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Diffstat (limited to 'ld/ld.1')
| -rw-r--r-- | ld/ld.1 | 3070 |
1 files changed, 1615 insertions, 1455 deletions
@@ -1,1508 +1,1668 @@ -.\" Copyright 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, -.\" 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc. -.\" See section COPYING for conditions for redistribution -.TH ld 1 "" "Free Software Foundation" "GNU Development Tools" -.de BP -.sp -.ti \-.2i -\(** -.. - -.SH NAME -ld \- the GNU linker - -.SH SYNOPSIS -.hy 0 -.na -.TP -.B ld -.RB "[\|" \-o " -.I output\c -\&\|] \c -.I objfile\c -\&.\|.\|. +.rn '' }` +''' $RCSfile$$Revision$$Date$ +''' +''' $Log$ +''' Revision 1.9 2001/03/25 20:32:31 nickc +''' Automate generate on man pages +''' +''' +.de Sh .br -.RB "[\|" \-A\c -.I architecture\c -\&\|] -.RB "[\|" "\-b\ "\c -.I input-format\c -\&\|] -.RB "[\|" \-Bstatic "\|]" -.RB "[\|" \-Bgroup "\|]" -.RB "[\|" \-Bdynamic "\|]" -.RB "[\|" \-Bsymbolic "\|]" -.RB "[\|" "\-c\ "\c -.I commandfile\c -\&\|] -.RB "[\|" \-\-cref "\|]" -.RB "[\|" \-d | \-dc | \-dp\c -\|] +.if t .Sp +.ne 5 +.PP +\fB\\$1\fR +.PP +.. +.de Sp +.if t .sp .5v +.if n .sp +.. +.de Ip .br -.RB "[\|" "\-defsym\ "\c -.I symbol\c -\&=\c -.I expression\c -\&\|] -.RB "[\|" \-\-demangle "\|]" -.RB "[\|" \-\-no\-demangle "\|]" -.RB "[\|" "\-e\ "\c -.I entry\c -\&\|] -.RB "[\|" \-embedded\-relocs "\|]" -.RB "[\|" \-E "\|]" -.RB "[\|" \-export\-dynamic "\|]" -.RB "[\|" "\-f\ "\c -.I name\c -\&\|] -.RB "[\|" "\-\-auxiliary\ "\c -.I name\c -\&\|] -.RB "[\|" "\-F\ "\c -.I name\c -\&\|] -.RB "[\|" "\-\-filter\ "\c -.I name\c -\&\|] -.RB "[\|" "\-format\ "\c -.I input-format\c -\&\|] -.RB "[\|" \-g "\|]" -.RB "[\|" \-G -.I size\c -\&\|] -.RB "[\|" "\-h\ "\c -.I name\c -\&\|] -.RB "[\|" "\-soname\ "\c -.I name\c -\&\|] -.RB "[\|" \-\-help "\|]" -.RB "[\|" \-i "\|]" -.RB "[\|" \-l\c -.I ar\c -\&\|] -.RB "[\|" \-L\c -.I searchdir\c -\&\|] -.RB "[\|" \-M "\|]" -.RB "[\|" \-Map -.I mapfile\c -\&\|] -.RB "[\|" \-m -.I emulation\c -\&\|] -.RB "[\|" \-n | \-N "\|]" -.RB "[\|" \-noinhibit-exec "\|]" -.RB "[\|" \-no\-keep\-memory "\|]" -.RB "[\|" \-no\-warn\-mismatch "\|]" -.RB "[\|" \-O\c -.I level\c -\&\|] -.RB "[\|" "\--oformat\ "\c -.I output-format\c -\&\|] -.RB "[\|" "\-R\ "\c -.I filename\c -\&\|] -.RB "[\|" \-relax "\|]" -.RB "[\|" \-r | \-Ur "\|]" -.RB "[\|" "\-rpath\ "\c -.I directory\c -\&\|] -.RB "[\|" "\-rpath\-link\ "\c -.I directory\c -\&\|] -.RB "[\|" \-S "\|]" -.RB "[\|" \-s "\|]" -.RB "[\|" \-shared "\|]" -.RB "[\|" \-sort\-common "\|]" -.RB "[\|" "\-split\-by\-reloc\ "\c -.I count\c -\&\|] -.RB "[\|" \-split\-by\-file "\|]" -.RB "[\|" "\-T\ "\c -.I commandfile\c -\&\|] -.RB "[\|" "\-\-section\-start\ "\c -.I sectionname\c -\&=\c -.I sectionorg\c -\&\|] -.RB "[\|" "\-Ttext\ "\c -.I textorg\c -\&\|] -.RB "[\|" "\-Tdata\ "\c -.I dataorg\c -\&\|] -.RB "[\|" "\-Tbss\ "\c -.I bssorg\c -\&\|] -.RB "[\|" \-t "\|]" -.RB "[\|" "\-u\ "\c -.I sym\c -\&] -.RB "[\|" \-V "\|]" -.RB "[\|" \-v "\|]" -.RB "[\|" \-\-verbose "\|]" -.RB "[\|" \-\-version "\|]" -.RB "[\|" \-warn\-common "\|]" -.RB "[\|" \-warn\-constructors "\|]" -.RB "[\|" \-warn\-multiple\-gp "\|]" -.RB "[\|" \-warn\-once "\|]" -.RB "[\|" \-warn\-section\-align "\|]" -.RB "[\|" \-\-whole\-archive "\|]" -.RB "[\|" \-\-no\-whole\-archive "\|]" -.RB "[\|" "\-\-wrap\ "\c -.I symbol\c -\&\|] -.RB "[\|" \-X "\|]" -.RB "[\|" \-x "\|]" -.ad b -.hy 1 -.SH DESCRIPTION -\c -.B ld\c -\& combines a number of object and archive files, relocates -their data and ties up symbol references. Often the last step in -building a new compiled program to run is a call to \c -.B ld\c -\&. - -\c -.B ld\c -\& accepts Linker Command Language files -to provide explicit and total control over the linking process. -This man page does not describe the command language; see the `\|\c -.B ld\c -\|' entry in `\|\c -.B info\c -\|', or the manual -.I -ld: the GNU linker -\&, for full details on the command language and on other aspects of -the GNU linker. - -This version of \c -.B ld\c -\& uses the general purpose BFD libraries -to operate on object files. This allows \c -.B ld\c -\& to read, combine, and -write object files in many different formats\(em\&for example, COFF or -\c -.B a.out\c -\&. Different formats may be linked together to produce any -available kind of object file. You can use `\|\c -.B objdump \-i\c -\|' to get a list of formats supported on various architectures; see -.BR objdump ( 1 ). +.ie \\n(.$>=3 .ne \\$3 +.el .ne 3 +.IP "\\$1" \\$2 +.. +.de Vb +.ft CW +.nf +.ne \\$1 +.. +.de Ve +.ft R +.fi +.. +''' +''' +''' Set up \*(-- to give an unbreakable dash; +''' string Tr holds user defined translation string. +''' Bell System Logo is used as a dummy character. +''' +.tr \(*W-|\(bv\*(Tr +.ie n \{\ +.ds -- \(*W- +.ds PI pi +.if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch +.if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=20u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-8u'-\" diablo 12 pitch +.ds L" "" +.ds R" "" +''' \*(M", \*(S", \*(N" and \*(T" are the equivalent of +''' \*(L" and \*(R", except that they are used on ".xx" lines, +''' such as .IP and .SH, which do another additional levels of +''' double-quote interpretation +.ds M" """ +.ds S" """ +.ds N" """"" +.ds T" """"" +.ds L' ' +.ds R' ' +.ds M' ' +.ds S' ' +.ds N' ' +.ds T' ' +'br\} +.el\{\ +.ds -- \(em\| +.tr \*(Tr +.ds L" `` +.ds R" '' +.ds M" `` +.ds S" '' +.ds N" `` +.ds T" '' +.ds L' ` +.ds R' ' +.ds M' ` +.ds S' ' +.ds N' ` +.ds T' ' +.ds PI \(*p +'br\} +.\" If the F register is turned on, we'll generate +.\" index entries out stderr for the following things: +.\" TH Title +.\" SH Header +.\" Sh Subsection +.\" Ip Item +.\" X<> Xref (embedded +.\" Of course, you have to process the output yourself +.\" in some meaninful fashion. +.if \nF \{ +.de IX +.tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2" +.. +.nr % 0 +.rr F +.\} +.TH LD 1 "binutils-2.11.90" "23/Mar/101" "GNU" +.UC +.if n .hy 0 +.ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p' +.de CQ \" put $1 in typewriter font +.ft CW +'if n "\c +'if t \\&\\$1\c +'if n \\&\\$1\c +'if n \&" +\\&\\$2 \\$3 \\$4 \\$5 \\$6 \\$7 +'.ft R +.. +.\" @(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2 +. \" AM - accent mark definitions +.bd B 3 +. \" fudge factors for nroff and troff +.if n \{\ +. ds #H 0 +. ds #V .8m +. ds #F .3m +. ds #[ \f1 +. ds #] \fP +.\} +.if t \{\ +. ds #H ((1u-(\\\\n(.fu%2u))*.13m) +. ds #V .6m +. ds #F 0 +. ds #[ \& +. ds #] \& +.\} +. \" simple accents for nroff and troff +.if n \{\ +. ds ' \& +. ds ` \& +. ds ^ \& +. ds , \& +. ds ~ ~ +. ds ? ? +. ds ! ! +. ds / +. ds q +.\} +.if t \{\ +. ds ' \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\'\h"|\\n:u" +. ds ` \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\`\h'|\\n:u' +. ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'^\h'|\\n:u' +. ds , \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)',\h'|\\n:u' +. ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu-\*(#H-.1m)'~\h'|\\n:u' +. ds ? \s-2c\h'-\w'c'u*7/10'\u\h'\*(#H'\zi\d\s+2\h'\w'c'u*8/10' +. ds ! \s-2\(or\s+2\h'-\w'\(or'u'\v'-.8m'.\v'.8m' +. ds / \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\z\(sl\h'|\\n:u' +. ds q o\h'-\w'o'u*8/10'\s-4\v'.4m'\z\(*i\v'-.4m'\s+4\h'\w'o'u*8/10' +.\} +. \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents +.ds : \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H+.1m+\*(#F)'\v'-\*(#V'\z.\h'.2m+\*(#F'.\h'|\\n:u'\v'\*(#V' +.ds 8 \h'\*(#H'\(*b\h'-\*(#H' +.ds v \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\v'-\*(#V'\*(#[\s-4v\s0\v'\*(#V'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#] +.ds _ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H+(\*(#F*2/3))'\v'-.4m'\z\(hy\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u' +.ds . \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)'\v'\*(#V*4/10'\z.\v'-\*(#V*4/10'\h'|\\n:u' +.ds 3 \*(#[\v'.2m'\s-2\&3\s0\v'-.2m'\*(#] +.ds o \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu+\w'\(de'u-\*(#H)/2u'\v'-.3n'\*(#[\z\(de\v'.3n'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#] +.ds d- \h'\*(#H'\(pd\h'-\w'~'u'\v'-.25m'\f2\(hy\fP\v'.25m'\h'-\*(#H' +.ds D- D\\k:\h'-\w'D'u'\v'-.11m'\z\(hy\v'.11m'\h'|\\n:u' +.ds th \*(#[\v'.3m'\s+1I\s-1\v'-.3m'\h'-(\w'I'u*2/3)'\s-1o\s+1\*(#] +.ds Th \*(#[\s+2I\s-2\h'-\w'I'u*3/5'\v'-.3m'o\v'.3m'\*(#] +.ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e +.ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E +.ds oe o\h'-(\w'o'u*4/10)'e +.ds Oe O\h'-(\w'O'u*4/10)'E +. \" corrections for vroff +.if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u' +.if v .ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'\v'-.4m'^\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u' +. \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr) +.if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \ +\{\ +. ds : e +. ds 8 ss +. ds v \h'-1'\o'\(aa\(ga' +. ds _ \h'-1'^ +. ds . \h'-1'. +. ds 3 3 +. ds o a +. ds d- d\h'-1'\(ga +. ds D- D\h'-1'\(hy +. ds th \o'bp' +. ds Th \o'LP' +. ds ae ae +. ds Ae AE +. ds oe oe +. ds Oe OE +.\} +.rm #[ #] #H #V #F C +.SH "NAME" +ld \- Using LD, the GNU linker +.SH "SYNOPSIS" +ld [ options ] objfile... +.SH "DESCRIPTION" +\f(CWld\fR combines a number of object and archive files, relocates +their data and ties up symbol references. Usually the last step in +compiling a program is to run \f(CWld\fR. +.PP +\f(CWld\fR accepts Linker Command Language files written in +a superset of AT&T's Link Editor Command Language syntax, +to provide explicit and total control over the linking process. +.PP +This man page does not describe the command language; see the +\f(CWld\fR entry in \f(CWinfo\fR, or the manual +ld: the GNU linker, for full details on the command language and +on other aspects of the GNU linker. +.PP +This version of \f(CWld\fR uses the general purpose BFD libraries +to operate on object files. This allows \f(CWld\fR to read, combine, and +write object files in many different formats---for example, COFF or +\f(CWa.out\fR. Different formats may be linked together to produce any +available kind of object file. +.PP Aside from its flexibility, the GNU linker is more helpful than other linkers in providing diagnostic information. Many linkers abandon execution immediately upon encountering an error; whenever possible, -\c -.B ld\c -\& continues executing, allowing you to identify other errors +\f(CWld\fR continues executing, allowing you to identify other errors (or, in some cases, to get an output file in spite of the error). - -The GNU linker \c -.B ld\c -\& is meant to cover a broad range of situations, +.PP +The GNU linker \f(CWld\fR is meant to cover a broad range of situations, and to be as compatible as possible with other linkers. As a result, -you have many choices to control its behavior through the command line, -and through environment variables. - -.SH OPTIONS -The plethora of command-line options may seem intimidating, but in -actual practice few of them are used in any particular context. -For instance, a frequent use of \c -.B ld\c -\& is to link standard Unix +you have many choices to control its behavior. +.SH "OPTIONS" +The linker supports a plethora of command-line options, but in actual +practice few of them are used in any particular context. +For instance, a frequent use of \f(CWld\fR is to link standard Unix object files on a standard, supported Unix system. On such a system, to -link a file \c -.B hello.o\c -\&: -.sp -.br -$\ ld\ \-o\ output\ /lib/crt0.o\ hello.o\ \-lc -.br -.sp -This tells \c -.B ld\c -\& to produce a file called \c -.B output\c -\& as the -result of linking the file \c -.B /lib/crt0.o\c -\& with \c -.B hello.o\c -\& and -the library \c -.B libc.a\c -\& which will come from the standard search -directories. - -The command-line options to \c -.B ld\c -\& may be specified in any order, and -may be repeated at will. For the most part, repeating an option with a +link a file \f(CWhello.o\fR: +.PP +.Vb 2 +\& +\& ld -o I<output> /lib/crt0.o hello.o -lc +.Ve +This tells \f(CWld\fR to produce a file called \fIoutput\fR as the +result of linking the file \f(CW/lib/crt0.o\fR with \f(CWhello.o\fR and +the library \f(CWlibc.a\fR, which will come from the standard search +directories. (See the discussion of the \fB\-l\fR option below.) +.PP +Some of the command-line options to \f(CWld\fR may be specified at any +point in the command line. However, options which refer to files, such +as \fB\-l\fR or \fB\-T\fR, cause the file to be read at the point at +which the option appears in the command line, relative to the object +files and other file options. Repeating non-file options with a different argument will either have no further effect, or override prior -occurrences (those further to the left on the command line) of an -option. - -The exceptions\(em\&which may meaningfully be used more than once\(em\&are -\c -.B \-A\c -\&, \c -.B \-b\c -\& (or its synonym \c -.B \-format\c -\&), \c -.B \-defsym\c -\&, \c -.B \-\-section\-start\c -\&, \c -.B \-L\c -\&, \c -.B \-l\c -\&, \c -.B \-R\c -\&, and \c -.B \-u\c -\&. - -The list of object files to be linked together, shown as \c -.I objfile\c -\&, -may follow, precede, or be mixed in with command-line options; save that -an \c -.I objfile\c -\& argument may not be placed between an option flag and -its argument. - -Usually the linker is invoked with at least one object file, but other -forms of binary input files can also be specified with \c -.B \-l\c -\&, -\c -.B \-R\c -\&, and the script command language. If \c -.I no\c -\& binary input -files at all are specified, the linker does not produce any output, and -issues the message `\|\c -.B No input files\c -\|'. - -Option arguments must either follow the option letter without intervening +occurrences (those further to the left on the command line) of that +option. Options which may be meaningfully specified more than once are +noted in the descriptions below. +.PP +Non-option arguments are object files or archives which are to be linked +together. They may follow, precede, or be mixed in with command-line +options, except that an object file argument may not be placed between +an option and its argument. +.PP +Usually the linker is invoked with at least one object file, but you can +specify other forms of binary input files using \fB\-l\fR, \fB\-R\fR, +and the script command language. If \fIno\fR binary input files at all +are specified, the linker does not produce any output, and issues the +message \fBNo input files\fR. +.PP +If the linker can not recognize the format of an object file, it will +assume that it is a linker script. A script specified in this way +augments the main linker script used for the link (either the default +linker script or the one specified by using \fB\-T\fR). This feature +permits the linker to link against a file which appears to be an object +or an archive, but actually merely defines some symbol values, or uses +\f(CWINPUT\fR or \f(CWGROUP\fR to load other objects. Note that +specifying a script in this way should only be used to augment the main +linker script; if you want to use some command that logically can only +appear once, such as the \f(CWSECTIONS\fR or \f(CWMEMORY\fR command, you +must replace the default linker script using the \fB\-T\fR option. +.PP +For options whose names are a single letter, +option arguments must either follow the option letter without intervening whitespace, or be given as separate arguments immediately following the option that requires them. - -.TP -.BI "-A" "architecture" -In the current release of \c -.B ld\c -\&, this option is useful only for the -Intel 960 family of architectures. In that \c -.B ld\c -\& configuration, the -\c -.I architecture\c -\& argument is one of the two-letter names identifying -members of the 960 family; the option specifies the desired output -target, and warns of any incompatible instructions in the input files. -It also modifies the linker's search strategy for archive libraries, to -support the use of libraries specific to each particular -architecture, by including in the search loop names suffixed with the -string identifying the architecture. - -For example, if your \c -.B ld\c -\& command line included `\|\c -.B \-ACA\c -\|' as -well as `\|\c -.B \-ltry\c -\|', the linker would look (in its built-in search -paths, and in any paths you specify with \c -.B \-L\c -\&) for a library with -the names -.sp -.br -try -.br -libtry.a -.br -tryca -.br -libtryca.a -.br -.sp - -The first two possibilities would be considered in any event; the last -two are due to the use of `\|\c -.B \-ACA\c -\|'. - -Future releases of \c -.B ld\c -\& may support similar functionality for +.PP +For options whose names are multiple letters, either one dash or two can +precede the option name; for example, \fB\-trace-symbol\fR and +\fB--trace-symbol\fR are equivalent. Note \- there is one exception to +this rule. Multiple letter options that start with a lower case \*(L'o\*(R' can +only be preceeded by two dashes. This is to reduce confusion with the +\fB\-o\fR option. So for example \fB\-omagic\fR sets the output file +name to \fBmagic\fR whereas \fB--omagic\fR sets the NMAGIC flag on the +output. +.PP +Arguments to multiple-letter options must either be separated from the +option name by an equals sign, or be given as separate arguments +immediately following the option that requires them. For example, +\fB--trace-symbol foo\fR and \fB--trace-symbol=foo\fR are equivalent. +Unique abbreviations of the names of multiple-letter options are +accepted. +.PP +Note \- if the linker is being invoked indirectly, via a compiler driver +(eg \fBgcc\fR) then all the linker command line options should be +prefixed by \fB\-Wl,\fR (or whatever is appropriate for the particular +compiler driver) like this: +.PP +.Vb 2 +\& +\& gcc -Wl,--startgroup foo.o bar.o -Wl,--endgroup +.Ve +This is important, because otherwise the compiler driver program may +silently drop the linker options, resulting in a bad link. +.PP +Here is a table of the generic command line switches accepted by the GNU +linker: +.Ip "\f(CW-a\fIkeyword\fR\fR" 4 +This option is supported for \s-1HP/UX\s0 compatibility. The \fIkeyword\fR +argument must be one of the strings \fBarchive\fR, \fBshared\fR, or +\fBdefault\fR. \fB\-aarchive\fR is functionally equivalent to +\fB\-Bstatic\fR, and the other two keywords are functionally equivalent +to \fB\-Bdynamic\fR. This option may be used any number of times. +.Ip "\f(CW-A\fIarchitecture\fR\fR" 4 +.Ip "\f(CW--architecture=\fIarchitecture\fR\fR" 4 +In the current release of \f(CWld\fR, this option is useful only for the +Intel 960 family of architectures. In that \f(CWld\fR configuration, the +\fIarchitecture\fR argument identifies the particular architecture in +the 960 family, enabling some safeguards and modifying the +archive-library search path. +.Sp +Future releases of \f(CWld\fR may support similar functionality for other architecture families. - -You can meaningfully use \c -.B \-A\c -\& more than once on a command line, if -an architecture family allows combination of target architectures; each -use will add another pair of name variants to search for when \c -.B \-l -specifies a library. - -.TP -.BI "\-b " "input-format" -Specify the binary format for input object files that follow this option -on the command line. You don't usually need to specify this, as -\c -.B ld\c -\& is configured to expect as a default input format the most -usual format on each machine. \c -.I input-format\c -\& is a text string, the -name of a particular format supported by the BFD libraries. -\c -.B \-format \c -.I input-format\c -\&\c -\& has the same effect, as does the script command -.BR TARGET . - +.Ip "\f(CW-b \fIinput-format\fR\fR" 4 +.Ip "\f(CW--format=\fIinput-format\fR\fR" 4 +\f(CWld\fR may be configured to support more than one kind of object +file. If your \f(CWld\fR is configured this way, you can use the +\fB\-b\fR option to specify the binary format for input object files +that follow this option on the command line. Even when \f(CWld\fR is +configured to support alternative object formats, you don't usually need +to specify this, as \f(CWld\fR should be configured to expect as a +default input format the most usual format on each machine. +\fIinput-format\fR is a text string, the name of a particular format +supported by the \s-1BFD\s0 libraries. (You can list the available binary +formats with \fBobjdump \-i\fR.) +.Sp You may want to use this option if you are linking files with an unusual -binary format. You can also use \c -.B \-b\c -\& to switch formats explicitly (when +binary format. You can also use \fB\-b\fR to switch formats explicitly (when linking object files of different formats), by including -\c -.B \-b \c -.I input-format\c -\&\c -\& before each group of object files in a -particular format. - +\fB\-b\fR \fIinput-format\fR before each group of object files in a +particular format. +.Sp The default format is taken from the environment variable -.B GNUTARGET\c -\&. You can also define the input -format from a script, using the command \c -.B TARGET\c -\&. - -.TP -.B \-Bstatic -Do not link against shared libraries. This is only meaningful on -platforms for which shared libraries are supported. - -.TP -.B \-Bdynamic +\f(CWGNUTARGET\fR. +.Sp +You can also define the input format from a script, using the command +\f(CWTARGET\fR; +.Ip "\f(CW-c \fIMRI-commandfile\fR\fR" 4 +.Ip "\f(CW--mri-script=\fIMRI-commandfile\fR\fR" 4 +For compatibility with linkers produced by \s-1MRI\s0, \f(CWld\fR accepts script +files written in an alternate, restricted command language, described in +the \s-1MRI\s0 Compatible Script Files section of \s-1GNU\s0 ld documentation. +Introduce \s-1MRI\s0 script files with +the option \fB\-c\fR; use the \fB\-T\fR option to run linker +scripts written in the general-purpose \f(CWld\fR scripting language. +If \fI\s-1MRI\s0\-cmdfile\fR does not exist, \f(CWld\fR looks for it in the directories +specified by any \fB\-L\fR options. +.Ip "\f(CW-d\fR" 4 +.Ip "\f(CW-dc\fR" 4 +.Ip "\f(CW-dp\fR" 4 +These three options are equivalent; multiple forms are supported for +compatibility with other linkers. They assign space to common symbols +even if a relocatable output file is specified (with \fB\-r\fR). The +script command \f(CWFORCE_COMMON_ALLOCATION\fR has the same effect. +.Ip "\f(CW-e \fIentry\fR\fR" 4 +.Ip "\f(CW--entry=\fIentry\fR\fR" 4 +Use \fIentry\fR as the explicit symbol for beginning execution of your +program, rather than the default entry point. If there is no symbol +named \fIentry\fR, the linker will try to parse \fIentry\fR as a number, +and use that as the entry address (the number will be interpreted in +base 10; you may use a leading \fB0x\fR for base 16, or a leading +\fB0\fR for base 8). +.Ip "\f(CW-E\fR" 4 +.Ip "\f(CW--export-dynamic\fR" 4 +When creating a dynamically linked executable, add all symbols to the +dynamic symbol table. The dynamic symbol table is the set of symbols +which are visible from dynamic objects at run time. +.Sp +If you do not use this option, the dynamic symbol table will normally +contain only those symbols which are referenced by some dynamic object +mentioned in the link. +.Sp +If you use \f(CWdlopen\fR to load a dynamic object which needs to refer +back to the symbols defined by the program, rather than some other +dynamic object, then you will probably need to use this option when +linking the program itself. +.Ip "\f(CW-EB\fR" 4 +Link big-endian objects. This affects the default output format. +.Ip "\f(CW-EL\fR" 4 +Link little-endian objects. This affects the default output format. +.Ip "\f(CW-f\fR" 4 +.Ip "\f(CW--auxiliary \fIname\fR\fR" 4 +When creating an \s-1ELF\s0 shared object, set the internal \s-1DT_AUXILIARY\s0 field +to the specified name. This tells the dynamic linker that the symbol +table of the shared object should be used as an auxiliary filter on the +symbol table of the shared object \fIname\fR. +.Sp +If you later link a program against this filter object, then, when you +run the program, the dynamic linker will see the \s-1DT_AUXILIARY\s0 field. If +the dynamic linker resolves any symbols from the filter object, it will +first check whether there is a definition in the shared object +\fIname\fR. If there is one, it will be used instead of the definition +in the filter object. The shared object \fIname\fR need not exist. +Thus the shared object \fIname\fR may be used to provide an alternative +implementation of certain functions, perhaps for debugging or for +machine specific performance. +.Sp +This option may be specified more than once. The \s-1DT_AUXILIARY\s0 entries +will be created in the order in which they appear on the command line. +.Ip "\f(CW-F \fIname\fR\fR" 4 +.Ip "\f(CW--filter \fIname\fR\fR" 4 +When creating an \s-1ELF\s0 shared object, set the internal \s-1DT_FILTER\s0 field to +the specified name. This tells the dynamic linker that the symbol table +of the shared object which is being created should be used as a filter +on the symbol table of the shared object \fIname\fR. +.Sp +If you later link a program against this filter object, then, when you +run the program, the dynamic linker will see the \s-1DT_FILTER\s0 field. The +dynamic linker will resolve symbols according to the symbol table of the +filter object as usual, but it will actually link to the definitions +found in the shared object \fIname\fR. Thus the filter object can be +used to select a subset of the symbols provided by the object +\fIname\fR. +.Sp +Some older linkers used the \f(CW-F\fR option throughout a compilation +toolchain for specifying object-file format for both input and output +object files. The \s-1GNU\s0 linker uses other mechanisms for this +purpose: the \f(CW-b\fR, \f(CW--format\fR, \f(CW--oformat\fR options, the +\f(CWTARGET\fR command in linker scripts, and the \f(CWGNUTARGET\fR +environment variable. The \s-1GNU\s0 linker will ignore the \f(CW-F\fR +option when not creating an \s-1ELF\s0 shared object. +.Ip "\f(CW-fini \fIname\fR\fR" 4 +When creating an \s-1ELF\s0 executable or shared object, call \s-1NAME\s0 when the +executable or shared object is unloaded, by setting \s-1DT_FINI\s0 to the +address of the function. By default, the linker uses \f(CW_fini\fR as +the function to call. +.Ip "\f(CW-g\fR" 4 +Ignored. Provided for compatibility with other tools. +.Ip "\f(CW-G\fIvalue\fR\fR" 4 +.Ip "\f(CW--gpsize=\fIvalue\fR\fR" 4 +Set the maximum size of objects to be optimized using the \s-1GP\s0 register to +\fIsize\fR. This is only meaningful for object file formats such as +\s-1MIPS\s0 \s-1ECOFF\s0 which supports putting large and small objects into different +sections. This is ignored for other object file formats. +.Ip "\f(CW-h\fIname\fR\fR" 4 +.Ip "\f(CW-soname=\fIname\fR\fR" 4 +When creating an \s-1ELF\s0 shared object, set the internal \s-1DT_SONAME\s0 field to +the specified name. When an executable is linked with a shared object +which has a \s-1DT_SONAME\s0 field, then when the executable is run the dynamic +linker will attempt to load the shared object specified by the \s-1DT_SONAME\s0 +field rather than the using the file name given to the linker. +.Ip "\f(CW-i\fR" 4 +Perform an incremental link (same as option \fB\-r\fR). +.Ip "\f(CW-init \fIname\fR\fR" 4 +When creating an \s-1ELF\s0 executable or shared object, call \s-1NAME\s0 when the +executable or shared object is loaded, by setting \s-1DT_INIT\s0 to the address +of the function. By default, the linker uses \f(CW_init\fR as the +function to call. +.Ip "\f(CW-l\fIarchive\fR\fR" 4 +.Ip "\f(CW--library=\fIarchive\fR\fR" 4 +Add archive file \fIarchive\fR to the list of files to link. This +option may be used any number of times. \f(CWld\fR will search its +path-list for occurrences of \f(CWlib\fIarchive\fR.a\fR for every +\fIarchive\fR specified. +.Sp +On systems which support shared libraries, \f(CWld\fR may also search for +libraries with extensions other than \f(CW.a\fR. Specifically, on \s-1ELF\s0 +and SunOS systems, \f(CWld\fR will search a directory for a library with +an extension of \f(CW.so\fR before searching for one with an extension of +\&\f(CW.a\fR. By convention, a \f(CW.so\fR extension indicates a shared +library. +.Sp +The linker will search an archive only once, at the location where it is +specified on the command line. If the archive defines a symbol which +was undefined in some object which appeared before the archive on the +command line, the linker will include the appropriate \fIfile\fR\|(s) from the +archive. However, an undefined symbol in an object appearing later on +the command line will not cause the linker to search the archive again. +.Sp +See the \f(CW-(\fR option for a way to force the linker to search +archives multiple times. +.Sp +You may list the same archive multiple times on the command line. +.Sp +This type of archive searching is standard for Unix linkers. However, +if you are using \f(CWld\fR on \s-1AIX\s0, note that it is different from the +behaviour of the \s-1AIX\s0 linker. +.Ip "\f(CW-L\fIsearchdir\fR\fR" 4 +.Ip "\f(CW--library-path=\fIsearchdir\fR\fR" 4 +Add path \fIsearchdir\fR to the list of paths that \f(CWld\fR will search +for archive libraries and \f(CWld\fR control scripts. You may use this +option any number of times. The directories are searched in the order +in which they are specified on the command line. Directories specified +on the command line are searched before the default directories. All +\f(CW-L\fR options apply to all \f(CW-l\fR options, regardless of the +order in which the options appear. +.Sp +The default set of paths searched (without being specified with +\fB\-L\fR) depends on which emulation mode \f(CWld\fR is using, and in +some cases also on how it was configured. +.Sp +The paths can also be specified in a link script with the +\f(CWSEARCH_DIR\fR command. Directories specified this way are searched +at the point in which the linker script appears in the command line. +.Ip "\f(CW-m\fIemulation\fR\fR" 4 +Emulate the \fIemulation\fR linker. You can list the available +emulations with the \fB--verbose\fR or \fB\-V\fR options. +.Sp +If the \fB\-m\fR option is not used, the emulation is taken from the +\f(CWLDEMULATION\fR environment variable, if that is defined. +.Sp +Otherwise, the default emulation depends upon how the linker was +configured. +.Ip "\f(CW-M\fR" 4 +.Ip "\f(CW--print-map\fR" 4 +Print a link map to the standard output. A link map provides +information about the link, including the following: +.Ip "\(bu" 8 +Where object files and symbols are mapped into memory. +.Ip "\(bu" 8 +How common symbols are allocated. +.Ip "\(bu" 8 +All archive members included in the link, with a mention of the symbol +which caused the archive member to be brought in. +.Ip "\f(CW-n\fR" 4 +.Ip "\f(CW--nmagic\fR" 4 +Turn off page alignment of sections, and mark the output as +\f(CWNMAGIC\fR if possible. +.Ip "\f(CW-N\fR" 4 +.Ip "\f(CW--omagic\fR" 4 +Set the text and data sections to be readable and writable. Also, do +not page-align the data segment. If the output format supports Unix +style magic numbers, mark the output as \f(CWOMAGIC\fR. +.Ip "\f(CW-o \fIoutput\fR\fR" 4 +.Ip "\f(CW--output=\fIoutput\fR\fR" 4 +Use \fIoutput\fR as the name for the program produced by \f(CWld\fR; if this +option is not specified, the name \fIa.out\fR is used by default. The +script command \f(CWOUTPUT\fR can also specify the output file name. +.Ip "\f(CW-O \fIlevel\fR\fR" 4 +If \fIlevel\fR is a numeric values greater than zero \f(CWld\fR optimizes +the output. This might take significantly longer and therefore probably +should only be enabled for the final binary. +.Ip "\f(CW-q\fR" 4 +.Ip "\f(CW--emit-relocs\fR" 4 +Leave relocation sections and contents in fully linked exececutables. +Post link analysis and optimization tools may need this information in +order to perform correct modifications of executables. This results +in larger executables. +.Ip "\f(CW-r\fR" 4 +.Ip "\f(CW--relocateable\fR" 4 +Generate relocatable output---i.e., generate an output file that can in +turn serve as input to \f(CWld\fR. This is often called \fIpartial +linking\fR. As a side effect, in environments that support standard Unix +magic numbers, this option also sets the output file's magic number to +\f(CWOMAGIC\fR. +If this option is not specified, an absolute file is produced. When +linking \*(C+ programs, this option \fIwill not\fR resolve references to +constructors; to do that, use \fB\-Ur\fR. +.Sp +This option does the same thing as \fB\-i\fR. +.Ip "\f(CW-R \fIfilename\fR\fR" 4 +.Ip "\f(CW--just-symbols=\fIfilename\fR\fR" 4 +Read symbol names and their addresses from \fIfilename\fR, but do not +relocate it or include it in the output. This allows your output file +to refer symbolically to absolute locations of memory defined in other +programs. You may use this option more than once. +.Sp +For compatibility with other \s-1ELF\s0 linkers, if the \f(CW-R\fR option is +followed by a directory name, rather than a file name, it is treated as +the \f(CW-rpath\fR option. +.Ip "\f(CW-s\fR" 4 +.Ip "\f(CW--strip-all\fR" 4 +Omit all symbol information from the output file. +.Ip "\f(CW-S\fR" 4 +.Ip "\f(CW--strip-debug\fR" 4 +Omit debugger symbol information (but not all symbols) from the output file. +.Ip "\f(CW-t\fR" 4 +.Ip "\f(CW--trace\fR" 4 +Print the names of the input files as \f(CWld\fR processes them. +.Ip "\f(CW-T \fIscriptfile\fR\fR" 4 +.Ip "\f(CW--script=\fIscriptfile\fR\fR" 4 +Use \fIscriptfile\fR as the linker script. This script replaces +\f(CWld\fR's default linker script (rather than adding to it), so +\fIcommandfile\fR must specify everything necessary to describe the +output file. You must use this option if you want to use a command +which can only appear once in a linker script, such as the +\f(CWSECTIONS\fR or \f(CWMEMORY\fR command. If +\fIscriptfile\fR does not exist in the current directory, \f(CWld\fR +looks for it in the directories specified by any preceding \fB\-L\fR +options. Multiple \fB\-T\fR options accumulate. +.Ip "\f(CW-u \fIsymbol\fR\fR" 4 +.Ip "\f(CW--undefined=\fIsymbol\fR\fR" 4 +Force \fIsymbol\fR to be entered in the output file as an undefined +symbol. Doing this may, for example, trigger linking of additional +modules from standard libraries. \fB\-u\fR may be repeated with +different option arguments to enter additional undefined symbols. This +option is equivalent to the \f(CWEXTERN\fR linker script command. +.Ip "\f(CW-Ur\fR" 4 +For anything other than \*(C+ programs, this option is equivalent to +\fB\-r\fR: it generates relocatable output---i.e., an output file that can in +turn serve as input to \f(CWld\fR. When linking \*(C+ programs, \fB\-Ur\fR +\fIdoes\fR resolve references to constructors, unlike \fB\-r\fR. +It does not work to use \fB\-Ur\fR on files that were themselves linked +with \fB\-Ur\fR; once the constructor table has been built, it cannot +be added to. Use \fB\-Ur\fR only for the last partial link, and +\fB\-r\fR for the others. +.Ip "\f(CW--unique[=\fISECTION\fR]\fR" 4 +Creates a separate output section for every input section matching +\fI\s-1SECTION\s0\fR, or if the optional wildcard \fI\s-1SECTION\s0\fR argument is +missing, for every orphan input section. An orphan section is one not +specifically mentioned in a linker script. You may use this option +multiple times on the command line; It prevents the normal merging of +input sections with the same name, overriding output section assignments +in a linker script. +.Ip "\f(CW-v\fR" 4 +.Ip "\f(CW--version\fR" 4 +.Ip "\f(CW-V\fR" 4 +Display the version number for \f(CWld\fR. The \f(CW-V\fR option also +lists the supported emulations. +.Ip "\f(CW-x\fR" 4 +.Ip "\f(CW--discard-all\fR" 4 +Delete all local symbols. +.Ip "\f(CW-X\fR" 4 +.Ip "\f(CW--discard-locals\fR" 4 +Delete all temporary local symbols. For most targets, this is all local +symbols whose names begin with \fBL\fR. +.Ip "\f(CW-y \fIsymbol\fR\fR" 4 +.Ip "\f(CW--trace-symbol=\fIsymbol\fR\fR" 4 +Print the name of each linked file in which \fIsymbol\fR appears. This +option may be given any number of times. On many systems it is necessary +to prepend an underscore. +.Sp +This option is useful when you have an undefined symbol in your link but +don't know where the reference is coming from. +.Ip "\f(CW-Y \fIpath\fR\fR" 4 +Add \fIpath\fR to the default library search path. This option exists +for Solaris compatibility. +.Ip "\f(CW-z \fIkeyword\fR\fR" 4 +The recognized keywords are \f(CWinitfirst\fR, \f(CWinterpose\fR, +\f(CWloadfltr\fR, \f(CWnodefaultlib\fR, \f(CWnodelete\fR, \f(CWnodlopen\fR, +\f(CWnodump\fR, \f(CWnow\fR and \f(CWorigin\fR. The other keywords are +ignored for Solaris compatibility. \f(CWinitfirst\fR marks the object +to be initialized first at runtime before any other objects. +\f(CWinterpose\fR marks the object that its symbol table interposes +before all symbols but the primary executable. \f(CWloadfltr\fR marks +the object that its filtees be processed immediately at runtime. +\f(CWnodefaultlib\fR marks the object that the search for dependencies +of this object will ignore any default library search paths. +\f(CWnodelete\fR marks the object shouldn't be unloaded at runtime. +\f(CWnodlopen\fR marks the object not available to \f(CWdlopen\fR. +\f(CWnodump\fR marks the object can not be dumped by \f(CWdldump\fR. +\f(CWnow\fR marks the object with the non-lazy runtime binding. +\f(CWorigin\fR marks the object may contain \f(CW$ORIGIN\fR. +\f(CWdefs\fR disallows undefined symbols. +.Ip "\f(CW-( \fIarchives\fR -)\fR" 4 +.Ip "\f(CW--start-group \fIarchives\fR --end-group\fR" 4 +The \fIarchives\fR should be a list of archive files. They may be +either explicit file names, or \fB\-l\fR options. +.Sp +The specified archives are searched repeatedly until no new undefined +references are created. Normally, an archive is searched only once in +the order that it is specified on the command line. If a symbol in that +archive is needed to resolve an undefined symbol referred to by an +object in an archive that appears later on the command line, the linker +would not be able to resolve that reference. By grouping the archives, +they all be searched repeatedly until all possible references are +resolved. +.Sp +Using this option has a significant performance cost. It is best to use +it only when there are unavoidable circular references between two or +more archives. +.Ip "\f(CW-assert \fIkeyword\fR\fR" 4 +This option is ignored for SunOS compatibility. +.Ip "\f(CW-Bdynamic\fR" 4 +.Ip "\f(CW-dy\fR" 4 +.Ip "\f(CW-call_shared\fR" 4 Link against dynamic libraries. This is only meaningful on platforms for which shared libraries are supported. This option is normally the -default on such platforms. - -.TP -.B \-Bgroup -Set the \c -.B DF_1_GROUP -\c -flag in the \c -.B DT_FLAGS_1 -\c -entry in the dynamic section. This causes the runtime linker to handle -lookups in this object and its dependencies to be performed only inside -the group. No undefined symbols are allowed. This option is only -meaningful on ELF platforms which support shared libraries. - -.TP -.B \-Bsymbolic -When creating a shared library, bind references to global symbols to -the definition within the shared library, if any. Normally, it is -possible for a program linked against a shared library to override the -definition within the shared library. This option is only meaningful -on ELF platforms which support shared libraries. - -.TP -.BI "\-c " "commandfile" -Directs \c -.B ld\c -\& to read link commands from the file -\c -.I commandfile\c -\&. These commands will completely override \c -.B ld\c -\&'s -default link format (rather than adding to it); \c -.I commandfile\c -\& must -specify everything necessary to describe the target format. - - -You may also include a script of link commands directly in the command -line by bracketing it between `\|\c -.B {\c -\|' and `\|\c -.B }\c -\|' characters. - -.TP -.B \-\-cref +default on such platforms. The different variants of this option are +for compatibility with various systems. You may use this option +multiple times on the command line: it affects library searching for +\f(CW-l\fR options which follow it. +.Ip "\f(CW-Bgroup\fR" 4 +Set the \f(CWDF_1_GROUP\fR flag in the \f(CWDT_FLAGS_1\fR entry in the dynamic +section. This causes the runtime linker to handle lookups in this +object and its dependencies to be performed only inside the group. +\f(CW--no-undefined\fR is implied. This option is only meaningful on \s-1ELF\s0 +platforms which support shared libraries. +.Ip "\f(CW-Bstatic\fR" 4 +.Ip "\f(CW-dn\fR" 4 +.Ip "\f(CW-non_shared\fR" 4 +.Ip "\f(CW-static\fR" 4 +Do not link against shared libraries. This is only meaningful on +platforms for which shared libraries are supported. The different +variants of this option are for compatibility with various systems. You +may use this option multiple times on the command line: it affects +library searching for \f(CW-l\fR options which follow it. +.Ip "\f(CW-Bsymbolic\fR" 4 +When creating a shared library, bind references to global symbols to the +definition within the shared library, if any. Normally, it is possible +for a program linked against a shared library to override the definition +within the shared library. This option is only meaningful on \s-1ELF\s0 +platforms which support shared libraries. +.Ip "\f(CW--check-sections\fR" 4 +.Ip "\f(CW--no-check-sections\fR" 4 +Asks the linker \fInot\fR to check section addresses after they have +been assigned to see if there any overlaps. Normally the linker will +perform this check, and if it finds any overlaps it will produce +suitable error messages. The linker does know about, and does make +allowances for sections in overlays. The default behaviour can be +restored by using the command line switch \fB--check-sections\fR. +.Ip "\f(CW--cref\fR" 4 Output a cross reference table. If a linker map file is being generated, the cross reference table is printed to the map file. Otherwise, it is printed on the standard output. - -.TP -.B \-d -.TP -.B \-dc -.TP -.B \-dp -These three options are equivalent; multiple forms are supported for -compatibility with other linkers. Use any of them to make \c -.B ld -assign space to common symbols even if a relocatable output file is -specified (\c -.B \-r\c -\&). The script command -\c -.B FORCE_COMMON_ALLOCATION\c -\& has the same effect. - -.TP -.BI "-defsym " "symbol" "\fR=\fP" expression +.Sp +The format of the table is intentionally simple, so that it may be +easily processed by a script if necessary. The symbols are printed out, +sorted by name. For each symbol, a list of file names is given. If the +symbol is defined, the first file listed is the location of the +definition. The remaining files contain references to the symbol. +.Ip "\f(CW--defsym \fIsymbol\fR=\fIexpression\fR\fR" 4 Create a global symbol in the output file, containing the absolute -address given by \c -.I expression\c -\&. You may use this option as many +address given by \fIexpression\fR. You may use this option as many times as necessary to define multiple symbols in the command line. A -limited form of arithmetic is supported for the \c -.I expression\c -\& in this +limited form of arithmetic is supported for the \fIexpression\fR in this context: you may give a hexadecimal constant or the name of an existing -symbol, or use \c -.B +\c -\& and \c -.B \-\c -\& to add or subtract hexadecimal +symbol, or use \f(CW+\fR and \f(CW-\fR to add or subtract hexadecimal constants or symbols. If you need more elaborate expressions, consider -using the linker command language from a script. - -.TP -.B \-\-demangle -.TP -.B \-\-no\-demangle -These options control whether to demangle symbol names in error -messages and other output. When the linker is told to demangle, it -tries to present symbol names in a readable fashion: it strips leading -underscores if they are used by the object file format, and converts -C++ mangled symbol names into user readable names. The linker will -demangle by default unless the environment variable -.B COLLECT_NO_DEMANGLE +using the linker command language from a script. \fINote:\fR there should be no white +space between \fIsymbol\fR, the equals sign (``\fB=\fR''), and +\fIexpression\fR. +.Ip "\f(CW--demangle[=\fIstyle\fR]\fR" 4 +.Ip "\f(CW--no-demangle\fR" 4 +These options control whether to demangle symbol names in error messages +and other output. When the linker is told to demangle, it tries to +present symbol names in a readable fashion: it strips leading +underscores if they are used by the object file format, and converts \*(C+ +mangled symbol names into user readable names. Different compilers have +different mangling styles. The optional demangling style argument can be used +to choose an appropriate demangling style for your compiler. The linker will +demangle by default unless the environment variable \fB\s-1COLLECT_NO_DEMANGLE\s0\fR is set. These options may be used to override the default. - -.TP -.BI "-e " "entry"\c -\& -Use \c -.I entry\c -\& as the explicit symbol for beginning execution of your -program, rather than the default entry point. See the `\|\c -.B ld\c -\|' entry in `\|\c -.B info\c -\|' for a -discussion of defaults and other ways of specifying the -entry point. - -.TP -.B \-embedded\-relocs -This option is only meaningful when linking MIPS embedded PIC code, -generated by the -.B \-membedded\-pic -option to the GNU compiler and assembler. It causes the linker to -create a table which may be used at runtime to relocate any data which -was statically initialized to pointer values. See the code in -testsuite/ld-empic for details. - -.TP -.B \-E -.TP -.B \-export\-dynamic -When creating an ELF file, add all symbols to the dynamic symbol table. -Normally, the dynamic symbol table contains only symbols which are used -by a dynamic object. This option is needed for some uses of -.I dlopen. - -.TP -.BI "-f " "name" -.TP -.BI "--auxiliary " "name" -When creating an ELF shared object, set the internal DT_AUXILIARY field -to the specified name. This tells the dynamic linker that the symbol -table of the shared object should be used as an auxiliary filter on the -symbol table of the shared object -.I name. - -.TP -.BI "-F " "name" -.TP -.BI "--filter " "name" -When creating an ELF shared object, set the internal DT_FILTER field to -the specified name. This tells the dynamic linker that the symbol table -of the shared object should be used as a filter on the symbol table of -the shared object -.I name. - -.TP -.BI "\-format " "input\-format" -Synonym for \c -.B \-b\c -\& \c -.I input\-format\c -\&. - -.TP -.B \-g -Accepted, but ignored; provided for compatibility with other tools. - -.TP -.BI "\-G " "size"\c -Set the maximum size of objects to be optimized using the GP register -to -.I size -under MIPS ECOFF. Ignored for other object file formats. - -.TP -.BI "-h " "name" -.TP -.BI "-soname " "name" -When creating an ELF shared object, set the internal DT_SONAME field to -the specified name. When an executable is linked with a shared object -which has a DT_SONAME field, then when the executable is run the dynamic -linker will attempt to load the shared object specified by the DT_SONAME -field rather than the using the file name given to the linker. - -.TP -.B \-\-help +.Ip "\f(CW--dynamic-linker \fIfile\fR\fR" 4 +Set the name of the dynamic linker. This is only meaningful when +generating dynamically linked \s-1ELF\s0 executables. The default dynamic +linker is normally correct; don't use this unless you know what you are +doing. +.Ip "\f(CW--embedded-relocs\fR" 4 +This option is only meaningful when linking \s-1MIPS\s0 embedded \s-1PIC\s0 code, +generated by the \-membedded-pic option to the \s-1GNU\s0 compiler and +assembler. It causes the linker to create a table which may be used at +runtime to relocate any data which was statically initialized to pointer +values. See the code in testsuite/ld-empic for details. +.Ip "\f(CW--force-exe-suffix\fR" 4 +Make sure that an output file has a .exe suffix. +.Sp +If a successfully built fully linked output file does not have a +\&\f(CW.exe\fR or \f(CW.dll\fR suffix, this option forces the linker to copy +the output file to one of the same name with a \f(CW.exe\fR suffix. This +option is useful when using unmodified Unix makefiles on a Microsoft +Windows host, since some versions of Windows won't run an image unless +it ends in a \f(CW.exe\fR suffix. +.Ip "\f(CW--no-gc-sections\fR" 4 +.Ip "\f(CW--gc-sections\fR" 4 +Enable garbage collection of unused input sections. It is ignored on +targets that do not support this option. This option is not compatible +with \fB\-r\fR, nor should it be used with dynamic linking. The default +behaviour (of not performing this garbage collection) can be restored by +specifying \fB--no-gc-sections\fR on the command line. +.Ip "\f(CW--help\fR" 4 Print a summary of the command-line options on the standard output and exit. -This option and -.B \-\-version -begin with two dashes instead of one -for compatibility with other GNU programs. The other options start with -only one dash for compatibility with other linkers. - -.TP -.B \-i -Perform an incremental link (same as option \c -.B \-r\c -\&). - -.TP -.BI "\-l" "ar"\c -\& -Add an archive file \c -.I ar\c -\& to the list of files to link. This -option may be used any number of times. \c -.B ld\c -\& will search its -path-list for occurrences of \c -.B lib\c -.I ar\c -\&.a\c -\& for every \c -.I ar -specified. - -.TP -.BI "\-L" "searchdir" -This command adds path \c -.I searchdir\c -\& to the list of paths that -\c -.B ld\c -\& will search for archive libraries. You may use this option -any number of times. - -The default set of paths searched (without being specified with -\c -.B \-L\c -\&) depends on what emulation mode \c -.B ld\c -\& is using, and in -some cases also on how it was configured. The -paths can also be specified in a link script with the \c -.B SEARCH_DIR -command. - -.TP -.B \-M -Print (to the standard output file) a link map\(em\&diagnostic information -about where symbols are mapped by \c -.B ld\c -\&, and information on global -common storage allocation. - -.TP -.BI "\-Map " "mapfile"\c -Print to the file -.I mapfile -a link map\(em\&diagnostic information -about where symbols are mapped by \c -.B ld\c -\&, and information on global -common storage allocation. - -.TP -.BI "\-m " "emulation"\c -Emulate the -.I emulation -linker. You can list the available emulations with the -.I \-\-verbose -or -.I \-V -options. This option overrides the compiled-in default, which is the -system for which you configured -.BR ld . - -.TP -.B \-N -specifies readable and writable \c -.B text\c -\& and \c -.B data\c -\& sections. If -the output format supports Unix style magic numbers, the output is -marked as \c -.B OMAGIC\c -\&. - -When you use the `\|\c -.B \-N\c -\&\|' option, the linker does not page-align the -data segment. - -.TP -.B \-n -sets the text segment to be read only, and \c -.B NMAGIC\c -\& is written -if possible. - -.TP -.B \-noinhibit\-exec +.Ip "\f(CW--target-help\fR" 4 +Print a summary of all target specific options on the standard output and exit. +.Ip "\f(CW-Map \fImapfile\fR\fR" 4 +Print a link map to the file \fImapfile\fR. See the description of the +\fB\-M\fR option, above. +.Ip "\f(CW--no-keep-memory\fR" 4 +\f(CWld\fR normally optimizes for speed over memory usage by caching the +symbol tables of input files in memory. This option tells \f(CWld\fR to +instead optimize for memory usage, by rereading the symbol tables as +necessary. This may be required if \f(CWld\fR runs out of memory space +while linking a large executable. +.Ip "\f(CW--no-undefined\fR" 4 +.Ip "\f(CW-z defs\fR" 4 +Normally when creating a non-symbolic shared library, undefined symbols +are allowed and left to be resolved by the runtime loader. These options +disallows such undefined symbols. +.Ip "\f(CW--allow-shlib-undefined\fR" 4 +Allow undefined symbols in shared objects even when --no-undefined is +set. The net result will be that undefined symbols in regular objects +will still trigger an error, but undefined symbols in shared objects +will be ignored. The implementation of no_undefined makes the +assumption that the runtime linker will choke on undefined symbols. +However there is at least one system (BeOS) where undefined symbols in +shared libraries is normal since the kernel patches them at load time to +select which function is most appropriate for the current architecture. +I.E. dynamically select an appropriate memset function. Apparently it +is also normal for \s-1HPPA\s0 shared libraries to have undefined symbols. +.Ip "\f(CW--no-warn-mismatch\fR" 4 +Normally \f(CWld\fR will give an error if you try to link together input +files that are mismatched for some reason, perhaps because they have +been compiled for different processors or for different endiannesses. +This option tells \f(CWld\fR that it should silently permit such possible +errors. This option should only be used with care, in cases when you +have taken some special action that ensures that the linker errors are +inappropriate. +.Ip "\f(CW--no-whole-archive\fR" 4 +Turn off the effect of the \f(CW--whole-archive\fR option for subsequent +archive files. +.Ip "\f(CW--noinhibit-exec\fR" 4 +Retain the executable output file whenever it is still usable. Normally, the linker will not produce an output file if it encounters -errors during the link process. With this flag, you can specify that -you wish the output file retained even after non-fatal errors. - -.TP -.B \-no\-keep\-memory -The linker normally optimizes for speed over memory usage by caching -the symbol tables of input files in memory. This option tells the -linker to instead optimize for memory usage, by rereading the symbol -tables as necessary. This may be required if the linker runs out of -memory space while linking a large executable. - -.TP -.B \-no\-warn\-mismatch -Normally the linker will give an error if you try to link together -input files that are mismatched for some reason, perhaps because they -have been compiled for different processors or for different -endiannesses. This option tells the linker that it should silently -permit such possible errors. This option should only be used with -care, in cases when you have taken some special action that ensures -that the linker errors are inappropriate. - -.TP -.BI "\-o " "output" -.I output\c -\& is a name for the program produced by \c -.B ld\c -\&; if this -option is not specified, the name `\|\c -.B a.out\c -\|' is used by default. The -script command \c -.B OUTPUT\c -\& can also specify the output file name. - -.TP -.BI "\-O" "level" -Generate optimized output files. This might use significantly more -time and therefore probably should be enabled only for generating the -final binary. -\c -.I level\c -\& is supposed to be a numeric value. Any value greater than zero enables -the optimizations. - -.TP -.BI "\--oformat " "output\-format" -Specify the binary format for the output object file. -You don't usually need to specify this, as -\c -.B ld\c -\& is configured to produce as a default output format the most -usual format on each machine. \c -.I output-format\c -\& is a text string, the -name of a particular format supported by the BFD libraries. -The script command -.B OUTPUT_FORMAT -can also specify the output format, but this option overrides it. - -.TP -.BI "\-R " "filename" -Read symbol names and their addresses from \c -.I filename\c -\&, but do not -relocate it or include it in the output. This allows your output file -to refer symbolically to absolute locations of memory defined in other -programs. - -.TP -.B \-relax -An option with machine dependent effects. Currently this option is only -supported on the H8/300. - -On some platforms, use this option to perform global optimizations that -become possible when the linker resolves addressing in your program, such -as relaxing address modes and synthesizing new instructions in the -output object file. - -On platforms where this is not supported, `\|\c -.B \-relax\c -\&\|' is accepted, but has no effect. - -.TP -.B \-r -Generates relocatable output\(em\&i.e., generate an output file that can in -turn serve as input to \c -.B ld\c -\&. This is often called \c -.I partial -linking\c -\&. As a side effect, in environments that support standard Unix -magic numbers, this option also sets the output file's magic number to -\c -.B OMAGIC\c -\&. -If this option is not specified, an absolute file is produced. When -linking C++ programs, this option \c -.I will not\c -\& resolve references to -constructors; \c -.B \-Ur\c -\& is an alternative. - -This option does the same as \c -.B \-i\c -\&. - -.TP -.B \-rpath\ \fIdirectory +errors during the link process; it exits without writing an output file +when it issues any error whatsoever. +.Ip "\f(CW--oformat \fIoutput-format\fR\fR" 4 +\f(CWld\fR may be configured to support more than one kind of object +file. If your \f(CWld\fR is configured this way, you can use the +\fB--oformat\fR option to specify the binary format for the output +object file. Even when \f(CWld\fR is configured to support alternative +object formats, you don't usually need to specify this, as \f(CWld\fR +should be configured to produce as a default output format the most +usual format on each machine. \fIoutput-format\fR is a text string, the +name of a particular format supported by the \s-1BFD\s0 libraries. (You can +list the available binary formats with \fBobjdump \-i\fR.) The script +command \f(CWOUTPUT_FORMAT\fR can also specify the output format, but +this option overrides it. +.Ip "\f(CW-qmagic\fR" 4 +This option is ignored for Linux compatibility. +.Ip "\f(CW-Qy\fR" 4 +This option is ignored for \s-1SVR4\s0 compatibility. +.Ip "\f(CW--relax\fR" 4 +An option with machine dependent effects. +This option is only supported on a few targets. +.Sp +On some platforms, the \fB--relax\fR option performs global +optimizations that become possible when the linker resolves addressing +in the program, such as relaxing address modes and synthesizing new +instructions in the output object file. +.Sp +On some platforms these link time global optimizations may make symbolic +debugging of the resulting executable impossible. +This is known to be +the case for the Matsushita \s-1MN10200\s0 and \s-1MN10300\s0 family of processors. +.Sp +On platforms where this is not supported, \fB--relax\fR is accepted, +but ignored. +.Ip "\f(CW--retain-symbols-file \fIfilename\fR\fR" 4 +Retain \fIonly\fR the symbols listed in the file \fIfilename\fR, +discarding all others. \fIfilename\fR is simply a flat file, with one +symbol name per line. This option is especially useful in environments +(such as VxWorks) +where a large global symbol table is accumulated gradually, to conserve +run-time memory. +.Sp +\fB--retain-symbols-file\fR does \fInot\fR discard undefined symbols, +or symbols needed for relocations. +.Sp +You may only specify \fB--retain-symbols-file\fR once in the command +line. It overrides \fB\-s\fR and \fB\-S\fR. +.Ip "\f(CW-rpath \fIdir\fR\fR" 4 Add a directory to the runtime library search path. This is used when -linking an ELF executable with shared objects. All -.B \-rpath +linking an \s-1ELF\s0 executable with shared objects. All \f(CW-rpath\fR arguments are concatenated and passed to the runtime linker, which uses -them to locate shared objects at runtime. The -.B \-rpath -option is also used when locating shared objects which are needed by -shared objects explicitly included in the link; see the description of -the -.B \-rpath\-link -option. If -.B \-rpath -is not used when linking an ELF executable, the contents of the -environment variable -.B LD_RUN_PATH -will be used if it is defined. - -The -.B \-rpath -option may also be used on SunOS. By default, on SunOS, the linker -will form a runtime search path out of all the -.B \-L -options it is given. If a -.B \-rpath -option is used, the runtime search path will be formed exclusively -using the -.B \-rpath -options, ignoring -the -.B \-L -options. This can be useful when using gcc, which adds many -.B \-L -options which may be on NFS mounted filesystems. - -.TP -.B \-rpath\-link\ \fIdirectory -When using ELF or SunOS, one shared library may require another. This -happens when an -.B ld\ \-shared -link includes a shared library as one of the input files. - +them to locate shared objects at runtime. The \f(CW-rpath\fR option is +also used when locating shared objects which are needed by shared +objects explicitly included in the link; see the description of the +\f(CW-rpath-link\fR option. If \f(CW-rpath\fR is not used when linking an +\s-1ELF\s0 executable, the contents of the environment variable +\f(CWLD_RUN_PATH\fR will be used if it is defined. +.Sp +The \f(CW-rpath\fR option may also be used on SunOS. By default, on +SunOS, the linker will form a runtime search patch out of all the +\f(CW-L\fR options it is given. If a \f(CW-rpath\fR option is used, the +runtime search path will be formed exclusively using the \f(CW-rpath\fR +options, ignoring the \f(CW-L\fR options. This can be useful when using +gcc, which adds many \f(CW-L\fR options which may be on \s-1NFS\s0 mounted +filesystems. +.Sp +For compatibility with other \s-1ELF\s0 linkers, if the \f(CW-R\fR option is +followed by a directory name, rather than a file name, it is treated as +the \f(CW-rpath\fR option. +.Ip "\f(CW-rpath-link \fIDIR\fR\fR" 4 +When using \s-1ELF\s0 or SunOS, one shared library may require another. This +happens when an \f(CWld -shared\fR link includes a shared library as one +of the input files. +.Sp When the linker encounters such a dependency when doing a non-shared, -non-relocateable link, it will automatically try to locate the required +non-relocatable link, it will automatically try to locate the required shared library and include it in the link, if it is not included -explicitly. In such a case, the -.B \-rpath\-link -option specifies the first set of directories to search. The -.B \-rpath\-link -option may specify a sequence of directory names either by specifying -a list of names separated by colons, or by appearing multiple times. - +explicitly. In such a case, the \f(CW-rpath-link\fR option +specifies the first set of directories to search. The +\f(CW-rpath-link\fR option may specify a sequence of directory names +either by specifying a list of names separated by colons, or by +appearing multiple times. +.Sp +This option should be used with caution as it overrides the search path +that may have been hard compiled into a shared library. In such a case it +is possible to use unintentionally a different search path than the +runtime linker would do. +.Sp +The linker uses the following search paths to locate required shared +libraries. +.Ip "1." 8 +Any directories specified by \f(CW-rpath-link\fR options. +.Ip "2." 8 +Any directories specified by \f(CW-rpath\fR options. The difference +between \f(CW-rpath\fR and \f(CW-rpath-link\fR is that directories +specified by \f(CW-rpath\fR options are included in the executable and +used at runtime, whereas the \f(CW-rpath-link\fR option is only effective +at link time. It is for the native linker only. +.Ip "3." 8 +On an \s-1ELF\s0 system, if the \f(CW-rpath\fR and \f(CWrpath-link\fR options +were not used, search the contents of the environment variable +\f(CWLD_RUN_PATH\fR. It is for the native linker only. +.Ip "4." 8 +On SunOS, if the \f(CW-rpath\fR option was not used, search any +directories specified using \f(CW-L\fR options. +.Ip "5." 8 +For a native linker, the contents of the environment variable +\f(CWLD_LIBRARY_PATH\fR. +.Ip "6." 8 +For a native \s-1ELF\s0 linker, the directories in \f(CWDT_RUNPATH\fR or +\f(CWDT_RPATH\fR of a shared library are searched for shared +libraries needed by it. The \f(CWDT_RPATH\fR entries are ignored if +\f(CWDT_RUNPATH\fR entries exist. +.Ip "7." 8 +The default directories, normally \fI/lib\fR and \fI/usr/lib\fR. +.Ip "8." 8 +For a native linker on an \s-1ELF\s0 system, if the file \fI/etc/ld.so.conf\fR +exists, the list of directories found in that file. +.Sp If the required shared library is not found, the linker will issue a warning and continue with the link. - -.TP -.B \-S -Omits debugger symbol information (but not all symbols) from the output file. - -.TP -.B \-s -Omits all symbol information from the output file. - -.TP -.B \-shared -Create a shared library. This is currently only supported on ELF and -SunOS platforms (on SunOS it is not required, as the linker will -automatically create a shared library when there are undefined symbols -and the -.B \-e -option is not used). - -.TP -.B \-sort\-common -Normally, when -.B ld -places the global common symbols in the appropriate output sections, -it sorts them by size. First come all the one byte symbols, then all -the two bytes, then all the four bytes, and then everything else. -This is to prevent gaps between symbols due to -alignment constraints. This option disables that sorting. - -.TP -.B \-split\-by\-reloc\ \fIcount -Trys to creates extra sections in the output file so that no single -output section in the file contains more than -.I count -relocations. -This is useful when generating huge relocatable for downloading into -certain real time kernels with the COFF object file format; since COFF -cannot represent more than 65535 relocations in a single section. -Note that this will fail to work with object file formats which do not +.Ip "\f(CW-shared\fR" 4 +.Ip "\f(CW-Bshareable\fR" 4 +Create a shared library. This is currently only supported on \s-1ELF\s0, \s-1XCOFF\s0 +and SunOS platforms. On SunOS, the linker will automatically create a +shared library if the \f(CW-e\fR option is not used and there are +undefined symbols in the link. +.Ip "\f(CW--sort-common\fR" 4 +This option tells \f(CWld\fR to sort the common symbols by size when it +places them in the appropriate output sections. First come all the one +byte symbols, then all the two bytes, then all the four bytes, and then +everything else. This is to prevent gaps between symbols due to +alignment constraints. +.Ip "\f(CW--split-by-file [\fIsize\fR]\fR" 4 +Similar to \f(CW--split-by-reloc\fR but creates a new output section for +each input file when \fIsize\fR is reached. \fIsize\fR defaults to a +size of 1 if not given. +.Ip "\f(CW--split-by-reloc [\fIcount\fR]\fR" 4 +Tries to creates extra sections in the output file so that no single +output section in the file contains more than \fIcount\fR relocations. +This is useful when generating huge relocatable files for downloading into +certain real time kernels with the \s-1COFF\s0 object file format; since \s-1COFF\s0 +cannot represent more than 65535 relocations in a single section. Note +that this will fail to work with object file formats which do not support arbitrary sections. The linker will not split up individual -input sections for redistribution, so if a single input section -contains more than -.I count -relocations one output section will contain that many relocations. - -.TP -.B \-split\-by\-file -Similar to -.B \-split\-by\-reloc -but creates a new output section for each input file. - -.TP -.BI "--section-start " "sectionname" "\fR=\fP"org +input sections for redistribution, so if a single input section contains +more than \fIcount\fR relocations one output section will contain that +many relocations. \fIcount\fR defaults to a value of 32768. +.Ip "\f(CW--stats\fR" 4 +Compute and display statistics about the operation of the linker, such +as execution time and memory usage. +.Ip "\f(CW--traditional-format\fR" 4 +For some targets, the output of \f(CWld\fR is different in some ways from +the output of some existing linker. This switch requests \f(CWld\fR to +use the traditional format instead. +.Sp +For example, on SunOS, \f(CWld\fR combines duplicate entries in the +symbol string table. This can reduce the size of an output file with +full debugging information by over 30 percent. Unfortunately, the SunOS +\f(CWdbx\fR program can not read the resulting program (\f(CWgdb\fR has no +trouble). The \fB--traditional-format\fR switch tells \f(CWld\fR to not +combine duplicate entries. +.Ip "\f(CW--section-start \fIsectionname\fR=\fIorg\fR\fR" 4 Locate a section in the output file at the absolute -address given by \c -.I org\c -\&. \c -\c -.I org\c -\& must be a hexadecimal integer. -You may use this option as many +address given by \fIorg\fR. You may use this option as many times as necessary to locate multiple sections in the command -line. If you need more elaborate expressions, consider -using the linker command language from a script. - -.TP -.BI "\-Tbss " "org"\c -.TP -.BI "\-Tdata " "org"\c -.TP -.BI "\-Ttext " "org"\c -Use \c -.I org\c -\& as the starting address for\(em\&respectively\(em\&the -\c -.B bss\c -\&, \c -.B data\c -\&, or the \c -.B text\c -\& segment of the output file. -\c -.I org\c -\& must be a hexadecimal integer. - -.TP -.BI "\-T " "commandfile" -Equivalent to \c -.B \-c \c -.I commandfile\c -\&\c -\&; supported for compatibility with -other tools. - -.TP -.B \-t -Prints names of input files as \c -.B ld\c -\& processes them. - -.TP -.BI "\-u " "sym" -Forces \c -.I sym\c -\& to be entered in the output file as an undefined symbol. -This may, for example, trigger linking of additional modules from -standard libraries. \c -.B \-u\c -\& may be repeated with different option -arguments to enter additional undefined symbols. - -.TP -.B \-Ur -For anything other than C++ programs, this option is equivalent to -\c -.B \-r\c -\&: it generates relocatable output\(em\&i.e., an output file that can in -turn serve as input to \c -.B ld\c -\&. When linking C++ programs, \c -.B \-Ur -.I will\c -\& resolve references to constructors, unlike \c -.B \-r\c -\&. - -.TP -.B \-\-verbose -Display the version number for \c -.B ld -and list the supported emulations. -Display which input files can and can not be opened. - -.TP -.B \-v, \-V -Display the version number for \c -.B ld\c -\&. -The -.B \-V -option also lists the supported emulations. - -.TP -.B \-\-version -Display the version number for \c -.B ld -and exit. - -.TP -.B \-warn\-common +line. +\fIorg\fR must be a single hexadecimal integer; +for compatibility with other linkers, you may omit the leading +\fB0x\fR usually associated with hexadecimal values. \fINote:\fR there +should be no white space between \fIsectionname\fR, the equals +sign (``\fB=\fR''), and \fIorg\fR. +.Ip "\f(CW-Tbss \fIorg\fR\fR" 4 +.Ip "\f(CW-Tdata \fIorg\fR\fR" 4 +.Ip "\f(CW-Ttext \fIorg\fR\fR" 4 +Use \fIorg\fR as the starting address for---respectively---the +\f(CWbss\fR, \f(CWdata\fR, or the \f(CWtext\fR segment of the output file. +\fIorg\fR must be a single hexadecimal integer; +for compatibility with other linkers, you may omit the leading +\fB0x\fR usually associated with hexadecimal values. +.Ip "\f(CW--dll-verbose\fR" 4 +.Ip "\f(CW--verbose\fR" 4 +Display the version number for \f(CWld\fR and list the linker emulations +supported. Display which input files can and cannot be opened. Display +the linker script if using a default builtin script. +.Ip "\f(CW--version-script=\fIversion-scriptfile\fR\fR" 4 +Specify the name of a version script to the linker. This is typically +used when creating shared libraries to specify additional information +about the version heirarchy for the library being created. This option +is only meaningful on \s-1ELF\s0 platforms which support shared libraries. +.Ip "\f(CW--warn-common\fR" 4 Warn when a common symbol is combined with another common symbol or with a symbol definition. Unix linkers allow this somewhat sloppy practice, but linkers on some other operating systems do not. This option allows you to find potential problems from combining global symbols. - -.TP -.B \-warn\-constructors -Warn if any global constructors are used. This is only useful for a -few object file formats. For formats like COFF or ELF, the linker can -not detect the use of global constructors. - -.TP -.B \-warn\-multiple\-gp -Warn if the output file requires multiple global-pointer values. This -option is only meaningful for certain processors, such as the Alpha. - -.TP -.B \-warn\-once +Unfortunately, some C libraries use this practice, so you may get some +warnings about symbols in the libraries as well as in your programs. +.Sp +There are three kinds of global symbols, illustrated here by C examples: +.Ip "\fBint i = 1;\fR" 8 +A definition, which goes in the initialized data section of the output +file. +.Ip "\fBextern int i;\fR" 8 +An undefined reference, which does not allocate space. +There must be either a definition or a common symbol for the +variable somewhere. +.Ip "\fBint i;\fR" 8 +A common symbol. If there are only (one or more) common symbols for a +variable, it goes in the uninitialized data area of the output file. +The linker merges multiple common symbols for the same variable into a +single symbol. If they are of different sizes, it picks the largest +size. The linker turns a common symbol into a declaration, if there is +a definition of the same variable. +.Sp +The \fB--warn-common\fR option can produce five kinds of warnings. +Each warning consists of a pair of lines: the first describes the symbol +just encountered, and the second describes the previous symbol +encountered with the same name. One or both of the two symbols will be +a common symbol. +.Ip "1." 8 +Turning a common symbol into a reference, because there is already a +definition for the symbol. + + \fIfile\fR(\fIsection\fR): warning: common of `\fIsymbol\fR\*(R' + overridden by definition + \fIfile\fR(\fIsection\fR): warning: defined here +.Ip "2." 8 +Turning a common symbol into a reference, because a later definition for +the symbol is encountered. This is the same as the previous case, +except that the symbols are encountered in a different order. + + \fIfile\fR(\fIsection\fR): warning: definition of `\fIsymbol\fR\*(R' + overriding common + \fIfile\fR(\fIsection\fR): warning: common is here +.Ip "3." 8 +Merging a common symbol with a previous same-sized common symbol. + + \fIfile\fR(\fIsection\fR): warning: multiple common + of `\fIsymbol\fR\*(R' + \fIfile\fR(\fIsection\fR): warning: previous common is here +.Ip "4." 8 +Merging a common symbol with a previous larger common symbol. + + \fIfile\fR(\fIsection\fR): warning: common of `\fIsymbol\fR\*(R' + overridden by larger common + \fIfile\fR(\fIsection\fR): warning: larger common is here +.Ip "5." 8 +Merging a common symbol with a previous smaller common symbol. This is +the same as the previous case, except that the symbols are +encountered in a different order. + + \fIfile\fR(\fIsection\fR): warning: common of `\fIsymbol\fR\*(R' + overriding smaller common + \fIfile\fR(\fIsection\fR): warning: smaller common is here +.Ip "\f(CW--warn-constructors\fR" 4 +Warn if any global constructors are used. This is only useful for a few +object file formats. For formats like \s-1COFF\s0 or \s-1ELF\s0, the linker can not +detect the use of global constructors. +.Ip "\f(CW--warn-multiple-gp\fR" 4 +Warn if multiple global pointer values are required in the output file. +This is only meaningful for certain processors, such as the Alpha. +Specifically, some processors put large-valued constants in a special +section. A special register (the global pointer) points into the middle +of this section, so that constants can be loaded efficiently via a +base-register relative addressing mode. Since the offset in +base-register relative mode is fixed and relatively small (e.g., 16 +bits), this limits the maximum size of the constant pool. Thus, in +large programs, it is often necessary to use multiple global pointer +values in order to be able to address all possible constants. This +option causes a warning to be issued whenever this case occurs. +.Ip "\f(CW--warn-once\fR" 4 Only warn once for each undefined symbol, rather than once per module which refers to it. - -.TP -.B \-warn\-section\-align +.Ip "\f(CW--warn-section-align\fR" 4 Warn if the address of an output section is changed because of alignment. Typically, the alignment will be set by an input section. The address will only be changed if it not explicitly specified; that -is, if the SECTIONS command does not specify a start address for the -section. - -.TP -.B \-\-whole\-archive +is, if the \f(CWSECTIONS\fR command does not specify a start address for +the section. +.Ip "\f(CW--whole-archive\fR" 4 For each archive mentioned on the command line after the -.B \-\-whole\-archive -option, include every object file in the archive in the link, rather -than searching the archive for the required object files. This is -normally used to turn an archive file into a shared library, forcing -every object to be included in the resulting shared library. - -.TP -.B \-\-no\-whole\-archive -Turn off the effect of the -.B \-\-whole\-archive -option for archives which appear later on the command line. - -.TP -.BI "--wrap " "symbol" -Use a wrapper function for -.I symbol. -Any undefined reference to -.I symbol -will be resolved to -.BI "__wrap_" "symbol". -Any undefined reference to -.BI "__real_" "symbol" -will be resolved to -.I symbol. - -.TP -.B \-X -Delete all temporary local symbols. For most targets, this is all local -symbols whose names begin with `\|\c -.B L\c -\|'. +\f(CW--whole-archive\fR option, include every object file in the archive +in the link, rather than searching the archive for the required object +files. This is normally used to turn an archive file into a shared +library, forcing every object to be included in the resulting shared +library. This option may be used more than once. +.Sp +Two notes when using this option from gcc: First, gcc doesn't know +about this option, so you have to use \f(CW-Wl,-whole-archive\fR. +Second, don't forget to use \f(CW-Wl,-no-whole-archive\fR after your +list of archives, because gcc will add its own list of archives to +your link and you may not want this flag to affect those as well. +.Ip "\f(CW--wrap \fIsymbol\fR\fR" 4 +Use a wrapper function for \fIsymbol\fR. Any undefined reference to +\fIsymbol\fR will be resolved to \f(CW__wrap_\fIsymbol\fR\fR. Any +undefined reference to \f(CW__real_\fIsymbol\fR\fR will be resolved to +\fIsymbol\fR. +.Sp +This can be used to provide a wrapper for a system function. The +wrapper function should be called \f(CW__wrap_\fIsymbol\fR\fR. If it +wishes to call the system function, it should call +\f(CW__real_\fIsymbol\fR\fR. +.Sp +Here is a trivial example: +.Sp +.Vb 7 +\& +\& void * +\& __wrap_malloc (int c) +\& { +\& printf ("malloc called with %ld\en", c); +\& return __real_malloc (c); +\& } +.Ve +If you link other code with this file using \f(CW--wrap malloc\fR, then +all calls to \f(CWmalloc\fR will call the function \f(CW__wrap_malloc\fR +instead. The call to \f(CW__real_malloc\fR in \f(CW__wrap_malloc\fR will +call the real \f(CWmalloc\fR function. +.Sp +You may wish to provide a \f(CW__real_malloc\fR function as well, so that +links without the \f(CW--wrap\fR option will succeed. If you do this, +you should not put the definition of \f(CW__real_malloc\fR in the same +file as \f(CW__wrap_malloc\fR; if you do, the assembler may resolve the +call before the linker has a chance to wrap it to \f(CWmalloc\fR. +.Ip "\f(CW--enable-new-dtags\fR" 4 +.Ip "\f(CW--disable-new-dtags\fR" 4 +This linker can create the new dynamic tags in \s-1ELF\s0. But the older \s-1ELF\s0 +systems may not understand them. If you specify +\f(CW--enable-new-dtags\fR, the dynamic tags will be created as needed. +If you specify \f(CW--disable-new-dtags\fR, no new dynamic tags will be +created. By default, the new dynamic tags are not created. Note that +those options are only available for \s-1ELF\s0 systems. +.PP +The i386 \s-1PE\s0 linker supports the \f(CW-shared\fR option, which causes +the output to be a dynamically linked library (\s-1DLL\s0) instead of a +normal executable. You should name the output \f(CW*.dll\fR when you +use this option. In addition, the linker fully supports the standard +\f(CW*.def\fR files, which may be specified on the linker command line +like an object file (in fact, it should precede archives it exports +symbols from, to ensure that they get linked in, just like a normal +object file). +.PP +In addition to the options common to all targets, the i386 \s-1PE\s0 linker +support additional command line options that are specific to the i386 +\s-1PE\s0 target. Options that take values may be separated from their +values by either a space or an equals sign. +.Ip "\f(CW--add-stdcall-alias\fR" 4 +If given, symbols with a stdcall suffix (@\fInn\fR) will be exported +as-is and also with the suffix stripped. +.Ip "\f(CW--base-file \fIfile\fR\fR" 4 +Use \fIfile\fR as the name of a file in which to save the base +addresses of all the relocations needed for generating DLLs with +\fIdlltool\fR. +.Ip "\f(CW--dll\fR" 4 +Create a \s-1DLL\s0 instead of a regular executable. You may also use +\f(CW-shared\fR or specify a \f(CWLIBRARY\fR in a given \f(CW.def\fR +file. +.Ip "\f(CW--enable-stdcall-fixup\fR" 4 +.Ip "\f(CW--disable-stdcall-fixup\fR" 4 +If the link finds a symbol that it cannot resolve, it will attempt to +do \*(L"fuzzy linking\*(R" by looking for another defined symbol that differs +only in the format of the symbol name (cdecl vs stdcall) and will +resolve that symbol by linking to the match. For example, the +undefined symbol \f(CW_foo\fR might be linked to the function +\f(CW_foo@12\fR, or the undefined symbol \f(CW_bar@16\fR might be linked +to the function \f(CW_bar\fR. When the linker does this, it prints a +warning, since it normally should have failed to link, but sometimes +import libraries generated from third-party dlls may need this feature +to be usable. If you specify \f(CW--enable-stdcall-fixup\fR, this +feature is fully enabled and warnings are not printed. If you specify +\f(CW--disable-stdcall-fixup\fR, this feature is disabled and such +mismatches are considered to be errors. +.Ip "\f(CW--export-all-symbols\fR" 4 +If given, all global symbols in the objects used to build a \s-1DLL\s0 will +be exported by the \s-1DLL\s0. Note that this is the default if there +otherwise wouldn't be any exported symbols. When symbols are +explicitly exported via \s-1DEF\s0 files or implicitly exported via function +attributes, the default is to not export anything else unless this +option is given. Note that the symbols \f(CWDllMain@12\fR, +\f(CWDllEntryPoint@0\fR, and \f(CWimpure_ptr\fR will not be automatically +exported. +.Ip "\f(CW--exclude-symbols \fIsymbol\fR,\fIsymbol\fR,...\fR" 4 +Specifies a list of symbols which should not be automatically +exported. The symbol names may be delimited by commas or colons. +.Ip "\f(CW--file-alignment\fR" 4 +Specify the file alignment. Sections in the file will always begin at +file offsets which are multiples of this number. This defaults to +512. +.Ip "\f(CW--heap \fIreserve\fR\fR" 4 +.Ip "\f(CW--heap \fIreserve\fR,\fIcommit\fR\fR" 4 +Specify the amount of memory to reserve (and optionally commit) to be +used as heap for this program. The default is 1Mb reserved, 4K +committed. +.Ip "\f(CW--image-base \fIvalue\fR\fR" 4 +Use \fIvalue\fR as the base address of your program or dll. This is +the lowest memory location that will be used when your program or dll +is loaded. To reduce the need to relocate and improve performance of +your dlls, each should have a unique base address and not overlap any +other dlls. The default is 0x400000 for executables, and 0x10000000 +for dlls. +.Ip "\f(CW--kill-at\fR" 4 +If given, the stdcall suffixes (@\fInn\fR) will be stripped from +symbols before they are exported. +.Ip "\f(CW--major-image-version \fIvalue\fR\fR" 4 +Sets the major number of the \*(L"image version\*(R". Defaults to 1. +.Ip "\f(CW--major-os-version \fIvalue\fR\fR" 4 +Sets the major number of the \*(L"os version\*(R". Defaults to 4. +.Ip "\f(CW--major-subsystem-version \fIvalue\fR\fR" 4 +Sets the major number of the \*(L"subsystem version\*(R". Defaults to 4. +.Ip "\f(CW--minor-image-version \fIvalue\fR\fR" 4 +Sets the minor number of the \*(L"image version\*(R". Defaults to 0. +.Ip "\f(CW--minor-os-version \fIvalue\fR\fR" 4 +Sets the minor number of the \*(L"os version\*(R". Defaults to 0. +.Ip "\f(CW--minor-subsystem-version \fIvalue\fR\fR" 4 +Sets the minor number of the \*(L"subsystem version\*(R". Defaults to 0. +.Ip "\f(CW--output-def \fIfile\fR\fR" 4 +The linker will create the file \fIfile\fR which will contain a \s-1DEF\s0 +file corresponding to the \s-1DLL\s0 the linker is generating. This \s-1DEF\s0 file +(which should be called \f(CW*.def\fR) may be used to create an import +library with \f(CWdlltool\fR or may be used as a reference to +automatically or implicitly exported symbols. +.Ip "\f(CW--section-alignment\fR" 4 +Sets the section alignment. Sections in memory will always begin at +addresses which are a multiple of this number. Defaults to 0x1000. +.Ip "\f(CW--stack \fIreserve\fR\fR" 4 +.Ip "\f(CW--stack \fIreserve\fR,\fIcommit\fR\fR" 4 +Specify the amount of memory to reserve (and optionally commit) to be +used as stack for this program. The default is 32Mb reserved, 4K +committed. +.Ip "\f(CW--subsystem \fIwhich\fR\fR" 4 +.Ip "\f(CW--subsystem \fIwhich\fR:\fImajor\fR\fR" 4 +.Ip "\f(CW--subsystem \fIwhich\fR:\fImajor\fR.\fIminor\fR\fR" 4 +Specifies the subsystem under which your program will execute. The +legal values for \fIwhich\fR are \f(CWnative\fR, \f(CWwindows\fR, +\f(CWconsole\fR, and \f(CWposix\fR. You may optionally set the +subsystem version also. +.SH "ENVIRONMENT" +You can change the behavior of \f(CWld\fR with the environment variables +\f(CWGNUTARGET\fR, \f(CWLDEMULATION\fR, and \f(CWCOLLECT_NO_DEMANGLE\fR. +.PP +\f(CWGNUTARGET\fR determines the input-file object format if you don't +use \fB\-b\fR (or its synonym \fB--format\fR). Its value should be one +of the BFD names for an input format. If there is no +\f(CWGNUTARGET\fR in the environment, \f(CWld\fR uses the natural format +of the target. If \f(CWGNUTARGET\fR is set to \f(CWdefault\fR then BFD +attempts to discover the input format by examining binary input files; +this method often succeeds, but there are potential ambiguities, since +there is no method of ensuring that the magic number used to specify +object-file formats is unique. However, the configuration procedure for +BFD on each system places the conventional format for that system first +in the search-list, so ambiguities are resolved in favor of convention. +.PP +\f(CWLDEMULATION\fR determines the default emulation if you don't use the +\fB\-m\fR option. The emulation can affect various aspects of linker +behaviour, particularly the default linker script. You can list the +available emulations with the \fB--verbose\fR or \fB\-V\fR options. If +the \fB\-m\fR option is not used, and the \f(CWLDEMULATION\fR environment +variable is not defined, the default emulation depends upon how the +linker was configured. +.PP +Normally, the linker will default to demangling symbols. However, if +\f(CWCOLLECT_NO_DEMANGLE\fR is set in the environment, then it will +default to not demangling symbols. This environment variable is used in +a similar fashion by the \f(CWgcc\fR linker wrapper program. The default +may be overridden by the \fB--demangle\fR and \fB--no-demangle\fR +options. +.SH "SEE ALSO" +\fIar\fR\|(1), \fInm\fR\|(1), \fIobjcopy\fR\|(1), \fIobjdump\fR\|(1), \fIreadelf\fR\|(1) and +the Info entries for \fIbinutils\fR and +\fIld\fR. +.SH "COPYRIGHT" +Copyright (c) 1991, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +.PP +Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document +under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 +or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; +with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no +Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the +section entitled \*(L"GNU Free Documentation License\*(R". -.TP -.B \-x -Delete all local symbols. +.rn }` '' +.IX Title "LD 1" +.IX Name "ld - Using LD, the GNU linker" -.PP +.IX Header "NAME" -.SH ENVIRONMENT -\c -You can change the behavior of -.B ld\c -\& with the environment variable \c -.B GNUTARGET\c -\&. - -\c -.B GNUTARGET\c -\& determines the input-file object format if you don't -use \c -.B \-b\c -\& (or its synonym \c -.B \-format\c -\&). Its value should be one -of the BFD names for an input format. If there is no -\c -.B GNUTARGET\c -\& in the environment, \c -.B ld\c -\& uses the natural format -of the host. If \c -.B GNUTARGET\c -\& is set to \c -.B default\c -\& then BFD attempts to discover the -input format by examining binary input files; this method often -succeeds, but there are potential ambiguities, since there is no method -of ensuring that the magic number used to flag object-file formats is -unique. However, the configuration procedure for BFD on each system -places the conventional format for that system first in the search-list, -so ambiguities are resolved in favor of convention. +.IX Header "SYNOPSIS" -.PP +.IX Header "DESCRIPTION" -.SH "SEE ALSO" +.IX Header "OPTIONS" + +.IX Item "\f(CW-a\fIkeyword\fR\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW-A\fIarchitecture\fR\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--architecture=\fIarchitecture\fR\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW-b \fIinput-format\fR\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--format=\fIinput-format\fR\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW-c \fIMRI-commandfile\fR\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--mri-script=\fIMRI-commandfile\fR\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW-d\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW-dc\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW-dp\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW-e \fIentry\fR\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--entry=\fIentry\fR\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW-E\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--export-dynamic\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW-EB\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW-EL\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW-f\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--auxiliary \fIname\fR\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW-F \fIname\fR\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--filter \fIname\fR\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW-fini \fIname\fR\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW-g\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW-G\fIvalue\fR\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--gpsize=\fIvalue\fR\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW-h\fIname\fR\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW-soname=\fIname\fR\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW-i\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW-init \fIname\fR\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW-l\fIarchive\fR\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--library=\fIarchive\fR\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW-L\fIsearchdir\fR\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--library-path=\fIsearchdir\fR\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW-m\fIemulation\fR\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW-M\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--print-map\fR" + +.IX Item "\(bu" + +.IX Item "\(bu" + +.IX Item "\(bu" + +.IX Item "\f(CW-n\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--nmagic\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW-N\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--omagic\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW-o \fIoutput\fR\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--output=\fIoutput\fR\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW-O \fIlevel\fR\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW-q\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--emit-relocs\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW-r\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--relocateable\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW-R \fIfilename\fR\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--just-symbols=\fIfilename\fR\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW-s\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--strip-all\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW-S\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--strip-debug\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW-t\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--trace\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW-T \fIscriptfile\fR\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--script=\fIscriptfile\fR\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW-u \fIsymbol\fR\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--undefined=\fIsymbol\fR\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW-Ur\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--unique[=\fISECTION\fR]\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW-v\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--version\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW-V\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW-x\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--discard-all\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW-X\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--discard-locals\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW-y \fIsymbol\fR\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--trace-symbol=\fIsymbol\fR\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW-Y \fIpath\fR\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW-z \fIkeyword\fR\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW-( \fIarchives\fR -)\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--start-group \fIarchives\fR --end-group\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW-assert \fIkeyword\fR\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW-Bdynamic\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW-dy\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW-call_shared\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW-Bgroup\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW-Bstatic\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW-dn\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW-non_shared\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW-static\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW-Bsymbolic\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--check-sections\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--no-check-sections\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--cref\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--defsym \fIsymbol\fR=\fIexpression\fR\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--demangle[=\fIstyle\fR]\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--no-demangle\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--dynamic-linker \fIfile\fR\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--embedded-relocs\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--force-exe-suffix\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--no-gc-sections\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--gc-sections\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--help\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--target-help\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW-Map \fImapfile\fR\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--no-keep-memory\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--no-undefined\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW-z defs\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--allow-shlib-undefined\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--no-warn-mismatch\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--no-whole-archive\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--noinhibit-exec\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--oformat \fIoutput-format\fR\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW-qmagic\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW-Qy\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--relax\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--retain-symbols-file \fIfilename\fR\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW-rpath \fIdir\fR\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW-rpath-link \fIDIR\fR\fR" + +.IX Item "1." + +.IX Item "2." + +.IX Item "3." + +.IX Item "4." + +.IX Item "5." + +.IX Item "6." + +.IX Item "7." + +.IX Item "8." + +.IX Item "\f(CW-shared\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW-Bshareable\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--sort-common\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--split-by-file [\fIsize\fR]\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--split-by-reloc [\fIcount\fR]\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--stats\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--traditional-format\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--section-start \fIsectionname\fR=\fIorg\fR\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW-Tbss \fIorg\fR\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW-Tdata \fIorg\fR\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW-Ttext \fIorg\fR\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--dll-verbose\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--verbose\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--version-script=\fIversion-scriptfile\fR\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--warn-common\fR" + +.IX Item "\fBint i = 1;\fR" + +.IX Item "\fBextern int i;\fR" + +.IX Item "\fBint i;\fR" + +.IX Item "1." + +.IX Item "2." + +.IX Item "3." + +.IX Item "4." + +.IX Item "5." + +.IX Item "\f(CW--warn-constructors\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--warn-multiple-gp\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--warn-once\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--warn-section-align\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--whole-archive\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--wrap \fIsymbol\fR\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--enable-new-dtags\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--disable-new-dtags\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--add-stdcall-alias\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--base-file \fIfile\fR\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--dll\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--enable-stdcall-fixup\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--disable-stdcall-fixup\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--export-all-symbols\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--exclude-symbols \fIsymbol\fR,\fIsymbol\fR,...\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--file-alignment\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--heap \fIreserve\fR\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--heap \fIreserve\fR,\fIcommit\fR\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--image-base \fIvalue\fR\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--kill-at\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--major-image-version \fIvalue\fR\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--major-os-version \fIvalue\fR\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--major-subsystem-version \fIvalue\fR\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--minor-image-version \fIvalue\fR\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--minor-os-version \fIvalue\fR\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--minor-subsystem-version \fIvalue\fR\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--output-def \fIfile\fR\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--section-alignment\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--stack \fIreserve\fR\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--stack \fIreserve\fR,\fIcommit\fR\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--subsystem \fIwhich\fR\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--subsystem \fIwhich\fR:\fImajor\fR\fR" + +.IX Item "\f(CW--subsystem \fIwhich\fR:\fImajor\fR.\fIminor\fR\fR" + +.IX Header "ENVIRONMENT" + +.IX Header "SEE ALSO" + +.IX Header "COPYRIGHT" -.BR objdump ( 1 ) -.br -.br -.RB "`\|" ld "\|' and `\|" binutils "\|'" -entries in -.B info\c -.br -.I -ld: the GNU linker\c -, Steve Chamberlain and Roland Pesch; -.I -The GNU Binary Utilities\c -, Roland H. Pesch. - -.SH COPYING -Copyright (c) 1991, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 1998, 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc. -.PP -This document is distributed under the terms of the GNU Free -Documentation License, version 1.1. That license is described in the -sources for this manual page, but it is not displayed here in order to -make this manual more consise. Copies of this license can also be -obtained from: http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/. - -\" .SH GNU Free Documentation License -\" Version 1.1, March 2000 - -\" Copyright (C) 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc. -\" 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA - -\" Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim -\" copies of this license document, but changing it is -\" not allowed. -\" .PP -\" 0. PREAMBLE -\" .PP -\" The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other -\" written document "free" in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone -\" the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without -\" modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily, -\" this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get -\" credit for their work, while not being considered responsible for -\" modifications made by others. -\" .PP -\" This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative -\" works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It -\" complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft -\" license designed for free software. -\" .PP -\" We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free -\" software, because free software needs free documentation: a free -\" program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the -\" software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals; -\" it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or -\" whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License -\" principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference. -\" .PP -\" 1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS -\" .PP -\" This License applies to any manual or other work that contains a -\" notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed -\" under the terms of this License. The "Document", below, refers to any -\" such manual or work. Any member of the public is a licensee, and is -\" addressed as "you". -\" .PP -\" A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the -\" Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with -\" modifications and/or translated into another language. -\" .PP -\" A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section of -\" the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the -\" publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall subject -\" (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly -\" within that overall subject. (For example, if the Document is in part a -\" textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any -\" mathematics.) 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A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file -\" format whose markup has been designed to thwart or discourage -\" subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent. A copy that is -\" not "Transparent" is called "Opaque". -\" .PP -\" Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain -\" ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML -\" or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple -\" HTML designed for human modification. 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VERBATIM COPYING -\" .PP -\" You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either -\" commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the -\" copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies -\" to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other -\" conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use -\" technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further -\" copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept -\" compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough -\" number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3. -\" .PP -\" You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and -\" you may publicly display copies. -\" .PP -\" 3. COPYING IN QUANTITY -\" .PP -\" If you publish printed copies of the Document numbering more than 100, -\" and the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose -\" the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover -\" Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on -\" the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify -\" you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present -\" the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and -\" visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition. -\" Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve -\" the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated -\" as verbatim copying in other respects. -\" .PP -\" If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit -\" legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit -\" reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent -\" pages. -\" .PP -\" If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering -\" more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent -\" copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy -\" a publicly-accessible computer-network location containing a complete -\" Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material, which the -\" general network-using public has access to download anonymously at no -\" charge using public-standard network protocols. If you use the latter -\" option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you begin -\" distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that this -\" Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated location -\" until at least one year after the last time you distribute an Opaque -\" copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that edition to -\" the public. -\" .PP -\" It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the -\" Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give -\" them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document. -\" .PP -\" 4. MODIFICATIONS -\" .PP -\" You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under -\" the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release -\" the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified -\" Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution -\" and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy -\" of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version: -\" .PP -\" A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct -\" from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions -\" (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section -\" of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version -\" if the original publisher of that version gives permission. -\" .PP -\" B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities -\" responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified -\" Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the -\" Document (all of its principal authors, if it has less than five). -\" .PP -\" C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the -\" Modified Version, as the publisher. -\" .PP -\" D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document. -\" .PP -\" E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications -\" adjacent to the other copyright notices. -\" .PP -\" F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice -\" giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the -\" terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below. -\" Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections -\" and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice. -\" .PP -\" H. Include an unaltered copy of this License. -\" .PP -\" I. Preserve the section entitled "History", and its title, and add to -\" it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and -\" publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If -\" there is no section entitled "History" in the Document, create one -\" stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as -\" given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified -\" Version as stated in the previous sentence. -\" .PP -\" J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for -\" public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise -\" the network locations given in the Document for previous versions -\" it was based on. These may be placed in the "History" section. -\" You may omit a network location for a work that was published at -\" least four years before the Document itself, or if the original -\" publisher of the version it refers to gives permission. -\" .PP -\" K. In any section entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications", -\" preserve the section's title, and preserve in the section all the -\" substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements -\" and/or dedications given therein. -\" .PP -\" L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, -\" unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers -\" or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles. -\" .PP -\" M. Delete any section entitled "Endorsements". Such a section -\" may not be included in the Modified Version. -\" .PP -\" N. Do not retitle any existing section as "Endorsements" -\" or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section. -\" .PP -\" If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or -\" appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material -\" copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all -\" of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the -\" list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice. -\" These titles must be distinct from any other section titles. -\" .PP -\" You may add a section entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains -\" nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various -\" parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text has -\" been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a -\" standard. -\" .PP -\" You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a -\" passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list -\" of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of -\" Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or -\" through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already -\" includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or -\" by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of, -\" you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit -\" permission from the previous publisher that added the old one. -\" .PP -\" The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License -\" give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or -\" imply endorsement of any Modified Version. -\" .PP - -\" 5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS -\" .PP -\" You may combine the Document with other documents released under this -\" License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified -\" versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the -\" Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and -\" list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its -\" license notice. -\" .PP -\" The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and -\" multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single -\" copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but -\" different contents, make the title of each such section unique by -\" adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original -\" author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number. -\" Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of -\" Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work. -\" .PP -\" In the combination, you must combine any sections entitled "History" -\" in the various original documents, forming one section entitled -\" "History"; likewise combine any sections entitled "Acknowledgements", -\" and any sections entitled "Dedications". You must delete all sections -\" entitled "Endorsements." -\" .PP - -\" 6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS -\" .PP -\" You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents -\" released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this -\" License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in -\" the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for -\" verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects. -\" .PP -\" You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute -\" it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this -\" License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all -\" other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document. -\" .PP - -\" 7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS -\" .PP -\" A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate -\" and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or -\" distribution medium, does not as a whole count as a Modified Version -\" of the Document, provided no compilation copyright is claimed for the -\" compilation. Such a compilation is called an "aggregate", and this -\" License does not apply to the other self-contained works thus compiled -\" with the Document, on account of their being thus compiled, if they -\" are not themselves derivative works of the Document. -\" .PP -\" If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these -\" copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one quarter -\" of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on -\" covers that surround only the Document within the aggregate. -\" Otherwise they must appear on covers around the whole aggregate. -\" .PP - -\" 8. TRANSLATION -\" .PP -\" Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may -\" distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. -\" Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special -\" permission from their copyright holders, but you may include -\" translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the -\" original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a -\" translation of this License provided that you also include the -\" original English version of this License. In case of a disagreement -\" between the translation and the original English version of this -\" License, the original English version will prevail. -\" .PP - -\" 9. TERMINATION -\" .PP -\" You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except -\" as expressly provided for under this License. Any other attempt to -\" copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will -\" automatically terminate your rights under this License. However, -\" parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this -\" License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such -\" parties remain in full compliance. -\" .PP - -\" 10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE -\" .PP -\" The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions -\" of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new -\" versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may -\" differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. 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If the Document does not specify a version -\" number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not -\" as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. -\" .PP - -\" ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents -\" .PP -\" To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of -\" the License in the document and put the following copyright and -\" license notices just after the title page: -\" .PP -\" Copyright (c) YEAR YOUR NAME. -\" Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or -\" modify this document under the terms of the GNU -\" Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or any later -\" version published by the Free Software Foundation; -\" with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, -\" with the Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the -\" Back-Cover Texts being LIST. 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