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diff --git a/gprof/gprof.1 b/gprof/gprof.1 deleted file mode 100644 index fd8effc..0000000 --- a/gprof/gprof.1 +++ /dev/null @@ -1,593 +0,0 @@ -.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man version 1.02 -.\" Tue Jun 12 14:06:00 2001 -.\" -.\" Standard preamble: -.\" ====================================================================== -.de Sh \" Subsection heading -.br -.if t .Sp -.ne 5 -.PP -\fB\\$1\fR -.PP -.. -.de Sp \" Vertical space (when we can't use .PP) -.if t .sp .5v -.if n .sp -.. -.de Ip \" List item -.br -.ie \\n(.$>=3 .ne \\$3 -.el .ne 3 -.IP "\\$1" \\$2 -.. -.de Vb \" Begin verbatim text -.ft CW -.nf -.ne \\$1 -.. -.de Ve \" End verbatim text -.ft R - -.fi -.. -.\" Set up some character translations and predefined strings. \*(-- will -.\" give an unbreakable dash, \*(PI will give pi, \*(L" will give a left -.\" double quote, and \*(R" will give a right double quote. | will give a -.\" real vertical bar. \*(C+ will give a nicer C++. Capital omega is used -.\" to do unbreakable dashes and therefore won't be available. \*(C` and -.\" \*(C' expand to `' in nroff, nothing in troff, for use with C<> -.tr \(*W-|\(bv\*(Tr -.ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p' -.ie n \{\ -. ds -- \(*W- -. ds PI pi -. if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch -. if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=20u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-8u'-\" diablo 12 pitch -. ds L" "" -. ds R" "" -. ds C` ` -. ds C' ' -'br\} -.el\{\ -. ds -- \|\(em\| -. ds PI \(*p -. ds L" `` -. ds R" '' -'br\} -.\" -.\" If the F register is turned on, we'll generate index entries on stderr -.\" for titles (.TH), headers (.SH), subsections (.Sh), items (.Ip), and -.\" index entries marked with X<> in POD. Of course, you'll have to process -.\" the output yourself in some meaningful fashion. -.if \nF \{\ -. de IX -. tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2" -. . -. nr % 0 -. rr F -.\} -.\" -.\" For nroff, turn off justification. 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No user-serviceable parts. -.bd B 3 -. \" fudge factors for nroff and troff -.if n \{\ -. ds #H 0 -. ds #V .8m -. ds #F .3m -. ds #[ \f1 -. ds #] \fP -.\} -.if t \{\ -. ds #H ((1u-(\\\\n(.fu%2u))*.13m) -. ds #V .6m -. ds #F 0 -. ds #[ \& -. ds #] \& -.\} -. \" simple accents for nroff and troff -.if n \{\ -. ds ' \& -. ds ` \& -. ds ^ \& -. ds , \& -. ds ~ ~ -. ds / -.\} -.if t \{\ -. ds ' \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\'\h"|\\n:u" -. ds ` \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\`\h'|\\n:u' -. ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'^\h'|\\n:u' -. ds , \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)',\h'|\\n:u' -. ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu-\*(#H-.1m)'~\h'|\\n:u' -. ds / \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\z\(sl\h'|\\n:u' -.\} -. \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents -.ds : \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H+.1m+\*(#F)'\v'-\*(#V'\z.\h'.2m+\*(#F'.\h'|\\n:u'\v'\*(#V' -.ds 8 \h'\*(#H'\(*b\h'-\*(#H' -.ds o \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu+\w'\(de'u-\*(#H)/2u'\v'-.3n'\*(#[\z\(de\v'.3n'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#] -.ds d- \h'\*(#H'\(pd\h'-\w'~'u'\v'-.25m'\f2\(hy\fP\v'.25m'\h'-\*(#H' -.ds D- D\\k:\h'-\w'D'u'\v'-.11m'\z\(hy\v'.11m'\h'|\\n:u' -.ds th \*(#[\v'.3m'\s+1I\s-1\v'-.3m'\h'-(\w'I'u*2/3)'\s-1o\s+1\*(#] -.ds Th \*(#[\s+2I\s-2\h'-\w'I'u*3/5'\v'-.3m'o\v'.3m'\*(#] -.ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e -.ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E -. \" corrections for vroff -.if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u' -.if v .ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'\v'-.4m'^\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u' -. \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr) -.if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \ -\{\ -. ds : e -. ds 8 ss -. ds o a -. ds d- d\h'-1'\(ga -. ds D- D\h'-1'\(hy -. ds th \o'bp' -. ds Th \o'LP' -. ds ae ae -. ds Ae AE -.\} -.rm #[ #] #H #V #F C -.\" ====================================================================== -.\" -.IX Title "GPROF 1" -.TH GPROF 1 "binutils-2.11.90" "2001-06-12" "GNU" -.UC -.SH "NAME" -gprof \- display call graph profile data -.SH "SYNOPSIS" -.IX Header "SYNOPSIS" -gprof [ \-[abcDhilLsTvwxyz] ] [ \-[ACeEfFJnNOpPqQZ][\fIname\fR] ] - [ \-I \fIdirs\fR ] [ \-d[\fInum\fR] ] [ \-k \fIfrom/to\fR ] - [ \-m \fImin-count\fR ] [ \-t \fItable-length\fR ] - [ \-\-[no-]annotated-source[=\fIname\fR] ] - [ \-\-[no-]exec-counts[=\fIname\fR] ] - [ \-\-[no-]flat-profile[=\fIname\fR] ] [ \-\-[no-]graph[=\fIname\fR] ] - [ \-\-[no-]time=\fIname\fR] [ \-\-all-lines ] [ \-\-brief ] - [ \-\-debug[=\fIlevel\fR] ] [ \-\-function-ordering ] - [ \-\-file-ordering ] [ \-\-directory-path=\fIdirs\fR ] - [ \-\-display-unused-functions ] [ \-\-file-format=\fIname\fR ] - [ \-\-file-info ] [ \-\-help ] [ \-\-line ] [ \-\-min-count=\fIn\fR ] - [ \-\-no-static ] [ \-\-print-path ] [ \-\-separate-files ] - [ \-\-static-call-graph ] [ \-\-sum ] [ \-\-table-length=\fIlen\fR ] - [ \-\-traditional ] [ \-\-version ] [ \-\-width=\fIn\fR ] - [ \-\-ignore-non-functions ] [ \-\-demangle[=\fI\s-1STYLE\s0\fR] ] - [ \-\-no-demangle ] [ \fIimage-file\fR ] [ \fIprofile-file\fR ... ] -.SH "DESCRIPTION" -.IX Header "DESCRIPTION" -\&\f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR produces an execution profile of C, Pascal, or Fortran77 -programs. The effect of called routines is incorporated in the profile -of each caller. The profile data is taken from the call graph profile file -(\fIgmon.out\fR default) which is created by programs -that are compiled with the \fB\-pg\fR option of -\&\f(CW\*(C`cc\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`pc\*(C'\fR, and \f(CW\*(C`f77\*(C'\fR. -The \fB\-pg\fR option also links in versions of the library routines -that are compiled for profiling. \f(CW\*(C`Gprof\*(C'\fR reads the given object -file (the default is \f(CW\*(C`a.out\*(C'\fR) and establishes the relation between -its symbol table and the call graph profile from \fIgmon.out\fR. -If more than one profile file is specified, the \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR -output shows the sum of the profile information in the given profile files. -.PP -\&\f(CW\*(C`Gprof\*(C'\fR calculates the amount of time spent in each routine. -Next, these times are propagated along the edges of the call graph. -Cycles are discovered, and calls into a cycle are made to share the time -of the cycle. -.PP -Several forms of output are available from the analysis. -.PP -The \fIflat profile\fR shows how much time your program spent in each function, -and how many times that function was called. If you simply want to know -which functions burn most of the cycles, it is stated concisely here. -.PP -The \fIcall graph\fR shows, for each function, which functions called it, which -other functions it called, and how many times. There is also an estimate -of how much time was spent in the subroutines of each function. This can -suggest places where you might try to eliminate function calls that use a -lot of time. -.PP -The \fIannotated source\fR listing is a copy of the program's -source code, labeled with the number of times each line of the -program was executed. -.SH "OPTIONS" -.IX Header "OPTIONS" -These options specify which of several output formats -\&\f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR should produce. -.PP -Many of these options take an optional \fIsymspec\fR to specify -functions to be included or excluded. These options can be -specified multiple times, with different symspecs, to include -or exclude sets of symbols. -.PP -Specifying any of these options overrides the default (\fB\-p \-q\fR), -which prints a flat profile and call graph analysis -for all functions. -.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-A[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\*(C'\fR" 4 -.IX Item "-A[symspec]" -.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-\-annotated\-source[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\*(C'\fR" 4 -.IX Item "--annotated-source[=symspec]" -The \fB\-A\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to print annotated source code. -If \fIsymspec\fR is specified, print output only for matching symbols. -.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-b\*(C'\fR" 4 -.IX Item "-b" -.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-\-brief\*(C'\fR" 4 -.IX Item "--brief" -If the \fB\-b\fR option is given, \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR doesn't print the -verbose blurbs that try to explain the meaning of all of the fields in -the tables. This is useful if you intend to print out the output, or -are tired of seeing the blurbs. -.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-C[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\*(C'\fR" 4 -.IX Item "-C[symspec]" -.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-\-exec\-counts[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\*(C'\fR" 4 -.IX Item "--exec-counts[=symspec]" -The \fB\-C\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to -print a tally of functions and the number of times each was called. -If \fIsymspec\fR is specified, print tally only for matching symbols. -.Sp -If the profile data file contains basic-block count records, specifying -the \fB\-l\fR option, along with \fB\-C\fR, will cause basic-block -execution counts to be tallied and displayed. -.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-i\*(C'\fR" 4 -.IX Item "-i" -.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-\-file\-info\*(C'\fR" 4 -.IX Item "--file-info" -The \fB\-i\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to display summary information -about the profile data \fIfile\fR\|(s) and then exit. The number of histogram, -call graph, and basic-block count records is displayed. -.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-I \f(CIdirs\f(CW\*(C'\fR" 4 -.IX Item "-I dirs" -.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-\-directory\-path=\f(CIdirs\f(CW\*(C'\fR" 4 -.IX Item "--directory-path=dirs" -The \fB\-I\fR option specifies a list of search directories in -which to find source files. Environment variable \fI\s-1GPROF_PATH\s0\fR -can also be used to convey this information. -Used mostly for annotated source output. -.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-J[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\*(C'\fR" 4 -.IX Item "-J[symspec]" -.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-\-no\-annotated\-source[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\*(C'\fR" 4 -.IX Item "--no-annotated-source[=symspec]" -The \fB\-J\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR not to -print annotated source code. -If \fIsymspec\fR is specified, \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR prints annotated source, -but excludes matching symbols. -.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-L\*(C'\fR" 4 -.IX Item "-L" -.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-\-print\-path\*(C'\fR" 4 -.IX Item "--print-path" -Normally, source filenames are printed with the path -component suppressed. The \fB\-L\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR -to print the full pathname of -source filenames, which is determined -from symbolic debugging information in the image file -and is relative to the directory in which the compiler -was invoked. -.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-p[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\*(C'\fR" 4 -.IX Item "-p[symspec]" -.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-\-flat\-profile[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\*(C'\fR" 4 -.IX Item "--flat-profile[=symspec]" -The \fB\-p\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to print a flat profile. -If \fIsymspec\fR is specified, print flat profile only for matching symbols. -.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-P[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\*(C'\fR" 4 -.IX Item "-P[symspec]" -.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-\-no\-flat\-profile[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\*(C'\fR" 4 -.IX Item "--no-flat-profile[=symspec]" -The \fB\-P\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to suppress printing a flat profile. -If \fIsymspec\fR is specified, \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR prints a flat profile, -but excludes matching symbols. -.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-q[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\*(C'\fR" 4 -.IX Item "-q[symspec]" -.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-\-graph[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\*(C'\fR" 4 -.IX Item "--graph[=symspec]" -The \fB\-q\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to print the call graph analysis. -If \fIsymspec\fR is specified, print call graph only for matching symbols -and their children. -.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-Q[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\*(C'\fR" 4 -.IX Item "-Q[symspec]" -.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-\-no\-graph[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\*(C'\fR" 4 -.IX Item "--no-graph[=symspec]" -The \fB\-Q\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to suppress printing the -call graph. -If \fIsymspec\fR is specified, \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR prints a call graph, -but excludes matching symbols. -.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-y\*(C'\fR" 4 -.IX Item "-y" -.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-\-separate\-files\*(C'\fR" 4 -.IX Item "--separate-files" -This option affects annotated source output only. -Normally, \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR prints annotated source files -to standard-output. If this option is specified, -annotated source for a file named \fIpath/\fIfilename\fI\fR -is generated in the file \fI\fIfilename\fI\-ann\fR. If the underlying -filesystem would truncate \fI\fIfilename\fI\-ann\fR so that it -overwrites the original \fI\fIfilename\fI\fR, \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR generates -annotated source in the file \fI\fIfilename\fI.ann\fR instead (if the -original file name has an extension, that extension is \fIreplaced\fR -with \fI.ann\fR). -.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-Z[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\*(C'\fR" 4 -.IX Item "-Z[symspec]" -.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-\-no\-exec\-counts[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\*(C'\fR" 4 -.IX Item "--no-exec-counts[=symspec]" -The \fB\-Z\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR not to -print a tally of functions and the number of times each was called. -If \fIsymspec\fR is specified, print tally, but exclude matching symbols. -.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-\-function\-ordering\*(C'\fR" 4 -.IX Item "--function-ordering" -The \fB\*(--function-ordering\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to print a -suggested function ordering for the program based on profiling data. -This option suggests an ordering which may improve paging, tlb and -cache behavior for the program on systems which support arbitrary -ordering of functions in an executable. -.Sp -The exact details of how to force the linker to place functions -in a particular order is system dependent and out of the scope of this -manual. -.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-\-file\-ordering \f(CImap_file\f(CW\*(C'\fR" 4 -.IX Item "--file-ordering map_file" -The \fB\*(--file-ordering\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to print a -suggested .o link line ordering for the program based on profiling data. -This option suggests an ordering which may improve paging, tlb and -cache behavior for the program on systems which do not support arbitrary -ordering of functions in an executable. -.Sp -Use of the \fB\-a\fR argument is highly recommended with this option. -.Sp -The \fImap_file\fR argument is a pathname to a file which provides -function name to object file mappings. The format of the file is similar to -the output of the program \f(CW\*(C`nm\*(C'\fR. -.Sp -.Vb 8 -\& c-parse.o:00000000 T yyparse -\& c-parse.o:00000004 C yyerrflag -\& c-lang.o:00000000 T maybe_objc_method_name -\& c-lang.o:00000000 T print_lang_statistics -\& c-lang.o:00000000 T recognize_objc_keyword -\& c-decl.o:00000000 T print_lang_identifier -\& c-decl.o:00000000 T print_lang_type -\& ... -.Ve -To create a \fImap_file\fR with \s-1GNU\s0 \f(CW\*(C`nm\*(C'\fR, type a command like -\&\f(CW\*(C`nm \-\-extern\-only \-\-defined\-only \-v \-\-print\-file\-name program\-name\*(C'\fR. -.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-T\*(C'\fR" 4 -.IX Item "-T" -.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-\-traditional\*(C'\fR" 4 -.IX Item "--traditional" -The \fB\-T\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to print its output in -``traditional'' \s-1BSD\s0 style. -.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-w \f(CIwidth\f(CW\*(C'\fR" 4 -.IX Item "-w width" -.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-\-width=\f(CIwidth\f(CW\*(C'\fR" 4 -.IX Item "--width=width" -Sets width of output lines to \fIwidth\fR. -Currently only used when printing the function index at the bottom -of the call graph. -.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-x\*(C'\fR" 4 -.IX Item "-x" -.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-\-all\-lines\*(C'\fR" 4 -.IX Item "--all-lines" -This option affects annotated source output only. -By default, only the lines at the beginning of a basic-block -are annotated. If this option is specified, every line in -a basic-block is annotated by repeating the annotation for the -first line. This behavior is similar to \f(CW\*(C`tcov\*(C'\fR's \fB\-a\fR. -.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-\-demangle[=\f(CIstyle\f(CW]\*(C'\fR" 4 -.IX Item "--demangle[=style]" -.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-\-no\-demangle\*(C'\fR" 4 -.IX Item "--no-demangle" -These options control whether \*(C+ symbol names should be demangled when -printing output. The default is to demangle symbols. The -\&\f(CW\*(C`\-\-no\-demangle\*(C'\fR option may be used to turn off demangling. Different -compilers have different mangling styles. The optional demangling style -argument can be used to choose an appropriate demangling style for your -compiler. -.Sh "Analysis Options" -.IX Subsection "Analysis Options" -.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-a\*(C'\fR" 4 -.IX Item "-a" -.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-\-no\-static\*(C'\fR" 4 -.IX Item "--no-static" -The \fB\-a\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to suppress the printing of -statically declared (private) functions. (These are functions whose -names are not listed as global, and which are not visible outside the -file/function/block where they were defined.) Time spent in these -functions, calls to/from them, etc, will all be attributed to the -function that was loaded directly before it in the executable file. -This option affects both the flat profile and the call graph. -.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-c\*(C'\fR" 4 -.IX Item "-c" -.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-\-static\-call\-graph\*(C'\fR" 4 -.IX Item "--static-call-graph" -The \fB\-c\fR option causes the call graph of the program to be -augmented by a heuristic which examines the text space of the object -file and identifies function calls in the binary machine code. -Since normal call graph records are only generated when functions are -entered, this option identifies children that could have been called, -but never were. Calls to functions that were not compiled with -profiling enabled are also identified, but only if symbol table -entries are present for them. -Calls to dynamic library routines are typically \fInot\fR found -by this option. -Parents or children identified via this heuristic -are indicated in the call graph with call counts of \fB0\fR. -.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-D\*(C'\fR" 4 -.IX Item "-D" -.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-\-ignore\-non\-functions\*(C'\fR" 4 -.IX Item "--ignore-non-functions" -The \fB\-D\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to ignore symbols which -are not known to be functions. This option will give more accurate -profile data on systems where it is supported (Solaris and \s-1HPUX\s0 for -example). -.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-k \f(CIfrom\f(CW/\f(CIto\f(CW\*(C'\fR" 4 -.IX Item "-k from/to" -The \fB\-k\fR option allows you to delete from the call graph any arcs from -symbols matching symspec \fIfrom\fR to those matching symspec \fIto\fR. -.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-l\*(C'\fR" 4 -.IX Item "-l" -.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-\-line\*(C'\fR" 4 -.IX Item "--line" -The \fB\-l\fR option enables line-by-line profiling, which causes -histogram hits to be charged to individual source code lines, -instead of functions. -If the program was compiled with basic-block counting enabled, -this option will also identify how many times each line of -code was executed. -While line-by-line profiling can help isolate where in a large function -a program is spending its time, it also significantly increases -the running time of \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR, and magnifies statistical -inaccuracies. -.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-m \f(CInum\f(CW\*(C'\fR" 4 -.IX Item "-m num" -.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-\-min\-count=\f(CInum\f(CW\*(C'\fR" 4 -.IX Item "--min-count=num" -This option affects execution count output only. -Symbols that are executed less than \fInum\fR times are suppressed. -.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-n[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\*(C'\fR" 4 -.IX Item "-n[symspec]" -.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-\-time[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\*(C'\fR" 4 -.IX Item "--time[=symspec]" -The \fB\-n\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR, in its call graph analysis, -to only propagate times for symbols matching \fIsymspec\fR. -.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-N[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\*(C'\fR" 4 -.IX Item "-N[symspec]" -.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-\-no\-time[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\*(C'\fR" 4 -.IX Item "--no-time[=symspec]" -The \fB\-n\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR, in its call graph analysis, -not to propagate times for symbols matching \fIsymspec\fR. -.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-z\*(C'\fR" 4 -.IX Item "-z" -.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-\-display\-unused\-functions\*(C'\fR" 4 -.IX Item "--display-unused-functions" -If you give the \fB\-z\fR option, \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR will mention all -functions in the flat profile, even those that were never called, and -that had no time spent in them. This is useful in conjunction with the -\&\fB\-c\fR option for discovering which routines were never called. -.Sh "Miscellaneous Options" -.IX Subsection "Miscellaneous Options" -.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-d[\f(CInum\f(CW]\*(C'\fR" 4 -.IX Item "-d[num]" -.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-\-debug[=\f(CInum\f(CW]\*(C'\fR" 4 -.IX Item "--debug[=num]" -The \fB\-d\fR \fInum\fR option specifies debugging options. -If \fInum\fR is not specified, enable all debugging. -.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-O\f(CIname\f(CW\*(C'\fR" 4 -.IX Item "-Oname" -.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-\-file\-format=\f(CIname\f(CW\*(C'\fR" 4 -.IX Item "--file-format=name" -Selects the format of the profile data files. Recognized formats are -\&\fBauto\fR (the default), \fBbsd\fR, \fB4.4bsd\fR, \fBmagic\fR, and -\&\fBprof\fR (not yet supported). -.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-s\*(C'\fR" 4 -.IX Item "-s" -.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-\-sum\*(C'\fR" 4 -.IX Item "--sum" -The \fB\-s\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to summarize the information -in the profile data files it read in, and write out a profile data -file called \fIgmon.sum\fR, which contains all the information from -the profile data files that \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR read in. The file \fIgmon.sum\fR -may be one of the specified input files; the effect of this is to -merge the data in the other input files into \fIgmon.sum\fR. -.Sp -Eventually you can run \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR again without \fB\-s\fR to analyze the -cumulative data in the file \fIgmon.sum\fR. -.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-v\*(C'\fR" 4 -.IX Item "-v" -.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-\-version\*(C'\fR" 4 -.IX Item "--version" -The \fB\-v\fR flag causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to print the current version -number, and then exit. -.Sh "Deprecated Options" -.IX Subsection "Deprecated Options" -These options have been replaced with newer versions that use symspecs. -.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-e \f(CIfunction_name\f(CW\*(C'\fR" 4 -.IX Item "-e function_name" -The \fB\-e\fR \fIfunction\fR option tells \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to not print -information about the function \fIfunction_name\fR (and its -children...) in the call graph. The function will still be listed -as a child of any functions that call it, but its index number will be -shown as \fB[not printed]\fR. More than one \fB\-e\fR option may be -given; only one \fIfunction_name\fR may be indicated with each \fB\-e\fR -option. -.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-E \f(CIfunction_name\f(CW\*(C'\fR" 4 -.IX Item "-E function_name" -The \f(CW\*(C`\-E \f(CIfunction\f(CW\*(C'\fR option works like the \f(CW\*(C`\-e\*(C'\fR option, but -time spent in the function (and children who were not called from -anywhere else), will not be used to compute the percentages-of-time for -the call graph. More than one \fB\-E\fR option may be given; only one -\&\fIfunction_name\fR may be indicated with each \fB\-E\fR option. -.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-f \f(CIfunction_name\f(CW\*(C'\fR" 4 -.IX Item "-f function_name" -The \fB\-f\fR \fIfunction\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to limit the -call graph to the function \fIfunction_name\fR and its children (and -their children...). More than one \fB\-f\fR option may be given; -only one \fIfunction_name\fR may be indicated with each \fB\-f\fR -option. -.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-F \f(CIfunction_name\f(CW\*(C'\fR" 4 -.IX Item "-F function_name" -The \fB\-F\fR \fIfunction\fR option works like the \f(CW\*(C`\-f\*(C'\fR option, but -only time spent in the function and its children (and their -children...) will be used to determine total-time and -percentages-of-time for the call graph. More than one \fB\-F\fR option -may be given; only one \fIfunction_name\fR may be indicated with each -\&\fB\-F\fR option. The \fB\-F\fR option overrides the \fB\-E\fR option. -.SH "FILES" -.IX Header "FILES" -.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\f(CIa.out\f(CW\*(C'\fR" 4 -.IX Item "a.out" -the namelist and text space. -.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\f(CIgmon.out\f(CW\*(C'\fR" 4 -.IX Item "gmon.out" -dynamic call graph and profile. -.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\f(CIgmon.sum\f(CW\*(C'\fR" 4 -.IX Item "gmon.sum" -summarized dynamic call graph and profile. -.SH "BUGS" -.IX Header "BUGS" -The granularity of the sampling is shown, but remains -statistical at best. -We assume that the time for each execution of a function -can be expressed by the total time for the function divided -by the number of times the function is called. -Thus the time propagated along the call graph arcs to the function's -parents is directly proportional to the number of times that -arc is traversed. -.PP -Parents that are not themselves profiled will have the time of -their profiled children propagated to them, but they will appear -to be spontaneously invoked in the call graph listing, and will -not have their time propagated further. -Similarly, signal catchers, even though profiled, will appear -to be spontaneous (although for more obscure reasons). -Any profiled children of signal catchers should have their times -propagated properly, unless the signal catcher was invoked during -the execution of the profiling routine, in which case all is lost. -.PP -The profiled program must call \f(CW\*(C`exit\*(C'\fR(2) -or return normally for the profiling information to be saved -in the \fIgmon.out\fR file. -.SH "SEE ALSO" -.IX Header "SEE ALSO" -\&\fImonitor\fR\|(3), \fIprofil\fR\|(2), \fIcc\fR\|(1), \fIprof\fR\|(1), and the Info entry for \fIgprof\fR. -.PP -``An Execution Profiler for Modular Programs'', -by S. Graham, P. Kessler, M. McKusick; -Software \- Practice and Experience, -Vol. 13, pp. 671\-685, 1983. -.PP -``gprof: A Call Graph Execution Profiler'', -by S. Graham, P. Kessler, M. McKusick; -Proceedings of the \s-1SIGPLAN\s0 '82 Symposium on Compiler Construction, -\&\s-1SIGPLAN\s0 Notices, Vol. 17, No 6, pp. 120\-126, June 1982. -.SH "COPYRIGHT" -.IX Header "COPYRIGHT" -Copyright (C) 1988, 92, 97, 98, 99, 2000, 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc. -.PP -Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document -under the terms of the \s-1GNU\s0 Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 -or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; -with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no -Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the -section entitled \*(L"\s-1GNU\s0 Free Documentation License\*(R". |