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| -rw-r--r-- | gprof/ChangeLog | 11 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | gprof/gprof.texi | 364 |
2 files changed, 196 insertions, 179 deletions
diff --git a/gprof/ChangeLog b/gprof/ChangeLog index 3161cbe..4d2d3b0 100644 --- a/gprof/ChangeLog +++ b/gprof/ChangeLog @@ -1,3 +1,14 @@ +2006-09-19 Bob Wilson <bob.wilson@acm.org> + + * gprof.texi: Use TeX-style quotes and em-dashes consistently. + Specify section names in cross references. Fix typos. + Omit "next", "previous" and "up" fields from @node lines. + (SYNOPSIS): Show map_file argument to --file-ordering. + (Compiling): Remove extra, truncated lines from example output. + (Cycles): Fix references to "called" field. + (Internals): Allow hyphenation between file:function names. + (GNU Free Documentation License): Update formatting to match fdl.texi. + 2006-07-24 Ralk Wildenhues <Ralf.Wildenhues@gmx.de> * gprof.texi: Fix some typos. diff --git a/gprof/gprof.texi b/gprof/gprof.texi index 3c141d9..b1483f9 100644 --- a/gprof/gprof.texi +++ b/gprof/gprof.texi @@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the -section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License". +section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License''. @c man end @@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ Copyright @copyright{} 1988, 92, 97, 98, 99, 2000, 2003 Free Software Foundation or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the - section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License". + section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License''. @end titlepage @@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ execute programs. @sc{gnu} @code{gprof} was written by Jay Fenlason. This document is distributed under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. A copy of the license is included in the -section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License". +section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License''. @menu * Introduction:: What profiling means, and why it is useful. @@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License". * Executing:: Executing your program to generate profile data * Invoking:: How to run @code{gprof}, and its options -* Output:: Interpreting @code{gprof}'s output +* Output:: Interpreting @code{gprof}'s output * Inaccuracy:: Potential problems you should be aware of * How do I?:: Answers to common questions @@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ gprof [ -[abcDhilLrsTvwxyz] ] [ -[ACeEfFJnNOpPqQZ][@var{name}] ] [ --[no-]flat-profile[=@var{name}] ] [ --[no-]graph[=@var{name}] ] [ --[no-]time=@var{name}] [ --all-lines ] [ --brief ] [ --debug[=@var{level}] ] [ --function-ordering ] - [ --file-ordering ] [ --directory-path=@var{dirs} ] + [ --file-ordering @var{map_file} ] [ --directory-path=@var{dirs} ] [ --display-unused-functions ] [ --file-format=@var{name} ] [ --file-info ] [ --help ] [ --line ] [ --min-count=@var{n} ] [ --no-static ] [ --print-path ] [ --separate-files ] @@ -216,15 +216,15 @@ Profiling has several steps: @itemize @bullet @item You must compile and link your program with profiling enabled. -@xref{Compiling}. +@xref{Compiling, ,Compiling a Program for Profiling}. @item You must execute your program to generate a profile data file. -@xref{Executing}. +@xref{Executing, ,Executing the Program}. @item You must run @code{gprof} to analyze the profile data. -@xref{Invoking}. +@xref{Invoking, ,@code{gprof} Command Summary}. @end itemize The next three chapters explain these steps in greater detail. @@ -236,22 +236,23 @@ Several forms of output are available from the analysis. The @dfn{flat profile} shows how much time your program spent in each function, and how many times that function was called. If you simply want to know which functions burn most of the cycles, it is stated concisely here. -@xref{Flat Profile}. +@xref{Flat Profile, ,The Flat Profile}. The @dfn{call graph} shows, for each function, which functions called it, which other functions it called, and how many times. There is also an estimate of how much time was spent in the subroutines of each function. This can suggest places where you might try to eliminate function calls that use a -lot of time. @xref{Call Graph}. +lot of time. @xref{Call Graph, ,The Call Graph}. The @dfn{annotated source} listing is a copy of the program's source code, labeled with the number of times each line of the -program was executed. @xref{Annotated Source}. +program was executed. @xref{Annotated Source, ,The Annotated Source +Listing}. @c man end To better understand how profiling works, you may wish to read a description of its implementation. -@xref{Implementation}. +@xref{Implementation, ,Implementation of Profiling}. @node Compiling @chapter Compiling a Program for Profiling @@ -300,8 +301,6 @@ Each sample counts as 0.01 seconds. 44.12 0.07 0.07 zazLoop 35.29 0.14 0.06 main 20.59 0.17 0.04 bazMillion - - % the percentage of the total running time of the @end example If you run the linker @code{ld} directly instead of through a compiler @@ -331,7 +330,7 @@ If you wish to perform line-by-line profiling, you will also need to specify the @samp{-g} option, instructing the compiler to insert debugging symbols into the program that match program addresses to source code lines. -@xref{Line-by-line}. +@xref{Line-by-line, ,Line-by-line Profiling}. In addition to the @samp{-pg} and @samp{-g} options, older versions of GCC required you to specify the @samp{-a} option when compiling in @@ -362,7 +361,7 @@ Once the program is compiled for profiling, you must run it in order to generate the information that @code{gprof} needs. Simply run the program as usual, using the normal arguments, file names, etc. The program should run normally, producing the same output as usual. It will, however, run -somewhat slower than normal because of the time spent collecting and the +somewhat slower than normal because of the time spent collecting and writing the profile data. The way you run the program---the arguments and input that you give @@ -449,7 +448,7 @@ The order of these options does not matter. * Symspecs:: Specifying functions to include or exclude @end menu -@node Output Options,Analysis Options,,Invoking +@node Output Options @section Output Options @c man begin OPTIONS @@ -459,7 +458,7 @@ These options specify which of several output formats Many of these options take an optional @dfn{symspec} to specify functions to be included or excluded. These options can be specified multiple times, with different symspecs, to include -or exclude sets of symbols. @xref{Symspecs}. +or exclude sets of symbols. @xref{Symspecs, ,Symspecs}. Specifying any of these options overrides the default (@samp{-p -q}), which prints a flat profile and call graph analysis @@ -471,7 +470,7 @@ for all functions. @itemx --annotated-source[=@var{symspec}] The @samp{-A} option causes @code{gprof} to print annotated source code. If @var{symspec} is specified, print output only for matching symbols. -@xref{Annotated Source}. +@xref{Annotated Source, ,The Annotated Source Listing}. @item -b @itemx --brief @@ -524,7 +523,7 @@ was invoked. @itemx --flat-profile[=@var{symspec}] The @samp{-p} option causes @code{gprof} to print a flat profile. If @var{symspec} is specified, print flat profile only for matching symbols. -@xref{Flat Profile}. +@xref{Flat Profile, ,The Flat Profile}. @item -P[@var{symspec}] @itemx --no-flat-profile[=@var{symspec}] @@ -537,7 +536,7 @@ but excludes matching symbols. The @samp{-q} option causes @code{gprof} to print the call graph analysis. If @var{symspec} is specified, print call graph only for matching symbols and their children. -@xref{Call Graph}. +@xref{Call Graph, ,The Call Graph}. @item -Q[@var{symspec}] @itemx --no-graph[=@var{symspec}] @@ -643,7 +642,7 @@ argument can be used to choose an appropriate demangling style for your compiler. @end table -@node Analysis Options,Miscellaneous Options,Output Options,Invoking +@node Analysis Options @section Analysis Options @table @code @@ -697,7 +696,7 @@ While line-by-line profiling can help isolate where in a large function a program is spending its time, it also significantly increases the running time of @code{gprof}, and magnifies statistical inaccuracies. -@xref{Sampling Error}. +@xref{Sampling Error, ,Statistical Sampling Error}. @item -m @var{num} @itemx --min-count=@var{num} @@ -723,7 +722,7 @@ that had no time spent in them. This is useful in conjunction with the @end table -@node Miscellaneous Options,Deprecated Options,Analysis Options,Invoking +@node Miscellaneous Options @section Miscellaneous Options @table @code @@ -732,7 +731,7 @@ that had no time spent in them. This is useful in conjunction with the @itemx --debug[=@var{num}] The @samp{-d @var{num}} option specifies debugging options. If @var{num} is not specified, enable all debugging. -@xref{Debugging}. +@xref{Debugging, ,Debugging @code{gprof}}. @item -h @itemx --help @@ -763,7 +762,7 @@ number, and then exit. @end table -@node Deprecated Options,Symspecs,Miscellaneous Options,Invoking +@node Deprecated Options @section Deprecated Options @table @code @@ -817,7 +816,7 @@ gprof -e boring -f foo -f bar myprogram > gprof.output lists in the call graph all functions that were reached from either @code{foo} or @code{bar} and were not reachable from @code{boring}. -@node Symspecs,,Deprecated Options,Invoking +@node Symspecs @section Symspecs Many of the output options allow functions to be included or excluded @@ -878,7 +877,7 @@ most important of which are described below. The simplest output styles (file information, execution count, and function and file ordering) are not described here, but are documented with the respective options that trigger them. -@xref{Output Options}. +@xref{Output Options, ,Output Options}. @menu * Flat Profile:: The flat profile shows how much time was spent @@ -892,7 +891,7 @@ that trigger them. @end menu -@node Flat Profile,Call Graph,,Output +@node Flat Profile @section The Flat Profile @cindex flat profile @@ -932,7 +931,7 @@ Each sample counts as 0.01 seconds. @end smallexample @noindent -The functions are sorted by first by decreasing run-time spent in them, +The functions are sorted first by decreasing run-time spent in them, then by decreasing number of calls, then alphabetically by name. The functions @samp{mcount} and @samp{profil} are part of the profiling apparatus and appear in every flat profile; their time gives a measure of @@ -957,7 +956,8 @@ be regarded as particularly reliable. In another run, the @samp{self seconds} field for @samp{mcount} might well be @samp{0.00} or @samp{0.02}. -@xref{Sampling Error}, for a complete discussion. +@xref{Sampling Error, ,Statistical Sampling Error}, +for a complete discussion. The remaining functions in the listing (those whose @samp{self seconds} field is @samp{0.00}) didn't appear @@ -1007,7 +1007,7 @@ field alphabetically after the @dfn{self seconds} and @dfn{calls} fields are sorted. @end table -@node Call Graph,Line-by-line,Flat Profile,Output +@node Call Graph @section The Call Graph @cindex call graph @@ -1018,7 +1018,7 @@ functions that did use unusual amounts of time. Here is a sample call from a small program. This call came from the same @code{gprof} run as the flat profile example in the previous -chapter. +section. @smallexample @group @@ -1046,7 +1046,7 @@ index % time self children called name 0.00 0.00 8/8 chewtime [24] 0.00 0.00 8/16 skipspace [44] ----------------------------------------------- -[4] 59.8 0.01 0.02 8+472 <cycle 2 as a whole> [4] +[4] 59.8 0.01 0.02 8+472 <cycle 2 as a whole> [4] 0.01 0.02 244+260 offtime <cycle 2> [7] 0.00 0.00 236+1 tzset <cycle 2> [26] ----------------------------------------------- @@ -1064,8 +1064,8 @@ function and the following lines describe its subroutines (also called The entries are sorted by time spent in the function and its subroutines. -The internal profiling function @code{mcount} (@pxref{Flat Profile}) -is never mentioned in the call graph. +The internal profiling function @code{mcount} (@pxref{Flat Profile, ,The +Flat Profile}) is never mentioned in the call graph. @menu * Primary:: Details of the primary line's contents. @@ -1141,7 +1141,8 @@ repeated after it. If the function is part of a cycle of recursion, the cycle number is printed between the function's name and the index number -(@pxref{Cycles}). For example, if function @code{gnurr} is part of +(@pxref{Cycles, ,How Mutually Recursive Functions Are Described}). +For example, if function @code{gnurr} is part of cycle number one, and has index number twelve, its primary line would be end like this: @@ -1150,7 +1151,7 @@ gnurr <cycle 1> [12] @end example @end table -@node Callers, Subroutines, Primary, Call Graph +@node Callers @subsection Lines for a Function's Callers A function's entry has a line for each function it was called by. @@ -1208,7 +1209,7 @@ signal handlers. @c What if some calls have determinable callers' names but not all? @c FIXME - still relevant? -@node Subroutines, Cycles, Callers, Call Graph +@node Subroutines @subsection Lines for a Function's Subroutines A function's entry has a line for each of its subroutines---in other @@ -1247,7 +1248,7 @@ Two numbers, the number of calls to @code{report} from @code{main} followed by the total number of non-recursive calls to @code{report}. This ratio is used to determine how much of @code{report}'s @code{self} and @code{children} time gets credited to @code{main}. -@xref{Assumptions}. +@xref{Assumptions, ,Estimating @code{children} Times}. @item name The name of the subroutine of @code{main} to which this line applies, @@ -1257,7 +1258,7 @@ If the caller is part of a recursion cycle, the cycle number is printed between the name and the index number. @end table -@node Cycles,, Subroutines, Call Graph +@node Cycles @subsection How Mutually Recursive Functions Are Described @cindex cycle @cindex recursion cycle @@ -1373,17 +1374,17 @@ The @code{children} field of a caller-line in the cycle's entry estimates the amount of time spent @emph{in the whole cycle}, and its other subroutines, on the times when that caller called a function in the cycle. -The @code{calls} field in the primary line for the cycle has two numbers: +The @code{called} field in the primary line for the cycle has two numbers: first, the number of times functions in the cycle were called by functions outside the cycle; second, the number of times they were called by functions in the cycle (including times when a function in the cycle calls itself). This is a generalization of the usual split into non-recursive and recursive calls. -The @code{calls} field of a subroutine-line for a cycle member in the +The @code{called} field of a subroutine-line for a cycle member in the cycle's entry says how many time that function was called from functions in the cycle. The total of all these is the second number in the primary line's -@code{calls} field. +@code{called} field. In the individual entry for a function in a cycle, the other functions in the same cycle can appear as subroutines and as callers. These lines show @@ -1392,7 +1393,7 @@ function in the cycle. The @code{self} and @code{children} fields in these lines are blank because of the difficulty of defining meanings for them when recursion is going on. -@node Line-by-line,Annotated Source,Call Graph,Output +@node Line-by-line @section Line-by-line Profiling @code{gprof}'s @samp{-l} option causes the program to perform @@ -1440,7 +1441,7 @@ index % time self children called name Now let's look at some of @code{gprof}'s output from the same program run, this time with line-by-line profiling enabled. Note that @code{ct_init}'s -four histogram hits are broken down into four lines of source code - one hit +four histogram hits are broken down into four lines of source code---one hit occurred on each of lines 349, 351, 382 and 385. In the call graph, note how @code{ct_init}'s 13327 calls to @code{init_block} are broken down @@ -1483,7 +1484,7 @@ granularity: each sample hit covers 4 byte(s) for 7.69% of 0.13 seconds @end smallexample -@node Annotated Source,,Line-by-line,Output +@node Annotated Source @section The Annotated Source Listing @code{gprof}'s @samp{-A} option triggers an annotated source listing, @@ -1530,8 +1531,9 @@ the fifth basic-block. The compiler may also generate additional basic-blocks to handle various special cases. A program augmented for basic-block counting can be analyzed with -@samp{gprof -l -A}. I also suggest use of the @samp{-x} option, -which ensures that each line of code is labeled at least once. +@samp{gprof -l -A}. +The @samp{-x} option is also helpful, +to ensure that each line of code is labeled at least once. Here is @code{updcrc}'s annotated source listing for a sample @code{gzip} run: @@ -1545,9 +1547,9 @@ annotated source listing for a sample @code{gzip} run: static ulg crc = (ulg)0xffffffffL; 2 -> if (s == NULL) @{ - 1 -> c = 0xffffffffL; + 1 -> c = 0xffffffffL; 1 -> @} else @{ - 1 -> c = crc; + 1 -> c = crc; 1 -> if (n) do @{ 26312 -> c = crc_32_tab[...]; 26312,1,26311 -> @} while (--n); @@ -1572,7 +1574,7 @@ it exited, while it branched back to the beginning of the loop 26311 times. * Assumptions:: Estimating children times @end menu -@node Sampling Error,Assumptions,,Inaccuracy +@node Sampling Error @section Statistical Sampling Error The run-time figures that @code{gprof} gives you are based on a sampling @@ -1643,7 +1645,7 @@ gprof @var{executable-file} gmon.sum > @var{output-file} @end example @end enumerate -@node Assumptions,,Sampling Error,Inaccuracy +@node Assumptions @section Estimating @code{children} Times Some of the figures in the call graph are estimates---for example, the @@ -1672,7 +1674,7 @@ incorrectly charge 2 seconds of time in @code{foo} to the children of @c FIXME - has this been fixed? We hope some day to put more complete data into @file{gmon.out}, so that this assumption is no longer needed, if we can figure out how. For the -nonce, the estimated figures are usually more useful than misleading. +novice, the estimated figures are usually more useful than misleading. @node How do I? @chapter Answers to Common Questions @@ -1740,7 +1742,7 @@ there are a few differences. for basic-block execution counts and non-realtime histograms. A magic cookie and version number allows @code{gprof} to easily identify new style files. Old BSD-style files can still be read. -@xref{File Format}. +@xref{File Format, ,Profiling Data File Format}. @item For a recursive function, Unix @code{gprof} lists the function as a @@ -1784,7 +1786,7 @@ tables without skipping the blurbs. * Debugging:: Using @code{gprof}'s @samp{-d} option @end menu -@node Implementation,File Format,,Details +@node Implementation @section Implementation of Profiling Profiling works by changing how every function in your program is compiled @@ -1805,7 +1807,7 @@ Since this is a very machine-dependent operation, @code{mcount} itself is typically a short assembly-language stub routine that extracts the required information, and then calls @code{__mcount_internal} -(a normal C function) with two arguments - @code{frompc} and @code{selfpc}. +(a normal C function) with two arguments---@code{frompc} and @code{selfpc}. @code{__mcount_internal} is responsible for maintaining the in-memory call graph, which records @code{frompc}, @code{selfpc}, and the number of times each of these call arcs was traversed. @@ -1872,7 +1874,7 @@ If the compiler's @samp{-a} option was used, basic-block counting is also enabled. Each object file is then compiled with a static array of counts, initially zero. In the executable code, every time a new basic-block begins -(i.e. when an @code{if} statement appears), an extra instruction +(i.e., when an @code{if} statement appears), an extra instruction is inserted to increment the corresponding count in the array. At compile time, a paired array was constructed that recorded the starting address of each basic-block. Taken together, @@ -1896,7 +1898,7 @@ slowly due to thrashing, but @code{gprof} will say it uses little time. On the other hand, sampling by run time has the advantage that the amount of load due to other users won't directly affect the output you get. -@node File Format,Internals,Implementation,Details +@node File Format @section Profiling Data File Format The old BSD-derived file format used for profile data does not contain a @@ -1936,13 +1938,13 @@ represent after being scaled by the profiling clock rate. The physical dimension is specified in two parts: a long name of up to 15 characters and a single character abbreviation. For example, a histogram representing real-time would specify the long name as -"seconds" and the abbreviation as "s". This feature is useful for +``seconds'' and the abbreviation as ``s''. This feature is useful for architectures that support performance monitor hardware (which, fortunately, is becoming increasingly common). For example, under DEC -OSF/1, the "uprofile" command can be used to produce a histogram of, +OSF/1, the ``uprofile'' command can be used to produce a histogram of, say, instruction cache misses. In this case, the dimension in the -histogram header could be set to "i-cache misses" and the abbreviation -could be set to "1" (because it is simply a count, not a physical +histogram header could be set to ``i-cache misses'' and the abbreviation +could be set to ``1'' (because it is simply a count, not a physical dimension). Also, the profiling rate would have to be set to 1 in this case. @@ -1976,16 +1978,16 @@ identifies a basic-block and the count specifies the number of times that basic-block was executed. Any address within the basic-address can be used. -@node Internals,Debugging,File Format,Details +@node Internals @section @code{gprof}'s Internal Operation Like most programs, @code{gprof} begins by processing its options. During this stage, it may building its symspec list -(@code{sym_ids.c:sym_id_add}), if +(@code{sym_ids.c:@-sym_id_add}), if options are specified which use symspecs. @code{gprof} maintains a single linked list of symspecs, which will eventually get turned into 12 symbol tables, -organized into six include/exclude pairs - one +organized into six include/exclude pairs---one pair each for the flat profile (INCL_FLAT/EXCL_FLAT), the call graph arcs (INCL_ARCS/EXCL_ARCS), printing in the call graph (INCL_GRAPH/EXCL_GRAPH), @@ -2002,7 +2004,7 @@ These default excludes are not added to EXCL_ANNO, EXCL_ARCS, and EXCL_EXEC. Next, the BFD library is called to open the object file, verify that it is an object file, -and read its symbol table (@code{core.c:core_init}), +and read its symbol table (@code{core.c:@-core_init}), using @code{bfd_canonicalize_symtab} after mallocing an appropriately sized array of symbols. At this point, function mappings are read (if the @samp{--file-ordering} option @@ -2019,18 +2021,18 @@ For line-by-line profiling, every text space address is examined, and a new symbol table entry gets created every time the line number changes. In either case, two passes are made through the symbol -table - one to count the size of the symbol table required, +table---one to count the size of the symbol table required, and the other to actually read the symbols. In between the two passes, a single array of type @code{Sym} is created of the appropriate length. -Finally, @code{symtab.c:symtab_finalize} +Finally, @code{symtab.c:@-symtab_finalize} is called to sort the symbol table and remove duplicate entries (entries with the same memory address). The symbol table must be a contiguous array for two reasons. First, the @code{qsort} library function (which sorts an array) will be used to sort the symbol table. -Also, the symbol lookup routine (@code{symtab.c:sym_lookup}), +Also, the symbol lookup routine (@code{symtab.c:@-sym_lookup}), which finds symbols based on memory address, uses a binary search algorithm which requires the symbol table to be a sorted array. @@ -2040,7 +2042,7 @@ Additionally, a symbol can have an @code{is_static} flag to indicate that it is a local symbol. With the symbol table read, the symspecs can now be translated -into Syms (@code{sym_ids.c:sym_id_parse}). Remember that a single +into Syms (@code{sym_ids.c:@-sym_id_parse}). Remember that a single symspec can match multiple symbols. An array of symbol tables (@code{syms}) is created, each entry of which is a symbol table @@ -2056,12 +2058,12 @@ standard symbol lookup routine on the appropriate table in the @code{syms} array. Now the profile data file(s) themselves are read -(@code{gmon_io.c:gmon_out_read}), +(@code{gmon_io.c:@-gmon_out_read}), first by checking for a new-style @samp{gmon.out} header, then assuming this is an old-style BSD @samp{gmon.out} if the magic number test failed. -New-style histogram records are read by @code{hist.c:hist_read_rec}. +New-style histogram records are read by @code{hist.c:@-hist_read_rec}. For the first histogram record, allocate a memory array to hold all the bins, and read them in. When multiple profile data files (or files with multiple histogram @@ -2071,17 +2073,17 @@ or a fatal error will result. If everything matches, just sum the additional histograms into the existing in-memory array. -As each call graph record is read (@code{call_graph.c:cg_read_rec}), +As each call graph record is read (@code{call_graph.c:@-cg_read_rec}), the parent and child addresses are matched to symbol table entries, and a call graph arc is -created by @code{cg_arcs.c:arc_add}, unless the arc fails a symspec +created by @code{cg_arcs.c:@-arc_add}, unless the arc fails a symspec check against INCL_ARCS/EXCL_ARCS. As each arc is added, a linked list is maintained of the parent's child arcs, and of the child's parent arcs. Both the child's call count and the arc's call count are incremented by the record's call count. -Basic-block records are read (@code{basic_blocks.c:bb_read_rec}), +Basic-block records are read (@code{basic_blocks.c:@-bb_read_rec}), but only if line-by-line profiling has been selected. Each basic-block address is matched to a corresponding line symbol in the symbol table, and an entry made in the symbol's @@ -2089,10 +2091,10 @@ bb_addr and bb_calls arrays. Again, if multiple basic-block records are present for the same address, the call counts are cumulative. -A gmon.sum file is dumped, if requested (@code{gmon_io.c:gmon_out_write}). +A gmon.sum file is dumped, if requested (@code{gmon_io.c:@-gmon_out_write}). If histograms were present in the data files, assign them to symbols -(@code{hist.c:hist_assign_samples}) by iterating over all the sample +(@code{hist.c:@-hist_assign_samples}) by iterating over all the sample bins and assigning them to symbols. Since the symbol table is sorted in order of ascending memory addresses, we can simple follow along in the symbol table as we make our pass @@ -2107,13 +2109,13 @@ are more common during line-by-line profiling, and can cause each of two adjacent lines to be credited with half a hit, for example. -If call graph data is present, @code{cg_arcs.c:cg_assemble} is called. +If call graph data is present, @code{cg_arcs.c:@-cg_assemble} is called. First, if @samp{-c} was specified, a machine-dependent routine (@code{find_call}) scans through each symbol's machine code, looking for subroutine call instructions, and adding them to the call graph with a zero call count. A topological sort is performed by depth-first numbering -all the symbols (@code{cg_dfn.c:cg_dfn}), so that +all the symbols (@code{cg_dfn.c:@-cg_dfn}), so that children are always numbered less than their parents, then making a array of pointers into the symbol table and sorting it into numerical order, which is reverse topological @@ -2136,10 +2138,10 @@ structures, the topological sort array is now discarded, and a new array of pointers is assembled, this time sorted by propagated time. Finally, print the various outputs the user requested, which is now fairly -straightforward. The call graph (@code{cg_print.c:cg_print}) and -flat profile (@code{hist.c:hist_print}) are regurgitations of values +straightforward. The call graph (@code{cg_print.c:@-cg_print}) and +flat profile (@code{hist.c:@-hist_print}) are regurgitations of values already computed. The annotated source listing -(@code{basic_blocks.c:print_annotated_source}) uses basic-block +(@code{basic_blocks.c:@-print_annotated_source}) uses basic-block information, if present, to label each line of code with call counts, otherwise only the function call counts are presented. @@ -2150,7 +2152,7 @@ placed first, followed by other functions with the most use, followed by lower use functions, followed by unused functions at the end. -@node Debugging,,Internals,Details +@node Debugging @subsection Debugging @code{gprof} If @code{gprof} was compiled with debugging enabled, @@ -2192,30 +2194,30 @@ Tracks operation of @samp{-A} option @end table @node GNU Free Documentation License -@chapter GNU Free Documentation License - - GNU Free Documentation License - - Version 1.1, March 2000 - - Copyright (C) 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc. - 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA - - Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies - of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. - - -0. PREAMBLE +@appendix GNU Free Documentation License +@center Version 1.1, March 2000 + +@display +Copyright (C) 2000, 2003 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA + +Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies +of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. +@end display +@sp 1 +@enumerate 0 +@item +PREAMBLE The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other -written document "free" in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone +written document ``free'' in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible for modifications made by others. -This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative +This License is a kind of ``copyleft'', which means that derivative works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft license designed for free software. @@ -2228,20 +2230,21 @@ it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference. - -1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS +@sp 1 +@item +APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS This License applies to any manual or other work that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed -under the terms of this License. The "Document", below, refers to any +under the terms of this License. The ``Document'', below, refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a licensee, and is -addressed as "you". +addressed as ``you.'' -A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the +A ``Modified Version'' of the Document means any work containing the Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with modifications and/or translated into another language. -A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section of +A ``Secondary Section'' is a named appendix or a front-matter section of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly @@ -2252,15 +2255,15 @@ connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding them. -The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles +The ``Invariant Sections'' are certain Secondary Sections whose titles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice that says that the Document is released under this License. -The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed, +The ``Cover Texts'' are certain short passages of text that are listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that the Document is released under this License. -A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy, +A ``Transparent'' copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy, represented in a format whose specification is available to the general public, whose contents can be viewed and edited directly and straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of @@ -2270,7 +2273,7 @@ for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file format whose markup has been designed to thwart or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent. A copy that is -not "Transparent" is called "Opaque". +not ``Transparent'' is called ``Opaque.'' Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML @@ -2282,15 +2285,15 @@ processing tools are not generally available, and the machine-generated HTML produced by some word processors for output purposes only. -The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself, +The ``Title Page'' means, for a printed book, the title page itself, plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in -formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title Page" means +formats which do not have any title page as such, ``Title Page'' means the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text. - - -2. VERBATIM COPYING +@sp 1 +@item +VERBATIM COPYING You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the @@ -2304,9 +2307,9 @@ number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3. You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and you may publicly display copies. - - -3. COPYING IN QUANTITY +@sp 1 +@item +COPYING IN QUANTITY If you publish printed copies of the Document numbering more than 100, and the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose @@ -2342,9 +2345,9 @@ the public. It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document. - - -4. MODIFICATIONS +@sp 1 +@item +MODIFICATIONS You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release @@ -2357,48 +2360,48 @@ A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version - if the original publisher of that version gives permission. + if the original publisher of that version gives permission.@* B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the - Document (all of its principal authors, if it has less than five). + Document (all of its principal authors, if it has less than five).@* C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the - Modified Version, as the publisher. -D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document. + Modified Version, as the publisher.@* +D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.@* E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications - adjacent to the other copyright notices. + adjacent to the other copyright notices.@* F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the - terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below. + terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.@* G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections - and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice. -H. Include an unaltered copy of this License. -I. Preserve the section entitled "History", and its title, and add to + and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.@* +H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.@* +I. Preserve the section entitled ``History'', and its title, and add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If - there is no section entitled "History" in the Document, create one + there is no section entitled ``History'' in the Document, create one stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified - Version as stated in the previous sentence. + Version as stated in the previous sentence.@* J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise the network locations given in the Document for previous versions - it was based on. These may be placed in the "History" section. + it was based on. These may be placed in the ``History'' section. You may omit a network location for a work that was published at least four years before the Document itself, or if the original - publisher of the version it refers to gives permission. -K. In any section entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications", + publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.@* +K. In any section entitled ``Acknowledgements'' or ``Dedications'', preserve the section's title, and preserve in the section all the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements - and/or dedications given therein. + and/or dedications given therein.@* L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers - or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles. -M. Delete any section entitled "Endorsements". Such a section - may not be included in the Modified Version. -N. Do not retitle any existing section as "Endorsements" - or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section. - + or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.@* +M. Delete any section entitled ``Endorsements.'' Such a section + may not be included in the Modified Version.@* +N. Do not retitle any existing section as ``Endorsements'' + or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.@* +@sp 1 If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all @@ -2406,7 +2409,7 @@ of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice. These titles must be distinct from any other section titles. -You may add a section entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains +You may add a section entitled ``Endorsements'', provided it contains nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text has been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a @@ -2425,9 +2428,9 @@ permission from the previous publisher that added the old one. The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version. - - -5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS +@sp 1 +@item +COMBINING DOCUMENTS You may combine the Document with other documents released under this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified @@ -2445,14 +2448,14 @@ author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work. -In the combination, you must combine any sections entitled "History" +In the combination, you must combine any sections entitled ``History'' in the various original documents, forming one section entitled -"History"; likewise combine any sections entitled "Acknowledgements", -and any sections entitled "Dedications". You must delete all sections -entitled "Endorsements." - - -6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS +``History''; likewise combine any sections entitled ``Acknowledgements'', +and any sections entitled ``Dedications.'' You must delete all sections +entitled ``Endorsements.'' +@sp 1 +@item +COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this @@ -2464,15 +2467,15 @@ You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document. - - -7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS +@sp 1 +@item +AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium, does not as a whole count as a Modified Version of the Document, provided no compilation copyright is claimed for the -compilation. Such a compilation is called an "aggregate", and this +compilation. Such a compilation is called an ``aggregate'', and this License does not apply to the other self-contained works thus compiled with the Document, on account of their being thus compiled, if they are not themselves derivative works of the Document. @@ -2482,9 +2485,9 @@ copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one quarter of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on covers that surround only the Document within the aggregate. Otherwise they must appear on covers around the whole aggregate. - - -8. TRANSLATION +@sp 1 +@item +TRANSLATION Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. @@ -2496,9 +2499,9 @@ translation of this License provided that you also include the original English version of this License. In case of a disagreement between the translation and the original English version of this License, the original English version will prevail. - - -9. TERMINATION +@sp 1 +@item +TERMINATION You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except as expressly provided for under this License. Any other attempt to @@ -2507,9 +2510,9 @@ automatically terminate your rights under this License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance. - - -10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE +@sp 1 +@item +FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new @@ -2519,35 +2522,38 @@ http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/. Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this -License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of +License ``or any later version'' applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. +@end enumerate -ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents +@unnumberedsec ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of the License in the document and put the following copyright and license notices just after the title page: @smallexample - Copyright (c) YEAR YOUR NAME. - Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document - under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 - or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; - with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the - Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST. - A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU - Free Documentation License". +@group +Copyright (C) @var{year} @var{your name}. +Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document +under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 +or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; +with the Invariant Sections being @var{list their titles}, with the +Front-Cover Texts being @var{list}, and with the Back-Cover Texts being @var{list}. +A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU +Free Documentation License." +@end group @end smallexample -If you have no Invariant Sections, write "with no Invariant Sections" +If you have no Invariant Sections, write ``with no Invariant Sections'' instead of saying which ones are invariant. If you have no -Front-Cover Texts, write "no Front-Cover Texts" instead of -"Front-Cover Texts being LIST"; likewise for Back-Cover Texts. +Front-Cover Texts, write ``no Front-Cover Texts'' instead of +``Front-Cover Texts being @var{list}''; likewise for Back-Cover Texts. If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of |