bytes="2",total-bytes="2", next-row="0x00001512",prev-row="0x0000150e", next-page="0x00001512",prev-page="0x0000150e",memory=[ @{addr="0x00001510",data=["128"]@}] (gdb) @end smallexample Read thirty two bytes of memory starting at @code{bytes+16} and format as eight rows of four columns. Include a string encoding with @samp{x} used as the non-printable character. @smallexample (gdb) 4-data-read-memory bytes+16 x 1 8 4 x 4^done,addr="0x000013a0",nr-bytes="32",total-bytes="32", next-row="0x000013c0",prev-row="0x0000139c", next-page="0x000013c0",prev-page="0x00001380",memory=[ @{addr="0x000013a0",data=["0x10","0x11","0x12","0x13"],ascii="xxxx"@}, @{addr="0x000013a4",data=["0x14","0x15","0x16","0x17"],ascii="xxxx"@}, @{addr="0x000013a8",data=["0x18","0x19","0x1a","0x1b"],ascii="xxxx"@}, @{addr="0x000013ac",data=["0x1c","0x1d","0x1e","0x1f"],ascii="xxxx"@}, @{addr="0x000013b0",data=["0x20","0x21","0x22","0x23"],ascii=" !\"#"@}, @{addr="0x000013b4",data=["0x24","0x25","0x26","0x27"],ascii="$%&'"@}, @{addr="0x000013b8",data=["0x28","0x29","0x2a","0x2b"],ascii="()*+"@}, @{addr="0x000013bc",data=["0x2c","0x2d","0x2e","0x2f"],ascii=",-./"@}] (gdb) @end smallexample @c %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% SECTION %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% @node GDB/MI Tracepoint Commands @section @sc{gdb/mi} Tracepoint Commands The tracepoint commands are not yet implemented. @c @subheading -trace-actions @c @subheading -trace-delete @c @subheading -trace-disable @c @subheading -trace-dump @c @subheading -trace-enable @c @subheading -trace-exists @c @subheading -trace-find @c @subheading -trace-frame-number @c @subheading -trace-info @c @subheading -trace-insert @c @subheading -trace-list @c @subheading -trace-pass-count @c @subheading -trace-save @c @subheading -trace-start @c @subheading -trace-stop @c %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% SECTION %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% @node GDB/MI Symbol Query @section @sc{gdb/mi} Symbol Query Commands @subheading The @code{-symbol-info-address} Command @findex -symbol-info-address @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -symbol-info-address @var{symbol} @end smallexample Describe where @var{symbol} is stored. @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{info address}. @subsubheading Example N.A. @subheading The @code{-symbol-info-file} Command @findex -symbol-info-file @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -symbol-info-file @end smallexample Show the file for the symbol. @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command There's no equivalent @value{GDBN} command. @code{gdbtk} has @samp{gdb_find_file}. @subsubheading Example N.A. @subheading The @code{-symbol-info-function} Command @findex -symbol-info-function @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -symbol-info-function @end smallexample Show which function the symbol lives in. @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command @samp{gdb_get_function} in @code{gdbtk}. @subsubheading Example N.A. @subheading The @code{-symbol-info-line} Command @findex -symbol-info-line @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -symbol-info-line @end smallexample Show the core addresses of the code for a source line. @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{info line}. @code{gdbtk} has the @samp{gdb_get_line} and @samp{gdb_get_file} commands. @subsubheading Example N.A. @subheading The @code{-symbol-info-symbol} Command @findex -symbol-info-symbol @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -symbol-info-symbol @var{addr} @end smallexample Describe what symbol is at location @var{addr}. @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{info symbol}. @subsubheading Example N.A. @subheading The @code{-symbol-list-functions} Command @findex -symbol-list-functions @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -symbol-list-functions @end smallexample List the functions in the executable. @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command @samp{info functions} in @value{GDBN}, @samp{gdb_listfunc} and @samp{gdb_search} in @code{gdbtk}. @subsubheading Example N.A. @subheading The @code{-symbol-list-lines} Command @findex -symbol-list-lines @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -symbol-list-lines @var{filename} @end smallexample Print the list of lines that contain code and their associated program addresses for the given source filename. The entries are sorted in ascending PC order. @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command There is no corresponding @value{GDBN} command. @subsubheading Example @smallexample (gdb) -symbol-list-lines basics.c ^done,lines=[@{pc="0x08048554",line="7"@},@{pc="0x0804855a",line="8"@}] (gdb) @end smallexample @subheading The @code{-symbol-list-types} Command @findex -symbol-list-types @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -symbol-list-types @end smallexample List all the type names. @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command The corresponding commands are @samp{info types} in @value{GDBN}, @samp{gdb_search} in @code{gdbtk}. @subsubheading Example N.A. @subheading The @code{-symbol-list-variables} Command @findex -symbol-list-variables @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -symbol-list-variables @end smallexample List all the global and static variable names. @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command @samp{info variables} in @value{GDBN}, @samp{gdb_search} in @code{gdbtk}. @subsubheading Example N.A. @subheading The @code{-symbol-locate} Command @findex -symbol-locate @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -symbol-locate @end smallexample @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command @samp{gdb_loc} in @code{gdbtk}. @subsubheading Example N.A. @subheading The @code{-symbol-type} Command @findex -symbol-type @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -symbol-type @var{variable} @end smallexample Show type of @var{variable}. @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{ptype}, @code{gdbtk} has @samp{gdb_obj_variable}. @subsubheading Example N.A. @c %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% SECTION %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% @node GDB/MI File Commands @section @sc{gdb/mi} File Commands This section describes the GDB/MI commands to specify executable file names and to read in and obtain symbol table information. @subheading The @code{-file-exec-and-symbols} Command @findex -file-exec-and-symbols @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -file-exec-and-symbols @var{file} @end smallexample Specify the executable file to be debugged. This file is the one from which the symbol table is also read. If no file is specified, the command clears the executable and symbol information. If breakpoints are set when using this command with no arguments, @value{GDBN} will produce error messages. Otherwise, no output is produced, except a completion notification. @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{file}. @subsubheading Example @smallexample (gdb) -file-exec-and-symbols /kwikemart/marge/ezannoni/TRUNK/mbx/hello.mbx ^done (gdb) @end smallexample @subheading The @code{-file-exec-file} Command @findex -file-exec-file @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -file-exec-file @var{file} @end smallexample Specify the executable file to be debugged. Unlike @samp{-file-exec-and-symbols}, the symbol table is @emph{not} read from this file. If used without argument, @value{GDBN} clears the information about the executable file. No output is produced, except a completion notification. @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{exec-file}. @subsubheading Example @smallexample (gdb) -file-exec-file /kwikemart/marge/ezannoni/TRUNK/mbx/hello.mbx ^done (gdb) @end smallexample @subheading The @code{-file-list-exec-sections} Command @findex -file-list-exec-sections @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -file-list-exec-sections @end smallexample List the sections of the current executable file. @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command The @value{GDBN} command @samp{info file} shows, among the rest, the same information as this command. @code{gdbtk} has a corresponding command @samp{gdb_load_info}. @subsubheading Example N.A. @subheading The @code{-file-list-exec-source-file} Command @findex -file-list-exec-source-file @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -file-list-exec-source-file @end smallexample List the line number, the current source file, and the absolute path to the current source file for the current executable. The macro information field has a value of @samp{1} or @samp{0} depending on whether or not the file includes preprocessor macro information. @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command The @value{GDBN} equivalent is @samp{info source} @subsubheading Example @smallexample (gdb) 123-file-list-exec-source-file 123^done,line="1",file="foo.c",fullname="/home/bar/foo.c,macro-info="1" (gdb) @end smallexample @subheading The @code{-file-list-exec-source-files} Command @findex -file-list-exec-source-files @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -file-list-exec-source-files @end smallexample List the source files for the current executable. It will always output the filename, but only when @value{GDBN} can find the absolute file name of a source file, will it output the fullname. @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command The @value{GDBN} equivalent is @samp{info sources}. @code{gdbtk} has an analogous command @samp{gdb_listfiles}. @subsubheading Example @smallexample (gdb) -file-list-exec-source-files ^done,files=[ @{file=foo.c,fullname=/home/foo.c@}, @{file=/home/bar.c,fullname=/home/bar.c@}, @{file=gdb_could_not_find_fullpath.c@}] (gdb) @end smallexample @subheading The @code{-file-list-shared-libraries} Command @findex -file-list-shared-libraries @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -file-list-shared-libraries @end smallexample List the shared libraries in the program. @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{info shared}. @subsubheading Example N.A. @subheading The @code{-file-list-symbol-files} Command @findex -file-list-symbol-files @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -file-list-symbol-files @end smallexample List symbol files. @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{info file} (part of it). @subsubheading Example N.A. @subheading The @code{-file-symbol-file} Command @findex -file-symbol-file @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -file-symbol-file @var{file} @end smallexample Read symbol table info from the specified @var{file} argument. When used without arguments, clears @value{GDBN}'s symbol table info. No output is produced, except for a completion notification. @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{symbol-file}. @subsubheading Example @smallexample (gdb) -file-symbol-file /kwikemart/marge/ezannoni/TRUNK/mbx/hello.mbx ^done (gdb) @end smallexample @ignore @c %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% SECTION %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% @node GDB/MI Memory Overlay Commands @section @sc{gdb/mi} Memory Overlay Commands The memory overlay commands are not implemented. @c @subheading -overlay-auto @c @subheading -overlay-list-mapping-state @c @subheading -overlay-list-overlays @c @subheading -overlay-map @c @subheading -overlay-off @c @subheading -overlay-on @c @subheading -overlay-unmap @c %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% SECTION %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% @node GDB/MI Signal Handling Commands @section @sc{gdb/mi} Signal Handling Commands Signal handling commands are not implemented. @c @subheading -signal-handle @c @subheading -signal-list-handle-actions @c @subheading -signal-list-signal-types @end ignore @c %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% SECTION %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% @node GDB/MI Target Manipulation @section @sc{gdb/mi} Target Manipulation Commands @subheading The @code{-target-attach} Command @findex -target-attach @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -target-attach @var{pid} | @var{file} @end smallexample Attach to a process @var{pid} or a file @var{file} outside of @value{GDBN}. @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{attach}. @subsubheading Example N.A. @subheading The @code{-target-compare-sections} Command @findex -target-compare-sections @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -target-compare-sections [ @var{section} ] @end smallexample Compare data of section @var{section} on target to the exec file. Without the argument, all sections are compared. @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command The @value{GDBN} equivalent is @samp{compare-sections}. @subsubheading Example N.A. @subheading The @code{-target-detach} Command @findex -target-detach @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -target-detach @end smallexample Detach from the remote target which normally resumes its execution. There's no output. @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{detach}. @subsubheading Example @smallexample (gdb) -target-detach ^done (gdb) @end smallexample @subheading The @code{-target-disconnect} Command @findex -target-disconnect @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -target-disconnect @end smallexample Disconnect from the remote target. There's no output and the target is generally not resumed. @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{disconnect}. @subsubheading Example @smallexample (gdb) -target-disconnect ^done (gdb) @end smallexample @subheading The @code{-target-download} Command @findex -target-download @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -target-download @end smallexample Loads the executable onto the remote target. It prints out an update message every half second, which includes the fields: @table @samp @item section The name of the section. @item section-sent The size of what has been sent so far for that section. @item section-size The size of the section. @item total-sent The total size of what was sent so far (the current and the previous sections). @item total-size The size of the overall executable to download. @end table @noindent Each message is sent as status record (@pxref{GDB/MI Output Syntax, , @sc{gdb/mi} Output Syntax}). In addition, it prints the name and size of the sections, as they are downloaded. These messages include the following fields: @table @samp @item section The name of the section. @item section-size The size of the section. @item total-size The size of the overall executable to download. @end table @noindent At the end, a summary is printed. @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{load}. @subsubheading Example Note: each status message appears on a single line. Here the messages have been broken down so that they can fit onto a page. @smallexample (gdb) -target-download +download,@{section=".text",section-size="6668",total-size="9880"@} +download,@{section=".text",section-sent="512",section-size="6668", total-sent="512",total-size="9880"@} +download,@{section=".text",section-sent="1024",section-size="6668", total-sent="1024",total-size="9880"@} +download,@{section=".text",section-sent="1536",section-size="6668", total-sent="1536",total-size="9880"@} +download,@{section=".text",section-sent="2048",section-size="6668", total-sent="2048",total-size="9880"@} +download,@{section=".text",section-sent="2560",section-size="6668", total-sent="2560",total-size="9880"@} +download,@{section=".text",section-sent="3072",section-size="6668", total-sent="3072",total-size="9880"@} +download,@{section=".text",section-sent="3584",section-size="6668", total-sent="3584",total-size="9880"@} +download,@{section=".text",section-sent="4096",section-size="6668", total-sent="4096",total-size="9880"@} +download,@{section=".text",section-sent="4608",section-size="6668", total-sent="4608",total-size="9880"@} +download,@{section=".text",section-sent="5120",section-size="6668", total-sent="5120",total-size="9880"@} +download,@{section=".text",section-sent="5632",section-size="6668", total-sent="5632",total-size="9880"@} +download,@{section=".text",section-sent="6144",section-size="6668", total-sent="6144",total-size="9880"@} +download,@{section=".text",section-sent="6656",section-size="6668", total-sent="6656",total-size="9880"@} +download,@{section=".init",section-size="28",total-size="9880"@} +download,@{section=".fini",section-size="28",total-size="9880"@} +download,@{section=".data",section-size="3156",total-size="9880"@} +download,@{section=".data",section-sent="512",section-size="3156", total-sent="7236",total-size="9880"@} +download,@{section=".data",section-sent="1024",section-size="3156", total-sent="7748",total-size="9880"@} +download,@{section=".data",section-sent="1536",section-size="3156", total-sent="8260",total-size="9880"@} +download,@{section=".data",section-sent="2048",section-size="3156", total-sent="8772",total-size="9880"@} +download,@{section=".data",section-sent="2560",section-size="3156", total-sent="9284",total-size="9880"@} +download,@{section=".data",section-sent="3072",section-size="3156", total-sent="9796",total-size="9880"@} ^done,address="0x10004",load-size="9880",transfer-rate="6586", write-rate="429" (gdb) @end smallexample @subheading The @code{-target-exec-status} Command @findex -target-exec-status @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -target-exec-status @end smallexample Provide information on the state of the target (whether it is running or not, for instance). @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command There's no equivalent @value{GDBN} command. @subsubheading Example N.A. @subheading The @code{-target-list-available-targets} Command @findex -target-list-available-targets @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -target-list-available-targets @end smallexample List the possible targets to connect to. @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{help target}. @subsubheading Example N.A. @subheading The @code{-target-list-current-targets} Command @findex -target-list-current-targets @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -target-list-current-targets @end smallexample Describe the current target. @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command The corresponding information is printed by @samp{info file} (among other things). @subsubheading Example N.A. @subheading The @code{-target-list-parameters} Command @findex -target-list-parameters @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -target-list-parameters @end smallexample @c ???? @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command No equivalent. @subsubheading Example N.A. @subheading The @code{-target-select} Command @findex -target-select @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -target-select @var{type} @var{parameters @dots{}} @end smallexample Connect @value{GDBN} to the remote target. This command takes two args: @table @samp @item @var{type} The type of target, for instance @samp{async}, @samp{remote}, etc. @item @var{parameters} Device names, host names and the like. @xref{Target Commands, , Commands for Managing Targets}, for more details. @end table The output is a connection notification, followed by the address at which the target program is, in the following form: @smallexample ^connected,addr="@var{address}",func="@var{function name}", args=[@var{arg list}] @end smallexample @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{target}. @subsubheading Example @smallexample (gdb) -target-select async /dev/ttya ^connected,addr="0xfe00a300",func="??",args=[] (gdb) @end smallexample @c %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% SECTION %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% @node GDB/MI File Transfer Commands @section @sc{gdb/mi} File Transfer Commands @subheading The @code{-target-file-put} Command @findex -target-file-put @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -target-file-put @var{hostfile} @var{targetfile} @end smallexample Copy file @var{hostfile} from the host system (the machine running @value{GDBN}) to @var{targetfile} on the target system. @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{remote put}. @subsubheading Example @smallexample (gdb) -target-file-put localfile remotefile ^done (gdb) @end smallexample @subheading The @code{-target-file-put} Command @findex -target-file-get @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -target-file-get @var{targetfile} @var{hostfile} @end smallexample Copy file @var{targetfile} from the target system to @var{hostfile} on the host system. @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{remote get}. @subsubheading Example @smallexample (gdb) -target-file-get remotefile localfile ^done (gdb) @end smallexample @subheading The @code{-target-file-delete} Command @findex -target-file-delete @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -target-file-delete @var{targetfile} @end smallexample Delete @var{targetfile} from the target system. @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{remote delete}. @subsubheading Example @smallexample (gdb) -target-file-delete remotefile ^done (gdb) @end smallexample @c %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% SECTION %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% @node GDB/MI Miscellaneous Commands @section Miscellaneous @sc{gdb/mi} Commands @c @subheading -gdb-complete @subheading The @code{-gdb-exit} Command @findex -gdb-exit @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -gdb-exit @end smallexample Exit @value{GDBN} immediately. @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command Approximately corresponds to @samp{quit}. @subsubheading Example @smallexample (gdb) -gdb-exit ^exit @end smallexample @subheading The @code{-exec-abort} Command @findex -exec-abort @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -exec-abort @end smallexample Kill the inferior running program. @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{kill}. @subsubheading Example N.A. @subheading The @code{-gdb-set} Command @findex -gdb-set @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -gdb-set @end smallexample Set an internal @value{GDBN} variable. @c IS THIS A DOLLAR VARIABLE? OR SOMETHING LIKE ANNOTATE ????? @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{set}. @subsubheading Example @smallexample (gdb) -gdb-set $foo=3 ^done (gdb) @end smallexample @subheading The @code{-gdb-show} Command @findex -gdb-show @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -gdb-show @end smallexample Show the current value of a @value{GDBN} variable. @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{show}. @subsubheading Example @smallexample (gdb) -gdb-show annotate ^done,value="0" (gdb) @end smallexample @c @subheading -gdb-source @subheading The @code{-gdb-version} Command @findex -gdb-version @subsubheading Synopsis @smallexample -gdb-version @end smallexample Show version information for @value{GDBN}. Used mostly in testing. @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command The @value{GDBN} equivalent is @samp{show version}. @value{GDBN} by default shows this information when you start an interactive session. @subsubheading Example @c This example modifies the actual output from GDB to avoid overfull @c box in TeX. @smallexample (gdb) -gdb-version ~GNU gdb 5.2.1 ~Copyright 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ~GDB is free software, covered by the GNU General Public License, and ~you are welcome to change it and/or distribute copies of it under ~ certain conditions. ~Type "show copying" to see the conditions. ~There is absolutely no warranty for GDB. Type "show warranty" for ~ details. ~This GDB was configured as "--host=sparc-sun-solaris2.5.1 --target=ppc-eabi". ^done (gdb) @end smallexample @subheading The @code{-list-features} Command @findex -list-features Returns a list of particular features of the MI protocol that this version of gdb implements. A feature can be a command, or a new field in an output of some command, or even an important bugfix. While a frontend can sometimes detect presence of a feature at runtime, it is easier to perform detection at debugger startup. The command returns a list of strings, with each string naming an available feature. Each returned string is just a name, it does not have any internal structure. The list of possible feature names is given below. Example output: @smallexample (gdb) -list-features ^done,result=["feature1","feature2"] @end smallexample The current list of features is: @itemize @minus @item @samp{frozen-varobjs}---indicates presence of the @code{-var-set-frozen} command, as well as possible presense of the @code{frozen} field in the output of @code{-varobj-create}. @item @samp{pending-breakpoints}---indicates presence of the @code{-f} option to the @code{-break-insert} command. @item @samp{thread-info}---indicates presence of the @code{-thread-info} command. @end itemize @subheading The @code{-interpreter-exec} Command @findex -interpreter-exec @subheading Synopsis @smallexample -interpreter-exec @var{interpreter} @var{command} @end smallexample @anchor{-interpreter-exec} Execute the specified @var{command} in the given @var{interpreter}. @subheading @value{GDBN} Command The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{interpreter-exec}. @subheading Example @smallexample (gdb) -interpreter-exec console "break main" &"During symbol reading, couldn't parse type; debugger out of date?.\n" &"During symbol reading, bad structure-type format.\n" ~"Breakpoint 1 at 0x8074fc6: file ../../src/gdb/main.c, line 743.\n" ^done (gdb) @end smallexample @subheading The @code{-inferior-tty-set} Command @findex -inferior-tty-set @subheading Synopsis @smallexample -inferior-tty-set /dev/pts/1 @end smallexample Set terminal for future runs of the program being debugged. @subheading @value{GDBN} Command The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{set inferior-tty} /dev/pts/1. @subheading Example @smallexample (gdb) -inferior-tty-set /dev/pts/1 ^done (gdb) @end smallexample @subheading The @code{-inferior-tty-show} Command @findex -inferior-tty-show @subheading Synopsis @smallexample -inferior-tty-show @end smallexample Show terminal for future runs of program being debugged. @subheading @value{GDBN} Command The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{show inferior-tty}. @subheading Example @smallexample (gdb) -inferior-tty-set /dev/pts/1 ^done (gdb) -inferior-tty-show ^done,inferior_tty_terminal="/dev/pts/1" (gdb) @end smallexample @subheading The @code{-enable-timings} Command @findex -enable-timings @subheading Synopsis @smallexample -enable-timings [yes | no] @end smallexample Toggle the printing of the wallclock, user and system times for an MI command as a field in its output. This command is to help frontend developers optimize the performance of their code. No argument is equivalent to @samp{yes}. @subheading @value{GDBN} Command No equivalent. @subheading Example @smallexample (gdb) -enable-timings ^done (gdb) -break-insert main ^done,bkpt=@{number="1",type="breakpoint",disp="keep",enabled="y", addr="0x080484ed",func="main",file="myprog.c", fullname="/home/nickrob/myprog.c",line="73",times="0"@}, time=@{wallclock="0.05185",user="0.00800",system="0.00000"@} (gdb) -enable-timings no ^done (gdb) -exec-run ^running (gdb) *stopped,reason="breakpoint-hit",bkptno="1",thread-id="0", frame=@{addr="0x080484ed",func="main",args=[@{name="argc",value="1"@}, @{name="argv",value="0xbfb60364"@}],file="myprog.c", fullname="/home/nickrob/myprog.c",line="73"@} (gdb) @end smallexample @node Annotations @chapter @value{GDBN} Annotations This chapter describes annotations in @value{GDBN}. Annotations were designed to interface @value{GDBN} to graphical user interfaces or other similar programs which want to interact with @value{GDBN} at a relatively high level. The annotation mechanism has largely been superseded by @sc{gdb/mi} (@pxref{GDB/MI}). @ignore This is Edition @value{EDITION}, @value{DATE}. @end ignore @menu * Annotations Overview:: What annotations are; the general syntax. * Server Prefix:: Issuing a command without affecting user state. * Prompting:: Annotations marking @value{GDBN}'s need for input. * Errors:: Annotations for error messages. * Invalidation:: Some annotations describe things now invalid. * Annotations for Running:: Whether the program is running, how it stopped, etc. * Source Annotations:: Annotations describing source code. @end menu @node Annotations Overview @section What is an Annotation? @cindex annotations Annotations start with a newline character, two @samp{control-z} characters, and the name of the annotation. If there is no additional information associated with this annotation, the name of the annotation is followed immediately by a newline. If there is additional information, the name of the annotation is followed by a space, the additional information, and a newline. The additional information cannot contain newline characters. Any output not beginning with a newline and two @samp{control-z} characters denotes literal output from @value{GDBN}. Currently there is no need for @value{GDBN} to output a newline followed by two @samp{control-z} characters, but if there was such a need, the annotations could be extended with an @samp{escape} annotation which means those three characters as output. The annotation @var{level}, which is specified using the @option{--annotate} command line option (@pxref{Mode Options}), controls how much information @value{GDBN} prints together with its prompt, values of expressions, source lines, and other types of output. Level 0 is for no annotations, level 1 is for use when @value{GDBN} is run as a subprocess of @sc{gnu} Emacs, level 3 is the maximum annotation suitable for programs that control @value{GDBN}, and level 2 annotations have been made obsolete (@pxref{Limitations, , Limitations of the Annotation Interface, annotate, GDB's Obsolete Annotations}). @table @code @kindex set annotate @item set annotate @var{level} The @value{GDBN} command @code{set annotate} sets the level of annotations to the specified @var{level}. @item show annotate @kindex show annotate Show the current annotation level. @end table This chapter describes level 3 annotations. A simple example of starting up @value{GDBN} with annotations is: @smallexample $ @kbd{gdb --annotate=3} GNU gdb 6.0 Copyright 2003 Free Software Foundation, Inc. GDB is free software, covered by the GNU General Public License, and you are welcome to change it and/or distribute copies of it under certain conditions. Type "show copying" to see the conditions. There is absolutely no warranty for GDB. Type "show warranty" for details. This GDB was configured as "i386-pc-linux-gnu" ^Z^Zpre-prompt (@value{GDBP}) ^Z^Zprompt @kbd{quit} ^Z^Zpost-prompt $ @end smallexample Here @samp{quit} is input to @value{GDBN}; the rest is output from @value{GDBN}. The three lines beginning @samp{^Z^Z} (where @samp{^Z} denotes a @samp{control-z} character) are annotations; the rest is output from @value{GDBN}. @node Server Prefix @section The Server Prefix @cindex server prefix If you prefix a command with @samp{server } then it will not affect the command history, nor will it affect @value{GDBN}'s notion of which command to repeat if @key{RET} is pressed on a line by itself. This means that commands can be run behind a user's back by a front-end in a transparent manner. The server prefix does not affect the recording of values into the value history; to print a value without recording it into the value history, use the @code{output} command instead of the @code{print} command. @node Prompting @section Annotation for @value{GDBN} Input @cindex annotations for prompts When @value{GDBN} prompts for input, it annotates this fact so it is possible to know when to send output, when the output from a given command is over, etc. Different kinds of input each have a different @dfn{input type}. Each input type has three annotations: a @code{pre-} annotation, which denotes the beginning of any prompt which is being output, a plain annotation, which denotes the end of the prompt, and then a @code{post-} annotation which denotes the end of any echo which may (or may not) be associated with the input. For example, the @code{prompt} input type features the following annotations: @smallexample ^Z^Zpre-prompt ^Z^Zprompt ^Z^Zpost-prompt @end smallexample The input types are @table @code @findex pre-prompt annotation @findex prompt annotation @findex post-prompt annotation @item prompt When @value{GDBN} is prompting for a command (the main @value{GDBN} prompt). @findex pre-commands annotation @findex commands annotation @findex post-commands annotation @item commands When @value{GDBN} prompts for a set of commands, like in the @code{commands} command. The annotations are repeated for each command which is input. @findex pre-overload-choice annotation @findex overload-choice annotation @findex post-overload-choice annotation @item overload-choice When @value{GDBN} wants the user to select between various overloaded functions. @findex pre-query annotation @findex query annotation @findex post-query annotation @item query When @value{GDBN} wants the user to confirm a potentially dangerous operation. @findex pre-prompt-for-continue annotation @findex prompt-for-continue annotation @findex post-prompt-for-continue annotation @item prompt-for-continue When @value{GDBN} is asking the user to press return to continue. Note: Don't expect this to work well; instead use @code{set height 0} to disable prompting. This is because the counting of lines is buggy in the presence of annotations. @end table @node Errors @section Errors @cindex annotations for errors, warnings and interrupts @findex quit annotation @smallexample ^Z^Zquit @end smallexample This annotation occurs right before @value{GDBN} responds to an interrupt. @findex error annotation @smallexample ^Z^Zerror @end smallexample This annotation occurs right before @value{GDBN} responds to an error. Quit and error annotations indicate that any annotations which @value{GDBN} was in the middle of may end abruptly. For example, if a @code{value-history-begin} annotation is followed by a @code{error}, one cannot expect to receive the matching @code{value-history-end}. One cannot expect not to receive it either, however; an error annotation does not necessarily mean that @value{GDBN} is immediately returning all the way to the top level. @findex error-begin annotation A quit or error annotation may be preceded by @smallexample ^Z^Zerror-begin @end smallexample Any output between that and the quit or error annotation is the error message. Warning messages are not yet annotated. @c If we want to change that, need to fix warning(), type_error(), @c range_error(), and possibly other places. @node Invalidation @section Invalidation Notices @cindex annotations for invalidation messages The following annotations say that certain pieces of state may have changed. @table @code @findex frames-invalid annotation @item ^Z^Zframes-invalid The frames (for example, output from the @code{backtrace} command) may have changed. @findex breakpoints-invalid annotation @item ^Z^Zbreakpoints-invalid The breakpoints may have changed. For example, the user just added or deleted a breakpoint. @end table @node Annotations for Running @section Running the Program @cindex annotations for running programs @findex starting annotation @findex stopping annotation When the program starts executing due to a @value{GDBN} command such as @code{step} or @code{continue}, @smallexample ^Z^Zstarting @end smallexample is output. When the program stops, @smallexample ^Z^Zstopped @end smallexample is output. Before the @code{stopped} annotation, a variety of annotations describe how the program stopped. @table @code @findex exited annotation @item ^Z^Zexited @var{exit-status} The program exited, and @var{exit-status} is the exit status (zero for successful exit, otherwise nonzero). @findex signalled annotation @findex signal-name annotation @findex signal-name-end annotation @findex signal-string annotation @findex signal-string-end annotation @item ^Z^Zsignalled The program exited with a signal. After the @code{^Z^Zsignalled}, the annotation continues: @smallexample @var{intro-text} ^Z^Zsignal-name @var{name} ^Z^Zsignal-name-end @var{middle-text} ^Z^Zsignal-string @var{string} ^Z^Zsignal-string-end @var{end-text} @end smallexample @noindent where @var{name} is the name of the signal, such as @code{SIGILL} or @code{SIGSEGV}, and @var{string} is the explanation of the signal, such as @code{Illegal Instruction} or @code{Segmentation fault}. @var{intro-text}, @var{middle-text}, and @var{end-text} are for the user's benefit and have no particular format. @findex signal annotation @item ^Z^Zsignal The syntax of this annotation is just like @code{signalled}, but @value{GDBN} is just saying that the program received the signal, not that it was terminated with it. @findex breakpoint annotation @item ^Z^Zbreakpoint @var{number} The program hit breakpoint number @var{number}. @findex watchpoint annotation @item ^Z^Zwatchpoint @var{number} The program hit watchpoint number @var{number}. @end table @node Source Annotations @section Displaying Source @cindex annotations for source display @findex source annotation The following annotation is used instead of displaying source code: @smallexample ^Z^Zsource @var{filename}:@var{line}:@var{character}:@var{middle}:@var{addr} @end smallexample where @var{filename} is an absolute file name indicating which source file, @var{line} is the line number within that file (where 1 is the first line in the file), @var{character} is the character position within the file (where 0 is the first character in the file) (for most debug formats this will necessarily point to the beginning of a line), @var{middle} is @samp{middle} if @var{addr} is in the middle of the line, or @samp{beg} if @var{addr} is at the beginning of the line, and @var{addr} is the address in the target program associated with the source which is being displayed. @var{addr} is in the form @samp{0x} followed by one or more lowercase hex digits (note that this does not depend on the language). @node GDB Bugs @chapter Reporting Bugs in @value{GDBN} @cindex bugs in @value{GDBN} @cindex reporting bugs in @value{GDBN} Your bug reports play an essential role in making @value{GDBN} reliable. Reporting a bug may help you by bringing a solution to your problem, or it may not. But in any case the principal function of a bug report is to help the entire community by making the next version of @value{GDBN} work better. Bug reports are your contribution to the maintenance of @value{GDBN}. In order for a bug report to serve its purpose, you must include the information that enables us to fix the bug. @menu * Bug Criteria:: Have you found a bug? * Bug Reporting:: How to report bugs @end menu @node Bug Criteria @section Have You Found a Bug? @cindex bug criteria If you are not sure whether you have found a bug, here are some guidelines: @itemize @bullet @cindex fatal signal @cindex debugger crash @cindex crash of debugger @item If the debugger gets a fatal signal, for any input whatever, that is a @value{GDBN} bug. Reliable debuggers never crash. @cindex error on valid input @item If @value{GDBN} produces an error message for valid input, that is a bug. (Note that if you're cross debugging, the problem may also be somewhere in the connection to the target.) @cindex invalid input @item If @value{GDBN} does not produce an error message for invalid input, that is a bug. However, you should note that your idea of ``invalid input'' might be our idea of ``an extension'' or ``support for traditional practice''. @item If you are an experienced user of debugging tools, your suggestions for improvement of @value{GDBN} are welcome in any case. @end itemize @node Bug Reporting @section How to Report Bugs @cindex bug reports @cindex @value{GDBN} bugs, reporting A number of companies and individuals offer support for @sc{gnu} products. If you obtained @value{GDBN} from a support organization, we recommend you contact that organization first. You can find contact information for many support companies and individuals in the file @file{etc/SERVICE} in the @sc{gnu} Emacs distribution. @c should add a web page ref... In any event, we also recommend that you submit bug reports for @value{GDBN}. The preferred method is to submit them directly using @uref{http://www.gnu.org/software/gdb/bugs/, @value{GDBN}'s Bugs web page}. Alternatively, the @email{bug-gdb@@gnu.org, e-mail gateway} can be used. @strong{Do not send bug reports to @samp{info-gdb}, or to @samp{help-gdb}, or to any newsgroups.} Most users of @value{GDBN} do not want to receive bug reports. Those that do have arranged to receive @samp{bug-gdb}. The mailing list @samp{bug-gdb} has a newsgroup @samp{gnu.gdb.bug} which serves as a repeater. The mailing list and the newsgroup carry exactly the same messages. Often people think of posting bug reports to the newsgroup instead of mailing them. This appears to work, but it has one problem which can be crucial: a newsgroup posting often lacks a mail path back to the sender. Thus, if we need to ask for more information, we may be unable to reach you. For this reason, it is better to send bug reports to the mailing list. The fundamental principle of reporting bugs usefully is this: @strong{report all the facts}. If you are not sure whether to state a fact or leave it out, state it! Often people omit facts because they think they know what causes the problem and assume that some details do not matter. Thus, you might assume that the name of the variable you use in an example does not matter. Well, probably it does not, but one cannot be sure. Perhaps the bug is a stray memory reference which happens to fetch from the location where that name is stored in memory; perhaps, if the name were different, the contents of that location would fool the debugger into doing the right thing despite the bug. Play it safe and give a specific, complete example. That is the easiest thing for you to do, and the most helpful. Keep in mind that the purpose of a bug report is to enable us to fix the bug. It may be that the bug has been reported previously, but neither you nor we can know that unless your bug report is complete and self-contained. Sometimes people give a few sketchy facts and ask, ``Does this ring a bell?'' Those bug reports are useless, and we urge everyone to @emph{refuse to respond to them} except to chide the sender to report bugs properly. To enable us to fix the bug, you should include all these things: @itemize @bullet @item The version of @value{GDBN}. @value{GDBN} announces it if you start with no arguments; you can also print it at any time using @code{show version}. Without this, we will not know whether there is any point in looking for the bug in the current version of @value{GDBN}. @item The type of machine you are using, and the operating system name and version number. @item What compiler (and its version) was used to compile @value{GDBN}---e.g.@: ``@value{GCC}--2.8.1''. @item What compiler (and its version) was used to compile the program you are debugging---e.g.@: ``@value{GCC}--2.8.1'', or ``HP92453-01 A.10.32.03 HP C Compiler''. For @value{NGCC}, you can say @kbd{@value{GCC} --version} to get this information; for other compilers, see the documentation for those compilers. @item The command arguments you gave the compiler to compile your example and observe the bug. For example, did you use @samp{-O}? To guarantee you will not omit something important, list them all. A copy of the Makefile (or the output from make) is sufficient. If we were to try to guess the arguments, we would probably guess wrong and then we might not encounter the bug. @item A complete input script, and all necessary source files, that will reproduce the bug. @item A description of what behavior you observe that you believe is incorrect. For example, ``It gets a fatal signal.'' Of course, if the bug is that @value{GDBN} gets a fatal signal, then we will certainly notice it. But if the bug is incorrect output, we might not notice unless it is glaringly wrong. You might as well not give us a chance to make a mistake. Even if the problem you experience is a fatal signal, you should still say so explicitly. Suppose something strange is going on, such as, your copy of @value{GDBN} is out of synch, or you have encountered a bug in the C library on your system. (This has happened!) Your copy might crash and ours would not. If you told us to expect a crash, then when ours fails to crash, we would know that the bug was not happening for us. If you had not told us to expect a crash, then we would not be able to draw any conclusion from our observations. @pindex script @cindex recording a session script To collect all this information, you can use a session recording program such as @command{script}, which is available on many Unix systems. Just run your @value{GDBN} session inside @command{script} and then include the @file{typescript} file with your bug report. Another way to record a @value{GDBN} session is to run @value{GDBN} inside Emacs and then save the entire buffer to a file. @item If you wish to suggest changes to the @value{GDBN} source, send us context diffs. If you even discuss something in the @value{GDBN} source, refer to it by context, not by line number. The line numbers in our development sources will not match those in your sources. Your line numbers would convey no useful information to us. @end itemize Here are some things that are not necessary: @itemize @bullet @item A description of the envelope of the bug. Often people who encounter a bug spend a lot of time investigating which changes to the input file will make the bug go away and which changes will not affect it. This is often time consuming and not very useful, because the way we will find the bug is by running a single example under the debugger with breakpoints, not by pure deduction from a series of examples. We recommend that you save your time for something else. Of course, if you can find a simpler example to report @emph{instead} of the original one, that is a convenience for us. Errors in the output will be easier to spot, running under the debugger will take less time, and so on. However, simplification is not vital; if you do not want to do this, report the bug anyway and send us the entire test case you used. @item A patch for the bug. A patch for the bug does help us if it is a good one. But do not omit the necessary information, such as the test case, on the assumption that a patch is all we need. We might see problems with your patch and decide to fix the problem another way, or we might not understand it at all. Sometimes with a program as complicated as @value{GDBN} it is very hard to construct an example that will make the program follow a certain path through the code. If you do not send us the example, we will not be able to construct one, so we will not be able to verify that the bug is fixed. And if we cannot understand what bug you are trying to fix, or why your patch should be an improvement, we will not install it. A test case will help us to understand. @item A guess about what the bug is or what it depends on. Such guesses are usually wrong. Even we cannot guess right about such things without first using the debugger to find the facts. @end itemize @c The readline documentation is distributed with the readline code @c and consists of the two following files: @c rluser.texinfo @c inc-hist.texinfo @c Use -I with makeinfo to point to the appropriate directory, @c environment var TEXINPUTS with TeX. @include rluser.texi @include inc-hist.texinfo @node Formatting Documentation @appendix Formatting Documentation @cindex @value{GDBN} reference card @cindex reference card The @value{GDBN} 4 release includes an already-formatted reference card, ready for printing with PostScript or Ghostscript, in the @file{gdb} subdirectory of the main source directory@footnote{In @file{gdb-@value{GDBVN}/gdb/refcard.ps} of the version @value{GDBVN} release.}. If you can use PostScript or Ghostscript with your printer, you can print the reference card immediately with @file{refcard.ps}. The release also includes the source for the reference card. You can format it, using @TeX{}, by typing: @smallexample make refcard.dvi @end smallexample The @value{GDBN} reference card is designed to print in @dfn{landscape} mode on US ``letter'' size paper; that is, on a sheet 11 inches wide by 8.5 inches high. You will need to specify this form of printing as an option to your @sc{dvi} output program. @cindex documentation All the documentation for @value{GDBN} comes as part of the machine-readable distribution. The documentation is written in Texinfo format, which is a documentation system that uses a single source file to produce both on-line information and a printed manual. You can use one of the Info formatting commands to create the on-line version of the documentation and @TeX{} (or @code{texi2roff}) to typeset the printed version. @value{GDBN} includes an already formatted copy of the on-line Info version of this manual in the @file{gdb} subdirectory. The main Info file is @file{gdb-@value{GDBVN}/gdb/gdb.info}, and it refers to subordinate files matching @samp{gdb.info*} in the same directory. If necessary, you can print out these files, or read them with any editor; but they are easier to read using the @code{info} subsystem in @sc{gnu} Emacs or the standalone @code{info} program, available as part of the @sc{gnu} Texinfo distribution. If you want to format these Info files yourself, you need one of the Info formatting programs, such as @code{texinfo-format-buffer} or @code{makeinfo}. If you have @code{makeinfo} installed, and are in the top level @value{GDBN} source directory (@file{gdb-@value{GDBVN}}, in the case of version @value{GDBVN}), you can make the Info file by typing: @smallexample cd gdb make gdb.info @end smallexample If you want to typeset and print copies of this manual, you need @TeX{}, a program to print its @sc{dvi} output files, and @file{texinfo.tex}, the Texinfo definitions file. @TeX{} is a typesetting program; it does not print files directly, but produces output files called @sc{dvi} files. To print a typeset document, you need a program to print @sc{dvi} files. If your system has @TeX{} installed, chances are it has such a program. The precise command to use depends on your system; @kbd{lpr -d} is common; another (for PostScript devices) is @kbd{dvips}. The @sc{dvi} print command may require a file name without any extension or a @samp{.dvi} extension. @TeX{} also requires a macro definitions file called @file{texinfo.tex}. This file tells @TeX{} how to typeset a document written in Texinfo format. On its own, @TeX{} cannot either read or typeset a Texinfo file. @file{texinfo.tex} is distributed with GDB and is located in the @file{gdb-@var{version-number}/texinfo} directory. If you have @TeX{} and a @sc{dvi} printer program installed, you can typeset and print this manual. First switch to the @file{gdb} subdirectory of the main source directory (for example, to @file{gdb-@value{GDBVN}/gdb}) and type: @smallexample make gdb.dvi @end smallexample Then give @file{gdb.dvi} to your @sc{dvi} printing program. @node Installing GDB @appendix Installing @value{GDBN} @cindex installation @menu * Requirements:: Requirements for building @value{GDBN} * Running Configure:: Invoking the @value{GDBN} @file{configure} script * Separate Objdir:: Compiling @value{GDBN} in another directory * Config Names:: Specifying names for hosts and targets * Configure Options:: Summary of options for configure @end menu @node Requirements @section Requirements for Building @value{GDBN} @cindex building @value{GDBN}, requirements for Building @value{GDBN} requires various tools and packages to be available. Other packages will be used only if they are found. @heading Tools/Packages Necessary for Building @value{GDBN} @table @asis @item ISO C90 compiler @value{GDBN} is written in ISO C90. It should be buildable with any working C90 compiler, e.g.@: GCC. @end table @heading Tools/Packages Optional for Building @value{GDBN} @table @asis @item Expat @anchor{Expat} @value{GDBN} can use the Expat XML parsing library. This library may be included with your operating system distribution; if it is not, you can get the latest version from @url{http://expat.sourceforge.net}. The @file{configure} script will search for this library in several standard locations; if it is installed in an unusual path, you can use the @option{--with-libexpat-prefix} option to specify its location. Expat is used for: @itemize @bullet @item Remote protocol memory maps (@pxref{Memory Map Format}) @item Target descriptions (@pxref{Target Descriptions}) @item Remote shared library lists (@pxref{Library List Format}) @item MS-Windows shared libraries (@pxref{Shared Libraries}) @end itemize @end table @node Running Configure @section Invoking the @value{GDBN} @file{configure} Script @cindex configuring @value{GDBN} @value{GDBN} comes with a @file{configure} script that automates the process of preparing @value{GDBN} for installation; you can then use @code{make} to build the @code{gdb} program. @iftex @c irrelevant in info file; it's as current as the code it lives with. @footnote{If you have a more recent version of @value{GDBN} than @value{GDBVN}, look at the @file{README} file in the sources; we may have improved the installation procedures since publishing this manual.} @end iftex The @value{GDBN} distribution includes all the source code you need for @value{GDBN} in a single directory, whose name is usually composed by appending the version number to @samp{gdb}. For example, the @value{GDBN} version @value{GDBVN} distribution is in the @file{gdb-@value{GDBVN}} directory. That directory contains: @table @code @item gdb-@value{GDBVN}/configure @r{(and supporting files)} script for configuring @value{GDBN} and all its supporting libraries @item gdb-@value{GDBVN}/gdb the source specific to @value{GDBN} itself @item gdb-@value{GDBVN}/bfd source for the Binary File Descriptor library @item gdb-@value{GDBVN}/include @sc{gnu} include files @item gdb-@value{GDBVN}/libiberty source for the @samp{-liberty} free software library @item gdb-@value{GDBVN}/opcodes source for the library of opcode tables and disassemblers @item gdb-@value{GDBVN}/readline source for the @sc{gnu} command-line interface @item gdb-@value{GDBVN}/glob source for the @sc{gnu} filename pattern-matching subroutine @item gdb-@value{GDBVN}/mmalloc source for the @sc{gnu} memory-mapped malloc package @end table The simplest way to configure and build @value{GDBN} is to run @file{configure} from the @file{gdb-@var{version-number}} source directory, which in this example is the @file{gdb-@value{GDBVN}} directory. First switch to the @file{gdb-@var{version-number}} source directory if you are not already in it; then run @file{configure}. Pass the identifier for the platform on which @value{GDBN} will run as an argument. For example: @smallexample cd gdb-@value{GDBVN} ./configure @var{host} make @end smallexample @noindent where @var{host} is an identifier such as @samp{sun4} or @samp{decstation}, that identifies the platform where @value{GDBN} will run. (You can often leave off @var{host}; @file{configure} tries to guess the correct value by examining your system.) Running @samp{configure @var{host}} and then running @code{make} builds the @file{bfd}, @file{readline}, @file{mmalloc}, and @file{libiberty} libraries, then @code{gdb} itself. The configured source files, and the binaries, are left in the corresponding source directories. @need 750 @file{configure} is a Bourne-shell (@code{/bin/sh}) script; if your system does not recognize this automatically when you run a different shell, you may need to run @code{sh} on it explicitly: @smallexample sh configure @var{host} @end smallexample If you run @file{configure} from a directory that contains source directories for multiple libraries or programs, such as the @file{gdb-@value{GDBVN}} source directory for version @value{GDBVN}, @file{configure} creates configuration files for every directory level underneath (unless you tell it not to, with the @samp{--norecursion} option). You should run the @file{configure} script from the top directory in the source tree, the @file{gdb-@var{version-number}} directory. If you run @file{configure} from one of the subdirectories, you will configure only that subdirectory. That is usually not what you want. In particular, if you run the first @file{configure} from the @file{gdb} subdirectory of the @file{gdb-@var{version-number}} directory, you will omit the configuration of @file{bfd}, @file{readline}, and other sibling directories of the @file{gdb} subdirectory. This leads to build errors about missing include files such as @file{bfd/bfd.h}. You can install @code{@value{GDBP}} anywhere; it has no hardwired paths. However, you should make sure that the shell on your path (named by the @samp{SHELL} environment variable) is publicly readable. Remember that @value{GDBN} uses the shell to start your program---some systems refuse to let @value{GDBN} debug child processes whose programs are not readable. @node Separate Objdir @section Compiling @value{GDBN} in Another Directory If you want to run @value{GDBN} versions for several host or target machines, you need a different @code{gdb} compiled for each combination of host and target. @file{configure} is designed to make this easy by allowing you to generate each configuration in a separate subdirectory, rather than in the source directory. If your @code{make} program handles the @samp{VPATH} feature (@sc{gnu} @code{make} does), running @code{make} in each of these directories builds the @code{gdb} program specified there. To build @code{gdb} in a separate directory, run @file{configure} with the @samp{--srcdir} option to specify where to find the source. (You also need to specify a path to find @file{configure} itself from your working directory. If the path to @file{configure} would be the same as the argument to @samp{--srcdir}, you can leave out the @samp{--srcdir} option; it is assumed.) For example, with version @value{GDBVN}, you can build @value{GDBN} in a separate directory for a Sun 4 like this: @smallexample @group cd gdb-@value{GDBVN} mkdir ../gdb-sun4 cd ../gdb-sun4 ../gdb-@value{GDBVN}/configure sun4 make @end group @end smallexample When @file{configure} builds a configuration using a remote source directory, it creates a tree for the binaries with the same structure (and using the same names) as the tree under the source directory. In the example, you'd find the Sun 4 library @file{libiberty.a} in the directory @file{gdb-sun4/libiberty}, and @value{GDBN} itself in @file{gdb-sun4/gdb}. Make sure that your path to the @file{configure} script has just one instance of @file{gdb} in it. If your path to @file{configure} looks like @file{../gdb-@value{GDBVN}/gdb/configure}, you are configuring only one subdirectory of @value{GDBN}, not the whole package. This leads to build errors about missing include files such as @file{bfd/bfd.h}. One popular reason to build several @value{GDBN} configurations in separate directories is to configure @value{GDBN} for cross-compiling (where @value{GDBN} runs on one machine---the @dfn{host}---while debugging programs that run on another machine---the @dfn{target}). You specify a cross-debugging target by giving the @samp{--target=@var{target}} option to @file{configure}. When you run @code{make} to build a program or library, you must run it in a configured directory---whatever directory you were in when you called @file{configure} (or one of its subdirectories). The @code{Makefile} that @file{configure} generates in each source directory also runs recursively. If you type @code{make} in a source directory such as @file{gdb-@value{GDBVN}} (or in a separate configured directory configured with @samp{--srcdir=@var{dirname}/gdb-@value{GDBVN}}), you will build all the required libraries, and then build GDB. When you have multiple hosts or targets configured in separate directories, you can run @code{make} on them in parallel (for example, if they are NFS-mounted on each of the hosts); they will not interfere with each other. @node Config Names @section Specifying Names for Hosts and Targets The specifications used for hosts and targets in the @file{configure} script are based on a three-part naming scheme, but some short predefined aliases are also supported. The full naming scheme encodes three pieces of information in the following pattern: @smallexample @var{architecture}-@var{vendor}-@var{os} @end smallexample For example, you can use the alias @code{sun4} as a @var{host} argument, or as the value for @var{target} in a @code{--target=@var{target}} option. The equivalent full name is @samp{sparc-sun-sunos4}. The @file{configure} script accompanying @value{GDBN} does not provide any query facility to list all supported host and target names or aliases. @file{configure} calls the Bourne shell script @code{config.sub} to map abbreviations to full names; you can read the script, if you wish, or you can use it to test your guesses on abbreviations---for example: @smallexample % sh config.sub i386-linux i386-pc-linux-gnu % sh config.sub alpha-linux alpha-unknown-linux-gnu % sh config.sub hp9k700 hppa1.1-hp-hpux % sh config.sub sun4 sparc-sun-sunos4.1.1 % sh config.sub sun3 m68k-sun-sunos4.1.1 % sh config.sub i986v Invalid configuration `i986v': machine `i986v' not recognized @end smallexample @noindent @code{config.sub} is also distributed in the @value{GDBN} source directory (@file{gdb-@value{GDBVN}}, for version @value{GDBVN}). @node Configure Options @section @file{configure} Options Here is a summary of the @file{configure} options and arguments that are most often useful for building @value{GDBN}. @file{configure} also has several other options not listed here. @inforef{What Configure Does,,configure.info}, for a full explanation of @file{configure}. @smallexample configure @r{[}--help@r{]} @r{[}--prefix=@var{dir}@r{]} @r{[}--exec-prefix=@var{dir}@r{]} @r{[}--srcdir=@var{dirname}@r{]} @r{[}--norecursion@r{]} @r{[}--rm@r{]} @r{[}--target=@var{target}@r{]} @var{host} @end smallexample @noindent You may introduce options with a single @samp{-} rather than @samp{--} if you prefer; but you may abbreviate option names if you use @samp{--}. @table @code @item --help Display a quick summary of how to invoke @file{configure}. @item --prefix=@var{dir} Configure the source to install programs and files under directory @file{@var{dir}}. @item --exec-prefix=@var{dir} Configure the source to install programs under directory @file{@var{dir}}. @c avoid splitting the warning from the explanation: @need 2000 @item --srcdir=@var{dirname} @strong{Warning: using this option requires @sc{gnu} @code{make}, or another @code{make} that implements the @code{VPATH} feature.}@* Use this option to make configurations in directories separate from the @value{GDBN} source directories. Among other things, you can use this to build (or maintain) several configurations simultaneously, in separate directories. @file{configure} writes configuration-specific files in the current directory, but arranges for them to use the source in the directory @var{dirname}. @file{configure} creates directories under the working directory in parallel to the source directories below @var{dirname}. @item --norecursion Configure only the directory level where @file{configure} is executed; do not propagate configuration to subdirectories. @item --target=@var{target} Configure @value{GDBN} for cross-debugging programs running on the specified @var{target}. Without this option, @value{GDBN} is configured to debug programs that run on the same machine (@var{host}) as @value{GDBN} itself. There is no convenient way to generate a list of all available targets. @item @var{host} @dots{} Configure @value{GDBN} to run on the specified @var{host}. There is no convenient way to generate a list of all available hosts. @end table There are many other options available as well, but they are generally needed for special purposes only. @node Maintenance Commands @appendix Maintenance Commands @cindex maintenance commands @cindex internal commands In addition to commands intended for @value{GDBN} users, @value{GDBN} includes a number of commands intended for @value{GDBN} developers, that are not documented elsewhere in this manual. These commands are provided here for reference. (For commands that turn on debugging messages, see @ref{Debugging Output}.) @table @code @kindex maint agent @item maint agent @var{expression} Translate the given @var{expression} into remote agent bytecodes. This command is useful for debugging the Agent Expression mechanism (@pxref{Agent Expressions}). @kindex maint info breakpoints @item @anchor{maint info breakpoints}maint info breakpoints Using the same format as @samp{info breakpoints}, display both the breakpoints you've set explicitly, and those @value{GDBN} is using for internal purposes. Internal breakpoints are shown with negative breakpoint numbers. The type column identifies what kind of breakpoint is shown: @table @code @item breakpoint Normal, explicitly set breakpoint. @item watchpoint Normal, explicitly set watchpoint. @item longjmp Internal breakpoint, used to handle correctly stepping through @code{longjmp} calls. @item longjmp resume Internal breakpoint at the target of a @code{longjmp}. @item until Temporary internal breakpoint used by the @value{GDBN} @code{until} command. @item finish Temporary internal breakpoint used by the @value{GDBN} @code{finish} command. @item shlib events Shared library events. @end table @kindex maint check-symtabs @item maint check-symtabs Check the consistency of psymtabs and symtabs. @kindex maint cplus first_component @item maint cplus first_component @var{name} Print the first C@t{++} class/namespace component of @var{name}. @kindex maint cplus namespace @item maint cplus namespace Print the list of possible C@t{++} namespaces. @kindex maint demangle @item maint demangle @var{name} Demangle a C@t{++} or Objective-C mangled @var{name}. @kindex maint deprecate @kindex maint undeprecate @cindex deprecated commands @item maint deprecate @var{command} @r{[}@var{replacement}@r{]} @itemx maint undeprecate @var{command} Deprecate or undeprecate the named @var{command}. Deprecated commands cause @value{GDBN} to issue a warning when you use them. The optional argument @var{replacement} says which newer command should be used in favor of the deprecated one; if it is given, @value{GDBN} will mention the replacement as part of the warning. @kindex maint dump-me @item maint dump-me @cindex @code{SIGQUIT} signal, dump core of @value{GDBN} Cause a fatal signal in the debugger and force it to dump its core. This is supported only on systems which support aborting a program with the @code{SIGQUIT} signal. @kindex maint internal-error @kindex maint internal-warning @item maint internal-error @r{[}@var{message-text}@r{]} @itemx maint internal-warning @r{[}@var{message-text}@r{]} Cause @value{GDBN} to call the internal function @code{internal_error} or @code{internal_warning} and hence behave as though an internal error or internal warning has been detected. In addition to reporting the internal problem, these functions give the user the opportunity to either quit @value{GDBN} or create a core file of the current @value{GDBN} session. These commands take an optional parameter @var{message-text} that is used as the text of the error or warning message. Here's an example of using @code{internal-error}: @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) @kbd{maint internal-error testing, 1, 2} @dots{}/maint.c:121: internal-error: testing, 1, 2 A problem internal to GDB has been detected. Further debugging may prove unreliable. Quit this debugging session? (y or n) @kbd{n} Create a core file? (y or n) @kbd{n} (@value{GDBP}) @end smallexample @kindex maint packet @item maint packet @var{text} If @value{GDBN} is talking to an inferior via the serial protocol, then this command sends the string @var{text} to the inferior, and displays the response packet. @value{GDBN} supplies the initial @samp{$} character, the terminating @samp{#} character, and the checksum. @kindex maint print architecture @item maint print architecture @r{[}@var{file}@r{]} Print the entire architecture configuration. The optional argument @var{file} names the file where the output goes. @kindex maint print c-tdesc @item maint print c-tdesc Print the current target description (@pxref{Target Descriptions}) as a C source file. The created source file can be used in @value{GDBN} when an XML parser is not available to parse the description. @kindex maint print dummy-frames @item maint print dummy-frames Prints the contents of @value{GDBN}'s internal dummy-frame stack. @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) @kbd{b add} @dots{} (@value{GDBP}) @kbd{print add(2,3)} Breakpoint 2, add (a=2, b=3) at @dots{} 58 return (a + b); The program being debugged stopped while in a function called from GDB. @dots{} (@value{GDBP}) @kbd{maint print dummy-frames} 0x1a57c80: pc=0x01014068 fp=0x0200bddc sp=0x0200bdd6 top=0x0200bdd4 id=@{stack=0x200bddc,code=0x101405c@} call_lo=0x01014000 call_hi=0x01014001 (@value{GDBP}) @end smallexample Takes an optional file parameter. @kindex maint print registers @kindex maint print raw-registers @kindex maint print cooked-registers @kindex maint print register-groups @item maint print registers @r{[}@var{file}@r{]} @itemx maint print raw-registers @r{[}@var{file}@r{]} @itemx maint print cooked-registers @r{[}@var{file}@r{]} @itemx maint print register-groups @r{[}@var{file}@r{]} Print @value{GDBN}'s internal register data structures. The command @code{maint print raw-registers} includes the contents of the raw register cache; the command @code{maint print cooked-registers} includes the (cooked) value of all registers; and the command @code{maint print register-groups} includes the groups that each register is a member of. @xref{Registers,, Registers, gdbint, @value{GDBN} Internals}. These commands take an optional parameter, a file name to which to write the information. @kindex maint print reggroups @item maint print reggroups @r{[}@var{file}@r{]} Print @value{GDBN}'s internal register group data structures. The optional argument @var{file} tells to what file to write the information. The register groups info looks like this: @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) @kbd{maint print reggroups} Group Type general user float user all user vector user system user save internal restore internal @end smallexample @kindex flushregs @item flushregs This command forces @value{GDBN} to flush its internal register cache. @kindex maint print objfiles @cindex info for known object files @item maint print objfiles Print a dump of all known object files. For each object file, this command prints its name, address in memory, and all of its psymtabs and symtabs. @kindex maint print statistics @cindex bcache statistics @item maint print statistics This command prints, for each object file in the program, various data about that object file followed by the byte cache (@dfn{bcache}) statistics for the object file. The objfile data includes the number of minimal, partial, full, and stabs symbols, the number of types defined by the objfile, the number of as yet unexpanded psym tables, the number of line tables and string tables, and the amount of memory used by the various tables. The bcache statistics include the counts, sizes, and counts of duplicates of all and unique objects, max, average, and median entry size, total memory used and its overhead and savings, and various measures of the hash table size and chain lengths. @kindex maint print target-stack @cindex target stack description @item maint print target-stack A @dfn{target} is an interface between the debugger and a particular kind of file or process. Targets can be stacked in @dfn{strata}, so that more than one target can potentially respond to a request. In particular, memory accesses will walk down the stack of targets until they find a target that is interested in handling that particular address. This command prints a short description of each layer that was pushed on the @dfn{target stack}, starting from the top layer down to the bottom one. @kindex maint print type @cindex type chain of a data type @item maint print type @var{expr} Print the type chain for a type specified by @var{expr}. The argument can be either a type name or a symbol. If it is a symbol, the type of that symbol is described. The type chain produced by this command is a recursive definition of the data type as stored in @value{GDBN}'s data structures, including its flags and contained types. @kindex maint set dwarf2 max-cache-age @kindex maint show dwarf2 max-cache-age @item maint set dwarf2 max-cache-age @itemx maint show dwarf2 max-cache-age Control the DWARF 2 compilation unit cache. @cindex DWARF 2 compilation units cache In object files with inter-compilation-unit references, such as those produced by the GCC option @samp{-feliminate-dwarf2-dups}, the DWARF 2 reader needs to frequently refer to previously read compilation units. This setting controls how long a compilation unit will remain in the cache if it is not referenced. A higher limit means that cached compilation units will be stored in memory longer, and more total memory will be used. Setting it to zero disables caching, which will slow down @value{GDBN} startup, but reduce memory consumption. @kindex maint set profile @kindex maint show profile @cindex profiling GDB @item maint set profile @itemx maint show profile Control profiling of @value{GDBN}. Profiling will be disabled until you use the @samp{maint set profile} command to enable it. When you enable profiling, the system will begin collecting timing and execution count data; when you disable profiling or exit @value{GDBN}, the results will be written to a log file. Remember that if you use profiling, @value{GDBN} will overwrite the profiling log file (often called @file{gmon.out}). If you have a record of important profiling data in a @file{gmon.out} file, be sure to move it to a safe location. Configuring with @samp{--enable-profiling} arranges for @value{GDBN} to be compiled with the @samp{-pg} compiler option. @kindex maint show-debug-regs @cindex x86 hardware debug registers @item maint show-debug-regs Control whether to show variables that mirror the x86 hardware debug registers. Use @code{ON} to enable, @code{OFF} to disable. If enabled, the debug registers values are shown when @value{GDBN} inserts or removes a hardware breakpoint or watchpoint, and when the inferior triggers a hardware-assisted breakpoint or watchpoint. @kindex maint space @cindex memory used by commands @item maint space Control whether to display memory usage for each command. If set to a nonzero value, @value{GDBN} will display how much memory each command took, following the command's own output. This can also be requested by invoking @value{GDBN} with the @option{--statistics} command-line switch (@pxref{Mode Options}). @kindex maint time @cindex time of command execution @item maint time Control whether to display the execution time for each command. If set to a nonzero value, @value{GDBN} will display how much time it took to execute each command, following the command's own output. This can also be requested by invoking @value{GDBN} with the @option{--statistics} command-line switch (@pxref{Mode Options}). @kindex maint translate-address @item maint translate-address @r{[}@var{section}@r{]} @var{addr} Find the symbol stored at the location specified by the address @var{addr} and an optional section name @var{section}. If found, @value{GDBN} prints the name of the closest symbol and an offset from the symbol's location to the specified address. This is similar to the @code{info address} command (@pxref{Symbols}), except that this command also allows to find symbols in other sections. @end table The following command is useful for non-interactive invocations of @value{GDBN}, such as in the test suite. @table @code @item set watchdog @var{nsec} @kindex set watchdog @cindex watchdog timer @cindex timeout for commands Set the maximum number of seconds @value{GDBN} will wait for the target operation to finish. If this time expires, @value{GDBN} reports and error and the command is aborted. @item show watchdog Show the current setting of the target wait timeout. @end table @node Remote Protocol @appendix @value{GDBN} Remote Serial Protocol @menu * Overview:: * Packets:: * Stop Reply Packets:: * General Query Packets:: * Register Packet Format:: * Tracepoint Packets:: * Host I/O Packets:: * Interrupts:: * Examples:: * File-I/O Remote Protocol Extension:: * Library List Format:: * Memory Map Format:: @end menu @node Overview @section Overview There may be occasions when you need to know something about the protocol---for example, if there is only one serial port to your target machine, you might want your program to do something special if it recognizes a packet meant for @value{GDBN}. In the examples below, @samp{->} and @samp{<-} are used to indicate transmitted and received data, respectively. @cindex protocol, @value{GDBN} remote serial @cindex serial protocol, @value{GDBN} remote @cindex remote serial protocol All @value{GDBN} commands and responses (other than acknowledgments) are sent as a @var{packet}. A @var{packet} is introduced with the character @samp{$}, the actual @var{packet-data}, and the terminating character @samp{#} followed by a two-digit @var{checksum}: @smallexample @code{$}@var{packet-data}@code{#}@var{checksum} @end smallexample @noindent @cindex checksum, for @value{GDBN} remote @noindent The two-digit @var{checksum} is computed as the modulo 256 sum of all characters between the leading @samp{$} and the trailing @samp{#} (an eight bit unsigned checksum). Implementors should note that prior to @value{GDBN} 5.0 the protocol specification also included an optional two-digit @var{sequence-id}: @smallexample @code{$}@var{sequence-id}@code{:}@var{packet-data}@code{#}@var{checksum} @end smallexample @cindex sequence-id, for @value{GDBN} remote @noindent That @var{sequence-id} was appended to the acknowledgment. @value{GDBN} has never output @var{sequence-id}s. Stubs that handle packets added since @value{GDBN} 5.0 must not accept @var{sequence-id}. @cindex acknowledgment, for @value{GDBN} remote When either the host or the target machine receives a packet, the first response expected is an acknowledgment: either @samp{+} (to indicate the package was received correctly) or @samp{-} (to request retransmission): @smallexample -> @code{$}@var{packet-data}@code{#}@var{checksum} <- @code{+} @end smallexample @noindent The host (@value{GDBN}) sends @var{command}s, and the target (the debugging stub incorporated in your program) sends a @var{response}. In the case of step and continue @var{command}s, the response is only sent when the operation has completed (the target has again stopped). @var{packet-data} consists of a sequence of characters with the exception of @samp{#} and @samp{$} (see @samp{X} packet for additional exceptions). @cindex remote protocol, field separator Fields within the packet should be separated using @samp{,} @samp{;} or @samp{:}. Except where otherwise noted all numbers are represented in @sc{hex} with leading zeros suppressed. Implementors should note that prior to @value{GDBN} 5.0, the character @samp{:} could not appear as the third character in a packet (as it would potentially conflict with the @var{sequence-id}). @cindex remote protocol, binary data @anchor{Binary Data} Binary data in most packets is encoded either as two hexadecimal digits per byte of binary data. This allowed the traditional remote protocol to work over connections which were only seven-bit clean. Some packets designed more recently assume an eight-bit clean connection, and use a more efficient encoding to send and receive binary data. The binary data representation uses @code{7d} (@sc{ascii} @samp{@}}) as an escape character. Any escaped byte is transmitted as the escape character followed by the original character XORed with @code{0x20}. For example, the byte @code{0x7d} would be transmitted as the two bytes @code{0x7d 0x5d}. The bytes @code{0x23} (@sc{ascii} @samp{#}), @code{0x24} (@sc{ascii} @samp{$}), and @code{0x7d} (@sc{ascii} @samp{@}}) must always be escaped. Responses sent by the stub must also escape @code{0x2a} (@sc{ascii} @samp{*}), so that it is not interpreted as the start of a run-length encoded sequence (described next). Response @var{data} can be run-length encoded to save space. Run-length encoding replaces runs of identical characters with one instance of the repeated character, followed by a @samp{*} and a repeat count. The repeat count is itself sent encoded, to avoid binary characters in @var{data}: a value of @var{n} is sent as @code{@var{n}+29}. For a repeat count greater or equal to 3, this produces a printable @sc{ascii} character, e.g.@: a space (@sc{ascii} code 32) for a repeat count of 3. (This is because run-length encoding starts to win for counts 3 or more.) Thus, for example, @samp{0* } is a run-length encoding of ``0000'': the space character after @samp{*} means repeat the leading @code{0} @w{@code{32 - 29 = 3}} more times. The printable characters @samp{#} and @samp{$} or with a numeric value greater than 126 must not be used. Runs of six repeats (@samp{#}) or seven repeats (@samp{$}) can be expanded using a repeat count of only five (@samp{"}). For example, @samp{00000000} can be encoded as @samp{0*"00}. The error response returned for some packets includes a two character error number. That number is not well defined. @cindex empty response, for unsupported packets For any @var{command} not supported by the stub, an empty response (@samp{$#00}) should be returned. That way it is possible to extend the protocol. A newer @value{GDBN} can tell if a packet is supported based on that response. A stub is required to support the @samp{g}, @samp{G}, @samp{m}, @samp{M}, @samp{c}, and @samp{s} @var{command}s. All other @var{command}s are optional. @node Packets @section Packets The following table provides a complete list of all currently defined @var{command}s and their corresponding response @var{data}. @xref{File-I/O Remote Protocol Extension}, for details about the File I/O extension of the remote protocol. Each packet's description has a template showing the packet's overall syntax, followed by an explanation of the packet's meaning. We include spaces in some of the templates for clarity; these are not part of the packet's syntax. No @value{GDBN} packet uses spaces to separate its components. For example, a template like @samp{foo @var{bar} @var{baz}} describes a packet beginning with the three ASCII bytes @samp{foo}, followed by a @var{bar}, followed directly by a @var{baz}. @value{GDBN} does not transmit a space character between the @samp{foo} and the @var{bar}, or between the @var{bar} and the @var{baz}. Note that all packet forms beginning with an upper- or lower-case letter, other than those described here, are reserved for future use. Here are the packet descriptions. @table @samp @item ! @cindex @samp{!} packet @anchor{extended mode} Enable extended mode. In extended mode, the remote server is made persistent. The @samp{R} packet is used to restart the program being debugged. Reply: @table @samp @item OK The remote target both supports and has enabled extended mode. @end table @item ? @cindex @samp{?} packet Indicate the reason the target halted. The reply is the same as for step and continue. Reply: @xref{Stop Reply Packets}, for the reply specifications. @item A @var{arglen},@var{argnum},@var{arg},@dots{} @cindex @samp{A} packet Initialized @code{argv[]} array passed into program. @var{arglen} specifies the number of bytes in the hex encoded byte stream @var{arg}. See @code{gdbserver} for more details. Reply: @table @samp @item OK The arguments were set. @item E @var{NN} An error occurred. @end table @item b @var{baud} @cindex @samp{b} packet (Don't use this packet; its behavior is not well-defined.) Change the serial line speed to @var{baud}. JTC: @emph{When does the transport layer state change? When it's received, or after the ACK is transmitted. In either case, there are problems if the command or the acknowledgment packet is dropped.} Stan: @emph{If people really wanted to add something like this, and get it working for the first time, they ought to modify ser-unix.c to send some kind of out-of-band message to a specially-setup stub and have the switch happen "in between" packets, so that from remote protocol's point of view, nothing actually happened.} @item B @var{addr},@var{mode} @cindex @samp{B} packet Set (@var{mode} is @samp{S}) or clear (@var{mode} is @samp{C}) a breakpoint at @var{addr}. Don't use this packet. Use the @samp{Z} and @samp{z} packets instead (@pxref{insert breakpoint or watchpoint packet}). @item c @r{[}@var{addr}@r{]} @cindex @samp{c} packet Continue. @var{addr} is address to resume. If @var{addr} is omitted, resume at current address. Reply: @xref{Stop Reply Packets}, for the reply specifications. @item C @var{sig}@r{[};@var{addr}@r{]} @cindex @samp{C} packet Continue with signal @var{sig} (hex signal number). If @samp{;@var{addr}} is omitted, resume at same address. Reply: @xref{Stop Reply Packets}, for the reply specifications. @item d @cindex @samp{d} packet Toggle debug flag. Don't use this packet; instead, define a general set packet (@pxref{General Query Packets}). @item D @cindex @samp{D} packet Detach @value{GDBN} from the remote system. Sent to the remote target before @value{GDBN} disconnects via the @code{detach} command. Reply: @table @samp @item OK for success @item E @var{NN} for an error @end table @item F @var{RC},@var{EE},@var{CF};@var{XX} @cindex @samp{F} packet A reply from @value{GDBN} to an @samp{F} packet sent by the target. This is part of the File-I/O protocol extension. @xref{File-I/O Remote Protocol Extension}, for the specification. @item g @anchor{read registers packet} @cindex @samp{g} packet Read general registers. Reply: @table @samp @item @var{XX@dots{}} Each byte of register data is described by two hex digits. The bytes with the register are transmitted in target byte order. The size of each register and their position within the @samp{g} packet are determined by the @value{GDBN} internal gdbarch functions @code{DEPRECATED_REGISTER_RAW_SIZE} and @code{gdbarch_register_name}. The specification of several standard @samp{g} packets is specified below. @item E @var{NN} for an error. @end table @item G @var{XX@dots{}} @cindex @samp{G} packet Write general registers. @xref{read registers packet}, for a description of the @var{XX@dots{}} data. Reply: @table @samp @item OK for success @item E @var{NN} for an error @end table @item H @var{c} @var{t} @cindex @samp{H} packet Set thread for subsequent operations (@samp{m}, @samp{M}, @samp{g}, @samp{G}, et.al.). @var{c} depends on the operation to be performed: it should be @samp{c} for step and continue operations, @samp{g} for other operations. The thread designator @var{t} may be @samp{-1}, meaning all the threads, a thread number, or @samp{0} which means pick any thread. Reply: @table @samp @item OK for success @item E @var{NN} for an error @end table @c FIXME: JTC: @c 'H': How restrictive (or permissive) is the thread model. If a @c thread is selected and stopped, are other threads allowed @c to continue to execute? As I mentioned above, I think the @c semantics of each command when a thread is selected must be @c described. For example: @c @c 'g': If the stub supports threads and a specific thread is @c selected, returns the register block from that thread; @c otherwise returns current registers. @c @c 'G' If the stub supports threads and a specific thread is @c selected, sets the registers of the register block of @c that thread; otherwise sets current registers. @item i @r{[}@var{addr}@r{[},@var{nnn}@r{]]} @anchor{cycle step packet} @cindex @samp{i} packet Step the remote target by a single clock cycle. If @samp{,@var{nnn}} is present, cycle step @var{nnn} cycles. If @var{addr} is present, cycle step starting at that address. @item I @cindex @samp{I} packet Signal, then cycle step. @xref{step with signal packet}. @xref{cycle step packet}. @item k @cindex @samp{k} packet Kill request. FIXME: @emph{There is no description of how to operate when a specific thread context has been selected (i.e.@: does 'k' kill only that thread?)}. @item m @var{addr},@var{length} @cindex @samp{m} packet Read @var{length} bytes of memory starting at address @var{addr}. Note that @var{addr} may not be aligned to any particular boundary. The stub need not use any particular size or alignment when gathering data from memory for the response; even if @var{addr} is word-aligned and @var{length} is a multiple of the word size, the stub is free to use byte accesses, or not. For this reason, this packet may not be suitable for accessing memory-mapped I/O devices. @cindex alignment of remote memory accesses @cindex size of remote memory accesses @cindex memory, alignment and size of remote accesses Reply: @table @samp @item @var{XX@dots{}} Memory contents; each byte is transmitted as a two-digit hexadecimal number. The reply may contain fewer bytes than requested if the server was able to read only part of the region of memory. @item E @var{NN} @var{NN} is errno @end table @item M @var{addr},@var{length}:@var{XX@dots{}} @cindex @samp{M} packet Write @var{length} bytes of memory starting at address @var{addr}. @var{XX@dots{}} is the data; each byte is transmitted as a two-digit hexadecimal number. Reply: @table @samp @item OK for success @item E @var{NN} for an error (this includes the case where only part of the data was written). @end table @item p @var{n} @cindex @samp{p} packet Read the value of register @var{n}; @var{n} is in hex. @xref{read registers packet}, for a description of how the returned register value is encoded. Reply: @table @samp @item @var{XX@dots{}} the register's value @item E @var{NN} for an error @item Indicating an unrecognized @var{query}. @end table @item P @var{n@dots{}}=@var{r@dots{}} @anchor{write register packet} @cindex @samp{P} packet Write register @var{n@dots{}} with value @var{r@dots{}}. The register number @var{n} is in hexadecimal, and @var{r@dots{}} contains two hex digits for each byte in the register (target byte order). Reply: @table @samp @item OK for success @item E @var{NN} for an error @end table @item q @var{name} @var{params}@dots{} @itemx Q @var{name} @var{params}@dots{} @cindex @samp{q} packet @cindex @samp{Q} packet General query (@samp{q}) and set (@samp{Q}). These packets are described fully in @ref{General Query Packets}. @item r @cindex @samp{r} packet Reset the entire system. Don't use this packet; use the @samp{R} packet instead. @item R @var{XX} @cindex @samp{R} packet Restart the program being debugged. @var{XX}, while needed, is ignored. This packet is only available in extended mode (@pxref{extended mode}). The @samp{R} packet has no reply. @item s @r{[}@var{addr}@r{]} @cindex @samp{s} packet Single step. @var{addr} is the address at which to resume. If @var{addr} is omitted, resume at same address. Reply: @xref{Stop Reply Packets}, for the reply specifications. @item S @var{sig}@r{[};@var{addr}@r{]} @anchor{step with signal packet} @cindex @samp{S} packet Step with signal. This is analogous to the @samp{C} packet, but requests a single-step, rather than a normal resumption of execution. Reply: @xref{Stop Reply Packets}, for the reply specifications. @item t @var{addr}:@var{PP},@var{MM} @cindex @samp{t} packet Search backwards starting at address @var{addr} for a match with pattern @var{PP} and mask @var{MM}. @var{PP} and @var{MM} are 4 bytes. @var{addr} must be at least 3 digits. @item T @var{XX} @cindex @samp{T} packet Find out if the thread XX is alive. Reply: @table @samp @item OK thread is still alive @item E @var{NN} thread is dead @end table @item v Packets starting with @samp{v} are identified by a multi-letter name, up to the first @samp{;} or @samp{?} (or the end of the packet). @item vAttach;@var{pid} @cindex @samp{vAttach} packet Attach to a new process with the specified process ID. @var{pid} is a hexadecimal integer identifying the process. If the stub is currently controlling a process, it is killed. The attached process is stopped. This packet is only available in extended mode (@pxref{extended mode}). Reply: @table @samp @item E @var{nn} for an error @item @r{Any stop packet} for success (@pxref{Stop Reply Packets}) @end table @item vCont@r{[};@var{action}@r{[}:@var{tid}@r{]]}@dots{} @cindex @samp{vCont} packet Resume the inferior, specifying different actions for each thread. If an action is specified with no @var{tid}, then it is applied to any threads that don't have a specific action specified; if no default action is specified then other threads should remain stopped. Specifying multiple default actions is an error; specifying no actions is also an error. Thread IDs are specified in hexadecimal. Currently supported actions are: @table @samp @item c Continue. @item C @var{sig} Continue with signal @var{sig}. @var{sig} should be two hex digits. @item s Step. @item S @var{sig} Step with signal @var{sig}. @var{sig} should be two hex digits. @end table The optional @var{addr} argument normally associated with these packets is not supported in @samp{vCont}. Reply: @xref{Stop Reply Packets}, for the reply specifications. @item vCont? @cindex @samp{vCont?} packet Request a list of actions supported by the @samp{vCont} packet. Reply: @table @samp @item vCont@r{[};@var{action}@dots{}@r{]} The @samp{vCont} packet is supported. Each @var{action} is a supported command in the @samp{vCont} packet. @item The @samp{vCont} packet is not supported. @end table @item vFile:@var{operation}:@var{parameter}@dots{} @cindex @samp{vFile} packet Perform a file operation on the target system. For details, see @ref{Host I/O Packets}. @item vFlashErase:@var{addr},@var{length} @cindex @samp{vFlashErase} packet Direct the stub to erase @var{length} bytes of flash starting at @var{addr}. The region may enclose any number of flash blocks, but its start and end must fall on block boundaries, as indicated by the flash block size appearing in the memory map (@pxref{Memory Map Format}). @value{GDBN} groups flash memory programming operations together, and sends a @samp{vFlashDone} request after each group; the stub is allowed to delay erase operation until the @samp{vFlashDone} packet is received. Reply: @table @samp @item OK for success @item E @var{NN} for an error @end table @item vFlashWrite:@var{addr}:@var{XX@dots{}} @cindex @samp{vFlashWrite} packet Direct the stub to write data to flash address @var{addr}. The data is passed in binary form using the same encoding as for the @samp{X} packet (@pxref{Binary Data}). The memory ranges specified by @samp{vFlashWrite} packets preceding a @samp{vFlashDone} packet must not overlap, and must appear in order of increasing addresses (although @samp{vFlashErase} packets for higher addresses may already have been received; the ordering is guaranteed only between @samp{vFlashWrite} packets). If a packet writes to an address that was neither erased by a preceding @samp{vFlashErase} packet nor by some other target-specific method, the results are unpredictable. Reply: @table @samp @item OK for success @item E.memtype for vFlashWrite addressing non-flash memory @item E @var{NN} for an error @end table @item vFlashDone @cindex @samp{vFlashDone} packet Indicate to the stub that flash programming operation is finished. The stub is permitted to delay or batch the effects of a group of @samp{vFlashErase} and @samp{vFlashWrite} packets until a @samp{vFlashDone} packet is received. The contents of the affected regions of flash memory are unpredictable until the @samp{vFlashDone} request is completed. @item vRun;@var{filename}@r{[};@var{argument}@r{]}@dots{} @cindex @samp{vRun} packet Run the program @var{filename}, passing it each @var{argument} on its command line. The file and arguments are hex-encoded strings. If @var{filename} is an empty string, the stub may use a default program (e.g.@: the last program run). The program is created in the stopped state. If the stub is currently controlling a process, it is killed. This packet is only available in extended mode (@pxref{extended mode}). Reply: @table @samp @item E @var{nn} for an error @item @r{Any stop packet} for success (@pxref{Stop Reply Packets}) @end table @item X @var{addr},@var{length}:@var{XX@dots{}} @anchor{X packet} @cindex @samp{X} packet Write data to memory, where the data is transmitted in binary. @var{addr} is address, @var{length} is number of bytes, @samp{@var{XX}@dots{}} is binary data (@pxref{Binary Data}). Reply: @table @samp @item OK for success @item E @var{NN} for an error @end table @item z @var{type},@var{addr},@var{length} @itemx Z @var{type},@var{addr},@var{length} @anchor{insert breakpoint or watchpoint packet} @cindex @samp{z} packet @cindex @samp{Z} packets Insert (@samp{Z}) or remove (@samp{z}) a @var{type} breakpoint or watchpoint starting at address @var{address} and covering the next @var{length} bytes. Each breakpoint and watchpoint packet @var{type} is documented separately. @emph{Implementation notes: A remote target shall return an empty string for an unrecognized breakpoint or watchpoint packet @var{type}. A remote target shall support either both or neither of a given @samp{Z@var{type}@dots{}} and @samp{z@var{type}@dots{}} packet pair. To avoid potential problems with duplicate packets, the operations should be implemented in an idempotent way.} @item z0,@var{addr},@var{length} @itemx Z0,@var{addr},@var{length} @cindex @samp{z0} packet @cindex @samp{Z0} packet Insert (@samp{Z0}) or remove (@samp{z0}) a memory breakpoint at address @var{addr} of size @var{length}. A memory breakpoint is implemented by replacing the instruction at @var{addr} with a software breakpoint or trap instruction. The @var{length} is used by targets that indicates the size of the breakpoint (in bytes) that should be inserted (e.g., the @sc{arm} and @sc{mips} can insert either a 2 or 4 byte breakpoint). @emph{Implementation note: It is possible for a target to copy or move code that contains memory breakpoints (e.g., when implementing overlays). The behavior of this packet, in the presence of such a target, is not defined.} Reply: @table @samp @item OK success @item not supported @item E @var{NN} for an error @end table @item z1,@var{addr},@var{length} @itemx Z1,@var{addr},@var{length} @cindex @samp{z1} packet @cindex @samp{Z1} packet Insert (@samp{Z1}) or remove (@samp{z1}) a hardware breakpoint at address @var{addr} of size @var{length}. A hardware breakpoint is implemented using a mechanism that is not dependant on being able to modify the target's memory. @emph{Implementation note: A hardware breakpoint is not affected by code movement.} Reply: @table @samp @item OK success @item not supported @item E @var{NN} for an error @end table @item z2,@var{addr},@var{length} @itemx Z2,@var{addr},@var{length} @cindex @samp{z2} packet @cindex @samp{Z2} packet Insert (@samp{Z2}) or remove (@samp{z2}) a write watchpoint. Reply: @table @samp @item OK success @item not supported @item E @var{NN} for an error @end table @item z3,@var{addr},@var{length} @itemx Z3,@var{addr},@var{length} @cindex @samp{z3} packet @cindex @samp{Z3} packet Insert (@samp{Z3}) or remove (@samp{z3}) a read watchpoint. Reply: @table @samp @item OK success @item not supported @item E @var{NN} for an error @end table @item z4,@var{addr},@var{length} @itemx Z4,@var{addr},@var{length} @cindex @samp{z4} packet @cindex @samp{Z4} packet Insert (@samp{Z4}) or remove (@samp{z4}) an access watchpoint. Reply: @table @samp @item OK success @item not supported @item E @var{NN} for an error @end table @end table @node Stop Reply Packets @section Stop Reply Packets @cindex stop reply packets The @samp{C}, @samp{c}, @samp{S}, @samp{s} and @samp{?} packets can receive any of the below as a reply. In the case of the @samp{C}, @samp{c}, @samp{S} and @samp{s} packets, that reply is only returned when the target halts. In the below the exact meaning of @dfn{signal number} is defined by the header @file{include/gdb/signals.h} in the @value{GDBN} source code. As in the description of request packets, we include spaces in the reply templates for clarity; these are not part of the reply packet's syntax. No @value{GDBN} stop reply packet uses spaces to separate its components. @table @samp @item S @var{AA} The program received signal number @var{AA} (a two-digit hexadecimal number). This is equivalent to a @samp{T} response with no @var{n}:@var{r} pairs. @item T @var{AA} @var{n1}:@var{r1};@var{n2}:@var{r2};@dots{} @cindex @samp{T} packet reply The program received signal number @var{AA} (a two-digit hexadecimal number). This is equivalent to an @samp{S} response, except that the @samp{@var{n}:@var{r}} pairs can carry values of important registers and other information directly in the stop reply packet, reducing round-trip latency. Single-step and breakpoint traps are reported this way. Each @samp{@var{n}:@var{r}} pair is interpreted as follows: @itemize @bullet @item If @var{n} is a hexadecimal number, it is a register number, and the corresponding @var{r} gives that register's value. @var{r} is a series of bytes in target byte order, with each byte given by a two-digit hex number. @item If @var{n} is @samp{thread}, then @var{r} is the thread process ID, in hex. @item If @var{n} is a recognized @dfn{stop reason}, it describes a more specific event that stopped the target. The currently defined stop reasons are listed below. @var{aa} should be @samp{05}, the trap signal. At most one stop reason should be present. @item Otherwise, @value{GDBN} should ignore this @samp{@var{n}:@var{r}} pair and go on to the next; this allows us to extend the protocol in the future. @end itemize The currently defined stop reasons are: @table @samp @item watch @itemx rwatch @itemx awatch The packet indicates a watchpoint hit, and @var{r} is the data address, in hex. @cindex shared library events, remote reply @item library The packet indicates that the loaded libraries have changed. @value{GDBN} should use @samp{qXfer:libraries:read} to fetch a new list of loaded libraries. @var{r} is ignored. @end table @item W @var{AA} The process exited, and @var{AA} is the exit status. This is only applicable to certain targets. @item X @var{AA} The process terminated with signal @var{AA}. @item O @var{XX}@dots{} @samp{@var{XX}@dots{}} is hex encoding of @sc{ascii} data, to be written as the program's console output. This can happen at any time while the program is running and the debugger should continue to wait for @samp{W}, @samp{T}, etc. @item F @var{call-id},@var{parameter}@dots{} @var{call-id} is the identifier which says which host system call should be called. This is just the name of the function. Translation into the correct system call is only applicable as it's defined in @value{GDBN}. @xref{File-I/O Remote Protocol Extension}, for a list of implemented system calls. @samp{@var{parameter}@dots{}} is a list of parameters as defined for this very system call. The target replies with this packet when it expects @value{GDBN} to call a host system call on behalf of the target. @value{GDBN} replies with an appropriate @samp{F} packet and keeps up waiting for the next reply packet from the target. The latest @samp{C}, @samp{c}, @samp{S} or @samp{s} action is expected to be continued. @xref{File-I/O Remote Protocol Extension}, for more details. @end table @node General Query Packets @section General Query Packets @cindex remote query requests Packets starting with @samp{q} are @dfn{general query packets}; packets starting with @samp{Q} are @dfn{general set packets}. General query and set packets are a semi-unified form for retrieving and sending information to and from the stub. The initial letter of a query or set packet is followed by a name indicating what sort of thing the packet applies to. For example, @value{GDBN} may use a @samp{qSymbol} packet to exchange symbol definitions with the stub. These packet names follow some conventions: @itemize @bullet @item The name must not contain commas, colons or semicolons. @item Most @value{GDBN} query and set packets have a leading upper case letter. @item The names of custom vendor packets should use a company prefix, in lower case, followed by a period. For example, packets designed at the Acme Corporation might begin with @samp{qacme.foo} (for querying foos) or @samp{Qacme.bar} (for setting bars). @end itemize The name of a query or set packet should be separated from any parameters by a @samp{:}; the parameters themselves should be separated by @samp{,} or @samp{;}. Stubs must be careful to match the full packet name, and check for a separator or the end of the packet, in case two packet names share a common prefix. New packets should not begin with @samp{qC}, @samp{qP}, or @samp{qL}@footnote{The @samp{qP} and @samp{qL} packets predate these conventions, and have arguments without any terminator for the packet name; we suspect they are in widespread use in places that are difficult to upgrade. The @samp{qC} packet has no arguments, but some existing stubs (e.g.@: RedBoot) are known to not check for the end of the packet.}. Like the descriptions of the other packets, each description here has a template showing the packet's overall syntax, followed by an explanation of the packet's meaning. We include spaces in some of the templates for clarity; these are not part of the packet's syntax. No @value{GDBN} packet uses spaces to separate its components. Here are the currently defined query and set packets: @table @samp @item qC @cindex current thread, remote request @cindex @samp{qC} packet Return the current thread id. Reply: @table @samp @item QC @var{pid} Where @var{pid} is an unsigned hexadecimal process id. @item @r{(anything else)} Any other reply implies the old pid. @end table @item qCRC:@var{addr},@var{length} @cindex CRC of memory block, remote request @cindex @samp{qCRC} packet Compute the CRC checksum of a block of memory. Reply: @table @samp @item E @var{NN} An error (such as memory fault) @item C @var{crc32} The specified memory region's checksum is @var{crc32}. @end table @item qfThreadInfo @itemx qsThreadInfo @cindex list active threads, remote request @cindex @samp{qfThreadInfo} packet @cindex @samp{qsThreadInfo} packet Obtain a list of all active thread ids from the target (OS). Since there may be too many active threads to fit into one reply packet, this query works iteratively: it may require more than one query/reply sequence to obtain the entire list of threads. The first query of the sequence will be the @samp{qfThreadInfo} query; subsequent queries in the sequence will be the @samp{qsThreadInfo} query. NOTE: This packet replaces the @samp{qL} query (see below). Reply: @table @samp @item m @var{id} A single thread id @item m @var{id},@var{id}@dots{} a comma-separated list of thread ids @item l (lower case letter @samp{L}) denotes end of list. @end table In response to each query, the target will reply with a list of one or more thread ids, in big-endian unsigned hex, separated by commas. @value{GDBN} will respond to each reply with a request for more thread ids (using the @samp{qs} form of the query), until the target responds with @samp{l} (lower-case el, for @dfn{last}). @item qGetTLSAddr:@var{thread-id},@var{offset},@var{lm} @cindex get thread-local storage address, remote request @cindex @samp{qGetTLSAddr} packet Fetch the address associated with thread local storage specified by @var{thread-id}, @var{offset}, and @var{lm}. @var{thread-id} is the (big endian, hex encoded) thread id associated with the thread for which to fetch the TLS address. @var{offset} is the (big endian, hex encoded) offset associated with the thread local variable. (This offset is obtained from the debug information associated with the variable.) @var{lm} is the (big endian, hex encoded) OS/ABI-specific encoding of the the load module associated with the thread local storage. For example, a @sc{gnu}/Linux system will pass the link map address of the shared object associated with the thread local storage under consideration. Other operating environments may choose to represent the load module differently, so the precise meaning of this parameter will vary. Reply: @table @samp @item @var{XX}@dots{} Hex encoded (big endian) bytes representing the address of the thread local storage requested. @item E @var{nn} An error occurred. @var{nn} are hex digits. @item An empty reply indicates that @samp{qGetTLSAddr} is not supported by the stub. @end table @item qL @var{startflag} @var{threadcount} @var{nextthread} Obtain thread information from RTOS. Where: @var{startflag} (one hex digit) is one to indicate the first query and zero to indicate a subsequent query; @var{threadcount} (two hex digits) is the maximum number of threads the response packet can contain; and @var{nextthread} (eight hex digits), for subsequent queries (@var{startflag} is zero), is returned in the response as @var{argthread}. Don't use this packet; use the @samp{qfThreadInfo} query instead (see above). Reply: @table @samp @item qM @var{count} @var{done} @var{argthread} @var{thread}@dots{} Where: @var{count} (two hex digits) is the number of threads being returned; @var{done} (one hex digit) is zero to indicate more threads and one indicates no further threads; @var{argthreadid} (eight hex digits) is @var{nextthread} from the request packet; @var{thread}@dots{} is a sequence of thread IDs from the target. @var{threadid} (eight hex digits). See @code{remote.c:parse_threadlist_response()}. @end table @item qOffsets @cindex section offsets, remote request @cindex @samp{qOffsets} packet Get section offsets that the target used when relocating the downloaded image. Reply: @table @samp @item Text=@var{xxx};Data=@var{yyy}@r{[};Bss=@var{zzz}@r{]} Relocate the @code{Text} section by @var{xxx} from its original address. Relocate the @code{Data} section by @var{yyy} from its original address. If the object file format provides segment information (e.g.@: @sc{elf} @samp{PT_LOAD} program headers), @value{GDBN} will relocate entire segments by the supplied offsets. @emph{Note: while a @code{Bss} offset may be included in the response, @value{GDBN} ignores this and instead applies the @code{Data} offset to the @code{Bss} section.} @item TextSeg=@var{xxx}@r{[};DataSeg=@var{yyy}@r{]} Relocate the first segment of the object file, which conventionally contains program code, to a starting address of @var{xxx}. If @samp{DataSeg} is specified, relocate the second segment, which conventionally contains modifiable data, to a starting address of @var{yyy}. @value{GDBN} will report an error if the object file does not contain segment information, or does not contain at least as many segments as mentioned in the reply. Extra segments are kept at fixed offsets relative to the last relocated segment. @end table @item qP @var{mode} @var{threadid} @cindex thread information, remote request @cindex @samp{qP} packet Returns information on @var{threadid}. Where: @var{mode} is a hex encoded 32 bit mode; @var{threadid} is a hex encoded 64 bit thread ID. Don't use this packet; use the @samp{qThreadExtraInfo} query instead (see below). Reply: see @code{remote.c:remote_unpack_thread_info_response()}. @item QPassSignals: @var{signal} @r{[};@var{signal}@r{]}@dots{} @cindex pass signals to inferior, remote request @cindex @samp{QPassSignals} packet @anchor{QPassSignals} Each listed @var{signal} should be passed directly to the inferior process. Signals are numbered identically to continue packets and stop replies (@pxref{Stop Reply Packets}). Each @var{signal} list item should be strictly greater than the previous item. These signals do not need to stop the inferior, or be reported to @value{GDBN}. All other signals should be reported to @value{GDBN}. Multiple @samp{QPassSignals} packets do not combine; any earlier @samp{QPassSignals} list is completely replaced by the new list. This packet improves performance when using @samp{handle @var{signal} nostop noprint pass}. Reply: @table @samp @item OK The request succeeded. @item E @var{nn} An error occurred. @var{nn} are hex digits. @item An empty reply indicates that @samp{QPassSignals} is not supported by the stub. @end table Use of this packet is controlled by the @code{set remote pass-signals} command (@pxref{Remote Configuration, set remote pass-signals}). This packet is not probed by default; the remote stub must request it, by supplying an appropriate @samp{qSupported} response (@pxref{qSupported}). @item qRcmd,@var{command} @cindex execute remote command, remote request @cindex @samp{qRcmd} packet @var{command} (hex encoded) is passed to the local interpreter for execution. Invalid commands should be reported using the output string. Before the final result packet, the target may also respond with a number of intermediate @samp{O@var{output}} console output packets. @emph{Implementors should note that providing access to a stubs's interpreter may have security implications}. Reply: @table @samp @item OK A command response with no output. @item @var{OUTPUT} A command response with the hex encoded output string @var{OUTPUT}. @item E @var{NN} Indicate a badly formed request. @item An empty reply indicates that @samp{qRcmd} is not recognized. @end table (Note that the @code{qRcmd} packet's name is separated from the command by a @samp{,}, not a @samp{:}, contrary to the naming conventions above. Please don't use this packet as a model for new packets.) @item qSupported @r{[}:@var{gdbfeature} @r{[};@var{gdbfeature}@r{]}@dots{} @r{]} @cindex supported packets, remote query @cindex features of the remote protocol @cindex @samp{qSupported} packet @anchor{qSupported} Tell the remote stub about features supported by @value{GDBN}, and query the stub for features it supports. This packet allows @value{GDBN} and the remote stub to take advantage of each others' features. @samp{qSupported} also consolidates multiple feature probes at startup, to improve @value{GDBN} performance---a single larger packet performs better than multiple smaller probe packets on high-latency links. Some features may enable behavior which must not be on by default, e.g.@: because it would confuse older clients or stubs. Other features may describe packets which could be automatically probed for, but are not. These features must be reported before @value{GDBN} will use them. This ``default unsupported'' behavior is not appropriate for all packets, but it helps to keep the initial connection time under control with new versions of @value{GDBN} which support increasing numbers of packets. Reply: @table @samp @item @var{stubfeature} @r{[};@var{stubfeature}@r{]}@dots{} The stub supports or does not support each returned @var{stubfeature}, depending on the form of each @var{stubfeature} (see below for the possible forms). @item An empty reply indicates that @samp{qSupported} is not recognized, or that no features needed to be reported to @value{GDBN}. @end table The allowed forms for each feature (either a @var{gdbfeature} in the @samp{qSupported} packet, or a @var{stubfeature} in the response) are: @table @samp @item @var{name}=@var{value} The remote protocol feature @var{name} is supported, and associated with the specified @var{value}. The format of @var{value} depends on the feature, but it must not include a semicolon. @item @var{name}+ The remote protocol feature @var{name} is supported, and does not need an associated value. @item @var{name}- The remote protocol feature @var{name} is not supported. @item @var{name}? The remote protocol feature @var{name} may be supported, and @value{GDBN} should auto-detect support in some other way when it is needed. This form will not be used for @var{gdbfeature} notifications, but may be used for @var{stubfeature} responses. @end table Whenever the stub receives a @samp{qSupported} request, the supplied set of @value{GDBN} features should override any previous request. This allows @value{GDBN} to put the stub in a known state, even if the stub had previously been communicating with a different version of @value{GDBN}. No values of @var{gdbfeature} (for the packet sent by @value{GDBN}) are defined yet. Stubs should ignore any unknown values for @var{gdbfeature}. Any @value{GDBN} which sends a @samp{qSupported} packet supports receiving packets of unlimited length (earlier versions of @value{GDBN} may reject overly long responses). Values for @var{gdbfeature} may be defined in the future to let the stub take advantage of new features in @value{GDBN}, e.g.@: incompatible improvements in the remote protocol---support for unlimited length responses would be a @var{gdbfeature} example, if it were not implied by the @samp{qSupported} query. The stub's reply should be independent of the @var{gdbfeature} entries sent by @value{GDBN}; first @value{GDBN} describes all the features it supports, and then the stub replies with all the features it supports. Similarly, @value{GDBN} will silently ignore unrecognized stub feature responses, as long as each response uses one of the standard forms. Some features are flags. A stub which supports a flag feature should respond with a @samp{+} form response. Other features require values, and the stub should respond with an @samp{=} form response. Each feature has a default value, which @value{GDBN} will use if @samp{qSupported} is not available or if the feature is not mentioned in the @samp{qSupported} response. The default values are fixed; a stub is free to omit any feature responses that match the defaults. Not all features can be probed, but for those which can, the probing mechanism is useful: in some cases, a stub's internal architecture may not allow the protocol layer to know some information about the underlying target in advance. This is especially common in stubs which may be configured for multiple targets. These are the currently defined stub features and their properties: @multitable @columnfractions 0.35 0.2 0.12 0.2 @c NOTE: The first row should be @headitem, but we do not yet require @c a new enough version of Texinfo (4.7) to use @headitem. @item Feature Name @tab Value Required @tab Default @tab Probe Allowed @item @samp{PacketSize} @tab Yes @tab @samp{-} @tab No @item @samp{qXfer:auxv:read} @tab No @tab @samp{-} @tab Yes @item @samp{qXfer:features:read} @tab No @tab @samp{-} @tab Yes @item @samp{qXfer:libraries:read} @tab No @tab @samp{-} @tab Yes @item @samp{qXfer:memory-map:read} @tab No @tab @samp{-} @tab Yes @item @samp{qXfer:spu:read} @tab No @tab @samp{-} @tab Yes @item @samp{qXfer:spu:write} @tab No @tab @samp{-} @tab Yes @item @samp{QPassSignals} @tab No @tab @samp{-} @tab Yes @end multitable These are the currently defined stub features, in more detail: @table @samp @cindex packet size, remote protocol @item PacketSize=@var{bytes} The remote stub can accept packets up to at least @var{bytes} in length. @value{GDBN} will send packets up to this size for bulk transfers, and will never send larger packets. This is a limit on the data characters in the packet, including the frame and checksum. There is no trailing NUL byte in a remote protocol packet; if the stub stores packets in a NUL-terminated format, it should allow an extra byte in its buffer for the NUL. If this stub feature is not supported, @value{GDBN} guesses based on the size of the @samp{g} packet response. @item qXfer:auxv:read The remote stub understands the @samp{qXfer:auxv:read} packet (@pxref{qXfer auxiliary vector read}). @item qXfer:features:read The remote stub understands the @samp{qXfer:features:read} packet (@pxref{qXfer target description read}). @item qXfer:libraries:read The remote stub understands the @samp{qXfer:libraries:read} packet (@pxref{qXfer library list read}). @item qXfer:memory-map:read The remote stub understands the @samp{qXfer:memory-map:read} packet (@pxref{qXfer memory map read}). @item qXfer:spu:read The remote stub understands the @samp{qXfer:spu:read} packet (@pxref{qXfer spu read}). @item qXfer:spu:write The remote stub understands the @samp{qXfer:spu:write} packet (@pxref{qXfer spu write}). @item QPassSignals The remote stub understands the @samp{QPassSignals} packet (@pxref{QPassSignals}). @end table @item qSymbol:: @cindex symbol lookup, remote request @cindex @samp{qSymbol} packet Notify the target that @value{GDBN} is prepared to serve symbol lookup requests. Accept requests from the target for the values of symbols. Reply: @table @samp @item OK The target does not need to look up any (more) symbols. @item qSymbol:@var{sym_name} The target requests the value of symbol @var{sym_name} (hex encoded). @value{GDBN} may provide the value by using the @samp{qSymbol:@var{sym_value}:@var{sym_name}} message, described below. @end table @item qSymbol:@var{sym_value}:@var{sym_name} Set the value of @var{sym_name} to @var{sym_value}. @var{sym_name} (hex encoded) is the name of a symbol whose value the target has previously requested. @var{sym_value} (hex) is the value for symbol @var{sym_name}. If @value{GDBN} cannot supply a value for @var{sym_name}, then this field will be empty. Reply: @table @samp @item OK The target does not need to look up any (more) symbols. @item qSymbol:@var{sym_name} The target requests the value of a new symbol @var{sym_name} (hex encoded). @value{GDBN} will continue to supply the values of symbols (if available), until the target ceases to request them. @end table @item QTDP @itemx QTFrame @xref{Tracepoint Packets}. @item qThreadExtraInfo,@var{id} @cindex thread attributes info, remote request @cindex @samp{qThreadExtraInfo} packet Obtain a printable string description of a thread's attributes from the target OS. @var{id} is a thread-id in big-endian hex. This string may contain anything that the target OS thinks is interesting for @value{GDBN} to tell the user about the thread. The string is displayed in @value{GDBN}'s @code{info threads} display. Some examples of possible thread extra info strings are @samp{Runnable}, or @samp{Blocked on Mutex}. Reply: @table @samp @item @var{XX}@dots{} Where @samp{@var{XX}@dots{}} is a hex encoding of @sc{ascii} data, comprising the printable string containing the extra information about the thread's attributes. @end table (Note that the @code{qThreadExtraInfo} packet's name is separated from the command by a @samp{,}, not a @samp{:}, contrary to the naming conventions above. Please don't use this packet as a model for new packets.) @item QTStart @itemx QTStop @itemx QTinit @itemx QTro @itemx qTStatus @xref{Tracepoint Packets}. @item qXfer:@var{object}:read:@var{annex}:@var{offset},@var{length} @cindex read special object, remote request @cindex @samp{qXfer} packet @anchor{qXfer read} Read uninterpreted bytes from the target's special data area identified by the keyword @var{object}. Request @var{length} bytes starting at @var{offset} bytes into the data. The content and encoding of @var{annex} is specific to @var{object}; it can supply additional details about what data to access. Here are the specific requests of this form defined so far. All @samp{qXfer:@var{object}:read:@dots{}} requests use the same reply formats, listed below. @table @samp @item qXfer:auxv:read::@var{offset},@var{length} @anchor{qXfer auxiliary vector read} Access the target's @dfn{auxiliary vector}. @xref{OS Information, auxiliary vector}. Note @var{annex} must be empty. This packet is not probed by default; the remote stub must request it, by supplying an appropriate @samp{qSupported} response (@pxref{qSupported}). @item qXfer:features:read:@var{annex}:@var{offset},@var{length} @anchor{qXfer target description read} Access the @dfn{target description}. @xref{Target Descriptions}. The annex specifies which XML document to access. The main description is always loaded from the @samp{target.xml} annex. This packet is not probed by default; the remote stub must request it, by supplying an appropriate @samp{qSupported} response (@pxref{qSupported}). @item qXfer:libraries:read:@var{annex}:@var{offset},@var{length} @anchor{qXfer library list read} Access the target's list of loaded libraries. @xref{Library List Format}. The annex part of the generic @samp{qXfer} packet must be empty (@pxref{qXfer read}). Targets which maintain a list of libraries in the program's memory do not need to implement this packet; it is designed for platforms where the operating system manages the list of loaded libraries. This packet is not probed by default; the remote stub must request it, by supplying an appropriate @samp{qSupported} response (@pxref{qSupported}). @item qXfer:memory-map:read::@var{offset},@var{length} @anchor{qXfer memory map read} Access the target's @dfn{memory-map}. @xref{Memory Map Format}. The annex part of the generic @samp{qXfer} packet must be empty (@pxref{qXfer read}). This packet is not probed by default; the remote stub must request it, by supplying an appropriate @samp{qSupported} response (@pxref{qSupported}). @item qXfer:spu:read:@var{annex}:@var{offset},@var{length} @anchor{qXfer spu read} Read contents of an @code{spufs} file on the target system. The annex specifies which file to read; it must be of the form @file{@var{id}/@var{name}}, where @var{id} specifies an SPU context ID in the target process, and @var{name} identifes the @code{spufs} file in that context to be accessed. This packet is not probed by default; the remote stub must request it, by supplying an appropriate @samp{qSupported} response (@pxref{qSupported}). @end table Reply: @table @samp @item m @var{data} Data @var{data} (@pxref{Binary Data}) has been read from the target. There may be more data at a higher address (although it is permitted to return @samp{m} even for the last valid block of data, as long as at least one byte of data was read). @var{data} may have fewer bytes than the @var{length} in the request. @item l @var{data} Data @var{data} (@pxref{Binary Data}) has been read from the target. There is no more data to be read. @var{data} may have fewer bytes than the @var{length} in the request. @item l The @var{offset} in the request is at the end of the data. There is no more data to be read. @item E00 The request was malformed, or @var{annex} was invalid. @item E @var{nn} The offset was invalid, or there was an error encountered reading the data. @var{nn} is a hex-encoded @code{errno} value. @item An empty reply indicates the @var{object} string was not recognized by the stub, or that the object does not support reading. @end table @item qXfer:@var{object}:write:@var{annex}:@var{offset}:@var{data}@dots{} @cindex write data into object, remote request Write uninterpreted bytes into the target's special data area identified by the keyword @var{object}, starting at @var{offset} bytes into the data. @var{data}@dots{} is the binary-encoded data (@pxref{Binary Data}) to be written. The content and encoding of @var{annex} is specific to @var{object}; it can supply additional details about what data to access. Here are the specific requests of this form defined so far. All @samp{qXfer:@var{object}:write:@dots{}} requests use the same reply formats, listed below. @table @samp @item qXfer:@var{spu}:write:@var{annex}:@var{offset}:@var{data}@dots{} @anchor{qXfer spu write} Write @var{data} to an @code{spufs} file on the target system. The annex specifies which file to write; it must be of the form @file{@var{id}/@var{name}}, where @var{id} specifies an SPU context ID in the target process, and @var{name} identifes the @code{spufs} file in that context to be accessed. This packet is not probed by default; the remote stub must request it, by supplying an appropriate @samp{qSupported} response (@pxref{qSupported}). @end table Reply: @table @samp @item @var{nn} @var{nn} (hex encoded) is the number of bytes written. This may be fewer bytes than supplied in the request. @item E00 The request was malformed, or @var{annex} was invalid. @item E @var{nn} The offset was invalid, or there was an error encountered writing the data. @var{nn} is a hex-encoded @code{errno} value. @item An empty reply indicates the @var{object} string was not recognized by the stub, or that the object does not support writing. @end table @item qXfer:@var{object}:@var{operation}:@dots{} Requests of this form may be added in the future. When a stub does not recognize the @var{object} keyword, or its support for @var{object} does not recognize the @var{operation} keyword, the stub must respond with an empty packet. @end table @node Register Packet Format @section Register Packet Format The following @code{g}/@code{G} packets have previously been defined. In the below, some thirty-two bit registers are transferred as sixty-four bits. Those registers should be zero/sign extended (which?) to fill the space allocated. Register bytes are transferred in target byte order. The two nibbles within a register byte are transferred most-significant - least-significant. @table @r @item MIPS32 All registers are transferred as thirty-two bit quantities in the order: 32 general-purpose; sr; lo; hi; bad; cause; pc; 32 floating-point registers; fsr; fir; fp. @item MIPS64 All registers are transferred as sixty-four bit quantities (including thirty-two bit registers such as @code{sr}). The ordering is the same as @code{MIPS32}. @end table @node Tracepoint Packets @section Tracepoint Packets @cindex tracepoint packets @cindex packets, tracepoint Here we describe the packets @value{GDBN} uses to implement tracepoints (@pxref{Tracepoints}). @table @samp @item QTDP:@var{n}:@var{addr}:@var{ena}:@var{step}:@var{pass}@r{[}-@r{]} Create a new tracepoint, number @var{n}, at @var{addr}. If @var{ena} is @samp{E}, then the tracepoint is enabled; if it is @samp{D}, then the tracepoint is disabled. @var{step} is the tracepoint's step count, and @var{pass} is its pass count. If the trailing @samp{-} is present, further @samp{QTDP} packets will follow to specify this tracepoint's actions. Replies: @table @samp @item OK The packet was understood and carried out. @item The packet was not recognized. @end table @item QTDP:-@var{n}:@var{addr}:@r{[}S@r{]}@var{action}@dots{}@r{[}-@r{]} Define actions to be taken when a tracepoint is hit. @var{n} and @var{addr} must be the same as in the initial @samp{QTDP} packet for this tracepoint. This packet may only be sent immediately after another @samp{QTDP} packet that ended with a @samp{-}. If the trailing @samp{-} is present, further @samp{QTDP} packets will follow, specifying more actions for this tracepoint. In the series of action packets for a given tracepoint, at most one can have an @samp{S} before its first @var{action}. If such a packet is sent, it and the following packets define ``while-stepping'' actions. Any prior packets define ordinary actions --- that is, those taken when the tracepoint is first hit. If no action packet has an @samp{S}, then all the packets in the series specify ordinary tracepoint actions. The @samp{@var{action}@dots{}} portion of the packet is a series of actions, concatenated without separators. Each action has one of the following forms: @table @samp @item R @var{mask} Collect the registers whose bits are set in @var{mask}. @var{mask} is a hexadecimal number whose @var{i}'th bit is set if register number @var{i} should be collected. (The least significant bit is numbered zero.) Note that @var{mask} may be any number of digits long; it may not fit in a 32-bit word. @item M @var{basereg},@var{offset},@var{len} Collect @var{len} bytes of memory starting at the address in register number @var{basereg}, plus @var{offset}. If @var{basereg} is @samp{-1}, then the range has a fixed address: @var{offset} is the address of the lowest byte to collect. The @var{basereg}, @var{offset}, and @var{len} parameters are all unsigned hexadecimal values (the @samp{-1} value for @var{basereg} is a special case). @item X @var{len},@var{expr} Evaluate @var{expr}, whose length is @var{len}, and collect memory as it directs. @var{expr} is an agent expression, as described in @ref{Agent Expressions}. Each byte of the expression is encoded as a two-digit hex number in the packet; @var{len} is the number of bytes in the expression (and thus one-half the number of hex digits in the packet). @end table Any number of actions may be packed together in a single @samp{QTDP} packet, as long as the packet does not exceed the maximum packet length (400 bytes, for many stubs). There may be only one @samp{R} action per tracepoint, and it must precede any @samp{M} or @samp{X} actions. Any registers referred to by @samp{M} and @samp{X} actions must be collected by a preceding @samp{R} action. (The ``while-stepping'' actions are treated as if they were attached to a separate tracepoint, as far as these restrictions are concerned.) Replies: @table @samp @item OK The packet was understood and carried out. @item The packet was not recognized. @end table @item QTFrame:@var{n} Select the @var{n}'th tracepoint frame from the buffer, and use the register and memory contents recorded there to answer subsequent request packets from @value{GDBN}. A successful reply from the stub indicates that the stub has found the requested frame. The response is a series of parts, concatenated without separators, describing the frame we selected. Each part has one of the following forms: @table @samp @item F @var{f} The selected frame is number @var{n} in the trace frame buffer; @var{f} is a hexadecimal number. If @var{f} is @samp{-1}, then there was no frame matching the criteria in the request packet. @item T @var{t} The selected trace frame records a hit of tracepoint number @var{t}; @var{t} is a hexadecimal number. @end table @item QTFrame:pc:@var{addr} Like @samp{QTFrame:@var{n}}, but select the first tracepoint frame after the currently selected frame whose PC is @var{addr}; @var{addr} is a hexadecimal number. @item QTFrame:tdp:@var{t} Like @samp{QTFrame:@var{n}}, but select the first tracepoint frame after the currently selected frame that is a hit of tracepoint @var{t}; @var{t} is a hexadecimal number. @item QTFrame:range:@var{start}:@var{end} Like @samp{QTFrame:@var{n}}, but select the first tracepoint frame after the currently selected frame whose PC is between @var{start} (inclusive) and @var{end} (exclusive); @var{start} and @var{end} are hexadecimal numbers. @item QTFrame:outside:@var{start}:@var{end} Like @samp{QTFrame:range:@var{start}:@var{end}}, but select the first frame @emph{outside} the given range of addresses. @item QTStart Begin the tracepoint experiment. Begin collecting data from tracepoint hits in the trace frame buffer. @item QTStop End the tracepoint experiment. Stop collecting trace frames. @item QTinit Clear the table of tracepoints, and empty the trace frame buffer. @item QTro:@var{start1},@var{end1}:@var{start2},@var{end2}:@dots{} Establish the given ranges of memory as ``transparent''. The stub will answer requests for these ranges from memory's current contents, if they were not collected as part of the tracepoint hit. @value{GDBN} uses this to mark read-only regions of memory, like those containing program code. Since these areas never change, they should still have the same contents they did when the tracepoint was hit, so there's no reason for the stub to refuse to provide their contents. @item qTStatus Ask the stub if there is a trace experiment running right now. Replies: @table @samp @item T0 There is no trace experiment running. @item T1 There is a trace experiment running. @end table @end table @node Host I/O Packets @section Host I/O Packets @cindex Host I/O, remote protocol @cindex file transfer, remote protocol The @dfn{Host I/O} packets allow @value{GDBN} to perform I/O operations on the far side of a remote link. For example, Host I/O is used to upload and download files to a remote target with its own filesystem. Host I/O uses the same constant values and data structure layout as the target-initiated File-I/O protocol. However, the Host I/O packets are structured differently. The target-initiated protocol relies on target memory to store parameters and buffers. Host I/O requests are initiated by @value{GDBN}, and the target's memory is not involved. @xref{File-I/O Remote Protocol Extension}, for more details on the target-initiated protocol. The Host I/O request packets all encode a single operation along with its arguments. They have this format: @table @samp @item vFile:@var{operation}: @var{parameter}@dots{} @var{operation} is the name of the particular request; the target should compare the entire packet name up to the second colon when checking for a supported operation. The format of @var{parameter} depends on the operation. Numbers are always passed in hexadecimal. Negative numbers have an explicit minus sign (i.e.@: two's complement is not used). Strings (e.g.@: filenames) are encoded as a series of hexadecimal bytes. The last argument to a system call may be a buffer of escaped binary data (@pxref{Binary Data}). @end table The valid responses to Host I/O packets are: @table @samp @item F @var{result} [, @var{errno}] [; @var{attachment}] @var{result} is the integer value returned by this operation, usually non-negative for success and -1 for errors. If an error has occured, @var{errno} will be included in the result. @var{errno} will have a value defined by the File-I/O protocol (@pxref{Errno Values}). For operations which return data, @var{attachment} supplies the data as a binary buffer. Binary buffers in response packets are escaped in the normal way (@pxref{Binary Data}). See the individual packet documentation for the interpretation of @var{result} and @var{attachment}. @item An empty response indicates that this operation is not recognized. @end table These are the supported Host I/O operations: @table @samp @item vFile:open: @var{pathname}, @var{flags}, @var{mode} Open a file at @var{pathname} and return a file descriptor for it, or return -1 if an error occurs. @var{pathname} is a string, @var{flags} is an integer indicating a mask of open flags (@pxref{Open Flags}), and @var{mode} is an integer indicating a mask of mode bits to use if the file is created (@pxref{mode_t Values}). @xref{open}, for details of the open flags and mode values. @item vFile:close: @var{fd} Close the open file corresponding to @var{fd} and return 0, or -1 if an error occurs. @item vFile:pread: @var{fd}, @var{count}, @var{offset} Read data from the open file corresponding to @var{fd}. Up to @var{count} bytes will be read from the file, starting at @var{offset} relative to the start of the file. The target may read fewer bytes; common reasons include packet size limits and an end-of-file condition. The number of bytes read is returned. Zero should only be returned for a successful read at the end of the file, or if @var{count} was zero. The data read should be returned as a binary attachment on success. If zero bytes were read, the response should include an empty binary attachment (i.e.@: a trailing semicolon). The return value is the number of target bytes read; the binary attachment may be longer if some characters were escaped. @item vFile:pwrite: @var{fd}, @var{offset}, @var{data} Write @var{data} (a binary buffer) to the open file corresponding to @var{fd}. Start the write at @var{offset} from the start of the file. Unlike many @code{write} system calls, there is no separate @var{count} argument; the length of @var{data} in the packet is used. @samp{vFile:write} returns the number of bytes written, which may be shorter than the length of @var{data}, or -1 if an error occurred. @item vFile:unlink: @var{pathname} Delete the file at @var{pathname} on the target. Return 0, or -1 if an error occurs. @var{pathname} is a string. @end table @node Interrupts @section Interrupts @cindex interrupts (remote protocol) When a program on the remote target is running, @value{GDBN} may attempt to interrupt it by sending a @samp{Ctrl-C} or a @code{BREAK}, control of which is specified via @value{GDBN}'s @samp{remotebreak} setting (@pxref{set remotebreak}). The precise meaning of @code{BREAK} is defined by the transport mechanism and may, in fact, be undefined. @value{GDBN} does not currently define a @code{BREAK} mechanism for any of the network interfaces. @samp{Ctrl-C}, on the other hand, is defined and implemented for all transport mechanisms. It is represented by sending the single byte @code{0x03} without any of the usual packet overhead described in the Overview section (@pxref{Overview}). When a @code{0x03} byte is transmitted as part of a packet, it is considered to be packet data and does @emph{not} represent an interrupt. E.g., an @samp{X} packet (@pxref{X packet}), used for binary downloads, may include an unescaped @code{0x03} as part of its packet. Stubs are not required to recognize these interrupt mechanisms and the precise meaning associated with receipt of the interrupt is implementation defined. If the stub is successful at interrupting the running program, it is expected that it will send one of the Stop Reply Packets (@pxref{Stop Reply Packets}) to @value{GDBN} as a result of successfully stopping the program. Interrupts received while the program is stopped will be discarded. @node Examples @section Examples Example sequence of a target being re-started. Notice how the restart does not get any direct output: @smallexample -> @code{R00} <- @code{+} @emph{target restarts} -> @code{?} <- @code{+} <- @code{T001:1234123412341234} -> @code{+} @end smallexample Example sequence of a target being stepped by a single instruction: @smallexample -> @code{G1445@dots{}} <- @code{+} -> @code{s} <- @code{+} @emph{time passes} <- @code{T001:1234123412341234} -> @code{+} -> @code{g} <- @code{+} <- @code{1455@dots{}} -> @code{+} @end smallexample @node File-I/O Remote Protocol Extension @section File-I/O Remote Protocol Extension @cindex File-I/O remote protocol extension @menu * File-I/O Overview:: * Protocol Basics:: * The F Request Packet:: * The F Reply Packet:: * The Ctrl-C Message:: * Console I/O:: * List of Supported Calls:: * Protocol-specific Representation of Datatypes:: * Constants:: * File-I/O Examples:: @end menu @node File-I/O Overview @subsection File-I/O Overview @cindex file-i/o overview The @dfn{File I/O remote protocol extension} (short: File-I/O) allows the target to use the host's file system and console I/O to perform various system calls. System calls on the target system are translated into a remote protocol packet to the host system, which then performs the needed actions and returns a response packet to the target system. This simulates file system operations even on targets that lack file systems. The protocol is defined to be independent of both the host and target systems. It uses its own internal representation of datatypes and values. Both @value{GDBN} and the target's @value{GDBN} stub are responsible for translating the system-dependent value representations into the internal protocol representations when data is transmitted. The communication is synchronous. A system call is possible only when @value{GDBN} is waiting for a response from the @samp{C}, @samp{c}, @samp{S} or @samp{s} packets. While @value{GDBN} handles the request for a system call, the target is stopped to allow deterministic access to the target's memory. Therefore File-I/O is not interruptible by target signals. On the other hand, it is possible to interrupt File-I/O by a user interrupt (@samp{Ctrl-C}) within @value{GDBN}. The target's request to perform a host system call does not finish the latest @samp{C}, @samp{c}, @samp{S} or @samp{s} action. That means, after finishing the system call, the target returns to continuing the previous activity (continue, step). No additional continue or step request from @value{GDBN} is required. @smallexample (@value{GDBP}) continue <- target requests 'system call X' target is stopped, @value{GDBN} executes system call -> @value{GDBN} returns result ... target continues, @value{GDBN} returns to wait for the target <- target hits breakpoint and sends a Txx packet @end smallexample The protocol only supports I/O on the console and to regular files on the host file system. Character or block special devices, pipes, named pipes, sockets or any other communication method on the host system are not supported by this protocol. @node Protocol Basics @subsection Protocol Basics @cindex protocol basics, file-i/o The File-I/O protocol uses the @code{F} packet as the request as well as reply packet. Since a File-I/O system call can only occur when @value{GDBN} is waiting for a response from the continuing or stepping target, the File-I/O request is a reply that @value{GDBN} has to expect as a result of a previous @samp{C}, @samp{c}, @samp{S} or @samp{s} packet. This @code{F} packet contains all information needed to allow @value{GDBN} to call the appropriate host system call: @itemize @bullet @item A unique identifier for the requested system call. @item All parameters to the system call. Pointers are given as addresses in the target memory address space. Pointers to strings are given as pointer/length pair. Numerical values are given as they are. Numerical control flags are given in a protocol-specific representation. @end itemize At this point, @value{GDBN} has to perform the following actions. @itemize @bullet @item If the parameters include pointer values to data needed as input to a system call, @value{GDBN} requests this data from the target with a standard @code{m} packet request. This additional communication has to be expected by the target implementation and is handled as any other @code{m} packet. @item @value{GDBN} translates all value from protocol representation to host representation as needed. Datatypes are coerced into the host types. @item @value{GDBN} calls the system call. @item It then coerces datatypes back to protocol representation. @item If the system call is expected to return data in buffer space specified by pointer parameters to the call, the data is transmitted to the target using a @code{M} or @code{X} packet. This packet has to be expected by the target implementation and is handled as any other @code{M} or @code{X} packet. @end itemize Eventually @value{GDBN} replies with another @code{F} packet which contains all necessary information for the target to continue. This at least contains @itemize @bullet @item Return value. @item @code{errno}, if has been changed by the system call. @item ``Ctrl-C'' flag. @end itemize After having done the needed type and value coercion, the target continues the latest continue or step action. @node The F Request Packet @subsection The @code{F} Request Packet @cindex file-i/o request packet @cindex @code{F} request packet The @code{F} request packet has the following format: @table @samp @item F@var{call-id},@var{parameter@dots{}} @var{call-id} is the identifier to indicate the host system call to be called. This is just the name of the function. @var{parameter@dots{}} are the parameters to the system call. Parameters are hexadecimal integer values, either the actual values in case of scalar datatypes, pointers to target buffer space in case of compound datatypes and unspecified memory areas, or pointer/length pairs in case of string parameters. These are appended to the @var{call-id} as a comma-delimited list. All values are transmitted in ASCII string representation, pointer/length pairs separated by a slash. @end table @node The F Reply Packet @subsection The @code{F} Reply Packet @cindex file-i/o reply packet @cindex @code{F} reply packet The @code{F} reply packet has the following format: @table @samp @item F@var{retcode},@var{errno},@var{Ctrl-C flag};@var{call-specific attachment} @var{retcode} is the return code of the system call as hexadecimal value. @var{errno} is the @code{errno} set by the call, in protocol-specific representation. This parameter can be omitted if the call was successful. @var{Ctrl-C flag} is only sent if the user requested a break. In this case, @var{errno} must be sent as well, even if the call was successful. The @var{Ctrl-C flag} itself consists of the character @samp{C}: @smallexample F0,0,C @end smallexample @noindent or, if the call was interrupted before the host call has been performed: @smallexample F-1,4,C @end smallexample @noindent assuming 4 is the protocol-specific representation of @code{EINTR}. @end table @node The Ctrl-C Message @subsection The @samp{Ctrl-C} Message @cindex ctrl-c message, in file-i/o protocol If the @samp{Ctrl-C} flag is set in the @value{GDBN} reply packet (@pxref{The F Reply Packet}), the target should behave as if it had gotten a break message. The meaning for the target is ``system call interrupted by @code{SIGINT}''. Consequentially, the target should actually stop (as with a break message) and return to @value{GDBN} with a @code{T02} packet. It's important for the target to know in which state the system call was interrupted. There are two possible cases: @itemize @bullet @item The system call hasn't been performed on the host yet. @item The system call on the host has been finished. @end itemize These two states can be distinguished by the target by the value of the returned @code{errno}. If it's the protocol representation of @code{EINTR}, the system call hasn't been performed. This is equivalent to the @code{EINTR} handling on POSIX systems. In any other case, the target may presume that the system call has been finished --- successfully or not --- and should behave as if the break message arrived right after the system call. @value{GDBN} must behave reliably. If the system call has not been called yet, @value{GDBN} may send the @code{F} reply immediately, setting @code{EINTR} as @code{errno} in the packet. If the system call on the host has been finished before the user requests a break, the full action must be finished by @value{GDBN}. This requires sending @code{M} or @code{X} packets as necessary. The @code{F} packet may only be sent when either nothing has happened or the full action has been completed. @node Console I/O @subsection Console I/O @cindex console i/o as part of file-i/o By default and if not explicitly closed by the target system, the file descriptors 0, 1 and 2 are connected to the @value{GDBN} console. Output on the @value{GDBN} console is handled as any other file output operation (@code{write(1, @dots{})} or @code{write(2, @dots{})}). Console input is handled by @value{GDBN} so that after the target read request from file descriptor 0 all following typing is buffered until either one of the following conditions is met: @itemize @bullet @item The user types @kbd{Ctrl-c}. The behaviour is as explained above, and the @code{read} system call is treated as finished. @item The user presses @key{RET}. This is treated as end of input with a trailing newline. @item The user types @kbd{Ctrl-d}. This is treated as end of input. No trailing character (neither newline nor @samp{Ctrl-D}) is appended to the input. @end itemize If the user has typed more characters than fit in the buffer given to the @code{read} call, the trailing characters are buffered in @value{GDBN} until either another @code{read(0, @dots{})} is requested by the target, or debugging is stopped at the user's request. @node List of Supported Calls @subsection List of Supported Calls @cindex list of supported file-i/o calls @menu * open:: * close:: * read:: * write:: * lseek:: * rename:: * unlink:: * stat/fstat:: * gettimeofday:: * isatty:: * system:: @end menu @node open @unnumberedsubsubsec open @cindex open, file-i/o system call @table @asis @item Synopsis: @smallexample int open(const char *pathname, int flags); int open(const char *pathname, int flags, mode_t mode); @end smallexample @item Request: @samp{Fopen,@var{pathptr}/@var{len},@var{flags},@var{mode}} @noindent @var{flags} is the bitwise @code{OR} of the following values: @table @code @item O_CREAT If the file does not exist it will be created. The host rules apply as far as file ownership and time stamps are concerned. @item O_EXCL When used with @code{O_CREAT}, if the file already exists it is an error and open() fails. @item O_TRUNC If the file already exists and the open mode allows writing (@code{O_RDWR} or @code{O_WRONLY} is given) it will be truncated to zero length. @item O_APPEND The file is opened in append mode. @item O_RDONLY The file is opened for reading only. @item O_WRONLY The file is opened for writing only. @item O_RDWR The file is opened for reading and writing. @end table @noindent Other bits are silently ignored. @noindent @var{mode} is the bitwise @code{OR} of the following values: @table @code @item S_IRUSR User has read permission. @item S_IWUSR User has write permission. @item S_IRGRP Group has read permission. @item S_IWGRP Group has write permission. @item S_IROTH Others have read permission. @item S_IWOTH Others have write permission. @end table @noindent Other bits are silently ignored. @item Return value: @code{open} returns the new file descriptor or -1 if an error occurred. @item Errors: @table @code @item EEXIST @var{pathname} already exists and @code{O_CREAT} and @code{O_EXCL} were used. @item EISDIR @var{pathname} refers to a directory. @item EACCES The requested access is not allowed. @item ENAMETOOLONG @var{pathname} was too long. @item ENOENT A directory component in @var{pathname} does not exist. @item ENODEV @var{pathname} refers to a device, pipe, named pipe or socket. @item EROFS @var{pathname} refers to a file on a read-only filesystem and write access was requested. @item EFAULT @var{pathname} is an invalid pointer value. @item ENOSPC No space on device to create the file. @item EMFILE The process already has the maximum number of files open. @item ENFILE The limit on the total number of files open on the system has been reached. @item EINTR The call was interrupted by the user. @end table @end table @node close @unnumberedsubsubsec close @cindex close, file-i/o system call @table @asis @item Synopsis: @smallexample int close(int fd); @end smallexample @item Request: @samp{Fclose,@var{fd}} @item Return value: @code{close} returns zero on success, or -1 if an error occurred. @item Errors: @table @code @item EBADF @var{fd} isn't a valid open file descriptor. @item EINTR The call was interrupted by the user. @end table @end table @node read @unnumberedsubsubsec read @cindex read, file-i/o system call @table @asis @item Synopsis: @smallexample int read(int fd, void *buf, unsigned int count); @end smallexample @item Request: @samp{Fread,@var{fd},@var{bufptr},@var{count}} @item Return value: On success, the number of bytes read is returned. Zero indicates end of file. If count is zero, read returns zero as well. On error, -1 is returned. @item Errors: @table @code @item EBADF @var{fd} is not a valid file descriptor or is not open for reading. @item EFAULT @var{bufptr} is an invalid pointer value. @item EINTR The call was interrupted by the user. @end table @end table @node write @unnumberedsubsubsec write @cindex write, file-i/o system call @table @asis @item Synopsis: @smallexample int write(int fd, const void *buf, unsigned int count); @end smallexample @item Request: @samp{Fwrite,@var{fd},@var{bufptr},@var{count}} @item Return value: On success, the number of bytes written are returned. Zero indicates nothing was written. On error, -1 is returned. @item Errors: @table @code @item EBADF @var{fd} is not a valid file descriptor or is not open for writing. @item EFAULT @var{bufptr} is an invalid pointer value. @item EFBIG An attempt was made to write a file that exceeds the host-specific maximum file size allowed. @item ENOSPC No space on device to write the data. @item EINTR The call was interrupted by the user. @end table @end table @node lseek @unnumberedsubsubsec lseek @cindex lseek, file-i/o system call @table @asis @item Synopsis: @smallexample long lseek (int fd, long offset, int flag); @end smallexample @item Request: @samp{Flseek,@var{fd},@var{offset},@var{flag}} @var{flag} is one of: @table @code @item SEEK_SET The offset is set to @var{offset} bytes. @item SEEK_CUR The offset is set to its current location plus @var{offset} bytes. @item SEEK_END The offset is set to the size of the file plus @var{offset} bytes. @end table @item Return value: On success, the resulting unsigned offset in bytes from the beginning of the file is returned. Otherwise, a value of -1 is returned. @item Errors: @table @code @item EBADF @var{fd} is not a valid open file descriptor. @item ESPIPE @var{fd} is associated with the @value{GDBN} console. @item EINVAL @var{flag} is not a proper value. @item EINTR The call was interrupted by the user. @end table @end table @node rename @unnumberedsubsubsec rename @cindex rename, file-i/o system call @table @asis @item Synopsis: @smallexample int rename(const char *oldpath, const char *newpath); @end smallexample @item Request: @samp{Frename,@var{oldpathptr}/@var{len},@var{newpathptr}/@var{len}} @item Return value: On success, zero is returned. On error, -1 is returned. @item Errors: @table @code @item EISDIR @var{newpath} is an existing directory, but @var{oldpath} is not a directory. @item EEXIST @var{newpath} is a non-empty directory. @item EBUSY @var{oldpath} or @var{newpath} is a directory that is in use by some process. @item EINVAL An attempt was made to make a directory a subdirectory of itself. @item ENOTDIR A component used as a directory in @var{oldpath} or new path is not a directory. Or @var{oldpath} is a directory and @var{newpath} exists but is not a directory. @item EFAULT @var{oldpathptr} or @var{newpathptr} are invalid pointer values. @item EACCES No access to the file or the path of the file. @item ENAMETOOLONG @var{oldpath} or @var{newpath} was too long. @item ENOENT A directory component in @var{oldpath} or @var{newpath} does not exist. @item EROFS The file is on a read-only filesystem. @item ENOSPC The device containing the file has no room for the new directory entry. @item EINTR The call was interrupted by the user. @end table @end table @node unlink @unnumberedsubsubsec unlink @cindex unlink, file-i/o system call @table @asis @item Synopsis: @smallexample int unlink(const char *pathname); @end smallexample @item Request: @samp{Funlink,@var{pathnameptr}/@var{len}} @item Return value: On success, zero is returned. On error, -1 is returned. @item Errors: @table @code @item EACCES No access to the file or the path of the file. @item EPERM The system does not allow unlinking of directories. @item EBUSY The file @var{pathname} cannot be unlinked because it's being used by another process. @item EFAULT @var{pathnameptr} is an invalid pointer value. @item ENAMETOOLONG @var{pathname} was too long. @item ENOENT A directory component in @var{pathname} does not exist. @item ENOTDIR A component of the path is not a directory. @item EROFS The file is on a read-only filesystem. @item EINTR The call was interrupted by the user. @end table @end table @node stat/fstat @unnumberedsubsubsec stat/fstat @cindex fstat, file-i/o system call @cindex stat, file-i/o system call @table @asis @item Synopsis: @smallexample int stat(const char *pathname, struct stat *buf); int fstat(int fd, struct stat *buf); @end smallexample @item Request: @samp{Fstat,@var{pathnameptr}/@var{len},@var{bufptr}}@* @samp{Ffstat,@var{fd},@var{bufptr}} @item Return value: On success, zero is returned. On error, -1 is returned. @item Errors: @table @code @item EBADF @var{fd} is not a valid open file. @item ENOENT A directory component in @var{pathname} does not exist or the path is an empty string. @item ENOTDIR A component of the path is not a directory. @item EFAULT @var{pathnameptr} is an invalid pointer value. @item EACCES No access to the file or the path of the file. @item ENAMETOOLONG @var{pathname} was too long. @item EINTR The call was interrupted by the user. @end table @end table @node gettimeofday @unnumberedsubsubsec gettimeofday @cindex gettimeofday, file-i/o system call @table @asis @item Synopsis: @smallexample int gettimeofday(struct timeval *tv, void *tz); @end smallexample @item Request: @samp{Fgettimeofday,@var{tvptr},@var{tzptr}} @item Return value: On success, 0 is returned, -1 otherwise. @item Errors: @table @code @item EINVAL @var{tz} is a non-NULL pointer. @item EFAULT @var{tvptr} and/or @var{tzptr} is an invalid pointer value. @end table @end table @node isatty @unnumberedsubsubsec isatty @cindex isatty, file-i/o system call @table @asis @item Synopsis: @smallexample int isatty(int fd); @end smallexample @item Request: @samp{Fisatty,@var{fd}} @item Return value: Returns 1 if @var{fd} refers to the @value{GDBN} console, 0 otherwise. @item Errors: @table @code @item EINTR The call was interrupted by the user. @end table @end table Note that the @code{isatty} call is treated as a special case: it returns 1 to the target if the file descriptor is attached to the @value{GDBN} console, 0 otherwise. Implementing through system calls would require implementing @code{ioctl} and would be more complex than needed. @node system @unnumberedsubsubsec system @cindex system, file-i/o system call @table @asis @item Synopsis: @smallexample int system(const char *command); @end smallexample @item Request: @samp{Fsystem,@var{commandptr}/@var{len}} @item Return value: If @var{len} is zero, the return value indicates whether a shell is available. A zero return value indicates a shell is not available. For non-zero @var{len}, the value returned is -1 on error and the return status of the command otherwise. Only the exit status of the command is returned, which is extracted from the host's @code{system} return value by calling @code{WEXITSTATUS(retval)}. In case @file{/bin/sh} could not be executed, 127 is returned. @item Errors: @table @code @item EINTR The call was interrupted by the user. @end table @end table @value{GDBN} takes over the full task of calling the necessary host calls to perform the @code{system} call. The return value of @code{system} on the host is simplified before it's returned to the target. Any termination signal information from the child process is discarded, and the return value consists entirely of the exit status of the called command. Due to security concerns, the @code{system} call is by default refused by @value{GDBN}. The user has to allow this call explicitly with the @code{set remote system-call-allowed 1} command. @table @code @item set remote system-call-allowed @kindex set remote system-call-allowed Control whether to allow the @code{system} calls in the File I/O protocol for the remote target. The default is zero (disabled). @item show remote system-call-allowed @kindex show remote system-call-allowed Show whether the @code{system} calls are allowed in the File I/O protocol. @end table @node Protocol-specific Representation of Datatypes @subsection Protocol-specific Representation of Datatypes @cindex protocol-specific representation of datatypes, in file-i/o protocol @menu * Integral Datatypes:: * Pointer Values:: * Memory Transfer:: * struct stat:: * struct timeval:: @end menu @node Integral Datatypes @unnumberedsubsubsec Integral Datatypes @cindex integral datatypes, in file-i/o protocol The integral datatypes used in the system calls are @code{int}, @code{unsigned int}, @code{long}, @code{unsigned long}, @code{mode_t}, and @code{time_t}. @code{int}, @code{unsigned int}, @code{mode_t} and @code{time_t} are implemented as 32 bit values in this protocol. @code{long} and @code{unsigned long} are implemented as 64 bit types. @xref{Limits}, for corresponding MIN and MAX values (similar to those in @file{limits.h}) to allow range checking on host and target. @code{time_t} datatypes are defined as seconds since the Epoch. All integral datatypes transferred as part of a memory read or write of a structured datatype e.g.@: a @code{struct stat} have to be given in big endian byte order. @node Pointer Values @unnumberedsubsubsec Pointer Values @cindex pointer values, in file-i/o protocol Pointers to target data are transmitted as they are. An exception is made for pointers to buffers for which the length isn't transmitted as part of the function call, namely strings. Strings are transmitted as a pointer/length pair, both as hex values, e.g.@: @smallexample @code{1aaf/12} @end smallexample @noindent which is a pointer to data of length 18 bytes at position 0x1aaf. The length is defined as the full string length in bytes, including the trailing null byte. For example, the string @code{"hello world"} at address 0x123456 is transmitted as @smallexample @code{123456/d} @end smallexample @node Memory Transfer @unnumberedsubsubsec Memory Transfer @cindex memory transfer, in file-i/o protocol Structured data which is transferred using a memory read or write (for example, a @code{struct stat}) is expected to be in a protocol-specific format with all scalar multibyte datatypes being big endian. Translation to this representation needs to be done both by the target before the @code{F} packet is sent, and by @value{GDBN} before it transfers memory to the target. Transferred pointers to structured data should point to the already-coerced data at any time. @node struct stat @unnumberedsubsubsec struct stat @cindex struct stat, in file-i/o protocol The buffer of type @code{struct stat} used by the target and @value{GDBN} is defined as follows: @smallexample struct stat @{ unsigned int st_dev; /* device */ unsigned int st_ino; /* inode */ mode_t st_mode; /* protection */ unsigned int st_nlink; /* number of hard links */ unsigned int st_uid; /* user ID of owner */ unsigned int st_gid; /* group ID of owner */ unsigned int st_rdev; /* device type (if inode device) */ unsigned long st_size; /* total size, in bytes */ unsigned long st_blksize; /* blocksize for filesystem I/O */ unsigned long st_blocks; /* number of blocks allocated */ time_t st_atime; /* time of last access */ time_t st_mtime; /* time of last modification */ time_t st_ctime; /* time of last change */ @}; @end smallexample The integral datatypes conform to the definitions given in the appropriate section (see @ref{Integral Datatypes}, for details) so this structure is of size 64 bytes. The values of several fields have a restricted meaning and/or range of values. @table @code @item st_dev A value of 0 represents a file, 1 the console. @item st_ino No valid meaning for the target. Transmitted unchanged. @item st_mode Valid mode bits are described in @ref{Constants}. Any other bits have currently no meaning for the target. @item st_uid @itemx st_gid @itemx st_rdev No valid meaning for the target. Transmitted unchanged. @item st_atime @itemx st_mtime @itemx st_ctime These values have a host and file system dependent accuracy. Especially on Windows hosts, the file system may not support exact timing values. @end table The target gets a @code{struct stat} of the above representation and is responsible for coercing it to the target representation before continuing. Note that due to size differences between the host, target, and protocol representations of @code{struct stat} members, these members could eventually get truncated on the target. @node struct timeval @unnumberedsubsubsec struct timeval @cindex struct timeval, in file-i/o protocol The buffer of type @code{struct timeval} used by the File-I/O protocol is defined as follows: @smallexample struct timeval @{ time_t tv_sec; /* second */ long tv_usec; /* microsecond */ @}; @end smallexample The integral datatypes conform to the definitions given in the appropriate section (see @ref{Integral Datatypes}, for details) so this structure is of size 8 bytes. @node Constants @subsection Constants @cindex constants, in file-i/o protocol The following values are used for the constants inside of the protocol. @value{GDBN} and target are responsible for translating these values before and after the call as needed. @menu * Open Flags:: * mode_t Values:: * Errno Values:: * Lseek Flags:: * Limits:: @end menu @node Open Flags @unnumberedsubsubsec Open Flags @cindex open flags, in file-i/o protocol All values are given in hexadecimal representation. @smallexample O_RDONLY 0x0 O_WRONLY 0x1 O_RDWR 0x2 O_APPEND 0x8 O_CREAT 0x200 O_TRUNC 0x400 O_EXCL 0x800 @end smallexample @node mode_t Values @unnumberedsubsubsec mode_t Values @cindex mode_t values, in file-i/o protocol All values are given in octal representation. @smallexample S_IFREG 0100000 S_IFDIR 040000 S_IRUSR 0400 S_IWUSR 0200 S_IXUSR 0100 S_IRGRP 040 S_IWGRP 020 S_IXGRP 010 S_IROTH 04 S_IWOTH 02 S_IXOTH 01 @end smallexample @node Errno Values @unnumberedsubsubsec Errno Values @cindex errno values, in file-i/o protocol All values are given in decimal representation. @smallexample EPERM 1 ENOENT 2 EINTR 4 EBADF 9 EACCES 13 EFAULT 14 EBUSY 16 EEXIST 17 ENODEV 19 ENOTDIR 20 EISDIR 21 EINVAL 22 ENFILE 23 EMFILE 24 EFBIG 27 ENOSPC 28 ESPIPE 29 EROFS 30 ENAMETOOLONG 91 EUNKNOWN 9999 @end smallexample @code{EUNKNOWN} is used as a fallback error value if a host system returns any error value not in the list of supported error numbers. @node Lseek Flags @unnumberedsubsubsec Lseek Flags @cindex lseek flags, in file-i/o protocol @smallexample SEEK_SET 0 SEEK_CUR 1 SEEK_END 2 @end smallexample @node Limits @unnumberedsubsubsec Limits @cindex limits, in file-i/o protocol All values are given in decimal representation. @smallexample INT_MIN -2147483648 INT_MAX 2147483647 UINT_MAX 4294967295 LONG_MIN -9223372036854775808 LONG_MAX 9223372036854775807 ULONG_MAX 18446744073709551615 @end smallexample @node File-I/O Examples @subsection File-I/O Examples @cindex file-i/o examples Example sequence of a write call, file descriptor 3, buffer is at target address 0x1234, 6 bytes should be written: @smallexample <- @code{Fwrite,3,1234,6} @emph{request memory read from target} -> @code{m1234,6} <- XXXXXX @emph{return "6 bytes written"} -> @code{F6} @end smallexample Example sequence of a read call, file descriptor 3, buffer is at target address 0x1234, 6 bytes should be read: @smallexample <- @code{Fread,3,1234,6} @emph{request memory write to target} -> @code{X1234,6:XXXXXX} @emph{return "6 bytes read"} -> @code{F6} @end smallexample Example sequence of a read call, call fails on the host due to invalid file descriptor (@code{EBADF}): @smallexample <- @code{Fread,3,1234,6} -> @code{F-1,9} @end smallexample Example sequence of a read call, user presses @kbd{Ctrl-c} before syscall on host is called: @smallexample <- @code{Fread,3,1234,6} -> @code{F-1,4,C} <- @code{T02} @end smallexample Example sequence of a read call, user presses @kbd{Ctrl-c} after syscall on host is called: @smallexample <- @code{Fread,3,1234,6} -> @code{X1234,6:XXXXXX} <- @code{T02} @end smallexample @node Library List Format @section Library List Format @cindex library list format, remote protocol On some platforms, a dynamic loader (e.g.@: @file{ld.so}) runs in the same process as your application to manage libraries. In this case, @value{GDBN} can use the loader's symbol table and normal memory operations to maintain a list of shared libraries. On other platforms, the operating system manages loaded libraries. @value{GDBN} can not retrieve the list of currently loaded libraries through memory operations, so it uses the @samp{qXfer:libraries:read} packet (@pxref{qXfer library list read}) instead. The remote stub queries the target's operating system and reports which libraries are loaded. The @samp{qXfer:libraries:read} packet returns an XML document which lists loaded libraries and their offsets. Each library has an associated name and one or more segment or section base addresses, which report where the library was loaded in memory. For the common case of libraries that are fully linked binaries, the library should have a list of segments. If the target supports dynamic linking of a relocatable object file, its library XML element should instead include a list of allocated sections. The segment or section bases are start addresses, not relocation offsets; they do not depend on the library's link-time base addresses. @value{GDBN} must be linked with the Expat library to support XML library lists. @xref{Expat}. A simple memory map, with one loaded library relocated by a single offset, looks like this: @smallexample @end smallexample Another simple memory map, with one loaded library with three allocated sections (.text, .data, .bss), looks like this: @smallexample
@end smallexample The format of a library list is described by this DTD: @smallexample @end smallexample In addition, segments and section descriptors cannot be mixed within a single library element, and you must supply at least one segment or section for each library. @node Memory Map Format @section Memory Map Format @cindex memory map format To be able to write into flash memory, @value{GDBN} needs to obtain a memory map from the target. This section describes the format of the memory map. The memory map is obtained using the @samp{qXfer:memory-map:read} (@pxref{qXfer memory map read}) packet and is an XML document that lists memory regions. @value{GDBN} must be linked with the Expat library to support XML memory maps. @xref{Expat}. The top-level structure of the document is shown below: @smallexample region... @end smallexample Each region can be either: @itemize @item A region of RAM starting at @var{addr} and extending for @var{length} bytes from there: @smallexample @end smallexample @item A region of read-only memory: @smallexample @end smallexample @item A region of flash memory, with erasure blocks @var{blocksize} bytes in length: @smallexample @var{blocksize} @end smallexample @end itemize Regions must not overlap. @value{GDBN} assumes that areas of memory not covered by the memory map are RAM, and uses the ordinary @samp{M} and @samp{X} packets to write to addresses in such ranges. The formal DTD for memory map format is given below: @smallexample @end smallexample @include agentexpr.texi @node Target Descriptions @appendix Target Descriptions @cindex target descriptions @strong{Warning:} target descriptions are still under active development, and the contents and format may change between @value{GDBN} releases. The format is expected to stabilize in the future. One of the challenges of using @value{GDBN} to debug embedded systems is that there are so many minor variants of each processor architecture in use. It is common practice for vendors to start with a standard processor core --- ARM, PowerPC, or MIPS, for example --- and then make changes to adapt it to a particular market niche. Some architectures have hundreds of variants, available from dozens of vendors. This leads to a number of problems: @itemize @bullet @item With so many different customized processors, it is difficult for the @value{GDBN} maintainers to keep up with the changes. @item Since individual variants may have short lifetimes or limited audiences, it may not be worthwhile to carry information about every variant in the @value{GDBN} source tree. @item When @value{GDBN} does support the architecture of the embedded system at hand, the task of finding the correct architecture name to give the @command{set architecture} command can be error-prone. @end itemize To address these problems, the @value{GDBN} remote protocol allows a target system to not only identify itself to @value{GDBN}, but to actually describe its own features. This lets @value{GDBN} support processor variants it has never seen before --- to the extent that the descriptions are accurate, and that @value{GDBN} understands them. @value{GDBN} must be linked with the Expat library to support XML target descriptions. @xref{Expat}. @menu * Retrieving Descriptions:: How descriptions are fetched from a target. * Target Description Format:: The contents of a target description. * Predefined Target Types:: Standard types available for target descriptions. * Standard Target Features:: Features @value{GDBN} knows about. @end menu @node Retrieving Descriptions @section Retrieving Descriptions Target descriptions can be read from the target automatically, or specified by the user manually. The default behavior is to read the description from the target. @value{GDBN} retrieves it via the remote protocol using @samp{qXfer} requests (@pxref{General Query Packets, qXfer}). The @var{annex} in the @samp{qXfer} packet will be @samp{target.xml}. The contents of the @samp{target.xml} annex are an XML document, of the form described in @ref{Target Description Format}. Alternatively, you can specify a file to read for the target description. If a file is set, the target will not be queried. The commands to specify a file are: @table @code @cindex set tdesc filename @item set tdesc filename @var{path} Read the target description from @var{path}. @cindex unset tdesc filename @item unset tdesc filename Do not read the XML target description from a file. @value{GDBN} will use the description supplied by the current target. @cindex show tdesc filename @item show tdesc filename Show the filename to read for a target description, if any. @end table @node Target Description Format @section Target Description Format @cindex target descriptions, XML format A target description annex is an @uref{http://www.w3.org/XML/, XML} document which complies with the Document Type Definition provided in the @value{GDBN} sources in @file{gdb/features/gdb-target.dtd}. This means you can use generally available tools like @command{xmllint} to check that your feature descriptions are well-formed and valid. However, to help people unfamiliar with XML write descriptions for their targets, we also describe the grammar here. Target descriptions can identify the architecture of the remote target and (for some architectures) provide information about custom register sets. @value{GDBN} can use this information to autoconfigure for your target, or to warn you if you connect to an unsupported target. Here is a simple target description: @smallexample i386:x86-64 @end smallexample @noindent This minimal description only says that the target uses the x86-64 architecture. A target description has the following overall form, with [ ] marking optional elements and @dots{} marking repeatable elements. The elements are explained further below. @smallexample @r{[}@var{architecture}@r{]} @r{[}@var{feature}@dots{}@r{]} @end smallexample @noindent The description is generally insensitive to whitespace and line breaks, under the usual common-sense rules. The XML version declaration and document type declaration can generally be omitted (@value{GDBN} does not require them), but specifying them may be useful for XML validation tools. The @samp{version} attribute for @samp{} may also be omitted, but we recommend including it; if future versions of @value{GDBN} use an incompatible revision of @file{gdb-target.dtd}, they will detect and report the version mismatch. @subsection Inclusion @cindex target descriptions, inclusion @cindex XInclude @ifnotinfo @cindex @end ifnotinfo It can sometimes be valuable to split a target description up into several different annexes, either for organizational purposes, or to share files between different possible target descriptions. You can divide a description into multiple files by replacing any element of the target description with an inclusion directive of the form: @smallexample @end smallexample @noindent When @value{GDBN} encounters an element of this form, it will retrieve the named XML @var{document}, and replace the inclusion directive with the contents of that document. If the current description was read using @samp{qXfer}, then so will be the included document; @var{document} will be interpreted as the name of an annex. If the current description was read from a file, @value{GDBN} will look for @var{document} as a file in the same directory where it found the original description. @subsection Architecture @cindex An @samp{} element has this form: @smallexample @var{arch} @end smallexample @var{arch} is an architecture name from the same selection accepted by @code{set architecture} (@pxref{Targets, ,Specifying a Debugging Target}). @subsection Features @cindex Each @samp{} describes some logical portion of the target system. Features are currently used to describe available CPU registers and the types of their contents. A @samp{} element has this form: @smallexample @r{[}@var{type}@dots{}@r{]} @var{reg}@dots{} @end smallexample @noindent Each feature's name should be unique within the description. The name of a feature does not matter unless @value{GDBN} has some special knowledge of the contents of that feature; if it does, the feature should have its standard name. @xref{Standard Target Features}. @subsection Types Any register's value is a collection of bits which @value{GDBN} must interpret. The default interpretation is a two's complement integer, but other types can be requested by name in the register description. Some predefined types are provided by @value{GDBN} (@pxref{Predefined Target Types}), and the description can define additional composite types. Each type element must have an @samp{id} attribute, which gives a unique (within the containing @samp{}) name to the type. Types must be defined before they are used. @cindex Some targets offer vector registers, which can be treated as arrays of scalar elements. These types are written as @samp{} elements, specifying the array element type, @var{type}, and the number of elements, @var{count}: @smallexample @end smallexample @cindex If a register's value is usefully viewed in multiple ways, define it with a union type containing the useful representations. The @samp{} element contains one or more @samp{} elements, each of which has a @var{name} and a @var{type}: @smallexample @dots{} @end smallexample @subsection Registers @cindex Each register is represented as an element with this form: @smallexample @end smallexample @noindent The components are as follows: @table @var @item name The register's name; it must be unique within the target description. @item bitsize The register's size, in bits. @item regnum The register's number. If omitted, a register's number is one greater than that of the previous register (either in the current feature or in a preceeding feature); the first register in the target description defaults to zero. This register number is used to read or write the register; e.g.@: it is used in the remote @code{p} and @code{P} packets, and registers appear in the @code{g} and @code{G} packets in order of increasing register number. @item save-restore Whether the register should be preserved across inferior function calls; this must be either @code{yes} or @code{no}. The default is @code{yes}, which is appropriate for most registers except for some system control registers; this is not related to the target's ABI. @item type The type of the register. @var{type} may be a predefined type, a type defined in the current feature, or one of the special types @code{int} and @code{float}. @code{int} is an integer type of the correct size for @var{bitsize}, and @code{float} is a floating point type (in the architecture's normal floating point format) of the correct size for @var{bitsize}. The default is @code{int}. @item group The register group to which this register belongs. @var{group} must be either @code{general}, @code{float}, or @code{vector}. If no @var{group} is specified, @value{GDBN} will not display the register in @code{info registers}. @end table @node Predefined Target Types @section Predefined Target Types @cindex target descriptions, predefined types Type definitions in the self-description can build up composite types from basic building blocks, but can not define fundamental types. Instead, standard identifiers are provided by @value{GDBN} for the fundamental types. The currently supported types are: @table @code @item int8 @itemx int16 @itemx int32 @itemx int64 @itemx int128 Signed integer types holding the specified number of bits. @item uint8 @itemx uint16 @itemx uint32 @itemx uint64 @itemx uint128 Unsigned integer types holding the specified number of bits. @item code_ptr @itemx data_ptr Pointers to unspecified code and data. The program counter and any dedicated return address register may be marked as code pointers; printing a code pointer converts it into a symbolic address. The stack pointer and any dedicated address registers may be marked as data pointers. @item ieee_single Single precision IEEE floating point. @item ieee_double Double precision IEEE floating point. @item arm_fpa_ext The 12-byte extended precision format used by ARM FPA registers. @end table @node Standard Target Features @section Standard Target Features @cindex target descriptions, standard features A target description must contain either no registers or all the target's registers. If the description contains no registers, then @value{GDBN} will assume a default register layout, selected based on the architecture. If the description contains any registers, the default layout will not be used; the standard registers must be described in the target description, in such a way that @value{GDBN} can recognize them. This is accomplished by giving specific names to feature elements which contain standard registers. @value{GDBN} will look for features with those names and verify that they contain the expected registers; if any known feature is missing required registers, or if any required feature is missing, @value{GDBN} will reject the target description. You can add additional registers to any of the standard features --- @value{GDBN} will display them just as if they were added to an unrecognized feature. This section lists the known features and their expected contents. Sample XML documents for these features are included in the @value{GDBN} source tree, in the directory @file{gdb/features}. Names recognized by @value{GDBN} should include the name of the company or organization which selected the name, and the overall architecture to which the feature applies; so e.g.@: the feature containing ARM core registers is named @samp{org.gnu.gdb.arm.core}. The names of registers are not case sensitive for the purpose of recognizing standard features, but @value{GDBN} will only display registers using the capitalization used in the description. @menu * ARM Features:: * M68K Features:: @end menu @node ARM Features @subsection ARM Features @cindex target descriptions, ARM features The @samp{org.gnu.gdb.arm.core} feature is required for ARM targets. It should contain registers @samp{r0} through @samp{r13}, @samp{sp}, @samp{lr}, @samp{pc}, and @samp{cpsr}. The @samp{org.gnu.gdb.arm.fpa} feature is optional. If present, it should contain registers @samp{f0} through @samp{f7} and @samp{fps}. The @samp{org.gnu.gdb.xscale.iwmmxt} feature is optional. If present, it should contain at least registers @samp{wR0} through @samp{wR15} and @samp{wCGR0} through @samp{wCGR3}. The @samp{wCID}, @samp{wCon}, @samp{wCSSF}, and @samp{wCASF} registers are optional. @subsection MIPS Features @cindex target descriptions, MIPS features The @samp{org.gnu.gdb.mips.cpu} feature is required for MIPS targets. It should contain registers @samp{r0} through @samp{r31}, @samp{lo}, @samp{hi}, and @samp{pc}. They may be 32-bit or 64-bit depending on the target. The @samp{org.gnu.gdb.mips.cp0} feature is also required. It should contain at least the @samp{status}, @samp{badvaddr}, and @samp{cause} registers. They may be 32-bit or 64-bit depending on the target. The @samp{org.gnu.gdb.mips.fpu} feature is currently required, though it may be optional in a future version of @value{GDBN}. It should contain registers @samp{f0} through @samp{f31}, @samp{fcsr}, and @samp{fir}. They may be 32-bit or 64-bit depending on the target. The @samp{org.gnu.gdb.mips.linux} feature is optional. It should contain a single register, @samp{restart}, which is used by the Linux kernel to control restartable syscalls. @node M68K Features @subsection M68K Features @cindex target descriptions, M68K features @table @code @item @samp{org.gnu.gdb.m68k.core} @itemx @samp{org.gnu.gdb.coldfire.core} @itemx @samp{org.gnu.gdb.fido.core} One of those features must be always present. The feature that is present determines which flavor of m86k is used. The feature that is present should contain registers @samp{d0} through @samp{d7}, @samp{a0} through @samp{a5}, @samp{fp}, @samp{sp}, @samp{ps} and @samp{pc}. @item @samp{org.gnu.gdb.coldfire.fp} This feature is optional. If present, it should contain registers @samp{fp0} through @samp{fp7}, @samp{fpcontrol}, @samp{fpstatus} and @samp{fpiaddr}. @end table @subsection PowerPC Features @cindex target descriptions, PowerPC features The @samp{org.gnu.gdb.power.core} feature is required for PowerPC targets. It should contain registers @samp{r0} through @samp{r31}, @samp{pc}, @samp{msr}, @samp{cr}, @samp{lr}, @samp{ctr}, and @samp{xer}. They may be 32-bit or 64-bit depending on the target. The @samp{org.gnu.gdb.power.fpu} feature is optional. It should contain registers @samp{f0} through @samp{f31} and @samp{fpscr}. The @samp{org.gnu.gdb.power.altivec} feature is optional. It should contain registers @samp{vr0} through @samp{vr31}, @samp{vscr}, and @samp{vrsave}. The @samp{org.gnu.gdb.power.spe} feature is optional. It should contain registers @samp{ev0h} through @samp{ev31h}, @samp{acc}, and @samp{spefscr}. SPE targets should provide 32-bit registers in @samp{org.gnu.gdb.power.core} and provide the upper halves in @samp{ev0h} through @samp{ev31h}. @value{GDBN} will combine these to present registers @samp{ev0} through @samp{ev31} to the user. @include gpl.texi @raisesections @include fdl.texi @lowersections @node Index @unnumbered Index @printindex cp @tex % I think something like @colophon should be in texinfo. In the % meantime: \long\def\colophon{\hbox to0pt{}\vfill \centerline{The body of this manual is set in} \centerline{\fontname\tenrm,} \centerline{with headings in {\bf\fontname\tenbf}} \centerline{and examples in {\tt\fontname\tentt}.} \centerline{{\it\fontname\tenit\/},} \centerline{{\bf\fontname\tenbf}, and} \centerline{{\sl\fontname\tensl\/}} \centerline{are used for emphasis.}\vfill} \page\colophon % Blame: doc@cygnus.com, 1991. @end tex @bye