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| author | Elena Zannoni <ezannoni@kwikemart.cygnus.com> | 2000-07-07 19:14:18 +0000 |
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| committer | Elena Zannoni <ezannoni@kwikemart.cygnus.com> | 2000-07-07 19:14:18 +0000 |
| commit | 27e232885db363fb545fd2f450e72d929e59b8f6 (patch) | |
| tree | 3e7116f84e251d15d4546f864f6478f504b1390d /readline/doc | |
| parent | 8000a61811b6463a514ce66e62e678398ffb3868 (diff) | |
| parent | a44161c313d46a1b10fd764728a089c26037710a (diff) | |
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diff --git a/readline/doc/history.dvi b/readline/doc/history.dvi Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..35dc6df --- /dev/null +++ b/readline/doc/history.dvi diff --git a/readline/doc/history.html b/readline/doc/history.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b498d27 --- /dev/null +++ b/readline/doc/history.html @@ -0,0 +1,1161 @@ +<HTML> +<HEAD> +<!-- This HTML file has been created by texi2html 1.52 + from /usr/homes/chet/src/bash/readline-src/doc/hist.texinfo on 31 December 1998 --> + +<TITLE>GNU History Library</TITLE> +</HEAD> +<BODY> +<H1>GNU History Library</H1> +<H2>Edition 4.0, for <CODE>History Library</CODE> Version 4.0.</H2> +<H2>December 1998</H2> +<ADDRESS>Brian Fox, Free Software Foundation</ADDRESS> +<ADDRESS>Chet Ramey, Case Western Reserve University</ADDRESS> +<P> +<P><HR><P> +<H1>Table of Contents</H1> +<UL> +<LI><A NAME="TOC1" HREF="history.html#SEC1">Using History Interactively</A> +<UL> +<LI><A NAME="TOC2" HREF="history.html#SEC2">History Expansion</A> +<UL> +<LI><A NAME="TOC3" HREF="history.html#SEC3">Event Designators</A> +<LI><A NAME="TOC4" HREF="history.html#SEC4">Word Designators</A> +<LI><A NAME="TOC5" HREF="history.html#SEC5">Modifiers</A> +</UL> +</UL> +<LI><A NAME="TOC6" HREF="history.html#SEC6">Programming with GNU History</A> +<UL> +<LI><A NAME="TOC7" HREF="history.html#SEC7">Introduction to History</A> +<LI><A NAME="TOC8" HREF="history.html#SEC8">History Storage</A> +<LI><A NAME="TOC9" HREF="history.html#SEC9">History Functions</A> +<UL> +<LI><A NAME="TOC10" HREF="history.html#SEC10">Initializing History and State Management</A> +<LI><A NAME="TOC11" HREF="history.html#SEC11">History List Management</A> +<LI><A NAME="TOC12" HREF="history.html#SEC12">Information About the History List</A> +<LI><A NAME="TOC13" HREF="history.html#SEC13">Moving Around the History List</A> +<LI><A NAME="TOC14" HREF="history.html#SEC14">Searching the History List</A> +<LI><A NAME="TOC15" HREF="history.html#SEC15">Managing the History File</A> +<LI><A NAME="TOC16" HREF="history.html#SEC16">History Expansion</A> +</UL> +<LI><A NAME="TOC17" HREF="history.html#SEC17">History Variables</A> +<LI><A NAME="TOC18" HREF="history.html#SEC18">History Programming Example</A> +</UL> +<LI><A NAME="TOC19" HREF="history.html#SEC19">Concept Index</A> +<LI><A NAME="TOC20" HREF="history.html#SEC20">Function and Variable Index</A> +</UL> +<P><HR><P> + +<P> +This document describes the GNU History library, a programming tool that +provides a consistent user interface for recalling lines of previously +typed input. + +</P> +<P> +Published by the Free Software Foundation <BR> +675 Massachusetts Avenue, <BR> +Cambridge, MA 02139 USA + +</P> +<P> +Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of +this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice +are preserved on all copies. + +</P> +<P> +Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this +manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire +resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission +notice identical to this one. + +</P> +<P> +Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual +into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions, +except that this permission notice may be stated in a translation approved +by the Free Software Foundation. + +</P> +<P> +Copyright (C) 1988-1999 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + +</P> + + + +<H1><A NAME="SEC1" HREF="history.html#TOC1">Using History Interactively</A></H1> + +<P> +This chapter describes how to use the GNU History Library interactively, +from a user's standpoint. It should be considered a user's guide. For +information on using the GNU History Library in your own programs, +see section <A HREF="history.html#SEC6">Programming with GNU History</A>. + +</P> + +<UL> +<LI><A HREF="history.html#SEC2">History Interaction</A>: What it feels like using History as a user. +</UL> + + + +<H2><A NAME="SEC2" HREF="history.html#TOC2">History Expansion</A></H2> +<P> +<A NAME="IDX1"></A> + +</P> +<P> +The History library provides a history expansion feature that is similar +to the history expansion provided by <CODE>csh</CODE>. This section +describes the syntax used to manipulate the history information. + +</P> +<P> +History expansions introduce words from the history list into +the input stream, making it easy to repeat commands, insert the +arguments to a previous command into the current input line, or +fix errors in previous commands quickly. + +</P> +<P> +History expansion takes place in two parts. The first is to determine +which line from the history list should be used during substitution. +The second is to select portions of that line for inclusion into the +current one. The line selected from the history is called the +<EM>event</EM>, and the portions of that line that are acted upon are +called <EM>words</EM>. Various <EM>modifiers</EM> are available to manipulate +the selected words. The line is broken into words in the same fashion +that Bash does, so that several words +surrounded by quotes are considered one word. +History expansions are introduced by the appearance of the +history expansion character, which is <SAMP>`!'</SAMP> by default. + +</P> + + +<UL> +<LI><A HREF="history.html#SEC3">Event Designators</A>: How to specify which history line to use. +<LI><A HREF="history.html#SEC4">Word Designators</A>: Specifying which words are of interest. +<LI><A HREF="history.html#SEC5">Modifiers</A>: Modifying the results of substitution. +</UL> + + + +<H3><A NAME="SEC3" HREF="history.html#TOC3">Event Designators</A></H3> +<P> +<A NAME="IDX2"></A> + +</P> +<P> +An event designator is a reference to a command line entry in the +history list. +<A NAME="IDX3"></A> + +</P> +<DL COMPACT> + +<DT><CODE>!</CODE> +<DD> +Start a history substitution, except when followed by a space, tab, +the end of the line, <SAMP>`='</SAMP> or <SAMP>`('</SAMP>. + +<DT><CODE>!<VAR>n</VAR></CODE> +<DD> +Refer to command line <VAR>n</VAR>. + +<DT><CODE>!-<VAR>n</VAR></CODE> +<DD> +Refer to the command <VAR>n</VAR> lines back. + +<DT><CODE>!!</CODE> +<DD> +Refer to the previous command. This is a synonym for <SAMP>`!-1'</SAMP>. + +<DT><CODE>!<VAR>string</VAR></CODE> +<DD> +Refer to the most recent command starting with <VAR>string</VAR>. + +<DT><CODE>!?<VAR>string</VAR>[?]</CODE> +<DD> +Refer to the most recent command containing <VAR>string</VAR>. The trailing +<SAMP>`?'</SAMP> may be omitted if the <VAR>string</VAR> is followed immediately by +a newline. + +<DT><CODE>^<VAR>string1</VAR>^<VAR>string2</VAR>^</CODE> +<DD> +Quick Substitution. Repeat the last command, replacing <VAR>string1</VAR> +with <VAR>string2</VAR>. Equivalent to +<CODE>!!:s/<VAR>string1</VAR>/<VAR>string2</VAR>/</CODE>. + +<DT><CODE>!#</CODE> +<DD> +The entire command line typed so far. + +</DL> + + + +<H3><A NAME="SEC4" HREF="history.html#TOC4">Word Designators</A></H3> + +<P> +Word designators are used to select desired words from the event. +A <SAMP>`:'</SAMP> separates the event specification from the word designator. It +may be omitted if the word designator begins with a <SAMP>`^'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`$'</SAMP>, +<SAMP>`*'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`-'</SAMP>, or <SAMP>`%'</SAMP>. Words are numbered from the beginning +of the line, with the first word being denoted by 0 (zero). Words are +inserted into the current line separated by single spaces. + +</P> +<DL COMPACT> + +<DT><CODE>0 (zero)</CODE> +<DD> +The <CODE>0</CODE>th word. For many applications, this is the command word. + +<DT><CODE><VAR>n</VAR></CODE> +<DD> +The <VAR>n</VAR>th word. + +<DT><CODE>^</CODE> +<DD> +The first argument; that is, word 1. + +<DT><CODE>$</CODE> +<DD> +The last argument. + +<DT><CODE>%</CODE> +<DD> +The word matched by the most recent <SAMP>`?<VAR>string</VAR>?'</SAMP> search. + +<DT><CODE><VAR>x</VAR>-<VAR>y</VAR></CODE> +<DD> +A range of words; <SAMP>`-<VAR>y</VAR>'</SAMP> abbreviates <SAMP>`0-<VAR>y</VAR>'</SAMP>. + +<DT><CODE>*</CODE> +<DD> +All of the words, except the <CODE>0</CODE>th. This is a synonym for <SAMP>`1-$'</SAMP>. +It is not an error to use <SAMP>`*'</SAMP> if there is just one word in the event; +the empty string is returned in that case. + +<DT><CODE><VAR>x</VAR>*</CODE> +<DD> +Abbreviates <SAMP>`<VAR>x</VAR>-$'</SAMP> + +<DT><CODE><VAR>x</VAR>-</CODE> +<DD> +Abbreviates <SAMP>`<VAR>x</VAR>-$'</SAMP> like <SAMP>`<VAR>x</VAR>*'</SAMP>, but omits the last word. + +</DL> + +<P> +If a word designator is supplied without an event specification, the +previous command is used as the event. + +</P> + + +<H3><A NAME="SEC5" HREF="history.html#TOC5">Modifiers</A></H3> + +<P> +After the optional word designator, you can add a sequence of one or more +of the following modifiers, each preceded by a <SAMP>`:'</SAMP>. + +</P> +<DL COMPACT> + +<DT><CODE>h</CODE> +<DD> +Remove a trailing pathname component, leaving only the head. + +<DT><CODE>t</CODE> +<DD> +Remove all leading pathname components, leaving the tail. + +<DT><CODE>r</CODE> +<DD> +Remove a trailing suffix of the form <SAMP>`.<VAR>suffix</VAR>'</SAMP>, leaving +the basename. + +<DT><CODE>e</CODE> +<DD> +Remove all but the trailing suffix. + +<DT><CODE>p</CODE> +<DD> +Print the new command but do not execute it. + +<DT><CODE>s/<VAR>old</VAR>/<VAR>new</VAR>/</CODE> +<DD> +Substitute <VAR>new</VAR> for the first occurrence of <VAR>old</VAR> in the +event line. Any delimiter may be used in place of <SAMP>`/'</SAMP>. +The delimiter may be quoted in <VAR>old</VAR> and <VAR>new</VAR> +with a single backslash. If <SAMP>`&'</SAMP> appears in <VAR>new</VAR>, +it is replaced by <VAR>old</VAR>. A single backslash will quote +the <SAMP>`&'</SAMP>. The final delimiter is optional if it is the last +character on the input line. + +<DT><CODE>&</CODE> +<DD> +Repeat the previous substitution. + +<DT><CODE>g</CODE> +<DD> +Cause changes to be applied over the entire event line. Used in +conjunction with <SAMP>`s'</SAMP>, as in <CODE>gs/<VAR>old</VAR>/<VAR>new</VAR>/</CODE>, +or with <SAMP>`&'</SAMP>. + +</DL> + + + +<H1><A NAME="SEC6" HREF="history.html#TOC6">Programming with GNU History</A></H1> + +<P> +This chapter describes how to interface programs that you write +with the GNU History Library. +It should be considered a technical guide. +For information on the interactive use of GNU History, see section <A HREF="history.html#SEC1">Using History Interactively</A>. + +</P> + +<UL> +<LI><A HREF="history.html#SEC7">Introduction to History</A>: What is the GNU History library for? +<LI><A HREF="history.html#SEC8">History Storage</A>: How information is stored. +<LI><A HREF="history.html#SEC9">History Functions</A>: Functions that you can use. +<LI><A HREF="history.html#SEC17">History Variables</A>: Variables that control behaviour. +<LI><A HREF="history.html#SEC18">History Programming Example</A>: Example of using the GNU History Library. +</UL> + + + +<H2><A NAME="SEC7" HREF="history.html#TOC7">Introduction to History</A></H2> + +<P> +Many programs read input from the user a line at a time. The GNU History +library is able to keep track of those lines, associate arbitrary data with +each line, and utilize information from previous lines in composing new +ones. + +</P> +<P> +The programmer using the History library has available functions +for remembering lines on a history list, associating arbitrary data +with a line, removing lines from the list, searching through the list +for a line containing an arbitrary text string, and referencing any line +in the list directly. In addition, a history <EM>expansion</EM> function +is available which provides for a consistent user interface across +different programs. + +</P> +<P> +The user using programs written with the History library has the +benefit of a consistent user interface with a set of well-known +commands for manipulating the text of previous lines and using that text +in new commands. The basic history manipulation commands are similar to +the history substitution provided by <CODE>csh</CODE>. + +</P> +<P> +If the programmer desires, he can use the Readline library, which +includes some history manipulation by default, and has the added +advantage of command line editing. + +</P> + + +<H2><A NAME="SEC8" HREF="history.html#TOC8">History Storage</A></H2> + +<P> +The history list is an array of history entries. A history entry is +declared as follows: + +</P> + +<PRE> +typedef struct _hist_entry { + char *line; + char *data; +} HIST_ENTRY; +</PRE> + +<P> +The history list itself might therefore be declared as + +</P> + +<PRE> +HIST_ENTRY **the_history_list; +</PRE> + +<P> +The state of the History library is encapsulated into a single structure: + +</P> + +<PRE> +/* A structure used to pass the current state of the history stuff around. */ +typedef struct _hist_state { + HIST_ENTRY **entries; /* Pointer to the entries themselves. */ + int offset; /* The location pointer within this array. */ + int length; /* Number of elements within this array. */ + int size; /* Number of slots allocated to this array. */ + int flags; +} HISTORY_STATE; +</PRE> + +<P> +If the flags member includes <CODE>HS_STIFLED</CODE>, the history has been +stifled. + +</P> + + +<H2><A NAME="SEC9" HREF="history.html#TOC9">History Functions</A></H2> + +<P> +This section describes the calling sequence for the various functions +present in GNU History. + +</P> + +<UL> +<LI><A HREF="history.html#SEC10">Initializing History and State Management</A>: Functions to call when you + want to use history in a + program. +<LI><A HREF="history.html#SEC11">History List Management</A>: Functions used to manage the list + of history entries. +<LI><A HREF="history.html#SEC12">Information About the History List</A>: Functions returning information about + the history list. +<LI><A HREF="history.html#SEC13">Moving Around the History List</A>: Functions used to change the position + in the history list. +<LI><A HREF="history.html#SEC14">Searching the History List</A>: Functions to search the history list + for entries containing a string. +<LI><A HREF="history.html#SEC15">Managing the History File</A>: Functions that read and write a file + containing the history list. +<LI><A HREF="history.html#SEC16">History Expansion</A>: Functions to perform csh-like history + expansion. +</UL> + + + +<H3><A NAME="SEC10" HREF="history.html#TOC10">Initializing History and State Management</A></H3> + +<P> +This section describes functions used to initialize and manage +the state of the History library when you want to use the history +functions in your program. + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> void <B>using_history</B> <I>()</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX4"></A> +Begin a session in which the history functions might be used. This +initializes the interactive variables. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> HISTORY_STATE * <B>history_get_history_state</B> <I>()</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX5"></A> +Return a structure describing the current state of the input history. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> void <B>history_set_history_state</B> <I>(HISTORY_STATE *state)</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX6"></A> +Set the state of the history list according to <VAR>state</VAR>. +</DL> + +</P> + + +<H3><A NAME="SEC11" HREF="history.html#TOC11">History List Management</A></H3> + +<P> +These functions manage individual entries on the history list, or set +parameters managing the list itself. + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> void <B>add_history</B> <I>(char *string)</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX7"></A> +Place <VAR>string</VAR> at the end of the history list. The associated data +field (if any) is set to <CODE>NULL</CODE>. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> HIST_ENTRY * <B>remove_history</B> <I>(int which)</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX8"></A> +Remove history entry at offset <VAR>which</VAR> from the history. The +removed element is returned so you can free the line, data, +and containing structure. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> HIST_ENTRY * <B>replace_history_entry</B> <I>(int which, char *line, char *data)</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX9"></A> +Make the history entry at offset <VAR>which</VAR> have <VAR>line</VAR> and <VAR>data</VAR>. +This returns the old entry so you can dispose of the data. In the case +of an invalid <VAR>which</VAR>, a <CODE>NULL</CODE> pointer is returned. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> void <B>clear_history</B> <I>()</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX10"></A> +Clear the history list by deleting all the entries. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> void <B>stifle_history</B> <I>(int max)</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX11"></A> +Stifle the history list, remembering only the last <VAR>max</VAR> entries. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>unstifle_history</B> <I>()</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX12"></A> +Stop stifling the history. This returns the previous amount the +history was stifled. The value is positive if the history was +stifled, negative if it wasn't. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>history_is_stifled</B> <I>()</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX13"></A> +Returns non-zero if the history is stifled, zero if it is not. +</DL> + +</P> + + +<H3><A NAME="SEC12" HREF="history.html#TOC12">Information About the History List</A></H3> + +<P> +These functions return information about the entire history list or +individual list entries. + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> HIST_ENTRY ** <B>history_list</B> <I>()</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX14"></A> +Return a <CODE>NULL</CODE> terminated array of <CODE>HIST_ENTRY</CODE> which is the +current input history. Element 0 of this list is the beginning of time. +If there is no history, return <CODE>NULL</CODE>. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>where_history</B> <I>()</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX15"></A> +Returns the offset of the current history element. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> HIST_ENTRY * <B>current_history</B> <I>()</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX16"></A> +Return the history entry at the current position, as determined by +<CODE>where_history ()</CODE>. If there is no entry there, return a <CODE>NULL</CODE> +pointer. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> HIST_ENTRY * <B>history_get</B> <I>(int offset)</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX17"></A> +Return the history entry at position <VAR>offset</VAR>, starting from +<CODE>history_base</CODE>. If there is no entry there, or if <VAR>offset</VAR> +is greater than the history length, return a <CODE>NULL</CODE> pointer. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>history_total_bytes</B> <I>()</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX18"></A> +Return the number of bytes that the primary history entries are using. +This function returns the sum of the lengths of all the lines in the +history. +</DL> + +</P> + + +<H3><A NAME="SEC13" HREF="history.html#TOC13">Moving Around the History List</A></H3> + +<P> +These functions allow the current index into the history list to be +set or changed. + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>history_set_pos</B> <I>(int pos)</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX19"></A> +Set the position in the history list to <VAR>pos</VAR>, an absolute index +into the list. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> HIST_ENTRY * <B>previous_history</B> <I>()</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX20"></A> +Back up the current history offset to the previous history entry, and +return a pointer to that entry. If there is no previous entry, return +a <CODE>NULL</CODE> pointer. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> HIST_ENTRY * <B>next_history</B> <I>()</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX21"></A> +Move the current history offset forward to the next history entry, and +return the a pointer to that entry. If there is no next entry, return +a <CODE>NULL</CODE> pointer. +</DL> + +</P> + + +<H3><A NAME="SEC14" HREF="history.html#TOC14">Searching the History List</A></H3> +<P> +<A NAME="IDX22"></A> + +</P> +<P> +These functions allow searching of the history list for entries containing +a specific string. Searching may be performed both forward and backward +from the current history position. The search may be <EM>anchored</EM>, +meaning that the string must match at the beginning of the history entry. +<A NAME="IDX23"></A> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>history_search</B> <I>(char *string, int direction)</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX24"></A> +Search the history for <VAR>string</VAR>, starting at the current history +offset. If <VAR>direction</VAR> < 0, then the search is through previous entries, +else through subsequent. If <VAR>string</VAR> is found, then +the current history index is set to that history entry, and the value +returned is the offset in the line of the entry where +<VAR>string</VAR> was found. Otherwise, nothing is changed, and a -1 is +returned. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>history_search_prefix</B> <I>(char *string, int direction)</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX25"></A> +Search the history for <VAR>string</VAR>, starting at the current history +offset. The search is anchored: matching lines must begin with +<VAR>string</VAR>. If <VAR>direction</VAR> < 0, then the search is through previous +entries, else through subsequent. If <VAR>string</VAR> is found, then the +current history index is set to that entry, and the return value is 0. +Otherwise, nothing is changed, and a -1 is returned. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>history_search_pos</B> <I>(char *string, int direction, int pos)</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX26"></A> +Search for <VAR>string</VAR> in the history list, starting at <VAR>pos</VAR>, an +absolute index into the list. If <VAR>direction</VAR> is negative, the search +proceeds backward from <VAR>pos</VAR>, otherwise forward. Returns the absolute +index of the history element where <VAR>string</VAR> was found, or -1 otherwise. +</DL> + +</P> + + +<H3><A NAME="SEC15" HREF="history.html#TOC15">Managing the History File</A></H3> + +<P> +The History library can read the history from and write it to a file. +This section documents the functions for managing a history file. + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>read_history</B> <I>(char *filename)</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX27"></A> +Add the contents of <VAR>filename</VAR> to the history list, a line at a +time. If <VAR>filename</VAR> is <CODE>NULL</CODE>, then read from +<TT>`~/.history'</TT>. Returns 0 if successful, or errno if not. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>read_history_range</B> <I>(char *filename, int from, int to)</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX28"></A> +Read a range of lines from <VAR>filename</VAR>, adding them to the history list. +Start reading at line <VAR>from</VAR> and end at <VAR>to</VAR>. If +<VAR>from</VAR> is zero, start at the beginning. If <VAR>to</VAR> is less than +<VAR>from</VAR>, then read until the end of the file. If <VAR>filename</VAR> is +<CODE>NULL</CODE>, then read from <TT>`~/.history'</TT>. Returns 0 if successful, +or <CODE>errno</CODE> if not. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>write_history</B> <I>(char *filename)</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX29"></A> +Write the current history to <VAR>filename</VAR>, overwriting <VAR>filename</VAR> +if necessary. If <VAR>filename</VAR> is +<CODE>NULL</CODE>, then write the history list to <TT>`~/.history'</TT>. Values +returned are as in <CODE>read_history ()</CODE>. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>append_history</B> <I>(int nelements, char *filename)</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX30"></A> +Append the last <VAR>nelements</VAR> of the history list to <VAR>filename</VAR>. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>history_truncate_file</B> <I>(char *filename, int nlines)</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX31"></A> +Truncate the history file <VAR>filename</VAR>, leaving only the last +<VAR>nlines</VAR> lines. +</DL> + +</P> + + +<H3><A NAME="SEC16" HREF="history.html#TOC16">History Expansion</A></H3> + +<P> +These functions implement <CODE>csh</CODE>-like history expansion. + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>history_expand</B> <I>(char *string, char **output)</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX32"></A> +Expand <VAR>string</VAR>, placing the result into <VAR>output</VAR>, a pointer +to a string (see section <A HREF="history.html#SEC2">History Expansion</A>). Returns: +<DL COMPACT> + +<DT><CODE>0</CODE> +<DD> +If no expansions took place (or, if the only change in +the text was the de-slashifying of the history expansion +character); +<DT><CODE>1</CODE> +<DD> +if expansions did take place; +<DT><CODE>-1</CODE> +<DD> +if there was an error in expansion; +<DT><CODE>2</CODE> +<DD> +if the returned line should only be displayed, but not executed, +as with the <CODE>:p</CODE> modifier (see section <A HREF="history.html#SEC5">Modifiers</A>). +</DL> + +<P> +If an error ocurred in expansion, then <VAR>output</VAR> contains a descriptive +error message. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> char * <B>history_arg_extract</B> <I>(int first, int last, char *string)</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX33"></A> +Extract a string segment consisting of the <VAR>first</VAR> through <VAR>last</VAR> +arguments present in <VAR>string</VAR>. Arguments are broken up as in Bash. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> char * <B>get_history_event</B> <I>(char *string, int *cindex, int qchar)</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX34"></A> +Returns the text of the history event beginning at <VAR>string</VAR> + +<VAR>*cindex</VAR>. <VAR>*cindex</VAR> is modified to point to after the event +specifier. At function entry, <VAR>cindex</VAR> points to the index into +<VAR>string</VAR> where the history event specification begins. <VAR>qchar</VAR> +is a character that is allowed to end the event specification in addition +to the "normal" terminating characters. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> char ** <B>history_tokenize</B> <I>(char *string)</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX35"></A> +Return an array of tokens parsed out of <VAR>string</VAR>, much as the +shell might. The tokens are split on white space and on the +characters <CODE>()<>;&|$</CODE>, and shell quoting conventions are +obeyed. +</DL> + +</P> + + +<H2><A NAME="SEC17" HREF="history.html#TOC17">History Variables</A></H2> + +<P> +This section describes the externally visible variables exported by +the GNU History Library. + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Variable:</U> int <B>history_base</B> +<DD><A NAME="IDX36"></A> +The logical offset of the first entry in the history list. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Variable:</U> int <B>history_length</B> +<DD><A NAME="IDX37"></A> +The number of entries currently stored in the history list. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Variable:</U> int <B>max_input_history</B> +<DD><A NAME="IDX38"></A> +The maximum number of history entries. This must be changed using +<CODE>stifle_history ()</CODE>. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Variable:</U> char <B>history_expansion_char</B> +<DD><A NAME="IDX39"></A> +The character that starts a history event. The default is <SAMP>`!'</SAMP>. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Variable:</U> char <B>history_subst_char</B> +<DD><A NAME="IDX40"></A> +The character that invokes word substitution if found at the start of +a line. The default is <SAMP>`^'</SAMP>. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Variable:</U> char <B>history_comment_char</B> +<DD><A NAME="IDX41"></A> +During tokenization, if this character is seen as the first character +of a word, then it and all subsequent characters up to a newline are +ignored, suppressing history expansion for the remainder of the line. +This is disabled by default. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Variable:</U> char * <B>history_no_expand_chars</B> +<DD><A NAME="IDX42"></A> +The list of characters which inhibit history expansion if found immediately +following <VAR>history_expansion_char</VAR>. The default is whitespace and +<SAMP>`='</SAMP>. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Variable:</U> char * <B>history_search_delimiter_chars</B> +<DD><A NAME="IDX43"></A> +The list of additional characters which can delimit a history search +string, in addition to whitespace, <SAMP>`:'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`?'</SAMP> in the case of +a substring search. The default is empty. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Variable:</U> int <B>history_quotes_inhibit_expansion</B> +<DD><A NAME="IDX44"></A> +If non-zero, single-quoted words are not scanned for the history expansion +character. The default value is 0. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Variable:</U> Function * <B>history_inhibit_expansion_function</B> +<DD><A NAME="IDX45"></A> +This should be set to the address of a function that takes two arguments: +a <CODE>char *</CODE> (<VAR>string</VAR>) and an integer index into that string (<VAR>i</VAR>). +It should return a non-zero value if the history expansion starting at +<VAR>string[i]</VAR> should not be performed; zero if the expansion should +be done. +It is intended for use by applications like Bash that use the history +expansion character for additional purposes. +By default, this variable is set to NULL. +</DL> + +</P> + + +<H2><A NAME="SEC18" HREF="history.html#TOC18">History Programming Example</A></H2> + +<P> +The following program demonstrates simple use of the GNU History Library. + +</P> + +<PRE> +main () +{ + char line[1024], *t; + int len, done = 0; + + line[0] = 0; + + using_history (); + while (!done) + { + printf ("history$ "); + fflush (stdout); + t = fgets (line, sizeof (line) - 1, stdin); + if (t && *t) + { + len = strlen (t); + if (t[len - 1] == '\n') + t[len - 1] = '\0'; + } + + if (!t) + strcpy (line, "quit"); + + if (line[0]) + { + char *expansion; + int result; + + result = history_expand (line, &expansion); + if (result) + fprintf (stderr, "%s\n", expansion); + + if (result < 0 || result == 2) + { + free (expansion); + continue; + } + + add_history (expansion); + strncpy (line, expansion, sizeof (line) - 1); + free (expansion); + } + + if (strcmp (line, "quit") == 0) + done = 1; + else if (strcmp (line, "save") == 0) + write_history ("history_file"); + else if (strcmp (line, "read") == 0) + read_history ("history_file"); + else if (strcmp (line, "list") == 0) + { + register HIST_ENTRY **the_list; + register int i; + + the_list = history_list (); + if (the_list) + for (i = 0; the_list[i]; i++) + printf ("%d: %s\n", i + history_base, the_list[i]->line); + } + else if (strncmp (line, "delete", 6) == 0) + { + int which; + if ((sscanf (line + 6, "%d", &which)) == 1) + { + HIST_ENTRY *entry = remove_history (which); + if (!entry) + fprintf (stderr, "No such entry %d\n", which); + else + { + free (entry->line); + free (entry); + } + } + else + { + fprintf (stderr, "non-numeric arg given to `delete'\n"); + } + } + } +} +</PRE> + + + +<H1><A NAME="SEC19" HREF="history.html#TOC19">Concept Index</A></H1> +<P> +Jump to: +<A HREF="#a">a</A> +- +<A HREF="#e">e</A> +- +<A HREF="#h">h</A> +<P> +<H2><A NAME="a">a</A></H2> +<DIR> +<LI><A HREF="history.html#IDX23">anchored search</A> +</DIR> +<H2><A NAME="e">e</A></H2> +<DIR> +<LI><A HREF="history.html#IDX2">event designators</A> +</DIR> +<H2><A NAME="h">h</A></H2> +<DIR> +<LI><A HREF="history.html#IDX3">history events</A> +<LI><A HREF="history.html#IDX1">history expansion</A> +<LI><A HREF="history.html#IDX22">History Searching</A> +</DIR> + +</P> + + +<H1><A NAME="SEC20" HREF="history.html#TOC20">Function and Variable Index</A></H1> +<P> +Jump to: +<A HREF="#a">a</A> +- +<A HREF="#c">c</A> +- +<A HREF="#g">g</A> +- +<A HREF="#h">h</A> +- +<A HREF="#m">m</A> +- +<A HREF="#n">n</A> +- +<A HREF="#p">p</A> +- +<A HREF="#r">r</A> +- +<A HREF="#s">s</A> +- +<A HREF="#u">u</A> +- +<A HREF="#w">w</A> +<P> +<H2><A NAME="a">a</A></H2> +<DIR> +<LI><A HREF="history.html#IDX7">add_history</A> +<LI><A HREF="history.html#IDX30">append_history</A> +</DIR> +<H2><A NAME="c">c</A></H2> +<DIR> +<LI><A HREF="history.html#IDX10">clear_history</A> +<LI><A HREF="history.html#IDX16">current_history</A> +</DIR> +<H2><A NAME="g">g</A></H2> +<DIR> +<LI><A HREF="history.html#IDX34">get_history_event</A> +</DIR> +<H2><A NAME="h">h</A></H2> +<DIR> +<LI><A HREF="history.html#IDX33">history_arg_extract</A> +<LI><A HREF="history.html#IDX36">history_base</A> +<LI><A HREF="history.html#IDX41">history_comment_char</A> +<LI><A HREF="history.html#IDX32">history_expand</A> +<LI><A HREF="history.html#IDX39">history_expansion_char</A> +<LI><A HREF="history.html#IDX17">history_get</A> +<LI><A HREF="history.html#IDX5">history_get_history_state</A> +<LI><A HREF="history.html#IDX45">history_inhibit_expansion_function</A> +<LI><A HREF="history.html#IDX13">history_is_stifled</A> +<LI><A HREF="history.html#IDX37">history_length</A> +<LI><A HREF="history.html#IDX14">history_list</A> +<LI><A HREF="history.html#IDX42">history_no_expand_chars</A> +<LI><A HREF="history.html#IDX44">history_quotes_inhibit_expansion</A> +<LI><A HREF="history.html#IDX24">history_search</A> +<LI><A HREF="history.html#IDX43">history_search_delimiter_chars</A> +<LI><A HREF="history.html#IDX26">history_search_pos</A> +<LI><A HREF="history.html#IDX25">history_search_prefix</A> +<LI><A HREF="history.html#IDX6">history_set_history_state</A> +<LI><A HREF="history.html#IDX19">history_set_pos</A> +<LI><A HREF="history.html#IDX40">history_subst_char</A> +<LI><A HREF="history.html#IDX35">history_tokenize</A> +<LI><A HREF="history.html#IDX18">history_total_bytes</A> +<LI><A HREF="history.html#IDX31">history_truncate_file</A> +</DIR> +<H2><A NAME="m">m</A></H2> +<DIR> +<LI><A HREF="history.html#IDX38">max_input_history</A> +</DIR> +<H2><A NAME="n">n</A></H2> +<DIR> +<LI><A HREF="history.html#IDX21">next_history</A> +</DIR> +<H2><A NAME="p">p</A></H2> +<DIR> +<LI><A HREF="history.html#IDX20">previous_history</A> +</DIR> +<H2><A NAME="r">r</A></H2> +<DIR> +<LI><A HREF="history.html#IDX27">read_history</A> +<LI><A HREF="history.html#IDX28">read_history_range</A> +<LI><A HREF="history.html#IDX8">remove_history</A> +<LI><A HREF="history.html#IDX9">replace_history_entry</A> +</DIR> +<H2><A NAME="s">s</A></H2> +<DIR> +<LI><A HREF="history.html#IDX11">stifle_history</A> +</DIR> +<H2><A NAME="u">u</A></H2> +<DIR> +<LI><A HREF="history.html#IDX12">unstifle_history</A> +<LI><A HREF="history.html#IDX4">using_history</A> +</DIR> +<H2><A NAME="w">w</A></H2> +<DIR> +<LI><A HREF="history.html#IDX15">where_history</A> +<LI><A HREF="history.html#IDX29">write_history</A> +</DIR> + +</P> +<P><HR><P> +This document was generated on 31 December 1998 using the +<A HREF="http://wwwinfo.cern.ch/dis/texi2html/">texi2html</A> +translator version 1.52.</P> +</BODY> +</HTML> diff --git a/readline/doc/history.info b/readline/doc/history.info new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7a87cbd --- /dev/null +++ b/readline/doc/history.info @@ -0,0 +1,788 @@ +This is Info file history.info, produced by Makeinfo version 1.67 from +the input file /usr/homes/chet/src/bash/readline-src/doc/hist.texinfo. + +INFO-DIR-SECTION Libraries +START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY +* History: (history). The GNU history library API +END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY + + This document describes the GNU History library, a programming tool +that provides a consistent user interface for recalling lines of +previously typed input. + + Copyright (C) 1988-1999 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + + Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this +manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice pare +preserved on all copies. + + Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of +this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that +the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a +permission notice identical to this one. + + Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this +manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified +versions, except that this permission notice may be stated in a +translation approved by the Free Software Foundation. + + +File: history.info, Node: Top, Next: Using History Interactively, Up: (dir) + +GNU History Library +******************* + + This document describes the GNU History library, a programming tool +that provides a consistent user interface for recalling lines of +previously typed input. + +* Menu: + +* Using History Interactively:: GNU History User's Manual. +* Programming with GNU History:: GNU History Programmer's Manual. +* Concept Index:: Index of concepts described in this manual. +* Function and Variable Index:: Index of externally visible functions + and variables. + + +File: history.info, Node: Using History Interactively, Next: Programming with GNU History, Prev: Top, Up: Top + +Using History Interactively +*************************** + + This chapter describes how to use the GNU History Library +interactively, from a user's standpoint. It should be considered a +user's guide. For information on using the GNU History Library in your +own programs, *note Programming with GNU History::.. + +* Menu: + +* History Interaction:: What it feels like using History as a user. + + +File: history.info, Node: History Interaction, Up: Using History Interactively + +History Expansion +================= + + The History library provides a history expansion feature that is +similar to the history expansion provided by `csh'. This section +describes the syntax used to manipulate the history information. + + History expansions introduce words from the history list into the +input stream, making it easy to repeat commands, insert the arguments +to a previous command into the current input line, or fix errors in +previous commands quickly. + + History expansion takes place in two parts. The first is to +determine which line from the history list should be used during +substitution. The second is to select portions of that line for +inclusion into the current one. The line selected from the history is +called the "event", and the portions of that line that are acted upon +are called "words". Various "modifiers" are available to manipulate +the selected words. The line is broken into words in the same fashion +that Bash does, so that several words surrounded by quotes are +considered one word. History expansions are introduced by the +appearance of the history expansion character, which is `!' by default. + +* Menu: + +* Event Designators:: How to specify which history line to use. +* Word Designators:: Specifying which words are of interest. +* Modifiers:: Modifying the results of substitution. + + +File: history.info, Node: Event Designators, Next: Word Designators, Up: History Interaction + +Event Designators +----------------- + + An event designator is a reference to a command line entry in the +history list. + +`!' + Start a history substitution, except when followed by a space, tab, + the end of the line, `=' or `('. + +`!N' + Refer to command line N. + +`!-N' + Refer to the command N lines back. + +`!!' + Refer to the previous command. This is a synonym for `!-1'. + +`!STRING' + Refer to the most recent command starting with STRING. + +`!?STRING[?]' + Refer to the most recent command containing STRING. The trailing + `?' may be omitted if the STRING is followed immediately by a + newline. + +`^STRING1^STRING2^' + Quick Substitution. Repeat the last command, replacing STRING1 + with STRING2. Equivalent to `!!:s/STRING1/STRING2/'. + +`!#' + The entire command line typed so far. + + +File: history.info, Node: Word Designators, Next: Modifiers, Prev: Event Designators, Up: History Interaction + +Word Designators +---------------- + + Word designators are used to select desired words from the event. A +`:' separates the event specification from the word designator. It may +be omitted if the word designator begins with a `^', `$', `*', `-', or +`%'. Words are numbered from the beginning of the line, with the first +word being denoted by 0 (zero). Words are inserted into the current +line separated by single spaces. + +`0 (zero)' + The `0'th word. For many applications, this is the command word. + +`N' + The Nth word. + +`^' + The first argument; that is, word 1. + +`$' + The last argument. + +`%' + The word matched by the most recent `?STRING?' search. + +`X-Y' + A range of words; `-Y' abbreviates `0-Y'. + +`*' + All of the words, except the `0'th. This is a synonym for `1-$'. + It is not an error to use `*' if there is just one word in the + event; the empty string is returned in that case. + +`X*' + Abbreviates `X-$' + +`X-' + Abbreviates `X-$' like `X*', but omits the last word. + + If a word designator is supplied without an event specification, the +previous command is used as the event. + + +File: history.info, Node: Modifiers, Prev: Word Designators, Up: History Interaction + +Modifiers +--------- + + After the optional word designator, you can add a sequence of one or +more of the following modifiers, each preceded by a `:'. + +`h' + Remove a trailing pathname component, leaving only the head. + +`t' + Remove all leading pathname components, leaving the tail. + +`r' + Remove a trailing suffix of the form `.SUFFIX', leaving the + basename. + +`e' + Remove all but the trailing suffix. + +`p' + Print the new command but do not execute it. + +`s/OLD/NEW/' + Substitute NEW for the first occurrence of OLD in the event line. + Any delimiter may be used in place of `/'. The delimiter may be + quoted in OLD and NEW with a single backslash. If `&' appears in + NEW, it is replaced by OLD. A single backslash will quote the + `&'. The final delimiter is optional if it is the last character + on the input line. + +`&' + Repeat the previous substitution. + +`g' + Cause changes to be applied over the entire event line. Used in + conjunction with `s', as in `gs/OLD/NEW/', or with `&'. + + +File: history.info, Node: Programming with GNU History, Next: Concept Index, Prev: Using History Interactively, Up: Top + +Programming with GNU History +**************************** + + This chapter describes how to interface programs that you write with +the GNU History Library. It should be considered a technical guide. +For information on the interactive use of GNU History, *note Using +History Interactively::.. + +* Menu: + +* Introduction to History:: What is the GNU History library for? +* History Storage:: How information is stored. +* History Functions:: Functions that you can use. +* History Variables:: Variables that control behaviour. +* History Programming Example:: Example of using the GNU History Library. + + +File: history.info, Node: Introduction to History, Next: History Storage, Up: Programming with GNU History + +Introduction to History +======================= + + Many programs read input from the user a line at a time. The GNU +History library is able to keep track of those lines, associate +arbitrary data with each line, and utilize information from previous +lines in composing new ones. + + The programmer using the History library has available functions for +remembering lines on a history list, associating arbitrary data with a +line, removing lines from the list, searching through the list for a +line containing an arbitrary text string, and referencing any line in +the list directly. In addition, a history "expansion" function is +available which provides for a consistent user interface across +different programs. + + The user using programs written with the History library has the +benefit of a consistent user interface with a set of well-known +commands for manipulating the text of previous lines and using that text +in new commands. The basic history manipulation commands are similar to +the history substitution provided by `csh'. + + If the programmer desires, he can use the Readline library, which +includes some history manipulation by default, and has the added +advantage of command line editing. + + +File: history.info, Node: History Storage, Next: History Functions, Prev: Introduction to History, Up: Programming with GNU History + +History Storage +=============== + + The history list is an array of history entries. A history entry is +declared as follows: + + typedef struct _hist_entry { + char *line; + char *data; + } HIST_ENTRY; + + The history list itself might therefore be declared as + + HIST_ENTRY **the_history_list; + + The state of the History library is encapsulated into a single +structure: + + /* A structure used to pass the current state of the history stuff around. */ + typedef struct _hist_state { + HIST_ENTRY **entries; /* Pointer to the entries themselves. */ + int offset; /* The location pointer within this array. */ + int length; /* Number of elements within this array. */ + int size; /* Number of slots allocated to this array. */ + int flags; + } HISTORY_STATE; + + If the flags member includes `HS_STIFLED', the history has been +stifled. + + +File: history.info, Node: History Functions, Next: History Variables, Prev: History Storage, Up: Programming with GNU History + +History Functions +================= + + This section describes the calling sequence for the various functions +present in GNU History. + +* Menu: + +* Initializing History and State Management:: Functions to call when you + want to use history in a + program. +* History List Management:: Functions used to manage the list + of history entries. +* Information About the History List:: Functions returning information about + the history list. +* Moving Around the History List:: Functions used to change the position + in the history list. +* Searching the History List:: Functions to search the history list + for entries containing a string. +* Managing the History File:: Functions that read and write a file + containing the history list. +* History Expansion:: Functions to perform csh-like history + expansion. + + +File: history.info, Node: Initializing History and State Management, Next: History List Management, Up: History Functions + +Initializing History and State Management +----------------------------------------- + + This section describes functions used to initialize and manage the +state of the History library when you want to use the history functions +in your program. + + - Function: void using_history () + Begin a session in which the history functions might be used. This + initializes the interactive variables. + + - Function: HISTORY_STATE * history_get_history_state () + Return a structure describing the current state of the input + history. + + - Function: void history_set_history_state (HISTORY_STATE *state) + Set the state of the history list according to STATE. + + +File: history.info, Node: History List Management, Next: Information About the History List, Prev: Initializing History and State Management, Up: History Functions + +History List Management +----------------------- + + These functions manage individual entries on the history list, or set +parameters managing the list itself. + + - Function: void add_history (char *string) + Place STRING at the end of the history list. The associated data + field (if any) is set to `NULL'. + + - Function: HIST_ENTRY * remove_history (int which) + Remove history entry at offset WHICH from the history. The + removed element is returned so you can free the line, data, and + containing structure. + + - Function: HIST_ENTRY * replace_history_entry (int which, char *line, + char *data) + Make the history entry at offset WHICH have LINE and DATA. This + returns the old entry so you can dispose of the data. In the case + of an invalid WHICH, a `NULL' pointer is returned. + + - Function: void clear_history () + Clear the history list by deleting all the entries. + + - Function: void stifle_history (int max) + Stifle the history list, remembering only the last MAX entries. + + - Function: int unstifle_history () + Stop stifling the history. This returns the previous amount the + history was stifled. The value is positive if the history was + stifled, negative if it wasn't. + + - Function: int history_is_stifled () + Returns non-zero if the history is stifled, zero if it is not. + + +File: history.info, Node: Information About the History List, Next: Moving Around the History List, Prev: History List Management, Up: History Functions + +Information About the History List +---------------------------------- + + These functions return information about the entire history list or +individual list entries. + + - Function: HIST_ENTRY ** history_list () + Return a `NULL' terminated array of `HIST_ENTRY' which is the + current input history. Element 0 of this list is the beginning of + time. If there is no history, return `NULL'. + + - Function: int where_history () + Returns the offset of the current history element. + + - Function: HIST_ENTRY * current_history () + Return the history entry at the current position, as determined by + `where_history ()'. If there is no entry there, return a `NULL' + pointer. + + - Function: HIST_ENTRY * history_get (int offset) + Return the history entry at position OFFSET, starting from + `history_base'. If there is no entry there, or if OFFSET is + greater than the history length, return a `NULL' pointer. + + - Function: int history_total_bytes () + Return the number of bytes that the primary history entries are + using. This function returns the sum of the lengths of all the + lines in the history. + + +File: history.info, Node: Moving Around the History List, Next: Searching the History List, Prev: Information About the History List, Up: History Functions + +Moving Around the History List +------------------------------ + + These functions allow the current index into the history list to be +set or changed. + + - Function: int history_set_pos (int pos) + Set the position in the history list to POS, an absolute index + into the list. + + - Function: HIST_ENTRY * previous_history () + Back up the current history offset to the previous history entry, + and return a pointer to that entry. If there is no previous + entry, return a `NULL' pointer. + + - Function: HIST_ENTRY * next_history () + Move the current history offset forward to the next history entry, + and return the a pointer to that entry. If there is no next + entry, return a `NULL' pointer. + + +File: history.info, Node: Searching the History List, Next: Managing the History File, Prev: Moving Around the History List, Up: History Functions + +Searching the History List +-------------------------- + + These functions allow searching of the history list for entries +containing a specific string. Searching may be performed both forward +and backward from the current history position. The search may be +"anchored", meaning that the string must match at the beginning of the +history entry. + + - Function: int history_search (char *string, int direction) + Search the history for STRING, starting at the current history + offset. If DIRECTION < 0, then the search is through previous + entries, else through subsequent. If STRING is found, then the + current history index is set to that history entry, and the value + returned is the offset in the line of the entry where STRING was + found. Otherwise, nothing is changed, and a -1 is returned. + + - Function: int history_search_prefix (char *string, int direction) + Search the history for STRING, starting at the current history + offset. The search is anchored: matching lines must begin with + STRING. If DIRECTION < 0, then the search is through previous + entries, else through subsequent. If STRING is found, then the + current history index is set to that entry, and the return value + is 0. Otherwise, nothing is changed, and a -1 is returned. + + - Function: int history_search_pos (char *string, int direction, int + pos) + Search for STRING in the history list, starting at POS, an + absolute index into the list. If DIRECTION is negative, the search + proceeds backward from POS, otherwise forward. Returns the + absolute index of the history element where STRING was found, or + -1 otherwise. + + +File: history.info, Node: Managing the History File, Next: History Expansion, Prev: Searching the History List, Up: History Functions + +Managing the History File +------------------------- + + The History library can read the history from and write it to a file. +This section documents the functions for managing a history file. + + - Function: int read_history (char *filename) + Add the contents of FILENAME to the history list, a line at a + time. If FILENAME is `NULL', then read from `~/.history'. + Returns 0 if successful, or errno if not. + + - Function: int read_history_range (char *filename, int from, int to) + Read a range of lines from FILENAME, adding them to the history + list. Start reading at line FROM and end at TO. If FROM is zero, + start at the beginning. If TO is less than FROM, then read until + the end of the file. If FILENAME is `NULL', then read from + `~/.history'. Returns 0 if successful, or `errno' if not. + + - Function: int write_history (char *filename) + Write the current history to FILENAME, overwriting FILENAME if + necessary. If FILENAME is `NULL', then write the history list to + `~/.history'. Values returned are as in `read_history ()'. + + - Function: int append_history (int nelements, char *filename) + Append the last NELEMENTS of the history list to FILENAME. + + - Function: int history_truncate_file (char *filename, int nlines) + Truncate the history file FILENAME, leaving only the last NLINES + lines. + + +File: history.info, Node: History Expansion, Prev: Managing the History File, Up: History Functions + +History Expansion +----------------- + + These functions implement `csh'-like history expansion. + + - Function: int history_expand (char *string, char **output) + Expand STRING, placing the result into OUTPUT, a pointer to a + string (*note History Interaction::.). Returns: + `0' + If no expansions took place (or, if the only change in the + text was the de-slashifying of the history expansion + character); + + `1' + if expansions did take place; + + `-1' + if there was an error in expansion; + + `2' + if the returned line should only be displayed, but not + executed, as with the `:p' modifier (*note Modifiers::.). + + If an error ocurred in expansion, then OUTPUT contains a + descriptive error message. + + - Function: char * history_arg_extract (int first, int last, char + *string) + Extract a string segment consisting of the FIRST through LAST + arguments present in STRING. Arguments are broken up as in Bash. + + - Function: char * get_history_event (char *string, int *cindex, int + qchar) + Returns the text of the history event beginning at STRING + + *CINDEX. *CINDEX is modified to point to after the event + specifier. At function entry, CINDEX points to the index into + STRING where the history event specification begins. QCHAR is a + character that is allowed to end the event specification in + addition to the "normal" terminating characters. + + - Function: char ** history_tokenize (char *string) + Return an array of tokens parsed out of STRING, much as the shell + might. The tokens are split on white space and on the characters + `()<>;&|$', and shell quoting conventions are obeyed. + + +File: history.info, Node: History Variables, Next: History Programming Example, Prev: History Functions, Up: Programming with GNU History + +History Variables +================= + + This section describes the externally visible variables exported by +the GNU History Library. + + - Variable: int history_base + The logical offset of the first entry in the history list. + + - Variable: int history_length + The number of entries currently stored in the history list. + + - Variable: int max_input_history + The maximum number of history entries. This must be changed using + `stifle_history ()'. + + - Variable: char history_expansion_char + The character that starts a history event. The default is `!'. + + - Variable: char history_subst_char + The character that invokes word substitution if found at the start + of a line. The default is `^'. + + - Variable: char history_comment_char + During tokenization, if this character is seen as the first + character of a word, then it and all subsequent characters up to a + newline are ignored, suppressing history expansion for the + remainder of the line. This is disabled by default. + + - Variable: char * history_no_expand_chars + The list of characters which inhibit history expansion if found + immediately following HISTORY_EXPANSION_CHAR. The default is + whitespace and `='. + + - Variable: char * history_search_delimiter_chars + The list of additional characters which can delimit a history + search string, in addition to whitespace, `:' and `?' in the case + of a substring search. The default is empty. + + - Variable: int history_quotes_inhibit_expansion + If non-zero, single-quoted words are not scanned for the history + expansion character. The default value is 0. + + - Variable: Function * history_inhibit_expansion_function + This should be set to the address of a function that takes two + arguments: a `char *' (STRING) and an integer index into that + string (I). It should return a non-zero value if the history + expansion starting at STRING[I] should not be performed; zero if + the expansion should be done. It is intended for use by + applications like Bash that use the history expansion character + for additional purposes. By default, this variable is set to NULL. + + +File: history.info, Node: History Programming Example, Prev: History Variables, Up: Programming with GNU History + +History Programming Example +=========================== + + The following program demonstrates simple use of the GNU History +Library. + + main () + { + char line[1024], *t; + int len, done = 0; + + line[0] = 0; + + using_history (); + while (!done) + { + printf ("history$ "); + fflush (stdout); + t = fgets (line, sizeof (line) - 1, stdin); + if (t && *t) + { + len = strlen (t); + if (t[len - 1] == '\n') + t[len - 1] = '\0'; + } + + if (!t) + strcpy (line, "quit"); + + if (line[0]) + { + char *expansion; + int result; + + result = history_expand (line, &expansion); + if (result) + fprintf (stderr, "%s\n", expansion); + + if (result < 0 || result == 2) + { + free (expansion); + continue; + } + + add_history (expansion); + strncpy (line, expansion, sizeof (line) - 1); + free (expansion); + } + + if (strcmp (line, "quit") == 0) + done = 1; + else if (strcmp (line, "save") == 0) + write_history ("history_file"); + else if (strcmp (line, "read") == 0) + read_history ("history_file"); + else if (strcmp (line, "list") == 0) + { + register HIST_ENTRY **the_list; + register int i; + + the_list = history_list (); + if (the_list) + for (i = 0; the_list[i]; i++) + printf ("%d: %s\n", i + history_base, the_list[i]->line); + } + else if (strncmp (line, "delete", 6) == 0) + { + int which; + if ((sscanf (line + 6, "%d", &which)) == 1) + { + HIST_ENTRY *entry = remove_history (which); + if (!entry) + fprintf (stderr, "No such entry %d\n", which); + else + { + free (entry->line); + free (entry); + } + } + else + { + fprintf (stderr, "non-numeric arg given to `delete'\n"); + } + } + } + } + + +File: history.info, Node: Concept Index, Next: Function and Variable Index, Prev: Programming with GNU History, Up: Top + +Concept Index +************* + +* Menu: + +* anchored search: Searching the History List. +* event designators: Event Designators. +* history events: Event Designators. +* history expansion: History Interaction. +* History Searching: Searching the History List. + + +File: history.info, Node: Function and Variable Index, Prev: Concept Index, Up: Top + +Function and Variable Index +*************************** + +* Menu: + +* add_history: History List Management. +* append_history: Managing the History File. +* clear_history: History List Management. +* current_history: Information About the History List. +* get_history_event: History Expansion. +* history_arg_extract: History Expansion. +* history_base: History Variables. +* history_comment_char: History Variables. +* history_expand: History Expansion. +* history_expansion_char: History Variables. +* history_get: Information About the History List. +* history_get_history_state: Initializing History and State Management. +* history_inhibit_expansion_function: History Variables. +* history_is_stifled: History List Management. +* history_length: History Variables. +* history_list: Information About the History List. +* history_no_expand_chars: History Variables. +* history_quotes_inhibit_expansion: History Variables. +* history_search: Searching the History List. +* history_search_delimiter_chars: History Variables. +* history_search_pos: Searching the History List. +* history_search_prefix: Searching the History List. +* history_set_history_state: Initializing History and State Management. +* history_set_pos: Moving Around the History List. +* history_subst_char: History Variables. +* history_tokenize: History Expansion. +* history_total_bytes: Information About the History List. +* history_truncate_file: Managing the History File. +* max_input_history: History Variables. +* next_history: Moving Around the History List. +* previous_history: Moving Around the History List. +* read_history: Managing the History File. +* read_history_range: Managing the History File. +* remove_history: History List Management. +* replace_history_entry: History List Management. +* stifle_history: History List Management. +* unstifle_history: History List Management. +* using_history: Initializing History and State Management. +* where_history: Information About the History List. +* write_history: Managing the History File. + + + +Tag Table: +Node: Top1162 +Node: Using History Interactively1742 +Node: History Interaction2250 +Node: Event Designators3669 +Node: Word Designators4596 +Node: Modifiers5845 +Node: Programming with GNU History6983 +Node: Introduction to History7709 +Node: History Storage9030 +Node: History Functions10123 +Node: Initializing History and State Management11094 +Node: History List Management11886 +Node: Information About the History List13407 +Node: Moving Around the History List14713 +Node: Searching the History List15598 +Node: Managing the History File17430 +Node: History Expansion18936 +Node: History Variables20780 +Node: History Programming Example23098 +Node: Concept Index25702 +Node: 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Fc(remove)p 1134 1253 V 12 w(history)8 +b Fd(.)e(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.) +g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)24 +b Fe(4)1012 1303 y Fc(replace)p 1154 1303 V 12 w(history)p +1306 1303 V 11 w(entry)5 b Fd(.)t(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g +(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)18 +b Fe(4)1012 1406 y Fm(S)1012 1464 y Fc(stifle)p 1134 +1464 V 12 w(history)8 b Fd(.)e(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g +(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.) +g(.)g(.)g(.)24 b Fe(4)1012 1568 y Fm(U)1012 1626 y Fc(unstifle)p +1174 1626 V 11 w(history)8 b Fd(.)t(.)e(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h +(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.) +g(.)g(.)21 b Fe(4)1012 1676 y Fc(using)p 1114 1676 V +13 w(history)s Fd(.)s(.)6 b(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g +(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.) +g(.)g(.)g(.)17 b Fe(4)1012 1779 y Fm(W)1012 1837 y Fc(where)p +1114 1837 V 13 w(history)s Fd(.)s(.)6 b(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g +(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.) +g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)17 b Fe(5)1012 1887 y Fc(write)p +1114 1887 V 13 w(history)s Fd(.)s(.)6 b(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g +(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.) +g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)17 b Fe(6)p eop +%%Page: 14 16 +14 15 bop 75 -58 a Fo(14)1324 b(GNU)15 b(History)g(Library)p +eop +%%Page: -1 17 +-1 16 bop 1862 -58 a Fo(i)75 183 y Fk(T)-7 b(able)27 +b(of)f(Con)n(ten)n(ts)75 354 y Fm(1)67 b(Using)22 b(History)h(In)n +(teractiv)n(ely)9 b Fb(.)k(.)d(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h +(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)31 b Fm(1)224 423 y Fo(1.1)45 b(History)15 +b(Expansion)5 b Fa(.)j(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)f +(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.) +f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)19 b Fo(1)374 478 y(1.1.1)44 +b(Ev)o(en)o(t)14 b(Designators)e Fa(.)7 b(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h +(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.) +f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)26 b Fo(1)374 532 y(1.1.2)44 b(W)l(ord)15 +b(Designators)5 b Fa(.)h(.)i(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.) +f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h +(.)19 b Fo(2)374 587 y(1.1.3)44 b(Mo)q(di\014ers)t Fa(.)8 +b(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f +(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.) +f(.)h(.)f(.)19 b Fo(2)75 708 y Fm(2)67 b(Programming)23 +b(with)g(GNU)f(History)16 b Fb(.)10 b(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f +(.)g(.)38 b Fm(3)224 777 y Fo(2.1)45 b(In)o(tro)q(duction)16 +b(to)f(History)10 b Fa(.)d(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f +(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.) +f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)24 b Fo(3)224 832 y(2.2)45 b(History)15 +b(Storage)c Fa(.)d(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f +(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.) +g(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)26 b Fo(3)224 886 +y(2.3)45 b(History)15 b(F)l(unctions)d Fa(.)c(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h +(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.) +f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)26 +b Fo(4)374 941 y(2.3.1)44 b(Initializing)18 b(History)d(and)h(State)e +(Managemen)o(t)g Fa(.)7 b(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)29 b +Fo(4)374 996 y(2.3.2)44 b(History)15 b(List)h(Managemen)o(t)d +Fa(.)7 b(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.) +h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)29 b Fo(4)374 1051 y(2.3.3)44 +b(Information)15 b(Ab)q(out)g(the)h(History)f(List)c +Fa(.)d(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)26 +b Fo(5)374 1106 y(2.3.4)44 b(Mo)o(ving)15 b(Around)g(the)g(History)g +(List)c Fa(.)d(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f +(.)h(.)25 b Fo(5)374 1160 y(2.3.5)44 b(Searc)o(hing)16 +b(the)f(History)g(List)7 b Fa(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f +(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)22 +b Fo(5)374 1215 y(2.3.6)44 b(Managing)15 b(the)g(History)g(File)6 +b Fa(.)i(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.) +f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)20 b Fo(6)374 1270 y(2.3.7)44 +b(History)15 b(Expansion)9 b Fa(.)f(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h +(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.) +h(.)f(.)24 b Fo(6)224 1325 y(2.4)45 b(History)15 b(V)l(ariables)6 +b Fa(.)j(.)e(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.) +f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h +(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)21 b Fo(7)224 1380 y(2.5)45 b(History)15 +b(Programming)f(Example)7 b Fa(.)i(.)e(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f +(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)22 +b Fo(8)75 1501 y Fm(App)r(endix)i(A)67 b(Concept)22 b(Index)17 +b Fb(.)10 b(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g +(.)38 b Fm(11)75 1636 y(App)r(endix)24 b(B)67 b(F)-6 +b(unction)25 b(and)e(V)-6 b(ariable)24 b(Index)16 b Fb(.)10 +b(.)g(.)g(.)38 b Fm(13)p eop +%%Page: -2 18 +-2 17 bop 75 -58 a Fo(ii)1346 b(GNU)15 b(History)g(Library)p +eop +%%Trailer +end +userdict /end-hook known{end-hook}if +%%EOF diff --git a/readline/doc/readline.dvi b/readline/doc/readline.dvi Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..8335d6a2 --- /dev/null +++ b/readline/doc/readline.dvi diff --git a/readline/doc/readline.html b/readline/doc/readline.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f4ea74d --- /dev/null +++ b/readline/doc/readline.html @@ -0,0 +1,4230 @@ +<HTML> +<HEAD> +<!-- This HTML file has been created by texi2html 1.52 + from /usr/homes/chet/src/bash/readline-src/doc/rlman.texinfo on 31 December 1998 --> + +<TITLE>GNU Readline Library</TITLE> +</HEAD> +<BODY> +<H1>GNU Readline Library</H1> +<H2>Edition 4.0, for <CODE>Readline Library</CODE> Version 4.0.</H2> +<H2>December 1998</H2> +<ADDRESS>Brian Fox, Free Software Foundation</ADDRESS> +<ADDRESS>Chet Ramey, Case Western Reserve University</ADDRESS> +<P> +<P><HR><P> +<H1>Table of Contents</H1> +<UL> +<LI><A NAME="TOC1" HREF="readline.html#SEC1">Command Line Editing</A> +<UL> +<LI><A NAME="TOC2" HREF="readline.html#SEC2">Introduction to Line Editing</A> +<LI><A NAME="TOC3" HREF="readline.html#SEC3">Readline Interaction</A> +<UL> +<LI><A NAME="TOC4" HREF="readline.html#SEC4">Readline Bare Essentials</A> +<LI><A NAME="TOC5" HREF="readline.html#SEC5">Readline Movement Commands</A> +<LI><A NAME="TOC6" HREF="readline.html#SEC6">Readline Killing Commands</A> +<LI><A NAME="TOC7" HREF="readline.html#SEC7">Readline Arguments</A> +<LI><A NAME="TOC8" HREF="readline.html#SEC8">Searching for Commands in the History</A> +</UL> +<LI><A NAME="TOC9" HREF="readline.html#SEC9">Readline Init File</A> +<UL> +<LI><A NAME="TOC10" HREF="readline.html#SEC10">Readline Init File Syntax</A> +<LI><A NAME="TOC11" HREF="readline.html#SEC11">Conditional Init Constructs</A> +<LI><A NAME="TOC12" HREF="readline.html#SEC12">Sample Init File</A> +</UL> +<LI><A NAME="TOC13" HREF="readline.html#SEC13">Bindable Readline Commands</A> +<UL> +<LI><A NAME="TOC14" HREF="readline.html#SEC14">Commands For Moving</A> +<LI><A NAME="TOC15" HREF="readline.html#SEC15">Commands For Manipulating The History</A> +<LI><A NAME="TOC16" HREF="readline.html#SEC16">Commands For Changing Text</A> +<LI><A NAME="TOC17" HREF="readline.html#SEC17">Killing And Yanking</A> +<LI><A NAME="TOC18" HREF="readline.html#SEC18">Specifying Numeric Arguments</A> +<LI><A NAME="TOC19" HREF="readline.html#SEC19">Letting Readline Type For You</A> +<LI><A NAME="TOC20" HREF="readline.html#SEC20">Keyboard Macros</A> +<LI><A NAME="TOC21" HREF="readline.html#SEC21">Some Miscellaneous Commands</A> +</UL> +<LI><A NAME="TOC22" HREF="readline.html#SEC22">Readline vi Mode</A> +</UL> +<LI><A NAME="TOC23" HREF="readline.html#SEC23">Programming with GNU Readline</A> +<UL> +<LI><A NAME="TOC24" HREF="readline.html#SEC24">Basic Behavior</A> +<LI><A NAME="TOC25" HREF="readline.html#SEC25">Custom Functions</A> +<UL> +<LI><A NAME="TOC26" HREF="readline.html#SEC26">The Function Type</A> +<LI><A NAME="TOC27" HREF="readline.html#SEC27">Writing a New Function</A> +</UL> +<LI><A NAME="TOC28" HREF="readline.html#SEC28">Readline Variables</A> +<LI><A NAME="TOC29" HREF="readline.html#SEC29">Readline Convenience Functions</A> +<UL> +<LI><A NAME="TOC30" HREF="readline.html#SEC30">Naming a Function</A> +<LI><A NAME="TOC31" HREF="readline.html#SEC31">Selecting a Keymap</A> +<LI><A NAME="TOC32" HREF="readline.html#SEC32">Binding Keys</A> +<LI><A NAME="TOC33" HREF="readline.html#SEC33">Associating Function Names and Bindings</A> +<LI><A NAME="TOC34" HREF="readline.html#SEC34">Allowing Undoing</A> +<LI><A NAME="TOC35" HREF="readline.html#SEC35">Redisplay</A> +<LI><A NAME="TOC36" HREF="readline.html#SEC36">Modifying Text</A> +<LI><A NAME="TOC37" HREF="readline.html#SEC37">Utility Functions</A> +<LI><A NAME="TOC38" HREF="readline.html#SEC38">Alternate Interface</A> +<LI><A NAME="TOC39" HREF="readline.html#SEC39">An Example</A> +</UL> +<LI><A NAME="TOC40" HREF="readline.html#SEC40">Readline Signal Handling</A> +<LI><A NAME="TOC41" HREF="readline.html#SEC41">Custom Completers</A> +<UL> +<LI><A NAME="TOC42" HREF="readline.html#SEC42">How Completing Works</A> +<LI><A NAME="TOC43" HREF="readline.html#SEC43">Completion Functions</A> +<LI><A NAME="TOC44" HREF="readline.html#SEC44">Completion Variables</A> +<LI><A NAME="TOC45" HREF="readline.html#SEC45">A Short Completion Example</A> +</UL> +</UL> +<LI><A NAME="TOC46" HREF="readline.html#SEC46">Concept Index</A> +<LI><A NAME="TOC47" HREF="readline.html#SEC47">Function and Variable Index</A> +</UL> +<P><HR><P> + +<P> +This document describes the GNU Readline Library, a utility which aids +in the consistency of user interface across discrete programs that need +to provide a command line interface. + +</P> +<P> +Published by the Free Software Foundation <BR> +675 Massachusetts Avenue, <BR> +Cambridge, MA 02139 USA + +</P> +<P> +Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of +this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice +are preserved on all copies. + +</P> +<P> +Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this +manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire +resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission +notice identical to this one. + +</P> +<P> +Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual +into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions, +except that this permission notice may be stated in a translation approved +by the Free Software Foundation. + +</P> +<P> +Copyright (C) 1988-1999 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + +</P> + + + +<H1><A NAME="SEC1" HREF="readline.html#TOC1">Command Line Editing</A></H1> + +<P> +This chapter describes the basic features of the GNU +command line editing interface. + +</P> + +<UL> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#SEC2">Introduction and Notation</A>: Notation used in this text. +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#SEC3">Readline Interaction</A>: The minimum set of commands for editing a line. +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#SEC9">Readline Init File</A>: Customizing Readline from a user's view. +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#SEC13">Bindable Readline Commands</A>: A description of most of the Readline commands + available for binding +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#SEC22">Readline vi Mode</A>: A short description of how to make Readline + behave like the vi editor. +</UL> + + + +<H2><A NAME="SEC2" HREF="readline.html#TOC2">Introduction to Line Editing</A></H2> + +<P> +The following paragraphs describe the notation used to represent +keystrokes. + +</P> +<P> +The text <KBD>C-k</KBD> is read as `Control-K' and describes the character +produced when the <KBD>k</KBD> key is pressed while the Control key +is depressed. + +</P> +<P> +The text <KBD>M-k</KBD> is read as `Meta-K' and describes the character +produced when the meta key (if you have one) is depressed, and the <KBD>k</KBD> +key is pressed. If you do not have a meta key, the identical keystroke +can be generated by typing <KBD>ESC</KBD> <I>first</I>, and then typing <KBD>k</KBD>. +Either process is known as <EM>metafying</EM> the <KBD>k</KBD> key. + +</P> +<P> +The text <KBD>M-C-k</KBD> is read as `Meta-Control-k' and describes the +character produced by <EM>metafying</EM> <KBD>C-k</KBD>. + +</P> +<P> +In addition, several keys have their own names. Specifically, +<KBD>DEL</KBD>, <KBD>ESC</KBD>, <KBD>LFD</KBD>, <KBD>SPC</KBD>, <KBD>RET</KBD>, and <KBD>TAB</KBD> all +stand for themselves when seen in this text, or in an init file +(see section <A HREF="readline.html#SEC9">Readline Init File</A>). + +</P> + + +<H2><A NAME="SEC3" HREF="readline.html#TOC3">Readline Interaction</A></H2> +<P> +<A NAME="IDX1"></A> + +</P> +<P> +Often during an interactive session you type in a long line of text, +only to notice that the first word on the line is misspelled. The +Readline library gives you a set of commands for manipulating the text +as you type it in, allowing you to just fix your typo, and not forcing +you to retype the majority of the line. Using these editing commands, +you move the cursor to the place that needs correction, and delete or +insert the text of the corrections. Then, when you are satisfied with +the line, you simply press <KBD>RETURN</KBD>. You do not have to be at the +end of the line to press <KBD>RETURN</KBD>; the entire line is accepted +regardless of the location of the cursor within the line. + +</P> + +<UL> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#SEC4">Readline Bare Essentials</A>: The least you need to know about Readline. +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#SEC5">Readline Movement Commands</A>: Moving about the input line. +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#SEC6">Readline Killing Commands</A>: How to delete text, and how to get it back! +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#SEC7">Readline Arguments</A>: Giving numeric arguments to commands. +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#SEC8">Searching</A>: Searching through previous lines. +</UL> + + + +<H3><A NAME="SEC4" HREF="readline.html#TOC4">Readline Bare Essentials</A></H3> +<P> +<A NAME="IDX2"></A> +<A NAME="IDX3"></A> +<A NAME="IDX4"></A> + +</P> +<P> +In order to enter characters into the line, simply type them. The typed +character appears where the cursor was, and then the cursor moves one +space to the right. If you mistype a character, you can use your +erase character to back up and delete the mistyped character. + +</P> +<P> +Sometimes you may miss typing a character that you wanted to type, and +not notice your error until you have typed several other characters. In +that case, you can type <KBD>C-b</KBD> to move the cursor to the left, and then +correct your mistake. Afterwards, you can move the cursor to the right +with <KBD>C-f</KBD>. + +</P> +<P> +When you add text in the middle of a line, you will notice that characters +to the right of the cursor are `pushed over' to make room for the text +that you have inserted. Likewise, when you delete text behind the cursor, +characters to the right of the cursor are `pulled back' to fill in the +blank space created by the removal of the text. A list of the basic bare +essentials for editing the text of an input line follows. + +</P> +<DL COMPACT> + +<DT><KBD>C-b</KBD> +<DD> +Move back one character. +<DT><KBD>C-f</KBD> +<DD> +Move forward one character. +<DT><KBD>DEL</KBD> +<DD> +Delete the character to the left of the cursor. +<DT><KBD>C-d</KBD> +<DD> +Delete the character underneath the cursor. +<DT>Printing characters +<DD> +Insert the character into the line at the cursor. +<DT><KBD>C-_</KBD> +<DD> +Undo the last editing command. You can undo all the way back to an +empty line. +</DL> + + + +<H3><A NAME="SEC5" HREF="readline.html#TOC5">Readline Movement Commands</A></H3> + +<P> +The above table describes the most basic possible keystrokes that you need +in order to do editing of the input line. For your convenience, many +other commands have been added in addition to <KBD>C-b</KBD>, <KBD>C-f</KBD>, +<KBD>C-d</KBD>, and <KBD>DEL</KBD>. Here are some commands for moving more rapidly +about the line. + +</P> +<DL COMPACT> + +<DT><KBD>C-a</KBD> +<DD> +Move to the start of the line. +<DT><KBD>C-e</KBD> +<DD> +Move to the end of the line. +<DT><KBD>M-f</KBD> +<DD> +Move forward a word, where a word is composed of letters and digits. +<DT><KBD>M-b</KBD> +<DD> +Move backward a word. +<DT><KBD>C-l</KBD> +<DD> +Clear the screen, reprinting the current line at the top. +</DL> + +<P> +Notice how <KBD>C-f</KBD> moves forward a character, while <KBD>M-f</KBD> moves +forward a word. It is a loose convention that control keystrokes +operate on characters while meta keystrokes operate on words. + +</P> + + +<H3><A NAME="SEC6" HREF="readline.html#TOC6">Readline Killing Commands</A></H3> + +<P> +<A NAME="IDX5"></A> +<A NAME="IDX6"></A> + +</P> +<P> +<EM>Killing</EM> text means to delete the text from the line, but to save +it away for later use, usually by <EM>yanking</EM> (re-inserting) +it back into the line. +If the description for a command says that it `kills' text, then you can +be sure that you can get the text back in a different (or the same) +place later. + +</P> +<P> +When you use a kill command, the text is saved in a <EM>kill-ring</EM>. +Any number of consecutive kills save all of the killed text together, so +that when you yank it back, you get it all. The kill +ring is not line specific; the text that you killed on a previously +typed line is available to be yanked back later, when you are typing +another line. +<A NAME="IDX7"></A> + +</P> +<P> +Here is the list of commands for killing text. + +</P> +<DL COMPACT> + +<DT><KBD>C-k</KBD> +<DD> +Kill the text from the current cursor position to the end of the line. + +<DT><KBD>M-d</KBD> +<DD> +Kill from the cursor to the end of the current word, or if between +words, to the end of the next word. + +<DT><KBD>M-DEL</KBD> +<DD> +Kill from the cursor the start of the previous word, or if between +words, to the start of the previous word. + +<DT><KBD>C-w</KBD> +<DD> +Kill from the cursor to the previous whitespace. This is different than +<KBD>M-DEL</KBD> because the word boundaries differ. + +</DL> + +<P> +Here is how to <EM>yank</EM> the text back into the line. Yanking +means to copy the most-recently-killed text from the kill buffer. + +</P> +<DL COMPACT> + +<DT><KBD>C-y</KBD> +<DD> +Yank the most recently killed text back into the buffer at the cursor. + +<DT><KBD>M-y</KBD> +<DD> +Rotate the kill-ring, and yank the new top. You can only do this if +the prior command is <KBD>C-y</KBD> or <KBD>M-y</KBD>. +</DL> + + + +<H3><A NAME="SEC7" HREF="readline.html#TOC7">Readline Arguments</A></H3> + +<P> +You can pass numeric arguments to Readline commands. Sometimes the +argument acts as a repeat count, other times it is the <I>sign</I> of the +argument that is significant. If you pass a negative argument to a +command which normally acts in a forward direction, that command will +act in a backward direction. For example, to kill text back to the +start of the line, you might type <SAMP>`M-- C-k'</SAMP>. + +</P> +<P> +The general way to pass numeric arguments to a command is to type meta +digits before the command. If the first `digit' typed is a minus +sign (<KBD>-</KBD>), then the sign of the argument will be negative. Once +you have typed one meta digit to get the argument started, you can type +the remainder of the digits, and then the command. For example, to give +the <KBD>C-d</KBD> command an argument of 10, you could type <SAMP>`M-1 0 C-d'</SAMP>. + +</P> + + +<H3><A NAME="SEC8" HREF="readline.html#TOC8">Searching for Commands in the History</A></H3> + +<P> +Readline provides commands for searching through the command history +for lines containing a specified string. +There are two search modes: <VAR>incremental</VAR> and <VAR>non-incremental</VAR>. + +</P> +<P> +Incremental searches begin before the user has finished typing the +search string. +As each character of the search string is typed, Readline displays +the next entry from the history matching the string typed so far. +An incremental search requires only as many characters as needed to +find the desired history entry. +The characters present in the value of the <VAR>isearch-terminators</VAR> variable +are used to terminate an incremental search. +If that variable has not been assigned a value, the <KBD>ESC</KBD> and +<KBD>C-J</KBD> characters will terminate an incremental search. +<KBD>C-g</KBD> will abort an incremental search and restore the original line. +When the search is terminated, the history entry containing the +search string becomes the current line. +To find other matching entries in the history list, type <KBD>C-s</KBD> or +<KBD>C-r</KBD> as appropriate. +This will search backward or forward in the history for the next +entry matching the search string typed so far. +Any other key sequence bound to a Readline command will terminate +the search and execute that command. +For instance, a <KBD>RET</KBD> will terminate the search and accept +the line, thereby executing the command from the history list. + +</P> +<P> +Non-incremental searches read the entire search string before starting +to search for matching history lines. The search string may be +typed by the user or be part of the contents of the current line. + +</P> + + +<H2><A NAME="SEC9" HREF="readline.html#TOC9">Readline Init File</A></H2> +<P> +<A NAME="IDX8"></A> + +</P> +<P> +Although the Readline library comes with a set of <CODE>emacs</CODE>-like +keybindings installed by default, it is possible to use a different set +of keybindings. +Any user can customize programs that use Readline by putting +commands in an <EM>inputrc</EM> file in his home directory. +The name of this +file is taken from the value of the environment variable <CODE>INPUTRC</CODE>. If +that variable is unset, the default is <TT>`~/.inputrc'</TT>. + +</P> +<P> +When a program which uses the Readline library starts up, the +init file is read, and the key bindings are set. + +</P> +<P> +In addition, the <CODE>C-x C-r</CODE> command re-reads this init file, thus +incorporating any changes that you might have made to it. + +</P> + +<UL> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#SEC10">Readline Init File Syntax</A>: Syntax for the commands in the inputrc file. + +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#SEC11">Conditional Init Constructs</A>: Conditional key bindings in the inputrc file. + +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#SEC12">Sample Init File</A>: An example inputrc file. +</UL> + + + +<H3><A NAME="SEC10" HREF="readline.html#TOC10">Readline Init File Syntax</A></H3> + +<P> +There are only a few basic constructs allowed in the +Readline init file. Blank lines are ignored. +Lines beginning with a <SAMP>`#'</SAMP> are comments. +Lines beginning with a <SAMP>`$'</SAMP> indicate conditional +constructs (see section <A HREF="readline.html#SEC11">Conditional Init Constructs</A>). Other lines +denote variable settings and key bindings. + +</P> +<DL COMPACT> + +<DT>Variable Settings +<DD> +You can modify the run-time behavior of Readline by +altering the values of variables in Readline +using the <CODE>set</CODE> command within the init file. Here is how to +change from the default Emacs-like key binding to use +<CODE>vi</CODE> line editing commands: + + +<PRE> +set editing-mode vi +</PRE> + +A great deal of run-time behavior is changeable with the following +variables. + +<DL COMPACT> + +<DT><CODE>bell-style</CODE> +<DD> +<A NAME="IDX9"></A> +Controls what happens when Readline wants to ring the terminal bell. +If set to <SAMP>`none'</SAMP>, Readline never rings the bell. If set to +<SAMP>`visible'</SAMP>, Readline uses a visible bell if one is available. +If set to <SAMP>`audible'</SAMP> (the default), Readline attempts to ring +the terminal's bell. + +<DT><CODE>comment-begin</CODE> +<DD> +<A NAME="IDX10"></A> +The string to insert at the beginning of the line when the +<CODE>insert-comment</CODE> command is executed. The default value +is <CODE>"#"</CODE>. + +<DT><CODE>completion-ignore-case</CODE> +<DD> +If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, Readline performs filename matching and completion +in a case-insensitive fashion. +The default value is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>. + +<DT><CODE>completion-query-items</CODE> +<DD> +<A NAME="IDX11"></A> +The number of possible completions that determines when the user is +asked whether he wants to see the list of possibilities. If the +number of possible completions is greater than this value, +Readline will ask the user whether or not he wishes to view +them; otherwise, they are simply listed. The default limit is +<CODE>100</CODE>. + +<DT><CODE>convert-meta</CODE> +<DD> +<A NAME="IDX12"></A> +If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, Readline will convert characters with the +eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence by stripping the eighth +bit and prepending an <KBD>ESC</KBD> character, converting them to a +meta-prefixed key sequence. The default value is <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>. + +<DT><CODE>disable-completion</CODE> +<DD> +<A NAME="IDX13"></A> +If set to <SAMP>`On'</SAMP>, Readline will inhibit word completion. +Completion characters will be inserted into the line as if they had +been mapped to <CODE>self-insert</CODE>. The default is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>. + +<DT><CODE>editing-mode</CODE> +<DD> +<A NAME="IDX14"></A> +The <CODE>editing-mode</CODE> variable controls which default set of +key bindings is used. By default, Readline starts up in Emacs editing +mode, where the keystrokes are most similar to Emacs. This variable can be +set to either <SAMP>`emacs'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`vi'</SAMP>. + +<DT><CODE>enable-keypad</CODE> +<DD> +<A NAME="IDX15"></A> +When set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, Readline will try to enable the application +keypad when it is called. Some systems need this to enable the +arrow keys. The default is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>. + +<DT><CODE>expand-tilde</CODE> +<DD> +<A NAME="IDX16"></A> +If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, tilde expansion is performed when Readline +attempts word completion. The default is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>. + +<DT><CODE>horizontal-scroll-mode</CODE> +<DD> +<A NAME="IDX17"></A> +This variable can be set to either <SAMP>`on'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>. Setting it +to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP> means that the text of the lines being edited will scroll +horizontally on a single screen line when they are longer than the width +of the screen, instead of wrapping onto a new screen line. By default, +this variable is set to <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>. + +<DT><CODE>input-meta</CODE> +<DD> +<A NAME="IDX18"></A> +<A NAME="IDX19"></A> +If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, Readline will enable eight-bit input (it +will not strip the eighth bit from the characters it reads), +regardless of what the terminal claims it can support. The +default value is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>. The name <CODE>meta-flag</CODE> is a +synonym for this variable. + +<DT><CODE>isearch-terminators</CODE> +<DD> +<A NAME="IDX20"></A> +The string of characters that should terminate an incremental search without +subsequently executing the character as a command (see section <A HREF="readline.html#SEC8">Searching for Commands in the History</A>). +If this variable has not been given a value, the characters <KBD>ESC</KBD> and +<KBD>C-J</KBD> will terminate an incremental search. + +<DT><CODE>keymap</CODE> +<DD> +<A NAME="IDX21"></A> +Sets Readline's idea of the current keymap for key binding commands. +Acceptable <CODE>keymap</CODE> names are +<CODE>emacs</CODE>, +<CODE>emacs-standard</CODE>, +<CODE>emacs-meta</CODE>, +<CODE>emacs-ctlx</CODE>, +<CODE>vi</CODE>, +<CODE>vi-command</CODE>, and +<CODE>vi-insert</CODE>. +<CODE>vi</CODE> is equivalent to <CODE>vi-command</CODE>; <CODE>emacs</CODE> is +equivalent to <CODE>emacs-standard</CODE>. The default value is <CODE>emacs</CODE>. +The value of the <CODE>editing-mode</CODE> variable also affects the +default keymap. + +<DT><CODE>mark-directories</CODE> +<DD> +If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, completed directory names have a slash +appended. The default is <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>. + +<DT><CODE>mark-modified-lines</CODE> +<DD> +<A NAME="IDX22"></A> +This variable, when set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, causes Readline to display an +asterisk (<SAMP>`*'</SAMP>) at the start of history lines which have been modified. +This variable is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP> by default. + +<DT><CODE>output-meta</CODE> +<DD> +<A NAME="IDX23"></A> +If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, Readline will display characters with the +eighth bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape +sequence. The default is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>. + +<DT><CODE>print-completions-horizontally</CODE> +<DD> +If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, Readline will display completions with matches +sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down the screen. +The default is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>. + +<DT><CODE>show-all-if-ambiguous</CODE> +<DD> +<A NAME="IDX24"></A> +This alters the default behavior of the completion functions. If +set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, +words which have more than one possible completion cause the +matches to be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell. +The default value is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>. + +<DT><CODE>visible-stats</CODE> +<DD> +<A NAME="IDX25"></A> +If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, a character denoting a file's type +is appended to the filename when listing possible +completions. The default is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>. + +</DL> + +<DT>Key Bindings +<DD> +The syntax for controlling key bindings in the init file is +simple. First you have to know the name of the command that you +want to change. The following sections contain tables of the command +name, the default keybinding, if any, and a short description of what +the command does. + +Once you know the name of the command, simply place the name of the key +you wish to bind the command to, a colon, and then the name of the +command on a line in the init file. The name of the key +can be expressed in different ways, depending on which is most +comfortable for you. + +<DL COMPACT> + +<DT><VAR>keyname</VAR>: <VAR>function-name</VAR> or <VAR>macro</VAR> +<DD> +<VAR>keyname</VAR> is the name of a key spelled out in English. For example: + +<PRE> +Control-u: universal-argument +Meta-Rubout: backward-kill-word +Control-o: "> output" +</PRE> + +In the above example, <KBD>C-u</KBD> is bound to the function +<CODE>universal-argument</CODE>, and <KBD>C-o</KBD> is bound to run the macro +expressed on the right hand side (that is, to insert the text +<SAMP>`> output'</SAMP> into the line). + +<DT>"<VAR>keyseq</VAR>": <VAR>function-name</VAR> or <VAR>macro</VAR> +<DD> +<VAR>keyseq</VAR> differs from <VAR>keyname</VAR> above in that strings +denoting an entire key sequence can be specified, by placing +the key sequence in double quotes. Some GNU Emacs style key +escapes can be used, as in the following example, but the +special character names are not recognized. + + +<PRE> +"\C-u": universal-argument +"\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file +"\e[11~": "Function Key 1" +</PRE> + +In the above example, <KBD>C-u</KBD> is bound to the function +<CODE>universal-argument</CODE> (just as it was in the first example), +<SAMP>`<KBD>C-x</KBD> <KBD>C-r</KBD>'</SAMP> is bound to the function <CODE>re-read-init-file</CODE>, +and <SAMP>`<KBD>ESC</KBD> <KBD>[</KBD> <KBD>1</KBD> <KBD>1</KBD> <KBD>~</KBD>'</SAMP> is bound to insert +the text <SAMP>`Function Key 1'</SAMP>. + +</DL> + +The following GNU Emacs style escape sequences are available when +specifying key sequences: + +<DL COMPACT> + +<DT><CODE><KBD>\C-</KBD></CODE> +<DD> +control prefix +<DT><CODE><KBD>\M-</KBD></CODE> +<DD> +meta prefix +<DT><CODE><KBD>\e</KBD></CODE> +<DD> +an escape character +<DT><CODE><KBD>\\</KBD></CODE> +<DD> +backslash +<DT><CODE><KBD>\"</KBD></CODE> +<DD> +<KBD>"</KBD> +<DT><CODE><KBD>\'</KBD></CODE> +<DD> +<KBD>'</KBD> +</DL> + +In addition to the GNU Emacs style escape sequences, a second +set of backslash escapes is available: + +<DL COMPACT> + +<DT><CODE>\a</CODE> +<DD> +alert (bell) +<DT><CODE>\b</CODE> +<DD> +backspace +<DT><CODE>\d</CODE> +<DD> +delete +<DT><CODE>\f</CODE> +<DD> +form feed +<DT><CODE>\n</CODE> +<DD> +newline +<DT><CODE>\r</CODE> +<DD> +carriage return +<DT><CODE>\t</CODE> +<DD> +horizontal tab +<DT><CODE>\v</CODE> +<DD> +vertical tab +<DT><CODE>\<VAR>nnn</VAR></CODE> +<DD> +the character whose ASCII code is the octal value <VAR>nnn</VAR> +(one to three digits) +<DT><CODE>\x<VAR>nnn</VAR></CODE> +<DD> +the character whose ASCII code is the hexadecimal value <VAR>nnn</VAR> +(one to three digits) +</DL> + +When entering the text of a macro, single or double quotes must +be used to indicate a macro definition. +Unquoted text is assumed to be a function name. +In the macro body, the backslash escapes described above are expanded. +Backslash will quote any other character in the macro text, +including <SAMP>`"'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`''</SAMP>. +For example, the following binding will make <SAMP>`C-x \'</SAMP> +insert a single <SAMP>`\'</SAMP> into the line: + +<PRE> +"\C-x\\": "\\" +</PRE> + +</DL> + + + +<H3><A NAME="SEC11" HREF="readline.html#TOC11">Conditional Init Constructs</A></H3> + +<P> +Readline implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional +compilation features of the C preprocessor which allows key +bindings and variable settings to be performed as the result +of tests. There are four parser directives used. + +</P> +<DL COMPACT> + +<DT><CODE>$if</CODE> +<DD> +The <CODE>$if</CODE> construct allows bindings to be made based on the +editing mode, the terminal being used, or the application using +Readline. The text of the test extends to the end of the line; +no characters are required to isolate it. + +<DL COMPACT> + +<DT><CODE>mode</CODE> +<DD> +The <CODE>mode=</CODE> form of the <CODE>$if</CODE> directive is used to test +whether Readline is in <CODE>emacs</CODE> or <CODE>vi</CODE> mode. +This may be used in conjunction +with the <SAMP>`set keymap'</SAMP> command, for instance, to set bindings in +the <CODE>emacs-standard</CODE> and <CODE>emacs-ctlx</CODE> keymaps only if +Readline is starting out in <CODE>emacs</CODE> mode. + +<DT><CODE>term</CODE> +<DD> +The <CODE>term=</CODE> form may be used to include terminal-specific +key bindings, perhaps to bind the key sequences output by the +terminal's function keys. The word on the right side of the +<SAMP>`='</SAMP> is tested against both the full name of the terminal and +the portion of the terminal name before the first <SAMP>`-'</SAMP>. This +allows <CODE>sun</CODE> to match both <CODE>sun</CODE> and <CODE>sun-cmd</CODE>, +for instance. + +<DT><CODE>application</CODE> +<DD> +The <VAR>application</VAR> construct is used to include +application-specific settings. Each program using the Readline +library sets the <VAR>application name</VAR>, and you can test for it. +This could be used to bind key sequences to functions useful for +a specific program. For instance, the following command adds a +key sequence that quotes the current or previous word in Bash: + +<PRE> +$if Bash +# Quote the current or previous word +"\C-xq": "\eb\"\ef\"" +$endif +</PRE> + +</DL> + +<DT><CODE>$endif</CODE> +<DD> +This command, as seen in the previous example, terminates an +<CODE>$if</CODE> command. + +<DT><CODE>$else</CODE> +<DD> +Commands in this branch of the <CODE>$if</CODE> directive are executed if +the test fails. + +<DT><CODE>$include</CODE> +<DD> +This directive takes a single filename as an argument and reads commands +and bindings from that file. + +<PRE> +$include /etc/inputrc +</PRE> + +</DL> + + + +<H3><A NAME="SEC12" HREF="readline.html#TOC12">Sample Init File</A></H3> + +<P> +Here is an example of an inputrc file. This illustrates key +binding, variable assignment, and conditional syntax. + +</P> + +<PRE> +# This file controls the behaviour of line input editing for +# programs that use the Gnu Readline library. Existing programs +# include FTP, Bash, and Gdb. +# +# You can re-read the inputrc file with C-x C-r. +# Lines beginning with '#' are comments. +# +# First, include any systemwide bindings and variable assignments from +# /etc/Inputrc +$include /etc/Inputrc + +# +# Set various bindings for emacs mode. + +set editing-mode emacs + +$if mode=emacs + +Meta-Control-h: backward-kill-word Text after the function name is ignored + +# +# Arrow keys in keypad mode +# +#"\M-OD": backward-char +#"\M-OC": forward-char +#"\M-OA": previous-history +#"\M-OB": next-history +# +# Arrow keys in ANSI mode +# +"\M-[D": backward-char +"\M-[C": forward-char +"\M-[A": previous-history +"\M-[B": next-history +# +# Arrow keys in 8 bit keypad mode +# +#"\M-\C-OD": backward-char +#"\M-\C-OC": forward-char +#"\M-\C-OA": previous-history +#"\M-\C-OB": next-history +# +# Arrow keys in 8 bit ANSI mode +# +#"\M-\C-[D": backward-char +#"\M-\C-[C": forward-char +#"\M-\C-[A": previous-history +#"\M-\C-[B": next-history + +C-q: quoted-insert + +$endif + +# An old-style binding. This happens to be the default. +TAB: complete + +# Macros that are convenient for shell interaction +$if Bash +# edit the path +"\C-xp": "PATH=${PATH}\e\C-e\C-a\ef\C-f" +# prepare to type a quoted word -- insert open and close double quotes +# and move to just after the open quote +"\C-x\"": "\"\"\C-b" +# insert a backslash (testing backslash escapes in sequences and macros) +"\C-x\\": "\\" +# Quote the current or previous word +"\C-xq": "\eb\"\ef\"" +# Add a binding to refresh the line, which is unbound +"\C-xr": redraw-current-line +# Edit variable on current line. +"\M-\C-v": "\C-a\C-k$\C-y\M-\C-e\C-a\C-y=" +$endif + +# use a visible bell if one is available +set bell-style visible + +# don't strip characters to 7 bits when reading +set input-meta on + +# allow iso-latin1 characters to be inserted rather than converted to +# prefix-meta sequences +set convert-meta off + +# display characters with the eighth bit set directly rather than +# as meta-prefixed characters +set output-meta on + +# if there are more than 150 possible completions for a word, ask the +# user if he wants to see all of them +set completion-query-items 150 + +# For FTP +$if Ftp +"\C-xg": "get \M-?" +"\C-xt": "put \M-?" +"\M-.": yank-last-arg +$endif +</PRE> + + + +<H2><A NAME="SEC13" HREF="readline.html#TOC13">Bindable Readline Commands</A></H2> + + +<UL> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#SEC14">Commands For Moving</A>: Moving about the line. +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#SEC15">Commands For History</A>: Getting at previous lines. +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#SEC16">Commands For Text</A>: Commands for changing text. +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#SEC17">Commands For Killing</A>: Commands for killing and yanking. +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#SEC18">Numeric Arguments</A>: Specifying numeric arguments, repeat counts. +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#SEC19">Commands For Completion</A>: Getting Readline to do the typing for you. +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#SEC20">Keyboard Macros</A>: Saving and re-executing typed characters +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#SEC21">Miscellaneous Commands</A>: Other miscellaneous commands. +</UL> + +<P> +This section describes Readline commands that may be bound to key +sequences. + +</P> + + +<H3><A NAME="SEC14" HREF="readline.html#TOC14">Commands For Moving</A></H3> +<DL COMPACT> + +<DT><CODE>beginning-of-line (C-a)</CODE> +<DD> +<A NAME="IDX26"></A> +Move to the start of the current line. + +<DT><CODE>end-of-line (C-e)</CODE> +<DD> +<A NAME="IDX27"></A> +Move to the end of the line. + +<DT><CODE>forward-char (C-f)</CODE> +<DD> +<A NAME="IDX28"></A> +Move forward a character. + +<DT><CODE>backward-char (C-b)</CODE> +<DD> +<A NAME="IDX29"></A> +Move back a character. + +<DT><CODE>forward-word (M-f)</CODE> +<DD> +<A NAME="IDX30"></A> +Move forward to the end of the next word. Words are composed of +letters and digits. + +<DT><CODE>backward-word (M-b)</CODE> +<DD> +<A NAME="IDX31"></A> +Move back to the start of this, or the previous, word. Words are +composed of letters and digits. + +<DT><CODE>clear-screen (C-l)</CODE> +<DD> +<A NAME="IDX32"></A> +Clear the screen and redraw the current line, +leaving the current line at the top of the screen. + +<DT><CODE>redraw-current-line ()</CODE> +<DD> +<A NAME="IDX33"></A> +Refresh the current line. By default, this is unbound. + +</DL> + + + +<H3><A NAME="SEC15" HREF="readline.html#TOC15">Commands For Manipulating The History</A></H3> + +<DL COMPACT> + +<DT><CODE>accept-line (Newline, Return)</CODE> +<DD> +<A NAME="IDX34"></A> +Accept the line regardless of where the cursor is. If this line is +non-empty, add it to the history list. If this line was a history +line, then restore the history line to its original state. + +<DT><CODE>previous-history (C-p)</CODE> +<DD> +<A NAME="IDX35"></A> +Move `up' through the history list. + +<DT><CODE>next-history (C-n)</CODE> +<DD> +<A NAME="IDX36"></A> +Move `down' through the history list. + +<DT><CODE>beginning-of-history (M-<)</CODE> +<DD> +<A NAME="IDX37"></A> +Move to the first line in the history. + +<DT><CODE>end-of-history (M->)</CODE> +<DD> +<A NAME="IDX38"></A> +Move to the end of the input history, i.e., the line currently +being entered. + +<DT><CODE>reverse-search-history (C-r)</CODE> +<DD> +<A NAME="IDX39"></A> +Search backward starting at the current line and moving `up' through +the history as necessary. This is an incremental search. + +<DT><CODE>forward-search-history (C-s)</CODE> +<DD> +<A NAME="IDX40"></A> +Search forward starting at the current line and moving `down' through +the the history as necessary. This is an incremental search. + +<DT><CODE>non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)</CODE> +<DD> +<A NAME="IDX41"></A> +Search backward starting at the current line and moving `up' +through the history as necessary using a non-incremental search +for a string supplied by the user. + +<DT><CODE>non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)</CODE> +<DD> +<A NAME="IDX42"></A> +Search forward starting at the current line and moving `down' +through the the history as necessary using a non-incremental search +for a string supplied by the user. + +<DT><CODE>history-search-forward ()</CODE> +<DD> +<A NAME="IDX43"></A> +Search forward through the history for the string of characters +between the start of the current line and the current cursor +position (the <VAR>point</VAR>). This is a non-incremental search. By +default, this command is unbound. + +<DT><CODE>history-search-backward ()</CODE> +<DD> +<A NAME="IDX44"></A> +Search backward through the history for the string of characters +between the start of the current line and the point. This +is a non-incremental search. By default, this command is unbound. + +<DT><CODE>yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)</CODE> +<DD> +<A NAME="IDX45"></A> +Insert the first argument to the previous command (usually +the second word on the previous line). With an argument <VAR>n</VAR>, +insert the <VAR>n</VAR>th word from the previous command (the words +in the previous command begin with word 0). A negative argument +inserts the <VAR>n</VAR>th word from the end of the previous command. + +<DT><CODE>yank-last-arg (M-., M-_)</CODE> +<DD> +<A NAME="IDX46"></A> +Insert last argument to the previous command (the last word of the +previous history entry). With an +argument, behave exactly like <CODE>yank-nth-arg</CODE>. +Successive calls to <CODE>yank-last-arg</CODE> move back through the history +list, inserting the last argument of each line in turn. + +</DL> + + + +<H3><A NAME="SEC16" HREF="readline.html#TOC16">Commands For Changing Text</A></H3> + +<DL COMPACT> + +<DT><CODE>delete-char (C-d)</CODE> +<DD> +<A NAME="IDX47"></A> +Delete the character under the cursor. If the cursor is at the +beginning of the line, there are no characters in the line, and +the last character typed was not bound to <CODE>delete-char</CODE>, then +return <CODE>EOF</CODE>. + +<DT><CODE>backward-delete-char (Rubout)</CODE> +<DD> +<A NAME="IDX48"></A> +Delete the character behind the cursor. A numeric argument means +to kill the characters instead of deleting them. + +<DT><CODE>forward-backward-delete-char ()</CODE> +<DD> +<A NAME="IDX49"></A> +Delete the character under the cursor, unless the cursor is at the +end of the line, in which case the character behind the cursor is +deleted. By default, this is not bound to a key. + +<DT><CODE>quoted-insert (C-q, C-v)</CODE> +<DD> +<A NAME="IDX50"></A> +Add the next character typed to the line verbatim. This is +how to insert key sequences like <KBD>C-q</KBD>, for example. + +<DT><CODE>tab-insert (M-TAB)</CODE> +<DD> +<A NAME="IDX51"></A> +Insert a tab character. + +<DT><CODE>self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, ...)</CODE> +<DD> +<A NAME="IDX52"></A> +Insert yourself. + +<DT><CODE>transpose-chars (C-t)</CODE> +<DD> +<A NAME="IDX53"></A> +Drag the character before the cursor forward over +the character at the cursor, moving the +cursor forward as well. If the insertion point +is at the end of the line, then this +transposes the last two characters of the line. +Negative arguments don't work. + +<DT><CODE>transpose-words (M-t)</CODE> +<DD> +<A NAME="IDX54"></A> +Drag the word behind the cursor past the word in front of the cursor +moving the cursor over that word as well. + +<DT><CODE>upcase-word (M-u)</CODE> +<DD> +<A NAME="IDX55"></A> +Uppercase the current (or following) word. With a negative argument, +uppercase the previous word, but do not move the cursor. + +<DT><CODE>downcase-word (M-l)</CODE> +<DD> +<A NAME="IDX56"></A> +Lowercase the current (or following) word. With a negative argument, +lowercase the previous word, but do not move the cursor. + +<DT><CODE>capitalize-word (M-c)</CODE> +<DD> +<A NAME="IDX57"></A> +Capitalize the current (or following) word. With a negative argument, +capitalize the previous word, but do not move the cursor. + +</DL> + + + +<H3><A NAME="SEC17" HREF="readline.html#TOC17">Killing And Yanking</A></H3> + +<DL COMPACT> + +<DT><CODE>kill-line (C-k)</CODE> +<DD> +<A NAME="IDX58"></A> +Kill the text from the current cursor position to the end of the line. + +<DT><CODE>backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)</CODE> +<DD> +<A NAME="IDX59"></A> +Kill backward to the beginning of the line. + +<DT><CODE>unix-line-discard (C-u)</CODE> +<DD> +<A NAME="IDX60"></A> +Kill backward from the cursor to the beginning of the current line. +The killed text is saved on the kill-ring. + +<DT><CODE>kill-whole-line ()</CODE> +<DD> +<A NAME="IDX61"></A> +Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where the +cursor is. By default, this is unbound. + +<DT><CODE>kill-word (M-d)</CODE> +<DD> +<A NAME="IDX62"></A> +Kill from the cursor to the end of the current word, or if between +words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the same +as <CODE>forward-word</CODE>. + +<DT><CODE>backward-kill-word (M-DEL)</CODE> +<DD> +<A NAME="IDX63"></A> +Kill the word behind the cursor. Word boundaries are the same +as <CODE>backward-word</CODE>. + +<DT><CODE>unix-word-rubout (C-w)</CODE> +<DD> +<A NAME="IDX64"></A> +Kill the word behind the cursor, using white space as a word +boundary. The killed text is saved on the kill-ring. + +<DT><CODE>delete-horizontal-space ()</CODE> +<DD> +<A NAME="IDX65"></A> +Delete all spaces and tabs around point. By default, this is unbound. + +<DT><CODE>kill-region ()</CODE> +<DD> +<A NAME="IDX66"></A> +Kill the text between the point and the <EM>mark</EM> (saved +cursor position). This text is referred to as the <VAR>region</VAR>. +By default, this command is unbound. + +<DT><CODE>copy-region-as-kill ()</CODE> +<DD> +<A NAME="IDX67"></A> +Copy the text in the region to the kill buffer, so it can be yanked +right away. By default, this command is unbound. + +<DT><CODE>copy-backward-word ()</CODE> +<DD> +<A NAME="IDX68"></A> +Copy the word before point to the kill buffer. +The word boundaries are the same as <CODE>backward-word</CODE>. +By default, this command is unbound. + +<DT><CODE>copy-forward-word ()</CODE> +<DD> +<A NAME="IDX69"></A> +Copy the word following point to the kill buffer. +The word boundaries are the same as <CODE>forward-word</CODE>. +By default, this command is unbound. + +<DT><CODE>yank (C-y)</CODE> +<DD> +<A NAME="IDX70"></A> +Yank the top of the kill ring into the buffer at the current +cursor position. + +<DT><CODE>yank-pop (M-y)</CODE> +<DD> +<A NAME="IDX71"></A> +Rotate the kill-ring, and yank the new top. You can only do this if +the prior command is yank or yank-pop. +</DL> + + + +<H3><A NAME="SEC18" HREF="readline.html#TOC18">Specifying Numeric Arguments</A></H3> +<DL COMPACT> + +<DT><CODE>digit-argument (M-0, M-1, ... M--)</CODE> +<DD> +<A NAME="IDX72"></A> +Add this digit to the argument already accumulating, or start a new +argument. <KBD>M--</KBD> starts a negative argument. + +<DT><CODE>universal-argument ()</CODE> +<DD> +<A NAME="IDX73"></A> +This is another way to specify an argument. +If this command is followed by one or more digits, optionally with a +leading minus sign, those digits define the argument. +If the command is followed by digits, executing <CODE>universal-argument</CODE> +again ends the numeric argument, but is otherwise ignored. +As a special case, if this command is immediately followed by a +character that is neither a digit or minus sign, the argument count +for the next command is multiplied by four. +The argument count is initially one, so executing this function the +first time makes the argument count four, a second time makes the +argument count sixteen, and so on. +By default, this is not bound to a key. +</DL> + + + +<H3><A NAME="SEC19" HREF="readline.html#TOC19">Letting Readline Type For You</A></H3> + +<DL COMPACT> + +<DT><CODE>complete (TAB)</CODE> +<DD> +<A NAME="IDX74"></A> +Attempt to do completion on the text before the cursor. This is +application-specific. Generally, if you are typing a filename +argument, you can do filename completion; if you are typing a command, +you can do command completion; if you are typing in a symbol to GDB, you +can do symbol name completion; if you are typing in a variable to Bash, +you can do variable name completion, and so on. + +<DT><CODE>possible-completions (M-?)</CODE> +<DD> +<A NAME="IDX75"></A> +List the possible completions of the text before the cursor. + +<DT><CODE>insert-completions (M-*)</CODE> +<DD> +<A NAME="IDX76"></A> +Insert all completions of the text before point that would have +been generated by <CODE>possible-completions</CODE>. + +<DT><CODE>menu-complete ()</CODE> +<DD> +<A NAME="IDX77"></A> +Similar to <CODE>complete</CODE>, but replaces the word to be completed +with a single match from the list of possible completions. +Repeated execution of <CODE>menu-complete</CODE> steps through the list +of possible completions, inserting each match in turn. +At the end of the list of completions, the bell is rung and the +original text is restored. +An argument of <VAR>n</VAR> moves <VAR>n</VAR> positions forward in the list +of matches; a negative argument may be used to move backward +through the list. +This command is intended to be bound to <CODE>TAB</CODE>, but is unbound +by default. + +<DT><CODE>delete-char-or-list ()</CODE> +<DD> +<A NAME="IDX78"></A> +Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the beginning or +end of the line (like <CODE>delete-char</CODE>). +If at the end of the line, behaves identically to +<CODE>possible-completions</CODE>. +This command is unbound by default. + +</DL> + + + +<H3><A NAME="SEC20" HREF="readline.html#TOC20">Keyboard Macros</A></H3> +<DL COMPACT> + +<DT><CODE>start-kbd-macro (C-x ()</CODE> +<DD> +<A NAME="IDX79"></A> +Begin saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro. + +<DT><CODE>end-kbd-macro (C-x ))</CODE> +<DD> +<A NAME="IDX80"></A> +Stop saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro +and save the definition. + +<DT><CODE>call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)</CODE> +<DD> +<A NAME="IDX81"></A> +Re-execute the last keyboard macro defined, by making the characters +in the macro appear as if typed at the keyboard. + +</DL> + + + +<H3><A NAME="SEC21" HREF="readline.html#TOC21">Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></H3> +<DL COMPACT> + +<DT><CODE>re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)</CODE> +<DD> +<A NAME="IDX82"></A> +Read in the contents of the inputrc file, and incorporate +any bindings or variable assignments found there. + +<DT><CODE>abort (C-g)</CODE> +<DD> +<A NAME="IDX83"></A> +Abort the current editing command and +ring the terminal's bell (subject to the setting of +<CODE>bell-style</CODE>). + +<DT><CODE>do-uppercase-version (M-a, M-b, M-<VAR>x</VAR>, ...)</CODE> +<DD> +<A NAME="IDX84"></A> +If the metafied character <VAR>x</VAR> is lowercase, run the command +that is bound to the corresponding uppercase character. + +<DT><CODE>prefix-meta (ESC)</CODE> +<DD> +<A NAME="IDX85"></A> +Make the next character typed be metafied. This is for keyboards +without a meta key. Typing <SAMP>`ESC f'</SAMP> is equivalent to typing +<SAMP>`M-f'</SAMP>. + +<DT><CODE>undo (C-_, C-x C-u)</CODE> +<DD> +<A NAME="IDX86"></A> +Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line. + +<DT><CODE>revert-line (M-r)</CODE> +<DD> +<A NAME="IDX87"></A> +Undo all changes made to this line. This is like executing the <CODE>undo</CODE> +command enough times to get back to the beginning. + +<DT><CODE>tilde-expand (M-~)</CODE> +<DD> +<A NAME="IDX88"></A> +Perform tilde expansion on the current word. + +<DT><CODE>set-mark (C-@)</CODE> +<DD> +<A NAME="IDX89"></A> +Set the mark to the current point. If a +numeric argument is supplied, the mark is set to that position. + +<DT><CODE>exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)</CODE> +<DD> +<A NAME="IDX90"></A> +Swap the point with the mark. The current cursor position is set to +the saved position, and the old cursor position is saved as the mark. + +<DT><CODE>character-search (C-])</CODE> +<DD> +<A NAME="IDX91"></A> +A character is read and point is moved to the next occurrence of that +character. A negative count searches for previous occurrences. + +<DT><CODE>character-search-backward (M-C-])</CODE> +<DD> +<A NAME="IDX92"></A> +A character is read and point is moved to the previous occurrence +of that character. A negative count searches for subsequent +occurrences. + +<DT><CODE>insert-comment (M-#)</CODE> +<DD> +<A NAME="IDX93"></A> +The value of the <CODE>comment-begin</CODE> +variable is inserted at the beginning of the current line, +and the line is accepted as if a newline had been typed. + +<DT><CODE>dump-functions ()</CODE> +<DD> +<A NAME="IDX94"></A> +Print all of the functions and their key bindings to the +Readline output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, +the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part +of an <VAR>inputrc</VAR> file. This command is unbound by default. + +<DT><CODE>dump-variables ()</CODE> +<DD> +<A NAME="IDX95"></A> +Print all of the settable variables and their values to the +Readline output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, +the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part +of an <VAR>inputrc</VAR> file. This command is unbound by default. + +<DT><CODE>dump-macros ()</CODE> +<DD> +<A NAME="IDX96"></A> +Print all of the Readline key sequences bound to macros and the +strings they ouput. If a numeric argument is supplied, +the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part +of an <VAR>inputrc</VAR> file. This command is unbound by default. + +</DL> + + + +<H2><A NAME="SEC22" HREF="readline.html#TOC22">Readline vi Mode</A></H2> + +<P> +While the Readline library does not have a full set of <CODE>vi</CODE> +editing functions, it does contain enough to allow simple editing +of the line. The Readline <CODE>vi</CODE> mode behaves as specified in +the POSIX 1003.2 standard. + +</P> +<P> +In order to switch interactively between <CODE>emacs</CODE> and <CODE>vi</CODE> +editing modes, use the command M-C-j (toggle-editing-mode). +The Readline default is <CODE>emacs</CODE> mode. + +</P> +<P> +When you enter a line in <CODE>vi</CODE> mode, you are already placed in +`insertion' mode, as if you had typed an <SAMP>`i'</SAMP>. Pressing <KBD>ESC</KBD> +switches you into `command' mode, where you can edit the text of the +line with the standard <CODE>vi</CODE> movement keys, move to previous +history lines with <SAMP>`k'</SAMP> and subsequent lines with <SAMP>`j'</SAMP>, and +so forth. + +</P> + + + +<H1><A NAME="SEC23" HREF="readline.html#TOC23">Programming with GNU Readline</A></H1> + +<P> +This chapter describes the interface between the GNU Readline Library and +other programs. If you are a programmer, and you wish to include the +features found in GNU Readline +such as completion, line editing, and interactive history manipulation +in your own programs, this section is for you. + +</P> + +<UL> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#SEC24">Basic Behavior</A>: Using the default behavior of Readline. +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#SEC25">Custom Functions</A>: Adding your own functions to Readline. +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#SEC28">Readline Variables</A>: Variables accessible to custom + functions. +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#SEC29">Readline Convenience Functions</A>: Functions which Readline supplies to + aid in writing your own custom + functions. +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#SEC40">Readline Signal Handling</A>: How Readline behaves when it receives signals. +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#SEC41">Custom Completers</A>: Supplanting or supplementing Readline's + completion functions. +</UL> + + + +<H2><A NAME="SEC24" HREF="readline.html#TOC24">Basic Behavior</A></H2> + +<P> +Many programs provide a command line interface, such as <CODE>mail</CODE>, +<CODE>ftp</CODE>, and <CODE>sh</CODE>. For such programs, the default behaviour of +Readline is sufficient. This section describes how to use Readline in +the simplest way possible, perhaps to replace calls in your code to +<CODE>gets()</CODE> or <CODE>fgets ()</CODE>. + +</P> +<P> +<A NAME="IDX97"></A> +<A NAME="IDX98"></A> +The function <CODE>readline ()</CODE> prints a prompt and then reads and returns +a single line of text from the user. The line <CODE>readline</CODE> +returns is allocated with <CODE>malloc ()</CODE>; you should <CODE>free ()</CODE> +the line when you are done with it. The declaration for <CODE>readline</CODE> +in ANSI C is + +</P> + +<PRE> +<CODE>char *readline (char *<VAR>prompt</VAR>);</CODE> +</PRE> + +<P> +So, one might say + +<PRE> +<CODE>char *line = readline ("Enter a line: ");</CODE> +</PRE> + +<P> +in order to read a line of text from the user. +The line returned has the final newline removed, so only the +text remains. + +</P> +<P> +If <CODE>readline</CODE> encounters an <CODE>EOF</CODE> while reading the line, and the +line is empty at that point, then <CODE>(char *)NULL</CODE> is returned. +Otherwise, the line is ended just as if a newline had been typed. + +</P> +<P> +If you want the user to be able to get at the line later, (with +<KBD>C-p</KBD> for example), you must call <CODE>add_history ()</CODE> to save the +line away in a <EM>history</EM> list of such lines. + +</P> + +<PRE> +<CODE>add_history (line)</CODE>; +</PRE> + +<P> +For full details on the GNU History Library, see the associated manual. + +</P> +<P> +It is preferable to avoid saving empty lines on the history list, since +users rarely have a burning need to reuse a blank line. Here is +a function which usefully replaces the standard <CODE>gets ()</CODE> library +function, and has the advantage of no static buffer to overflow: + +</P> + +<PRE> +/* A static variable for holding the line. */ +static char *line_read = (char *)NULL; + +/* Read a string, and return a pointer to it. Returns NULL on EOF. */ +char * +rl_gets () +{ + /* If the buffer has already been allocated, return the memory + to the free pool. */ + if (line_read) + { + free (line_read); + line_read = (char *)NULL; + } + + /* Get a line from the user. */ + line_read = readline (""); + + /* If the line has any text in it, save it on the history. */ + if (line_read && *line_read) + add_history (line_read); + + return (line_read); +} +</PRE> + +<P> +This function gives the user the default behaviour of <KBD>TAB</KBD> +completion: completion on file names. If you do not want Readline to +complete on filenames, you can change the binding of the <KBD>TAB</KBD> key +with <CODE>rl_bind_key ()</CODE>. + +</P> + +<PRE> +<CODE>int rl_bind_key (int <VAR>key</VAR>, int (*<VAR>function</VAR>)());</CODE> +</PRE> + +<P> +<CODE>rl_bind_key ()</CODE> takes two arguments: <VAR>key</VAR> is the character that +you want to bind, and <VAR>function</VAR> is the address of the function to +call when <VAR>key</VAR> is pressed. Binding <KBD>TAB</KBD> to <CODE>rl_insert ()</CODE> +makes <KBD>TAB</KBD> insert itself. +<CODE>rl_bind_key ()</CODE> returns non-zero if <VAR>key</VAR> is not a valid +ASCII character code (between 0 and 255). + +</P> +<P> +Thus, to disable the default <KBD>TAB</KBD> behavior, the following suffices: + +<PRE> +<CODE>rl_bind_key ('\t', rl_insert);</CODE> +</PRE> + +<P> +This code should be executed once at the start of your program; you +might write a function called <CODE>initialize_readline ()</CODE> which +performs this and other desired initializations, such as installing +custom completers (see section <A HREF="readline.html#SEC41">Custom Completers</A>). + +</P> + + +<H2><A NAME="SEC25" HREF="readline.html#TOC25">Custom Functions</A></H2> + +<P> +Readline provides many functions for manipulating the text of +the line, but it isn't possible to anticipate the needs of all +programs. This section describes the various functions and variables +defined within the Readline library which allow a user program to add +customized functionality to Readline. + +</P> + +<UL> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#SEC26">The Function Type</A>: C declarations to make code readable. +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#SEC27">Function Writing</A>: Variables and calling conventions. +</UL> + + + +<H3><A NAME="SEC26" HREF="readline.html#TOC26">The Function Type</A></H3> + +<P> +For readabilty, we declare a new type of object, called +<EM>Function</EM>. A <CODE>Function</CODE> is a C function which +returns an <CODE>int</CODE>. The type declaration for <CODE>Function</CODE> is: + +</P> +<P> +<CODE>typedef int Function ();</CODE> + +</P> +<P> +The reason for declaring this new type is to make it easier to write +code describing pointers to C functions. Let us say we had a variable +called <VAR>func</VAR> which was a pointer to a function. Instead of the +classic C declaration + +</P> +<P> +<CODE>int (*)()func;</CODE> + +</P> +<P> +we may write + +</P> +<P> +<CODE>Function *func;</CODE> + +</P> +<P> +Similarly, there are + +</P> + +<PRE> +typedef void VFunction (); +typedef char *CPFunction (); and +typedef char **CPPFunction (); +</PRE> + +<P> +for functions returning no value, <CODE>pointer to char</CODE>, and +<CODE>pointer to pointer to char</CODE>, respectively. + +</P> + + +<H3><A NAME="SEC27" HREF="readline.html#TOC27">Writing a New Function</A></H3> + +<P> +In order to write new functions for Readline, you need to know the +calling conventions for keyboard-invoked functions, and the names of the +variables that describe the current state of the line read so far. + +</P> +<P> +The calling sequence for a command <CODE>foo</CODE> looks like + +</P> + +<PRE> +<CODE>foo (int count, int key)</CODE> +</PRE> + +<P> +where <VAR>count</VAR> is the numeric argument (or 1 if defaulted) and +<VAR>key</VAR> is the key that invoked this function. + +</P> +<P> +It is completely up to the function as to what should be done with the +numeric argument. Some functions use it as a repeat count, some +as a flag, and others to choose alternate behavior (refreshing the current +line as opposed to refreshing the screen, for example). Some choose to +ignore it. In general, if a +function uses the numeric argument as a repeat count, it should be able +to do something useful with both negative and positive arguments. +At the very least, it should be aware that it can be passed a +negative argument. + +</P> + + +<H2><A NAME="SEC28" HREF="readline.html#TOC28">Readline Variables</A></H2> + +<P> +These variables are available to function writers. + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Variable:</U> char * <B>rl_line_buffer</B> +<DD><A NAME="IDX99"></A> +This is the line gathered so far. You are welcome to modify the +contents of the line, but see section <A HREF="readline.html#SEC34">Allowing Undoing</A>. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Variable:</U> int <B>rl_point</B> +<DD><A NAME="IDX100"></A> +The offset of the current cursor position in <CODE>rl_line_buffer</CODE> +(the <EM>point</EM>). +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Variable:</U> int <B>rl_end</B> +<DD><A NAME="IDX101"></A> +The number of characters present in <CODE>rl_line_buffer</CODE>. When +<CODE>rl_point</CODE> is at the end of the line, <CODE>rl_point</CODE> and +<CODE>rl_end</CODE> are equal. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Variable:</U> int <B>rl_mark</B> +<DD><A NAME="IDX102"></A> +The mark (saved position) in the current line. If set, the mark +and point define a <EM>region</EM>. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Variable:</U> int <B>rl_done</B> +<DD><A NAME="IDX103"></A> +Setting this to a non-zero value causes Readline to return the current +line immediately. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Variable:</U> int <B>rl_pending_input</B> +<DD><A NAME="IDX104"></A> +Setting this to a value makes it the next keystroke read. This is a +way to stuff a single character into the input stream. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Variable:</U> int <B>rl_erase_empty_line</B> +<DD><A NAME="IDX105"></A> +Setting this to a non-zero value causes Readline to completely erase +the current line, including any prompt, any time a newline is typed as +the only character on an otherwise-empty line. The cursor is moved to +the beginning of the newly-blank line. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Variable:</U> char * <B>rl_prompt</B> +<DD><A NAME="IDX106"></A> +The prompt Readline uses. This is set from the argument to +<CODE>readline ()</CODE>, and should not be assigned to directly. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Variable:</U> char * <B>rl_library_version</B> +<DD><A NAME="IDX107"></A> +The version number of this revision of the library. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Variable:</U> char * <B>rl_terminal_name</B> +<DD><A NAME="IDX108"></A> +The terminal type, used for initialization. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Variable:</U> char * <B>rl_readline_name</B> +<DD><A NAME="IDX109"></A> +This variable is set to a unique name by each application using Readline. +The value allows conditional parsing of the inputrc file +(see section <A HREF="readline.html#SEC11">Conditional Init Constructs</A>). +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Variable:</U> FILE * <B>rl_instream</B> +<DD><A NAME="IDX110"></A> +The stdio stream from which Readline reads input. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Variable:</U> FILE * <B>rl_outstream</B> +<DD><A NAME="IDX111"></A> +The stdio stream to which Readline performs output. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Variable:</U> Function * <B>rl_startup_hook</B> +<DD><A NAME="IDX112"></A> +If non-zero, this is the address of a function to call just +before <CODE>readline</CODE> prints the first prompt. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Variable:</U> Function * <B>rl_pre_input_hook</B> +<DD><A NAME="IDX113"></A> +If non-zero, this is the address of a function to call after +the first prompt has been printed and just before <CODE>readline</CODE> +starts reading input characters. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Variable:</U> Function * <B>rl_event_hook</B> +<DD><A NAME="IDX114"></A> +If non-zero, this is the address of a function to call periodically +when readline is waiting for terminal input. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Variable:</U> Function * <B>rl_getc_function</B> +<DD><A NAME="IDX115"></A> +If non-zero, <CODE>readline</CODE> will call indirectly through this pointer +to get a character from the input stream. By default, it is set to +<CODE>rl_getc</CODE>, the default <CODE>readline</CODE> character input function +(see section <A HREF="readline.html#SEC37">Utility Functions</A>). +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Variable:</U> VFunction * <B>rl_redisplay_function</B> +<DD><A NAME="IDX116"></A> +If non-zero, <CODE>readline</CODE> will call indirectly through this pointer +to update the display with the current contents of the editing buffer. +By default, it is set to <CODE>rl_redisplay</CODE>, the default <CODE>readline</CODE> +redisplay function (see section <A HREF="readline.html#SEC35">Redisplay</A>). +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Variable:</U> Keymap <B>rl_executing_keymap</B> +<DD><A NAME="IDX117"></A> +This variable is set to the keymap (see section <A HREF="readline.html#SEC31">Selecting a Keymap</A>) in which the +currently executing readline function was found. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Variable:</U> Keymap <B>rl_binding_keymap</B> +<DD><A NAME="IDX118"></A> +This variable is set to the keymap (see section <A HREF="readline.html#SEC31">Selecting a Keymap</A>) in which the +last key binding occurred. +</DL> + +</P> + + +<H2><A NAME="SEC29" HREF="readline.html#TOC29">Readline Convenience Functions</A></H2> + + +<UL> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#SEC30">Function Naming</A>: How to give a function you write a name. +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#SEC31">Keymaps</A>: Making keymaps. +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#SEC32">Binding Keys</A>: Changing Keymaps. +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#SEC33">Associating Function Names and Bindings</A>: Translate function names to + key sequences. +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#SEC34">Allowing Undoing</A>: How to make your functions undoable. +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#SEC35">Redisplay</A>: Functions to control line display. +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#SEC36">Modifying Text</A>: Functions to modify <CODE>rl_line_buffer</CODE>. +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#SEC37">Utility Functions</A>: Generally useful functions and hooks. +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#SEC38">Alternate Interface</A>: Using Readline in a `callback' fashion. +</UL> + + + +<H3><A NAME="SEC30" HREF="readline.html#TOC30">Naming a Function</A></H3> + +<P> +The user can dynamically change the bindings of keys while using +Readline. This is done by representing the function with a descriptive +name. The user is able to type the descriptive name when referring to +the function. Thus, in an init file, one might find + +</P> + +<PRE> +Meta-Rubout: backward-kill-word +</PRE> + +<P> +This binds the keystroke <KBD>Meta-Rubout</KBD> to the function +<EM>descriptively</EM> named <CODE>backward-kill-word</CODE>. You, as the +programmer, should bind the functions you write to descriptive names as +well. Readline provides a function for doing that: + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_add_defun</B> <I>(char *name, Function *function, int key)</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX119"></A> +Add <VAR>name</VAR> to the list of named functions. Make <VAR>function</VAR> be +the function that gets called. If <VAR>key</VAR> is not -1, then bind it to +<VAR>function</VAR> using <CODE>rl_bind_key ()</CODE>. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +Using this function alone is sufficient for most applications. It is +the recommended way to add a few functions to the default functions that +Readline has built in. If you need to do something other +than adding a function to Readline, you may need to use the +underlying functions described below. + +</P> + + +<H3><A NAME="SEC31" HREF="readline.html#TOC31">Selecting a Keymap</A></H3> + +<P> +Key bindings take place on a <EM>keymap</EM>. The keymap is the +association between the keys that the user types and the functions that +get run. You can make your own keymaps, copy existing keymaps, and tell +Readline which keymap to use. + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> Keymap <B>rl_make_bare_keymap</B> <I>()</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX120"></A> +Returns a new, empty keymap. The space for the keymap is allocated with +<CODE>malloc ()</CODE>; you should <CODE>free ()</CODE> it when you are done. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> Keymap <B>rl_copy_keymap</B> <I>(Keymap map)</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX121"></A> +Return a new keymap which is a copy of <VAR>map</VAR>. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> Keymap <B>rl_make_keymap</B> <I>()</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX122"></A> +Return a new keymap with the printing characters bound to rl_insert, +the lowercase Meta characters bound to run their equivalents, and +the Meta digits bound to produce numeric arguments. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> void <B>rl_discard_keymap</B> <I>(Keymap keymap)</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX123"></A> +Free the storage associated with <VAR>keymap</VAR>. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +Readline has several internal keymaps. These functions allow you to +change which keymap is active. + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> Keymap <B>rl_get_keymap</B> <I>()</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX124"></A> +Returns the currently active keymap. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> void <B>rl_set_keymap</B> <I>(Keymap keymap)</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX125"></A> +Makes <VAR>keymap</VAR> the currently active keymap. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> Keymap <B>rl_get_keymap_by_name</B> <I>(char *name)</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX126"></A> +Return the keymap matching <VAR>name</VAR>. <VAR>name</VAR> is one which would +be supplied in a <CODE>set keymap</CODE> inputrc line (see section <A HREF="readline.html#SEC9">Readline Init File</A>). +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> char * <B>rl_get_keymap_name</B> <I>(Keymap keymap)</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX127"></A> +Return the name matching <VAR>keymap</VAR>. <VAR>name</VAR> is one which would +be supplied in a <CODE>set keymap</CODE> inputrc line (see section <A HREF="readline.html#SEC9">Readline Init File</A>). +</DL> + +</P> + + +<H3><A NAME="SEC32" HREF="readline.html#TOC32">Binding Keys</A></H3> + +<P> +You associate keys with functions through the keymap. Readline has +several internal keymaps: <CODE>emacs_standard_keymap</CODE>, +<CODE>emacs_meta_keymap</CODE>, <CODE>emacs_ctlx_keymap</CODE>, +<CODE>vi_movement_keymap</CODE>, and <CODE>vi_insertion_keymap</CODE>. +<CODE>emacs_standard_keymap</CODE> is the default, and the examples in +this manual assume that. + +</P> +<P> +These functions manage key bindings. + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_bind_key</B> <I>(int key, Function *function)</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX128"></A> +Binds <VAR>key</VAR> to <VAR>function</VAR> in the currently active keymap. +Returns non-zero in the case of an invalid <VAR>key</VAR>. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_bind_key_in_map</B> <I>(int key, Function *function, Keymap map)</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX129"></A> +Bind <VAR>key</VAR> to <VAR>function</VAR> in <VAR>map</VAR>. Returns non-zero in the case +of an invalid <VAR>key</VAR>. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_unbind_key</B> <I>(int key)</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX130"></A> +Bind <VAR>key</VAR> to the null function in the currently active keymap. +Returns non-zero in case of error. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_unbind_key_in_map</B> <I>(int key, Keymap map)</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX131"></A> +Bind <VAR>key</VAR> to the null function in <VAR>map</VAR>. +Returns non-zero in case of error. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_unbind_function_in_map</B> <I>(Function *function, Keymap map)</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX132"></A> +Unbind all keys that execute <VAR>function</VAR> in <VAR>map</VAR>. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_unbind_command_in_map</B> <I>(char *command, Keymap map)</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX133"></A> +Unbind all keys that are bound to <VAR>command</VAR> in <VAR>map</VAR>. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_generic_bind</B> <I>(int type, char *keyseq, char *data, Keymap map)</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX134"></A> +Bind the key sequence represented by the string <VAR>keyseq</VAR> to the arbitrary +pointer <VAR>data</VAR>. <VAR>type</VAR> says what kind of data is pointed to by +<VAR>data</VAR>; this can be a function (<CODE>ISFUNC</CODE>), a macro +(<CODE>ISMACR</CODE>), or a keymap (<CODE>ISKMAP</CODE>). This makes new keymaps as +necessary. The initial keymap in which to do bindings is <VAR>map</VAR>. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_parse_and_bind</B> <I>(char *line)</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX135"></A> +Parse <VAR>line</VAR> as if it had been read from the <CODE>inputrc</CODE> file and +perform any key bindings and variable assignments found +(see section <A HREF="readline.html#SEC9">Readline Init File</A>). +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_read_init_file</B> <I>(char *filename)</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX136"></A> +Read keybindings and variable assignments from <VAR>filename</VAR> +(see section <A HREF="readline.html#SEC9">Readline Init File</A>). +</DL> + +</P> + + +<H3><A NAME="SEC33" HREF="readline.html#TOC33">Associating Function Names and Bindings</A></H3> + +<P> +These functions allow you to find out what keys invoke named functions +and the functions invoked by a particular key sequence. + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> Function * <B>rl_named_function</B> <I>(char *name)</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX137"></A> +Return the function with name <VAR>name</VAR>. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> Function * <B>rl_function_of_keyseq</B> <I>(char *keyseq, Keymap map, int *type)</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX138"></A> +Return the function invoked by <VAR>keyseq</VAR> in keymap <VAR>map</VAR>. +If <VAR>map</VAR> is NULL, the current keymap is used. If <VAR>type</VAR> is +not NULL, the type of the object is returned in it (one of <CODE>ISFUNC</CODE>, +<CODE>ISKMAP</CODE>, or <CODE>ISMACR</CODE>). +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> char ** <B>rl_invoking_keyseqs</B> <I>(Function *function)</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX139"></A> +Return an array of strings representing the key sequences used to +invoke <VAR>function</VAR> in the current keymap. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> char ** <B>rl_invoking_keyseqs_in_map</B> <I>(Function *function, Keymap map)</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX140"></A> +Return an array of strings representing the key sequences used to +invoke <VAR>function</VAR> in the keymap <VAR>map</VAR>. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> void <B>rl_function_dumper</B> <I>(int readable)</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX141"></A> +Print the readline function names and the key sequences currently +bound to them to <CODE>rl_outstream</CODE>. If <VAR>readable</VAR> is non-zero, +the list is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an +<CODE>inputrc</CODE> file and re-read. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> void <B>rl_list_funmap_names</B> <I>()</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX142"></A> +Print the names of all bindable Readline functions to <CODE>rl_outstream</CODE>. +</DL> + +</P> + + +<H3><A NAME="SEC34" HREF="readline.html#TOC34">Allowing Undoing</A></H3> + +<P> +Supporting the undo command is a painless thing, and makes your +functions much more useful. It is certainly easy to try +something if you know you can undo it. I could use an undo function for +the stock market. + +</P> +<P> +If your function simply inserts text once, or deletes text once, and +uses <CODE>rl_insert_text ()</CODE> or <CODE>rl_delete_text ()</CODE> to do it, then +undoing is already done for you automatically. + +</P> +<P> +If you do multiple insertions or multiple deletions, or any combination +of these operations, you should group them together into one operation. +This is done with <CODE>rl_begin_undo_group ()</CODE> and +<CODE>rl_end_undo_group ()</CODE>. + +</P> +<P> +The types of events that can be undone are: + +</P> + +<PRE> +enum undo_code { UNDO_DELETE, UNDO_INSERT, UNDO_BEGIN, UNDO_END }; +</PRE> + +<P> +Notice that <CODE>UNDO_DELETE</CODE> means to insert some text, and +<CODE>UNDO_INSERT</CODE> means to delete some text. That is, the undo code +tells undo what to undo, not how to undo it. <CODE>UNDO_BEGIN</CODE> and +<CODE>UNDO_END</CODE> are tags added by <CODE>rl_begin_undo_group ()</CODE> and +<CODE>rl_end_undo_group ()</CODE>. + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_begin_undo_group</B> <I>()</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX143"></A> +Begins saving undo information in a group construct. The undo +information usually comes from calls to <CODE>rl_insert_text ()</CODE> and +<CODE>rl_delete_text ()</CODE>, but could be the result of calls to +<CODE>rl_add_undo ()</CODE>. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_end_undo_group</B> <I>()</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX144"></A> +Closes the current undo group started with <CODE>rl_begin_undo_group +()</CODE>. There should be one call to <CODE>rl_end_undo_group ()</CODE> +for each call to <CODE>rl_begin_undo_group ()</CODE>. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> void <B>rl_add_undo</B> <I>(enum undo_code what, int start, int end, char *text)</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX145"></A> +Remember how to undo an event (according to <VAR>what</VAR>). The affected +text runs from <VAR>start</VAR> to <VAR>end</VAR>, and encompasses <VAR>text</VAR>. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> void <B>free_undo_list</B> <I>()</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX146"></A> +Free the existing undo list. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_do_undo</B> <I>()</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX147"></A> +Undo the first thing on the undo list. Returns <CODE>0</CODE> if there was +nothing to undo, non-zero if something was undone. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +Finally, if you neither insert nor delete text, but directly modify the +existing text (e.g., change its case), call <CODE>rl_modifying ()</CODE> +once, just before you modify the text. You must supply the indices of +the text range that you are going to modify. + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_modifying</B> <I>(int start, int end)</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX148"></A> +Tell Readline to save the text between <VAR>start</VAR> and <VAR>end</VAR> as a +single undo unit. It is assumed that you will subsequently modify +that text. +</DL> + +</P> + + +<H3><A NAME="SEC35" HREF="readline.html#TOC35">Redisplay</A></H3> + +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> void <B>rl_redisplay</B> <I>()</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX149"></A> +Change what's displayed on the screen to reflect the current contents +of <CODE>rl_line_buffer</CODE>. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_forced_update_display</B> <I>()</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX150"></A> +Force the line to be updated and redisplayed, whether or not +Readline thinks the screen display is correct. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_on_new_line</B> <I>()</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX151"></A> +Tell the update routines that we have moved onto a new (empty) line, +usually after ouputting a newline. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_reset_line_state</B> <I>()</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX152"></A> +Reset the display state to a clean state and redisplay the current line +starting on a new line. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_message</B> <I>(va_alist)</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX153"></A> +The arguments are a string as would be supplied to <CODE>printf</CODE>. The +resulting string is displayed in the <EM>echo area</EM>. The echo area +is also used to display numeric arguments and search strings. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_clear_message</B> <I>()</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX154"></A> +Clear the message in the echo area. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> void <B>rl_save_prompt</B> <I>()</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX155"></A> +Save the local Readline prompt display state in preparation for +displaying a new message in the message area with <CODE>rl_message</CODE>. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> void <B>rl_restore_prompt</B> <I>()</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX156"></A> +Restore the local Readline prompt display state saved by the most +recent call to <CODE>rl_save_prompt</CODE>. +</DL> + +</P> + + +<H3><A NAME="SEC36" HREF="readline.html#TOC36">Modifying Text</A></H3> + +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_insert_text</B> <I>(char *text)</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX157"></A> +Insert <VAR>text</VAR> into the line at the current cursor position. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_delete_text</B> <I>(int start, int end)</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX158"></A> +Delete the text between <VAR>start</VAR> and <VAR>end</VAR> in the current line. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> char * <B>rl_copy_text</B> <I>(int start, int end)</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX159"></A> +Return a copy of the text between <VAR>start</VAR> and <VAR>end</VAR> in +the current line. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_kill_text</B> <I>(int start, int end)</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX160"></A> +Copy the text between <VAR>start</VAR> and <VAR>end</VAR> in the current line +to the kill ring, appending or prepending to the last kill if the +last command was a kill command. The text is deleted. +If <VAR>start</VAR> is less than <VAR>end</VAR>, +the text is appended, otherwise prepended. If the last command was +not a kill, a new kill ring slot is used. +</DL> + +</P> + + +<H3><A NAME="SEC37" HREF="readline.html#TOC37">Utility Functions</A></H3> + +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_read_key</B> <I>()</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX161"></A> +Return the next character available. This handles input inserted into +the input stream via <VAR>pending input</VAR> (see section <A HREF="readline.html#SEC28">Readline Variables</A>) +and <CODE>rl_stuff_char ()</CODE>, macros, and characters read from the keyboard. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_getc</B> <I>(FILE *)</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX162"></A> +Return the next character available from the keyboard. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_stuff_char</B> <I>(int c)</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX163"></A> +Insert <VAR>c</VAR> into the Readline input stream. It will be "read" +before Readline attempts to read characters from the terminal with +<CODE>rl_read_key ()</CODE>. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> rl_extend_line_buffer <B>(int</B> <I>len)</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX164"></A> +Ensure that <CODE>rl_line_buffer</CODE> has enough space to hold <VAR>len</VAR> +characters, possibly reallocating it if necessary. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_initialize</B> <I>()</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX165"></A> +Initialize or re-initialize Readline's internal state. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_reset_terminal</B> <I>(char *terminal_name)</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX166"></A> +Reinitialize Readline's idea of the terminal settings using +<VAR>terminal_name</VAR> as the terminal type (e.g., <CODE>vt100</CODE>). +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>alphabetic</B> <I>(int c)</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX167"></A> +Return 1 if <VAR>c</VAR> is an alphabetic character. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>numeric</B> <I>(int c)</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX168"></A> +Return 1 if <VAR>c</VAR> is a numeric character. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>ding</B> <I>()</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX169"></A> +Ring the terminal bell, obeying the setting of <CODE>bell-style</CODE>. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> void <B>rl_display_match_list</B> <I>(char **matches, int len, int max)</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX170"></A> +A convenience function for displaying a list of strings in +columnar format on Readline's output stream. <CODE>matches</CODE> is the list +of strings, in argv format, such as a list of completion matches. +<CODE>len</CODE> is the number of strings in <CODE>matches</CODE>, and <CODE>max</CODE> +is the length of the longest string in <CODE>matches</CODE>. This function uses +the setting of <CODE>print-completions-horizontally</CODE> to select how the +matches are displayed (see section <A HREF="readline.html#SEC10">Readline Init File Syntax</A>). +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +The following are implemented as macros, defined in <CODE>chartypes.h</CODE>. + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>uppercase_p</B> <I>(int c)</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX171"></A> +Return 1 if <VAR>c</VAR> is an uppercase alphabetic character. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>lowercase_p</B> <I>(int c)</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX172"></A> +Return 1 if <VAR>c</VAR> is a lowercase alphabetic character. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>digit_p</B> <I>(int c)</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX173"></A> +Return 1 if <VAR>c</VAR> is a numeric character. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>to_upper</B> <I>(int c)</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX174"></A> +If <VAR>c</VAR> is a lowercase alphabetic character, return the corresponding +uppercase character. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>to_lower</B> <I>(int c)</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX175"></A> +If <VAR>c</VAR> is an uppercase alphabetic character, return the corresponding +lowercase character. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>digit_value</B> <I>(int c)</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX176"></A> +If <VAR>c</VAR> is a number, return the value it represents. +</DL> + +</P> + + +<H3><A NAME="SEC38" HREF="readline.html#TOC38">Alternate Interface</A></H3> + +<P> +An alternate interface is available to plain <CODE>readline()</CODE>. Some +applications need to interleave keyboard I/O with file, device, or +window system I/O, typically by using a main loop to <CODE>select()</CODE> +on various file descriptors. To accomodate this need, readline can +also be invoked as a `callback' function from an event loop. There +are functions available to make this easy. + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> void <B>rl_callback_handler_install</B> <I>(char *prompt, Vfunction *lhandler)</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX177"></A> +Set up the terminal for readline I/O and display the initial +expanded value of <VAR>prompt</VAR>. Save the value of <VAR>lhandler</VAR> to +use as a callback when a complete line of input has been entered. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> void <B>rl_callback_read_char</B> <I>()</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX178"></A> +Whenever an application determines that keyboard input is available, it +should call <CODE>rl_callback_read_char()</CODE>, which will read the next +character from the current input source. If that character completes the +line, <CODE>rl_callback_read_char</CODE> will invoke the <VAR>lhandler</VAR> +function saved by <CODE>rl_callback_handler_install</CODE> to process the +line. <CODE>EOF</CODE> is indicated by calling <VAR>lhandler</VAR> with a +<CODE>NULL</CODE> line. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> void <B>rl_callback_handler_remove</B> <I>()</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX179"></A> +Restore the terminal to its initial state and remove the line handler. +This may be called from within a callback as well as independently. +</DL> + +</P> + + +<H3><A NAME="SEC39" HREF="readline.html#TOC39">An Example</A></H3> + +<P> +Here is a function which changes lowercase characters to their uppercase +equivalents, and uppercase characters to lowercase. If +this function was bound to <SAMP>`M-c'</SAMP>, then typing <SAMP>`M-c'</SAMP> would +change the case of the character under point. Typing <SAMP>`M-1 0 M-c'</SAMP> +would change the case of the following 10 characters, leaving the cursor on +the last character changed. + +</P> + +<PRE> +/* Invert the case of the COUNT following characters. */ +int +invert_case_line (count, key) + int count, key; +{ + register int start, end, i; + + start = rl_point; + + if (rl_point >= rl_end) + return (0); + + if (count < 0) + { + direction = -1; + count = -count; + } + else + direction = 1; + + /* Find the end of the range to modify. */ + end = start + (count * direction); + + /* Force it to be within range. */ + if (end > rl_end) + end = rl_end; + else if (end < 0) + end = 0; + + if (start == end) + return (0); + + if (start > end) + { + int temp = start; + start = end; + end = temp; + } + + /* Tell readline that we are modifying the line, so it will save + the undo information. */ + rl_modifying (start, end); + + for (i = start; i != end; i++) + { + if (uppercase_p (rl_line_buffer[i])) + rl_line_buffer[i] = to_lower (rl_line_buffer[i]); + else if (lowercase_p (rl_line_buffer[i])) + rl_line_buffer[i] = to_upper (rl_line_buffer[i]); + } + /* Move point to on top of the last character changed. */ + rl_point = (direction == 1) ? end - 1 : start; + return (0); +} +</PRE> + + + +<H2><A NAME="SEC40" HREF="readline.html#TOC40">Readline Signal Handling</A></H2> + +<P> +Signals are asynchronous events sent to a process by the Unix kernel, +sometimes on behalf of another process. They are intended to indicate +exceptional events, like a user pressing the interrupt key on his +terminal, or a network connection being broken. There is a class of +signals that can be sent to the process currently reading input from +the keyboard. Since Readline changes the terminal attributes when it +is called, it needs to perform special processing when a signal is +received to restore the terminal to a sane state, or provide application +writers with functions to do so manually. + +</P> +<P> +Readline contains an internal signal handler that is installed for a +number of signals (<CODE>SIGINT</CODE>, <CODE>SIGQUIT</CODE>, <CODE>SIGTERM</CODE>, +<CODE>SIGALRM</CODE>, <CODE>SIGTSTP</CODE>, <CODE>SIGTTIN</CODE>, and <CODE>SIGTTOU</CODE>). +When one of these signals is received, the signal handler +will reset the terminal attributes to those that were in effect before +<CODE>readline ()</CODE> was called, reset the signal handling to what it was +before <CODE>readline ()</CODE> was called, and resend the signal to the calling +application. +If and when the calling application's signal handler returns, Readline +will reinitialize the terminal and continue to accept input. +When a <CODE>SIGINT</CODE> is received, the Readline signal handler performs +some additional work, which will cause any partially-entered line to be +aborted (see the description of <CODE>rl_free_line_state ()</CODE>). + +</P> +<P> +There is an additional Readline signal handler, for <CODE>SIGWINCH</CODE>, which +the kernel sends to a process whenever the terminal's size changes (for +example, if a user resizes an <CODE>xterm</CODE>). The Readline <CODE>SIGWINCH</CODE> +handler updates Readline's internal screen size state, and then calls any +<CODE>SIGWINCH</CODE> signal handler the calling application has installed. +Readline calls the application's <CODE>SIGWINCH</CODE> signal handler without +resetting the terminal to its original state. If the application's signal +handler does more than update its idea of the terminal size and return (for +example, a <CODE>longjmp</CODE> back to a main processing loop), it <EM>must</EM> +call <CODE>rl_cleanup_after_signal ()</CODE> (described below), to restore the +terminal state. + +</P> +<P> +Readline provides two variables that allow application writers to +control whether or not it will catch certain signals and act on them +when they are received. It is important that applications change the +values of these variables only when calling <CODE>readline ()</CODE>, not in +a signal handler, so Readline's internal signal state is not corrupted. + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Variable:</U> int <B>rl_catch_signals</B> +<DD><A NAME="IDX180"></A> +If this variable is non-zero, Readline will install signal handlers for +<CODE>SIGINT</CODE>, <CODE>SIGQUIT</CODE>, <CODE>SIGTERM</CODE>, <CODE>SIGALRM</CODE>, +<CODE>SIGTSTP</CODE>, <CODE>SIGTTIN</CODE>, and <CODE>SIGTTOU</CODE>. + +</P> +<P> +The default value of <CODE>rl_catch_signals</CODE> is 1. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Variable:</U> int <B>rl_catch_sigwinch</B> +<DD><A NAME="IDX181"></A> +If this variable is non-zero, Readline will install a signal handler for +<CODE>SIGWINCH</CODE>. + +</P> +<P> +The default value of <CODE>rl_catch_sigwinch</CODE> is 1. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +If an application does not wish to have Readline catch any signals, or +to handle signals other than those Readline catches (<CODE>SIGHUP</CODE>, +for example), +Readline provides convenience functions to do the necessary terminal +and internal state cleanup upon receipt of a signal. + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> void <B>rl_cleanup_after_signal</B> <I>(void)</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX182"></A> +This function will reset the state of the terminal to what it was before +<CODE>readline ()</CODE> was called, and remove the Readline signal handlers for +all signals, depending on the values of <CODE>rl_catch_signals</CODE> and +<CODE>rl_catch_sigwinch</CODE>. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> void <B>rl_free_line_state</B> <I>(void)</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX183"></A> +This will free any partial state associated with the current input line +(undo information, any partial history entry, any partially-entered +keyboard macro, and any partially-entered numeric argument). This +should be called before <CODE>rl_cleanup_after_signal ()</CODE>. The +Readline signal handler for <CODE>SIGINT</CODE> calls this to abort the +current input line. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> void <B>rl_reset_after_signal</B> <I>(void)</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX184"></A> +This will reinitialize the terminal and reinstall any Readline signal +handlers, depending on the values of <CODE>rl_catch_signals</CODE> and +<CODE>rl_catch_sigwinch</CODE>. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +If an application does not wish Readline to catch <CODE>SIGWINCH</CODE>, it may +call <CODE>rl_resize_terminal ()</CODE> to force Readline to update its idea of +the terminal size when a <CODE>SIGWINCH</CODE> is received. + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> void <B>rl_resize_terminal</B> <I>(void)</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX185"></A> +Update Readline's internal screen size. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +The following functions install and remove Readline's signal handlers. + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_set_signals</B> <I>(void)</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX186"></A> +Install Readline's signal handler for <CODE>SIGINT</CODE>, <CODE>SIGQUIT</CODE>, +<CODE>SIGTERM</CODE>, <CODE>SIGALRM</CODE>, <CODE>SIGTSTP</CODE>, <CODE>SIGTTIN</CODE>, +<CODE>SIGTTOU</CODE>, and <CODE>SIGWINCH</CODE>, depending on the values of +<CODE>rl_catch_signals</CODE> and <CODE>rl_catch_sigwinch</CODE>. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_clear_signals</B> <I>(void)</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX187"></A> +Remove all of the Readline signal handlers installed by +<CODE>rl_set_signals ()</CODE>. +</DL> + +</P> + + +<H2><A NAME="SEC41" HREF="readline.html#TOC41">Custom Completers</A></H2> + +<P> +Typically, a program that reads commands from the user has a way of +disambiguating commands and data. If your program is one of these, then +it can provide completion for commands, data, or both. +The following sections describe how your program and Readline +cooperate to provide this service. + +</P> + +<UL> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#SEC42">How Completing Works</A>: The logic used to do completion. +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#SEC43">Completion Functions</A>: Functions provided by Readline. +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#SEC44">Completion Variables</A>: Variables which control completion. +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#SEC45">A Short Completion Example</A>: An example of writing completer subroutines. +</UL> + + + +<H3><A NAME="SEC42" HREF="readline.html#TOC42">How Completing Works</A></H3> + +<P> +In order to complete some text, the full list of possible completions +must be available. That is, it is not possible to accurately +expand a partial word without knowing all of the possible words +which make sense in that context. The Readline library provides +the user interface to completion, and two of the most common +completion functions: filename and username. For completing other types +of text, you must write your own completion function. This section +describes exactly what such functions must do, and provides an example. + +</P> +<P> +There are three major functions used to perform completion: + +</P> + +<OL> +<LI> + +The user-interface function <CODE>rl_complete ()</CODE>. This function is +called with the same arguments as other Readline +functions intended for interactive use: <VAR>count</VAR> and +<VAR>invoking_key</VAR>. It isolates the word to be completed and calls +<CODE>completion_matches ()</CODE> to generate a list of possible completions. +It then either lists the possible completions, inserts the possible +completions, or actually performs the +completion, depending on which behavior is desired. + +<LI> + +The internal function <CODE>completion_matches ()</CODE> uses your +<EM>generator</EM> function to generate the list of possible matches, and +then returns the array of these matches. You should place the address +of your generator function in <CODE>rl_completion_entry_function</CODE>. + +<LI> + +The generator function is called repeatedly from +<CODE>completion_matches ()</CODE>, returning a string each time. The +arguments to the generator function are <VAR>text</VAR> and <VAR>state</VAR>. +<VAR>text</VAR> is the partial word to be completed. <VAR>state</VAR> is zero the +first time the function is called, allowing the generator to perform +any necessary initialization, and a positive non-zero integer for +each subsequent call. When the generator function returns +<CODE>(char *)NULL</CODE> this signals <CODE>completion_matches ()</CODE> that there are +no more possibilities left. Usually the generator function computes the +list of possible completions when <VAR>state</VAR> is zero, and returns them +one at a time on subsequent calls. Each string the generator function +returns as a match must be allocated with <CODE>malloc()</CODE>; Readline +frees the strings when it has finished with them. + +</OL> + +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_complete</B> <I>(int ignore, int invoking_key)</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX188"></A> +Complete the word at or before point. You have supplied the function +that does the initial simple matching selection algorithm (see +<CODE>completion_matches ()</CODE>). The default is to do filename completion. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Variable:</U> Function * <B>rl_completion_entry_function</B> +<DD><A NAME="IDX189"></A> +This is a pointer to the generator function for <CODE>completion_matches +()</CODE>. If the value of <CODE>rl_completion_entry_function</CODE> is +<CODE>(Function *)NULL</CODE> then the default filename generator function, +<CODE>filename_completion_function ()</CODE>, is used. +</DL> + +</P> + + +<H3><A NAME="SEC43" HREF="readline.html#TOC43">Completion Functions</A></H3> + +<P> +Here is the complete list of callable completion functions present in +Readline. + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_complete_internal</B> <I>(int what_to_do)</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX190"></A> +Complete the word at or before point. <VAR>what_to_do</VAR> says what to do +with the completion. A value of <SAMP>`?'</SAMP> means list the possible +completions. <SAMP>`TAB'</SAMP> means do standard completion. <SAMP>`*'</SAMP> means +insert all of the possible completions. <SAMP>`!'</SAMP> means to display +all of the possible completions, if there is more than one, as well as +performing partial completion. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_complete</B> <I>(int ignore, int invoking_key)</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX191"></A> +Complete the word at or before point. You have supplied the function +that does the initial simple matching selection algorithm (see +<CODE>completion_matches ()</CODE> and <CODE>rl_completion_entry_function</CODE>). +The default is to do filename +completion. This calls <CODE>rl_complete_internal ()</CODE> with an +argument depending on <VAR>invoking_key</VAR>. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_possible_completions</B> <I>(int count, int invoking_key))</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX192"></A> +List the possible completions. See description of <CODE>rl_complete +()</CODE>. This calls <CODE>rl_complete_internal ()</CODE> with an argument of +<SAMP>`?'</SAMP>. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> int <B>rl_insert_completions</B> <I>(int count, int invoking_key))</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX193"></A> +Insert the list of possible completions into the line, deleting the +partially-completed word. See description of <CODE>rl_complete ()</CODE>. +This calls <CODE>rl_complete_internal ()</CODE> with an argument of <SAMP>`*'</SAMP>. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> char ** <B>completion_matches</B> <I>(char *text, CPFunction *entry_func)</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX194"></A> +Returns an array of <CODE>(char *)</CODE> which is a list of completions for +<VAR>text</VAR>. If there are no completions, returns <CODE>(char **)NULL</CODE>. +The first entry in the returned array is the substitution for <VAR>text</VAR>. +The remaining entries are the possible completions. The array is +terminated with a <CODE>NULL</CODE> pointer. + +</P> +<P> +<VAR>entry_func</VAR> is a function of two args, and returns a +<CODE>(char *)</CODE>. The first argument is <VAR>text</VAR>. The second is a +state argument; it is zero on the first call, and non-zero on subsequent +calls. <VAR>entry_func</VAR> returns a <CODE>NULL</CODE> pointer to the caller +when there are no more matches. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> char * <B>filename_completion_function</B> <I>(char *text, int state)</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX195"></A> +A generator function for filename completion in the general case. Note +that completion in Bash is a little different because of all +the pathnames that must be followed when looking up completions for a +command. The Bash source is a useful reference for writing custom +completion functions. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Function:</U> char * <B>username_completion_function</B> <I>(char *text, int state)</I> +<DD><A NAME="IDX196"></A> +A completion generator for usernames. <VAR>text</VAR> contains a partial +username preceded by a random character (usually <SAMP>`~'</SAMP>). As with all +completion generators, <VAR>state</VAR> is zero on the first call and non-zero +for subsequent calls. +</DL> + +</P> + + +<H3><A NAME="SEC44" HREF="readline.html#TOC44">Completion Variables</A></H3> + +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Variable:</U> Function * <B>rl_completion_entry_function</B> +<DD><A NAME="IDX197"></A> +A pointer to the generator function for <CODE>completion_matches ()</CODE>. +<CODE>NULL</CODE> means to use <CODE>filename_entry_function ()</CODE>, the default +filename completer. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Variable:</U> CPPFunction * <B>rl_attempted_completion_function</B> +<DD><A NAME="IDX198"></A> +A pointer to an alternative function to create matches. +The function is called with <VAR>text</VAR>, <VAR>start</VAR>, and <VAR>end</VAR>. +<VAR>start</VAR> and <VAR>end</VAR> are indices in <CODE>rl_line_buffer</CODE> saying +what the boundaries of <VAR>text</VAR> are. If this function exists and +returns <CODE>NULL</CODE>, or if this variable is set to <CODE>NULL</CODE>, then +<CODE>rl_complete ()</CODE> will call the value of +<CODE>rl_completion_entry_function</CODE> to generate matches, otherwise the +array of strings returned will be used. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Variable:</U> CPFunction * <B>rl_filename_quoting_function</B> +<DD><A NAME="IDX199"></A> +A pointer to a function that will quote a filename in an application- +specific fashion. This is called if filename completion is being +attempted and one of the characters in <CODE>rl_filename_quote_characters</CODE> +appears in a completed filename. The function is called with +<VAR>text</VAR>, <VAR>match_type</VAR>, and <VAR>quote_pointer</VAR>. The <VAR>text</VAR> +is the filename to be quoted. The <VAR>match_type</VAR> is either +<CODE>SINGLE_MATCH</CODE>, if there is only one completion match, or +<CODE>MULT_MATCH</CODE>. Some functions use this to decide whether or not to +insert a closing quote character. The <VAR>quote_pointer</VAR> is a pointer +to any opening quote character the user typed. Some functions choose +to reset this character. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Variable:</U> CPFunction * <B>rl_filename_dequoting_function</B> +<DD><A NAME="IDX200"></A> +A pointer to a function that will remove application-specific quoting +characters from a filename before completion is attempted, so those +characters do not interfere with matching the text against names in +the filesystem. It is called with <VAR>text</VAR>, the text of the word +to be dequoted, and <VAR>quote_char</VAR>, which is the quoting character +that delimits the filename (usually <SAMP>`''</SAMP> or <SAMP>`"'</SAMP>). If +<VAR>quote_char</VAR> is zero, the filename was not in an embedded string. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Variable:</U> Function * <B>rl_char_is_quoted_p</B> +<DD><A NAME="IDX201"></A> +A pointer to a function to call that determines whether or not a specific +character in the line buffer is quoted, according to whatever quoting +mechanism the program calling readline uses. The function is called with +two arguments: <VAR>text</VAR>, the text of the line, and <VAR>index</VAR>, the +index of the character in the line. It is used to decide whether a +character found in <CODE>rl_completer_word_break_characters</CODE> should be +used to break words for the completer. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Variable:</U> int <B>rl_completion_query_items</B> +<DD><A NAME="IDX202"></A> +Up to this many items will be displayed in response to a +possible-completions call. After that, we ask the user if she is sure +she wants to see them all. The default value is 100. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Variable:</U> char * <B>rl_basic_word_break_characters</B> +<DD><A NAME="IDX203"></A> +The basic list of characters that signal a break between words for the +completer routine. The default value of this variable is the characters +which break words for completion in Bash, i.e., +<CODE>" \t\n\"\\'`@$><=;|&{("</CODE>. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Variable:</U> char * <B>rl_basic_quote_characters</B> +<DD><A NAME="IDX204"></A> +List of quote characters which can cause a word break. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Variable:</U> char * <B>rl_completer_word_break_characters</B> +<DD><A NAME="IDX205"></A> +The list of characters that signal a break between words for +<CODE>rl_complete_internal ()</CODE>. The default list is the value of +<CODE>rl_basic_word_break_characters</CODE>. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Variable:</U> char * <B>rl_completer_quote_characters</B> +<DD><A NAME="IDX206"></A> +List of characters which can be used to quote a substring of the line. +Completion occurs on the entire substring, and within the substring +<CODE>rl_completer_word_break_characters</CODE> are treated as any other character, +unless they also appear within this list. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Variable:</U> char * <B>rl_filename_quote_characters</B> +<DD><A NAME="IDX207"></A> +A list of characters that cause a filename to be quoted by the completer +when they appear in a completed filename. The default is the null string. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Variable:</U> char * <B>rl_special_prefixes</B> +<DD><A NAME="IDX208"></A> +The list of characters that are word break characters, but should be +left in <VAR>text</VAR> when it is passed to the completion function. +Programs can use this to help determine what kind of completing to do. +For instance, Bash sets this variable to "$@" so that it can complete +shell variables and hostnames. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Variable:</U> int <B>rl_completion_append_character</B> +<DD><A NAME="IDX209"></A> +When a single completion alternative matches at the end of the command +line, this character is appended to the inserted completion text. The +default is a space character (<SAMP>` '</SAMP>). Setting this to the null +character (<SAMP>`\0'</SAMP>) prevents anything being appended automatically. +This can be changed in custom completion functions to +provide the "most sensible word separator character" according to +an application-specific command line syntax specification. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Variable:</U> int <B>rl_ignore_completion_duplicates</B> +<DD><A NAME="IDX210"></A> +If non-zero, then disallow duplicates in the matches. Default is 1. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Variable:</U> int <B>rl_filename_completion_desired</B> +<DD><A NAME="IDX211"></A> +Non-zero means that the results of the matches are to be treated as +filenames. This is <EM>always</EM> zero on entry, and can only be changed +within a completion entry generator function. If it is set to a non-zero +value, directory names have a slash appended and Readline attempts to +quote completed filenames if they contain any embedded word break +characters. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Variable:</U> int <B>rl_filename_quoting_desired</B> +<DD><A NAME="IDX212"></A> +Non-zero means that the results of the matches are to be quoted using +double quotes (or an application-specific quoting mechanism) if the +completed filename contains any characters in +<CODE>rl_filename_quote_chars</CODE>. This is <EM>always</EM> non-zero +on entry, and can only be changed within a completion entry generator +function. The quoting is effected via a call to the function pointed to +by <CODE>rl_filename_quoting_function</CODE>. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Variable:</U> int <B>rl_inhibit_completion</B> +<DD><A NAME="IDX213"></A> +If this variable is non-zero, completion is inhibit<ed. The completion +character will be inserted as any other bound to <CODE>self-insert</CODE>. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Variable:</U> Function * <B>rl_ignore_some_completions_function</B> +<DD><A NAME="IDX214"></A> +This function, if defined, is called by the completer when real filename +completion is done, after all the matching names have been generated. +It is passed a <CODE>NULL</CODE> terminated array of matches. +The first element (<CODE>matches[0]</CODE>) is the +maximal substring common to all matches. This function can +re-arrange the list of matches as required, but each element deleted +from the array must be freed. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Variable:</U> Function * <B>rl_directory_completion_hook</B> +<DD><A NAME="IDX215"></A> +This function, if defined, is allowed to modify the directory portion +of filenames Readline completes. It is called with the address of a +string (the current directory name) as an argument. It could be used +to expand symbolic links or shell variables in pathnames. +</DL> + +</P> +<P> +<DL> +<DT><U>Variable:</U> VFunction * <B>rl_completion_display_matches_hook</B> +<DD><A NAME="IDX216"></A> +If non-zero, then this is the address of a function to call when +completing a word would normally display the list of possible matches. +This function is called in lieu of Readline displaying the list. +It takes three arguments: +(<CODE>char **</CODE><VAR>matches</VAR>, <CODE>int</CODE> <VAR>num_matches</VAR>, <CODE>int</CODE> <VAR>max_length</VAR>) +where <VAR>matches</VAR> is the array of matching strings, +<VAR>num_matches</VAR> is the number of strings in that array, and +<VAR>max_length</VAR> is the length of the longest string in that array. +Readline provides a convenience function, <CODE>rl_display_match_list</CODE>, +that takes care of doing the display to Readline's output stream. That +function may be called from this hook. +</DL> + +</P> + + +<H3><A NAME="SEC45" HREF="readline.html#TOC45">A Short Completion Example</A></H3> + +<P> +Here is a small application demonstrating the use of the GNU Readline +library. It is called <CODE>fileman</CODE>, and the source code resides in +<TT>`examples/fileman.c'</TT>. This sample application provides +completion of command names, line editing features, and access to the +history list. + +</P> + +<PRE> +/* fileman.c -- A tiny application which demonstrates how to use the + GNU Readline library. This application interactively allows users + to manipulate files and their modes. */ + +#include <stdio.h> +#include <sys/types.h> +#include <sys/file.h> +#include <sys/stat.h> +#include <sys/errno.h> + +#include <readline/readline.h> +#include <readline/history.h> + +extern char *getwd (); +extern char *xmalloc (); + +/* The names of functions that actually do the manipulation. */ +int com_list (), com_view (), com_rename (), com_stat (), com_pwd (); +int com_delete (), com_help (), com_cd (), com_quit (); + +/* A structure which contains information on the commands this program + can understand. */ + +typedef struct { + char *name; /* User printable name of the function. */ + Function *func; /* Function to call to do the job. */ + char *doc; /* Documentation for this function. */ +} COMMAND; + +COMMAND commands[] = { + { "cd", com_cd, "Change to directory DIR" }, + { "delete", com_delete, "Delete FILE" }, + { "help", com_help, "Display this text" }, + { "?", com_help, "Synonym for `help'" }, + { "list", com_list, "List files in DIR" }, + { "ls", com_list, "Synonym for `list'" }, + { "pwd", com_pwd, "Print the current working directory" }, + { "quit", com_quit, "Quit using Fileman" }, + { "rename", com_rename, "Rename FILE to NEWNAME" }, + { "stat", com_stat, "Print out statistics on FILE" }, + { "view", com_view, "View the contents of FILE" }, + { (char *)NULL, (Function *)NULL, (char *)NULL } +}; + +/* Forward declarations. */ +char *stripwhite (); +COMMAND *find_command (); + +/* The name of this program, as taken from argv[0]. */ +char *progname; + +/* When non-zero, this global means the user is done using this program. */ +int done; + +char * +dupstr (s) + int s; +{ + char *r; + + r = xmalloc (strlen (s) + 1); + strcpy (r, s); + return (r); +} + +main (argc, argv) + int argc; + char **argv; +{ + char *line, *s; + + progname = argv[0]; + + initialize_readline (); /* Bind our completer. */ + + /* Loop reading and executing lines until the user quits. */ + for ( ; done == 0; ) + { + line = readline ("FileMan: "); + + if (!line) + break; + + /* Remove leading and trailing whitespace from the line. + Then, if there is anything left, add it to the history list + and execute it. */ + s = stripwhite (line); + + if (*s) + { + add_history (s); + execute_line (s); + } + + free (line); + } + exit (0); +} + +/* Execute a command line. */ +int +execute_line (line) + char *line; +{ + register int i; + COMMAND *command; + char *word; + + /* Isolate the command word. */ + i = 0; + while (line[i] && whitespace (line[i])) + i++; + word = line + i; + + while (line[i] && !whitespace (line[i])) + i++; + + if (line[i]) + line[i++] = '\0'; + + command = find_command (word); + + if (!command) + { + fprintf (stderr, "%s: No such command for FileMan.\n", word); + return (-1); + } + + /* Get argument to command, if any. */ + while (whitespace (line[i])) + i++; + + word = line + i; + + /* Call the function. */ + return ((*(command->func)) (word)); +} + +/* Look up NAME as the name of a command, and return a pointer to that + command. Return a NULL pointer if NAME isn't a command name. */ +COMMAND * +find_command (name) + char *name; +{ + register int i; + + for (i = 0; commands[i].name; i++) + if (strcmp (name, commands[i].name) == 0) + return (&commands[i]); + + return ((COMMAND *)NULL); +} + +/* Strip whitespace from the start and end of STRING. Return a pointer + into STRING. */ +char * +stripwhite (string) + char *string; +{ + register char *s, *t; + + for (s = string; whitespace (*s); s++) + ; + + if (*s == 0) + return (s); + + t = s + strlen (s) - 1; + while (t > s && whitespace (*t)) + t--; + *++t = '\0'; + + return s; +} + +/* **************************************************************** */ +/* */ +/* Interface to Readline Completion */ +/* */ +/* **************************************************************** */ + +char *command_generator (); +char **fileman_completion (); + +/* Tell the GNU Readline library how to complete. We want to try to complete + on command names if this is the first word in the line, or on filenames + if not. */ +initialize_readline () +{ + /* Allow conditional parsing of the ~/.inputrc file. */ + rl_readline_name = "FileMan"; + + /* Tell the completer that we want a crack first. */ + rl_attempted_completion_function = (CPPFunction *)fileman_completion; +} + +/* Attempt to complete on the contents of TEXT. START and END bound the + region of rl_line_buffer that contains the word to complete. TEXT is + the word to complete. We can use the entire contents of rl_line_buffer + in case we want to do some simple parsing. Return the array of matches, + or NULL if there aren't any. */ +char ** +fileman_completion (text, start, end) + char *text; + int start, end; +{ + char **matches; + + matches = (char **)NULL; + + /* If this word is at the start of the line, then it is a command + to complete. Otherwise it is the name of a file in the current + directory. */ + if (start == 0) + matches = completion_matches (text, command_generator); + + return (matches); +} + +/* Generator function for command completion. STATE lets us know whether + to start from scratch; without any state (i.e. STATE == 0), then we + start at the top of the list. */ +char * +command_generator (text, state) + char *text; + int state; +{ + static int list_index, len; + char *name; + + /* If this is a new word to complete, initialize now. This includes + saving the length of TEXT for efficiency, and initializing the index + variable to 0. */ + if (!state) + { + list_index = 0; + len = strlen (text); + } + + /* Return the next name which partially matches from the command list. */ + while (name = commands[list_index].name) + { + list_index++; + + if (strncmp (name, text, len) == 0) + return (dupstr(name)); + } + + /* If no names matched, then return NULL. */ + return ((char *)NULL); +} + +/* **************************************************************** */ +/* */ +/* FileMan Commands */ +/* */ +/* **************************************************************** */ + +/* String to pass to system (). This is for the LIST, VIEW and RENAME + commands. */ +static char syscom[1024]; + +/* List the file(s) named in arg. */ +com_list (arg) + char *arg; +{ + if (!arg) + arg = ""; + + sprintf (syscom, "ls -FClg %s", arg); + return (system (syscom)); +} + +com_view (arg) + char *arg; +{ + if (!valid_argument ("view", arg)) + return 1; + + sprintf (syscom, "more %s", arg); + return (system (syscom)); +} + +com_rename (arg) + char *arg; +{ + too_dangerous ("rename"); + return (1); +} + +com_stat (arg) + char *arg; +{ + struct stat finfo; + + if (!valid_argument ("stat", arg)) + return (1); + + if (stat (arg, &finfo) == -1) + { + perror (arg); + return (1); + } + + printf ("Statistics for `%s':\n", arg); + + printf ("%s has %d link%s, and is %d byte%s in length.\n", arg, + finfo.st_nlink, + (finfo.st_nlink == 1) ? "" : "s", + finfo.st_size, + (finfo.st_size == 1) ? "" : "s"); + printf ("Inode Last Change at: %s", ctime (&finfo.st_ctime)); + printf (" Last access at: %s", ctime (&finfo.st_atime)); + printf (" Last modified at: %s", ctime (&finfo.st_mtime)); + return (0); +} + +com_delete (arg) + char *arg; +{ + too_dangerous ("delete"); + return (1); +} + +/* Print out help for ARG, or for all of the commands if ARG is + not present. */ +com_help (arg) + char *arg; +{ + register int i; + int printed = 0; + + for (i = 0; commands[i].name; i++) + { + if (!*arg || (strcmp (arg, commands[i].name) == 0)) + { + printf ("%s\t\t%s.\n", commands[i].name, commands[i].doc); + printed++; + } + } + + if (!printed) + { + printf ("No commands match `%s'. Possibilties are:\n", arg); + + for (i = 0; commands[i].name; i++) + { + /* Print in six columns. */ + if (printed == 6) + { + printed = 0; + printf ("\n"); + } + + printf ("%s\t", commands[i].name); + printed++; + } + + if (printed) + printf ("\n"); + } + return (0); +} + +/* Change to the directory ARG. */ +com_cd (arg) + char *arg; +{ + if (chdir (arg) == -1) + { + perror (arg); + return 1; + } + + com_pwd (""); + return (0); +} + +/* Print out the current working directory. */ +com_pwd (ignore) + char *ignore; +{ + char dir[1024], *s; + + s = getwd (dir); + if (s == 0) + { + printf ("Error getting pwd: %s\n", dir); + return 1; + } + + printf ("Current directory is %s\n", dir); + return 0; +} + +/* The user wishes to quit using this program. Just set DONE non-zero. */ +com_quit (arg) + char *arg; +{ + done = 1; + return (0); +} + +/* Function which tells you that you can't do this. */ +too_dangerous (caller) + char *caller; +{ + fprintf (stderr, + "%s: Too dangerous for me to distribute. Write it yourself.\n", + caller); +} + +/* Return non-zero if ARG is a valid argument for CALLER, else print + an error message and return zero. */ +int +valid_argument (caller, arg) + char *caller, *arg; +{ + if (!arg || !*arg) + { + fprintf (stderr, "%s: Argument required.\n", caller); + return (0); + } + + return (1); +} +</PRE> + + + +<H1><A NAME="SEC46" HREF="readline.html#TOC46">Concept Index</A></H1> +<P> +Jump to: +<A HREF="#c">c</A> +- +<A HREF="#e">e</A> +- +<A HREF="#i">i</A> +- +<A HREF="#k">k</A> +- +<A HREF="#n">n</A> +- +<A HREF="#r">r</A> +- +<A HREF="#y">y</A> +<P> +<H2><A NAME="c">c</A></H2> +<DIR> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX3">command editing</A> +</DIR> +<H2><A NAME="e">e</A></H2> +<DIR> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX4">editing command lines</A> +</DIR> +<H2><A NAME="i">i</A></H2> +<DIR> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX8">initialization file, readline</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX1">interaction, readline</A> +</DIR> +<H2><A NAME="k">k</A></H2> +<DIR> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX7">kill ring</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX5">killing text</A> +</DIR> +<H2><A NAME="n">n</A></H2> +<DIR> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX2">notation, readline</A> +</DIR> +<H2><A NAME="r">r</A></H2> +<DIR> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX98">readline, function</A> +</DIR> +<H2><A NAME="y">y</A></H2> +<DIR> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX6">yanking text</A> +</DIR> + +</P> + + +<H1><A NAME="SEC47" HREF="readline.html#TOC47">Function and Variable Index</A></H1> +<P> +Jump to: +<A HREF="#(">(</A> +- +<A HREF="#a">a</A> +- +<A HREF="#b">b</A> +- +<A HREF="#c">c</A> +- +<A HREF="#d">d</A> +- +<A HREF="#e">e</A> +- +<A HREF="#f">f</A> +- +<A HREF="#h">h</A> +- +<A HREF="#i">i</A> +- +<A HREF="#k">k</A> +- +<A HREF="#l">l</A> +- +<A HREF="#m">m</A> +- +<A HREF="#n">n</A> +- +<A HREF="#o">o</A> +- +<A HREF="#p">p</A> +- +<A HREF="#q">q</A> +- +<A HREF="#r">r</A> +- +<A HREF="#s">s</A> +- +<A HREF="#t">t</A> +- +<A HREF="#u">u</A> +- +<A HREF="#v">v</A> +- +<A HREF="#y">y</A> +<P> +<H2><A NAME="(">(</A></H2> +<DIR> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX164">(int</A> +</DIR> +<H2><A NAME="a">a</A></H2> +<DIR> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX83">abort (C-g)</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX34">accept-line (Newline, Return)</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX167">alphabetic</A> +</DIR> +<H2><A NAME="b">b</A></H2> +<DIR> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX29">backward-char (C-b)</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX48">backward-delete-char (Rubout)</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX59">backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX63">backward-kill-word (M-DEL)</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX31">backward-word (M-b)</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX37">beginning-of-history (M-&#60;)</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX26">beginning-of-line (C-a)</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX9">bell-style</A> +</DIR> +<H2><A NAME="c">c</A></H2> +<DIR> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX81">call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX57">capitalize-word (M-c)</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX91">character-search (C-])</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX92">character-search-backward (M-C-])</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX32">clear-screen (C-l)</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX10">comment-begin</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX74">complete (TAB)</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX11">completion-query-items</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX194">completion_matches</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX12">convert-meta</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX68">copy-backward-word ()</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX69">copy-forward-word ()</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX67">copy-region-as-kill ()</A> +</DIR> +<H2><A NAME="d">d</A></H2> +<DIR> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX47">delete-char (C-d)</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX78">delete-char-or-list ()</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX65">delete-horizontal-space ()</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX72">digit-argument (M-0, M-1, ... M--)</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX173">digit_p</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX176">digit_value</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX169">ding</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX13">disable-completion</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX84">do-uppercase-version (M-a, M-b, M-<VAR>x</VAR>, ...)</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX56">downcase-word (M-l)</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX94">dump-functions ()</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX96">dump-macros ()</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX95">dump-variables ()</A> +</DIR> +<H2><A NAME="e">e</A></H2> +<DIR> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX14">editing-mode</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX15">enable-keypad</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX80">end-kbd-macro (C-x ))</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX38">end-of-history (M-&#62;)</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX27">end-of-line (C-e)</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX90">exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX16">expand-tilde</A> +</DIR> +<H2><A NAME="f">f</A></H2> +<DIR> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX195">filename_completion_function</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX49">forward-backward-delete-char ()</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX28">forward-char (C-f)</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX40">forward-search-history (C-s)</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX30">forward-word (M-f)</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX146">free_undo_list</A> +</DIR> +<H2><A NAME="h">h</A></H2> +<DIR> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX44">history-search-backward ()</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX43">history-search-forward ()</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX17">horizontal-scroll-mode</A> +</DIR> +<H2><A NAME="i">i</A></H2> +<DIR> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX18">input-meta</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX93">insert-comment (M-#)</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX76">insert-completions (M-*)</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX20">isearch-terminators</A> +</DIR> +<H2><A NAME="k">k</A></H2> +<DIR> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX21">keymap</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX58">kill-line (C-k)</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX66">kill-region ()</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX61">kill-whole-line ()</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX62">kill-word (M-d)</A> +</DIR> +<H2><A NAME="l">l</A></H2> +<DIR> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX172">lowercase_p</A> +</DIR> +<H2><A NAME="m">m</A></H2> +<DIR> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX22">mark-modified-lines</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX77">menu-complete ()</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX19">meta-flag</A> +</DIR> +<H2><A NAME="n">n</A></H2> +<DIR> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX36">next-history (C-n)</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX42">non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX41">non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX168">numeric</A> +</DIR> +<H2><A NAME="o">o</A></H2> +<DIR> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX23">output-meta</A> +</DIR> +<H2><A NAME="p">p</A></H2> +<DIR> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX75">possible-completions (M-?)</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX85">prefix-meta (ESC)</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX35">previous-history (C-p)</A> +</DIR> +<H2><A NAME="q">q</A></H2> +<DIR> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX50">quoted-insert (C-q, C-v)</A> +</DIR> +<H2><A NAME="r">r</A></H2> +<DIR> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX82">re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX97">readline</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX33">redraw-current-line ()</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX39">reverse-search-history (C-r)</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX87">revert-line (M-r)</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX119">rl_add_defun</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX145">rl_add_undo</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX198">rl_attempted_completion_function</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX204">rl_basic_quote_characters</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX203">rl_basic_word_break_characters</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX143">rl_begin_undo_group</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX128">rl_bind_key</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX129">rl_bind_key_in_map</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX118">rl_binding_keymap</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX177">rl_callback_handler_install</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX179">rl_callback_handler_remove</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX178">rl_callback_read_char</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX180">rl_catch_signals</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX181">rl_catch_sigwinch</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX201">rl_char_is_quoted_p</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX182">rl_cleanup_after_signal</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX154">rl_clear_message</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX187">rl_clear_signals</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX188">rl_complete</A>, <A HREF="rlman.html#IDX191">rl_complete</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX190">rl_complete_internal</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX206">rl_completer_quote_characters</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX205">rl_completer_word_break_characters</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX209">rl_completion_append_character</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX216">rl_completion_display_matches_hook</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX189">rl_completion_entry_function</A>, <A HREF="rlman.html#IDX197">rl_completion_entry_function</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX202">rl_completion_query_items</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX121">rl_copy_keymap</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX159">rl_copy_text</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX158">rl_delete_text</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX215">rl_directory_completion_hook</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX123">rl_discard_keymap</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX170">rl_display_match_list</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX147">rl_do_undo</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX103">rl_done</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX101">rl_end</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX144">rl_end_undo_group</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX105">rl_erase_empty_line</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX114">rl_event_hook</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX117">rl_executing_keymap</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX211">rl_filename_completion_desired</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX200">rl_filename_dequoting_function</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX207">rl_filename_quote_characters</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX212">rl_filename_quoting_desired</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX199">rl_filename_quoting_function</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX150">rl_forced_update_display</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX183">rl_free_line_state</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX141">rl_function_dumper</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX138">rl_function_of_keyseq</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX134">rl_generic_bind</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX124">rl_get_keymap</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX126">rl_get_keymap_by_name</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX127">rl_get_keymap_name</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX162">rl_getc</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX115">rl_getc_function</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX210">rl_ignore_completion_duplicates</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX214">rl_ignore_some_completions_function</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX213">rl_inhibit_completion</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX165">rl_initialize</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX193">rl_insert_completions</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX157">rl_insert_text</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX110">rl_instream</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX139">rl_invoking_keyseqs</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX140">rl_invoking_keyseqs_in_map</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX160">rl_kill_text</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX107">rl_library_version</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX99">rl_line_buffer</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX142">rl_list_funmap_names</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX120">rl_make_bare_keymap</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX122">rl_make_keymap</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX102">rl_mark</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX153">rl_message</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX148">rl_modifying</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX137">rl_named_function</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX151">rl_on_new_line</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX111">rl_outstream</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX135">rl_parse_and_bind</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX104">rl_pending_input</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX100">rl_point</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX192">rl_possible_completions</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX113">rl_pre_input_hook</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX106">rl_prompt</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX136">rl_read_init_file</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX161">rl_read_key</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX109">rl_readline_name</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX149">rl_redisplay</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX116">rl_redisplay_function</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX184">rl_reset_after_signal</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX152">rl_reset_line_state</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX166">rl_reset_terminal</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX185">rl_resize_terminal</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX156">rl_restore_prompt</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX155">rl_save_prompt</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX125">rl_set_keymap</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX186">rl_set_signals</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX208">rl_special_prefixes</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX112">rl_startup_hook</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX163">rl_stuff_char</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX108">rl_terminal_name</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX133">rl_unbind_command_in_map</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX132">rl_unbind_function_in_map</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX130">rl_unbind_key</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX131">rl_unbind_key_in_map</A> +</DIR> +<H2><A NAME="s">s</A></H2> +<DIR> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX52">self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, ...)</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX89">set-mark (C-@)</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX24">show-all-if-ambiguous</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX79">start-kbd-macro (C-x ()</A> +</DIR> +<H2><A NAME="t">t</A></H2> +<DIR> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX51">tab-insert (M-TAB)</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX88">tilde-expand (M-~)</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX175">to_lower</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX174">to_upper</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX53">transpose-chars (C-t)</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX54">transpose-words (M-t)</A> +</DIR> +<H2><A NAME="u">u</A></H2> +<DIR> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX86">undo (C-_, C-x C-u)</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX73">universal-argument ()</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX60">unix-line-discard (C-u)</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX64">unix-word-rubout (C-w)</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX55">upcase-word (M-u)</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX171">uppercase_p</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX196">username_completion_function</A> +</DIR> +<H2><A NAME="v">v</A></H2> +<DIR> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX25">visible-stats</A> +</DIR> +<H2><A NAME="y">y</A></H2> +<DIR> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX70">yank (C-y)</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX46">yank-last-arg (M-., M-_)</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX45">yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)</A> +<LI><A HREF="readline.html#IDX71">yank-pop (M-y)</A> +</DIR> + +</P> +<P><HR><P> +This document was generated on 31 December 1998 using the +<A HREF="http://wwwinfo.cern.ch/dis/texi2html/">texi2html</A> +translator version 1.52.</P> +</BODY> +</HTML> diff --git a/readline/doc/readline.info b/readline/doc/readline.info new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1aa2848 --- /dev/null +++ b/readline/doc/readline.info @@ -0,0 +1,3039 @@ +This is Info file readline.info, produced by Makeinfo version 1.67 from +the input file /usr/homes/chet/src/bash/readline-src/doc/rlman.texinfo. + +INFO-DIR-SECTION Libraries +START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY +* Readline: (readline). The GNU readline library API +END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY + + This document describes the GNU Readline Library, a utility which +aids in the consistency of user interface across discrete programs that +need to provide a command line interface. + + Copyright (C) 1988-1999 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + + Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this +manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice pare +preserved on all copies. + + Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of +this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that +the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a +permission notice identical to this one. + + Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this +manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified +versions, except that this permission notice may be stated in a +translation approved by the Free Software Foundation. + + +File: readline.info, Node: Top, Next: Command Line Editing, Up: (dir) + +GNU Readline Library +******************** + + This document describes the GNU Readline Library, a utility which +aids in the consistency of user interface across discrete programs that +need to provide a command line interface. + +* Menu: + +* Command Line Editing:: GNU Readline User's Manual. +* Programming with GNU Readline:: GNU Readline Programmer's Manual. +* Concept Index:: Index of concepts described in this manual. +* Function and Variable Index:: Index of externally visible functions + and variables. + + +File: readline.info, Node: Command Line Editing, Next: Programming with GNU Readline, Prev: Top, Up: Top + +Command Line Editing +******************** + + This chapter describes the basic features of the GNU command line +editing interface. + +* Menu: + +* Introduction and Notation:: Notation used in this text. +* Readline Interaction:: The minimum set of commands for editing a line. +* Readline Init File:: Customizing Readline from a user's view. +* Bindable Readline Commands:: A description of most of the Readline commands + available for binding +* Readline vi Mode:: A short description of how to make Readline + behave like the vi editor. + + +File: readline.info, Node: Introduction and Notation, Next: Readline Interaction, Up: Command Line Editing + +Introduction to Line Editing +============================ + + The following paragraphs describe the notation used to represent +keystrokes. + + The text <C-k> is read as `Control-K' and describes the character +produced when the <k> key is pressed while the Control key is depressed. + + The text <M-k> is read as `Meta-K' and describes the character +produced when the meta key (if you have one) is depressed, and the <k> +key is pressed. If you do not have a meta key, the identical keystroke +can be generated by typing <ESC> first, and then typing <k>. Either +process is known as "metafying" the <k> key. + + The text <M-C-k> is read as `Meta-Control-k' and describes the +character produced by "metafying" <C-k>. + + In addition, several keys have their own names. Specifically, +<DEL>, <ESC>, <LFD>, <SPC>, <RET>, and <TAB> all stand for themselves +when seen in this text, or in an init file (*note Readline Init +File::.). + + +File: readline.info, Node: Readline Interaction, Next: Readline Init File, Prev: Introduction and Notation, Up: Command Line Editing + +Readline Interaction +==================== + + Often during an interactive session you type in a long line of text, +only to notice that the first word on the line is misspelled. The +Readline library gives you a set of commands for manipulating the text +as you type it in, allowing you to just fix your typo, and not forcing +you to retype the majority of the line. Using these editing commands, +you move the cursor to the place that needs correction, and delete or +insert the text of the corrections. Then, when you are satisfied with +the line, you simply press <RETURN>. You do not have to be at the end +of the line to press <RETURN>; the entire line is accepted regardless +of the location of the cursor within the line. + +* Menu: + +* Readline Bare Essentials:: The least you need to know about Readline. +* Readline Movement Commands:: Moving about the input line. +* Readline Killing Commands:: How to delete text, and how to get it back! +* Readline Arguments:: Giving numeric arguments to commands. +* Searching:: Searching through previous lines. + + +File: readline.info, Node: Readline Bare Essentials, Next: Readline Movement Commands, Up: Readline Interaction + +Readline Bare Essentials +------------------------ + + In order to enter characters into the line, simply type them. The +typed character appears where the cursor was, and then the cursor moves +one space to the right. If you mistype a character, you can use your +erase character to back up and delete the mistyped character. + + Sometimes you may miss typing a character that you wanted to type, +and not notice your error until you have typed several other +characters. In that case, you can type <C-b> to move the cursor to the +left, and then correct your mistake. Afterwards, you can move the +cursor to the right with <C-f>. + + When you add text in the middle of a line, you will notice that +characters to the right of the cursor are `pushed over' to make room +for the text that you have inserted. Likewise, when you delete text +behind the cursor, characters to the right of the cursor are `pulled +back' to fill in the blank space created by the removal of the text. A +list of the basic bare essentials for editing the text of an input line +follows. + +<C-b> + Move back one character. + +<C-f> + Move forward one character. + +<DEL> + Delete the character to the left of the cursor. + +<C-d> + Delete the character underneath the cursor. + +Printing characters + Insert the character into the line at the cursor. + +<C-_> + Undo the last editing command. You can undo all the way back to an + empty line. + + +File: readline.info, Node: Readline Movement Commands, Next: Readline Killing Commands, Prev: Readline Bare Essentials, Up: Readline Interaction + +Readline Movement Commands +-------------------------- + + The above table describes the most basic possible keystrokes that +you need in order to do editing of the input line. For your +convenience, many other commands have been added in addition to <C-b>, +<C-f>, <C-d>, and <DEL>. Here are some commands for moving more rapidly +about the line. + +<C-a> + Move to the start of the line. + +<C-e> + Move to the end of the line. + +<M-f> + Move forward a word, where a word is composed of letters and + digits. + +<M-b> + Move backward a word. + +<C-l> + Clear the screen, reprinting the current line at the top. + + Notice how <C-f> moves forward a character, while <M-f> moves +forward a word. It is a loose convention that control keystrokes +operate on characters while meta keystrokes operate on words. + + +File: readline.info, Node: Readline Killing Commands, Next: Readline Arguments, Prev: Readline Movement Commands, Up: Readline Interaction + +Readline Killing Commands +------------------------- + + "Killing" text means to delete the text from the line, but to save +it away for later use, usually by "yanking" (re-inserting) it back into +the line. If the description for a command says that it `kills' text, +then you can be sure that you can get the text back in a different (or +the same) place later. + + When you use a kill command, the text is saved in a "kill-ring". +Any number of consecutive kills save all of the killed text together, so +that when you yank it back, you get it all. The kill ring is not line +specific; the text that you killed on a previously typed line is +available to be yanked back later, when you are typing another line. + + Here is the list of commands for killing text. + +<C-k> + Kill the text from the current cursor position to the end of the + line. + +<M-d> + Kill from the cursor to the end of the current word, or if between + words, to the end of the next word. + +<M-DEL> + Kill from the cursor the start of the previous word, or if between + words, to the start of the previous word. + +<C-w> + Kill from the cursor to the previous whitespace. This is + different than <M-DEL> because the word boundaries differ. + + Here is how to "yank" the text back into the line. Yanking means to +copy the most-recently-killed text from the kill buffer. + +<C-y> + Yank the most recently killed text back into the buffer at the + cursor. + +<M-y> + Rotate the kill-ring, and yank the new top. You can only do this + if the prior command is <C-y> or <M-y>. + + +File: readline.info, Node: Readline Arguments, Next: Searching, Prev: Readline Killing Commands, Up: Readline Interaction + +Readline Arguments +------------------ + + You can pass numeric arguments to Readline commands. Sometimes the +argument acts as a repeat count, other times it is the sign of the +argument that is significant. If you pass a negative argument to a +command which normally acts in a forward direction, that command will +act in a backward direction. For example, to kill text back to the +start of the line, you might type `M-- C-k'. + + The general way to pass numeric arguments to a command is to type +meta digits before the command. If the first `digit' typed is a minus +sign (<->), then the sign of the argument will be negative. Once you +have typed one meta digit to get the argument started, you can type the +remainder of the digits, and then the command. For example, to give +the <C-d> command an argument of 10, you could type `M-1 0 C-d'. + + +File: readline.info, Node: Searching, Prev: Readline Arguments, Up: Readline Interaction + +Searching for Commands in the History +------------------------------------- + + Readline provides commands for searching through the command history +for lines containing a specified string. There are two search modes: +INCREMENTAL and NON-INCREMENTAL. + + Incremental searches begin before the user has finished typing the +search string. As each character of the search string is typed, +Readline displays the next entry from the history matching the string +typed so far. An incremental search requires only as many characters +as needed to find the desired history entry. The characters present in +the value of the ISEARCH-TERMINATORS variable are used to terminate an +incremental search. If that variable has not been assigned a value, +the <ESC> and <C-J> characters will terminate an incremental search. +<C-g> will abort an incremental search and restore the original line. +When the search is terminated, the history entry containing the search +string becomes the current line. To find other matching entries in the +history list, type <C-s> or <C-r> as appropriate. This will search +backward or forward in the history for the next entry matching the +search string typed so far. Any other key sequence bound to a Readline +command will terminate the search and execute that command. For +instance, a <RET> will terminate the search and accept the line, +thereby executing the command from the history list. + + Non-incremental searches read the entire search string before +starting to search for matching history lines. The search string may be +typed by the user or be part of the contents of the current line. + + +File: readline.info, Node: Readline Init File, Next: Bindable Readline Commands, Prev: Readline Interaction, Up: Command Line Editing + +Readline Init File +================== + + Although the Readline library comes with a set of `emacs'-like +keybindings installed by default, it is possible to use a different set +of keybindings. Any user can customize programs that use Readline by +putting commands in an "inputrc" file in his home directory. The name +of this file is taken from the value of the environment variable +`INPUTRC'. If that variable is unset, the default is `~/.inputrc'. + + When a program which uses the Readline library starts up, the init +file is read, and the key bindings are set. + + In addition, the `C-x C-r' command re-reads this init file, thus +incorporating any changes that you might have made to it. + +* Menu: + +* Readline Init File Syntax:: Syntax for the commands in the inputrc file. + +* Conditional Init Constructs:: Conditional key bindings in the inputrc file. + +* Sample Init File:: An example inputrc file. + + +File: readline.info, Node: Readline Init File Syntax, Next: Conditional Init Constructs, Up: Readline Init File + +Readline Init File Syntax +------------------------- + + There are only a few basic constructs allowed in the Readline init +file. Blank lines are ignored. Lines beginning with a `#' are +comments. Lines beginning with a `$' indicate conditional constructs +(*note Conditional Init Constructs::.). Other lines denote variable +settings and key bindings. + +Variable Settings + You can modify the run-time behavior of Readline by altering the + values of variables in Readline using the `set' command within the + init file. Here is how to change from the default Emacs-like key + binding to use `vi' line editing commands: + + set editing-mode vi + + A great deal of run-time behavior is changeable with the following + variables. + + `bell-style' + Controls what happens when Readline wants to ring the + terminal bell. If set to `none', Readline never rings the + bell. If set to `visible', Readline uses a visible bell if + one is available. If set to `audible' (the default), + Readline attempts to ring the terminal's bell. + + `comment-begin' + The string to insert at the beginning of the line when the + `insert-comment' command is executed. The default value is + `"#"'. + + `completion-ignore-case' + If set to `on', Readline performs filename matching and + completion in a case-insensitive fashion. The default value + is `off'. + + `completion-query-items' + The number of possible completions that determines when the + user is asked whether he wants to see the list of + possibilities. If the number of possible completions is + greater than this value, Readline will ask the user whether + or not he wishes to view them; otherwise, they are simply + listed. The default limit is `100'. + + `convert-meta' + If set to `on', Readline will convert characters with the + eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence by stripping the + eighth bit and prepending an <ESC> character, converting them + to a meta-prefixed key sequence. The default value is `on'. + + `disable-completion' + If set to `On', Readline will inhibit word completion. + Completion characters will be inserted into the line as if + they had been mapped to `self-insert'. The default is `off'. + + `editing-mode' + The `editing-mode' variable controls which default set of key + bindings is used. By default, Readline starts up in Emacs + editing mode, where the keystrokes are most similar to Emacs. + This variable can be set to either `emacs' or `vi'. + + `enable-keypad' + When set to `on', Readline will try to enable the application + keypad when it is called. Some systems need this to enable + the arrow keys. The default is `off'. + + `expand-tilde' + If set to `on', tilde expansion is performed when Readline + attempts word completion. The default is `off'. + + `horizontal-scroll-mode' + This variable can be set to either `on' or `off'. Setting it + to `on' means that the text of the lines being edited will + scroll horizontally on a single screen line when they are + longer than the width of the screen, instead of wrapping onto + a new screen line. By default, this variable is set to `off'. + + `input-meta' + If set to `on', Readline will enable eight-bit input (it will + not strip the eighth bit from the characters it reads), + regardless of what the terminal claims it can support. The + default value is `off'. The name `meta-flag' is a synonym + for this variable. + + `isearch-terminators' + The string of characters that should terminate an incremental + search without subsequently executing the character as a + command (*note Searching::.). If this variable has not been + given a value, the characters <ESC> and <C-J> will terminate + an incremental search. + + `keymap' + Sets Readline's idea of the current keymap for key binding + commands. Acceptable `keymap' names are `emacs', + `emacs-standard', `emacs-meta', `emacs-ctlx', `vi', + `vi-command', and `vi-insert'. `vi' is equivalent to + `vi-command'; `emacs' is equivalent to `emacs-standard'. The + default value is `emacs'. The value of the `editing-mode' + variable also affects the default keymap. + + `mark-directories' + If set to `on', completed directory names have a slash + appended. The default is `on'. + + `mark-modified-lines' + This variable, when set to `on', causes Readline to display an + asterisk (`*') at the start of history lines which have been + modified. This variable is `off' by default. + + `output-meta' + If set to `on', Readline will display characters with the + eighth bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape + sequence. The default is `off'. + + `print-completions-horizontally' + If set to `on', Readline will display completions with matches + sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down + the screen. The default is `off'. + + `show-all-if-ambiguous' + This alters the default behavior of the completion functions. + If set to `on', words which have more than one possible + completion cause the matches to be listed immediately instead + of ringing the bell. The default value is `off'. + + `visible-stats' + If set to `on', a character denoting a file's type is + appended to the filename when listing possible completions. + The default is `off'. + +Key Bindings + The syntax for controlling key bindings in the init file is + simple. First you have to know the name of the command that you + want to change. The following sections contain tables of the + command name, the default keybinding, if any, and a short + description of what the command does. + + Once you know the name of the command, simply place the name of + the key you wish to bind the command to, a colon, and then the + name of the command on a line in the init file. The name of the + key can be expressed in different ways, depending on which is most + comfortable for you. + + KEYNAME: FUNCTION-NAME or MACRO + KEYNAME is the name of a key spelled out in English. For + example: + Control-u: universal-argument + Meta-Rubout: backward-kill-word + Control-o: "> output" + + In the above example, <C-u> is bound to the function + `universal-argument', and <C-o> is bound to run the macro + expressed on the right hand side (that is, to insert the text + `> output' into the line). + + "KEYSEQ": FUNCTION-NAME or MACRO + KEYSEQ differs from KEYNAME above in that strings denoting an + entire key sequence can be specified, by placing the key + sequence in double quotes. Some GNU Emacs style key escapes + can be used, as in the following example, but the special + character names are not recognized. + + "\C-u": universal-argument + "\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file + "\e[11~": "Function Key 1" + + In the above example, <C-u> is bound to the function + `universal-argument' (just as it was in the first example), + `<C-x> <C-r>' is bound to the function `re-read-init-file', + and `<ESC> <[> <1> <1> <~>' is bound to insert the text + `Function Key 1'. + + The following GNU Emacs style escape sequences are available when + specifying key sequences: + + `\C-' + control prefix + + `\M-' + meta prefix + + `\e' + an escape character + + `\\' + backslash + + `\"' + <"> + + `\'' + <'> + + In addition to the GNU Emacs style escape sequences, a second set + of backslash escapes is available: + + `\a' + alert (bell) + + `\b' + backspace + + `\d' + delete + + `\f' + form feed + + `\n' + newline + + `\r' + carriage return + + `\t' + horizontal tab + + `\v' + vertical tab + + `\NNN' + the character whose ASCII code is the octal value NNN (one to + three digits) + + `\xNNN' + the character whose ASCII code is the hexadecimal value NNN + (one to three digits) + + When entering the text of a macro, single or double quotes must be + used to indicate a macro definition. Unquoted text is assumed to + be a function name. In the macro body, the backslash escapes + described above are expanded. Backslash will quote any other + character in the macro text, including `"' and `''. For example, + the following binding will make `C-x \' insert a single `\' into + the line: + "\C-x\\": "\\" + + +File: readline.info, Node: Conditional Init Constructs, Next: Sample Init File, Prev: Readline Init File Syntax, Up: Readline Init File + +Conditional Init Constructs +--------------------------- + + Readline implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional +compilation features of the C preprocessor which allows key bindings +and variable settings to be performed as the result of tests. There +are four parser directives used. + +`$if' + The `$if' construct allows bindings to be made based on the + editing mode, the terminal being used, or the application using + Readline. The text of the test extends to the end of the line; no + characters are required to isolate it. + + `mode' + The `mode=' form of the `$if' directive is used to test + whether Readline is in `emacs' or `vi' mode. This may be + used in conjunction with the `set keymap' command, for + instance, to set bindings in the `emacs-standard' and + `emacs-ctlx' keymaps only if Readline is starting out in + `emacs' mode. + + `term' + The `term=' form may be used to include terminal-specific key + bindings, perhaps to bind the key sequences output by the + terminal's function keys. The word on the right side of the + `=' is tested against both the full name of the terminal and + the portion of the terminal name before the first `-'. This + allows `sun' to match both `sun' and `sun-cmd', for instance. + + `application' + The APPLICATION construct is used to include + application-specific settings. Each program using the + Readline library sets the APPLICATION NAME, and you can test + for it. This could be used to bind key sequences to + functions useful for a specific program. For instance, the + following command adds a key sequence that quotes the current + or previous word in Bash: + $if Bash + # Quote the current or previous word + "\C-xq": "\eb\"\ef\"" + $endif + +`$endif' + This command, as seen in the previous example, terminates an `$if' + command. + +`$else' + Commands in this branch of the `$if' directive are executed if the + test fails. + +`$include' + This directive takes a single filename as an argument and reads + commands and bindings from that file. + $include /etc/inputrc + + +File: readline.info, Node: Sample Init File, Prev: Conditional Init Constructs, Up: Readline Init File + +Sample Init File +---------------- + + Here is an example of an inputrc file. This illustrates key +binding, variable assignment, and conditional syntax. + + + # This file controls the behaviour of line input editing for + # programs that use the Gnu Readline library. Existing programs + # include FTP, Bash, and Gdb. + # + # You can re-read the inputrc file with C-x C-r. + # Lines beginning with '#' are comments. + # + # First, include any systemwide bindings and variable assignments from + # /etc/Inputrc + $include /etc/Inputrc + + # + # Set various bindings for emacs mode. + + set editing-mode emacs + + $if mode=emacs + + Meta-Control-h: backward-kill-word Text after the function name is ignored + + # + # Arrow keys in keypad mode + # + #"\M-OD": backward-char + #"\M-OC": forward-char + #"\M-OA": previous-history + #"\M-OB": next-history + # + # Arrow keys in ANSI mode + # + "\M-[D": backward-char + "\M-[C": forward-char + "\M-[A": previous-history + "\M-[B": next-history + # + # Arrow keys in 8 bit keypad mode + # + #"\M-\C-OD": backward-char + #"\M-\C-OC": forward-char + #"\M-\C-OA": previous-history + #"\M-\C-OB": next-history + # + # Arrow keys in 8 bit ANSI mode + # + #"\M-\C-[D": backward-char + #"\M-\C-[C": forward-char + #"\M-\C-[A": previous-history + #"\M-\C-[B": next-history + + C-q: quoted-insert + + $endif + + # An old-style binding. This happens to be the default. + TAB: complete + + # Macros that are convenient for shell interaction + $if Bash + # edit the path + "\C-xp": "PATH=${PATH}\e\C-e\C-a\ef\C-f" + # prepare to type a quoted word -- insert open and close double quotes + # and move to just after the open quote + "\C-x\"": "\"\"\C-b" + # insert a backslash (testing backslash escapes in sequences and macros) + "\C-x\\": "\\" + # Quote the current or previous word + "\C-xq": "\eb\"\ef\"" + # Add a binding to refresh the line, which is unbound + "\C-xr": redraw-current-line + # Edit variable on current line. + "\M-\C-v": "\C-a\C-k$\C-y\M-\C-e\C-a\C-y=" + $endif + + # use a visible bell if one is available + set bell-style visible + + # don't strip characters to 7 bits when reading + set input-meta on + + # allow iso-latin1 characters to be inserted rather than converted to + # prefix-meta sequences + set convert-meta off + + # display characters with the eighth bit set directly rather than + # as meta-prefixed characters + set output-meta on + + # if there are more than 150 possible completions for a word, ask the + # user if he wants to see all of them + set completion-query-items 150 + + # For FTP + $if Ftp + "\C-xg": "get \M-?" + "\C-xt": "put \M-?" + "\M-.": yank-last-arg + $endif + + +File: readline.info, Node: Bindable Readline Commands, Next: Readline vi Mode, Prev: Readline Init File, Up: Command Line Editing + +Bindable Readline Commands +========================== + +* Menu: + +* Commands For Moving:: Moving about the line. +* Commands For History:: Getting at previous lines. +* Commands For Text:: Commands for changing text. +* Commands For Killing:: Commands for killing and yanking. +* Numeric Arguments:: Specifying numeric arguments, repeat counts. +* Commands For Completion:: Getting Readline to do the typing for you. +* Keyboard Macros:: Saving and re-executing typed characters +* Miscellaneous Commands:: Other miscellaneous commands. + + This section describes Readline commands that may be bound to key +sequences. + + +File: readline.info, Node: Commands For Moving, Next: Commands For History, Up: Bindable Readline Commands + +Commands For Moving +------------------- + +`beginning-of-line (C-a)' + Move to the start of the current line. + +`end-of-line (C-e)' + Move to the end of the line. + +`forward-char (C-f)' + Move forward a character. + +`backward-char (C-b)' + Move back a character. + +`forward-word (M-f)' + Move forward to the end of the next word. Words are composed of + letters and digits. + +`backward-word (M-b)' + Move back to the start of this, or the previous, word. Words are + composed of letters and digits. + +`clear-screen (C-l)' + Clear the screen and redraw the current line, leaving the current + line at the top of the screen. + +`redraw-current-line ()' + Refresh the current line. By default, this is unbound. + + +File: readline.info, Node: Commands For History, Next: Commands For Text, Prev: Commands For Moving, Up: Bindable Readline Commands + +Commands For Manipulating The History +------------------------------------- + +`accept-line (Newline, Return)' + Accept the line regardless of where the cursor is. If this line is + non-empty, add it to the history list. If this line was a history + line, then restore the history line to its original state. + +`previous-history (C-p)' + Move `up' through the history list. + +`next-history (C-n)' + Move `down' through the history list. + +`beginning-of-history (M-<)' + Move to the first line in the history. + +`end-of-history (M->)' + Move to the end of the input history, i.e., the line currently + being entered. + +`reverse-search-history (C-r)' + Search backward starting at the current line and moving `up' + through the history as necessary. This is an incremental search. + +`forward-search-history (C-s)' + Search forward starting at the current line and moving `down' + through the the history as necessary. This is an incremental + search. + +`non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)' + Search backward starting at the current line and moving `up' + through the history as necessary using a non-incremental search + for a string supplied by the user. + +`non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)' + Search forward starting at the current line and moving `down' + through the the history as necessary using a non-incremental search + for a string supplied by the user. + +`history-search-forward ()' + Search forward through the history for the string of characters + between the start of the current line and the current cursor + position (the POINT). This is a non-incremental search. By + default, this command is unbound. + +`history-search-backward ()' + Search backward through the history for the string of characters + between the start of the current line and the point. This is a + non-incremental search. By default, this command is unbound. + +`yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)' + Insert the first argument to the previous command (usually the + second word on the previous line). With an argument N, insert the + Nth word from the previous command (the words in the previous + command begin with word 0). A negative argument inserts the Nth + word from the end of the previous command. + +`yank-last-arg (M-., M-_)' + Insert last argument to the previous command (the last word of the + previous history entry). With an argument, behave exactly like + `yank-nth-arg'. Successive calls to `yank-last-arg' move back + through the history list, inserting the last argument of each line + in turn. + + +File: readline.info, Node: Commands For Text, Next: Commands For Killing, Prev: Commands For History, Up: Bindable Readline Commands + +Commands For Changing Text +-------------------------- + +`delete-char (C-d)' + Delete the character under the cursor. If the cursor is at the + beginning of the line, there are no characters in the line, and + the last character typed was not bound to `delete-char', then + return `EOF'. + +`backward-delete-char (Rubout)' + Delete the character behind the cursor. A numeric argument means + to kill the characters instead of deleting them. + +`forward-backward-delete-char ()' + Delete the character under the cursor, unless the cursor is at the + end of the line, in which case the character behind the cursor is + deleted. By default, this is not bound to a key. + +`quoted-insert (C-q, C-v)' + Add the next character typed to the line verbatim. This is how to + insert key sequences like <C-q>, for example. + +`tab-insert (M-TAB)' + Insert a tab character. + +`self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, ...)' + Insert yourself. + +`transpose-chars (C-t)' + Drag the character before the cursor forward over the character at + the cursor, moving the cursor forward as well. If the insertion + point is at the end of the line, then this transposes the last two + characters of the line. Negative arguments don't work. + +`transpose-words (M-t)' + Drag the word behind the cursor past the word in front of the + cursor moving the cursor over that word as well. + +`upcase-word (M-u)' + Uppercase the current (or following) word. With a negative + argument, uppercase the previous word, but do not move the cursor. + +`downcase-word (M-l)' + Lowercase the current (or following) word. With a negative + argument, lowercase the previous word, but do not move the cursor. + +`capitalize-word (M-c)' + Capitalize the current (or following) word. With a negative + argument, capitalize the previous word, but do not move the cursor. + + +File: readline.info, Node: Commands For Killing, Next: Numeric Arguments, Prev: Commands For Text, Up: Bindable Readline Commands + +Killing And Yanking +------------------- + +`kill-line (C-k)' + Kill the text from the current cursor position to the end of the + line. + +`backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)' + Kill backward to the beginning of the line. + +`unix-line-discard (C-u)' + Kill backward from the cursor to the beginning of the current line. + The killed text is saved on the kill-ring. + +`kill-whole-line ()' + Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where the + cursor is. By default, this is unbound. + +`kill-word (M-d)' + Kill from the cursor to the end of the current word, or if between + words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the same + as `forward-word'. + +`backward-kill-word (M-DEL)' + Kill the word behind the cursor. Word boundaries are the same as + `backward-word'. + +`unix-word-rubout (C-w)' + Kill the word behind the cursor, using white space as a word + boundary. The killed text is saved on the kill-ring. + +`delete-horizontal-space ()' + Delete all spaces and tabs around point. By default, this is + unbound. + +`kill-region ()' + Kill the text between the point and the *mark* (saved cursor + position). This text is referred to as the REGION. By default, + this command is unbound. + +`copy-region-as-kill ()' + Copy the text in the region to the kill buffer, so it can be yanked + right away. By default, this command is unbound. + +`copy-backward-word ()' + Copy the word before point to the kill buffer. The word + boundaries are the same as `backward-word'. By default, this + command is unbound. + +`copy-forward-word ()' + Copy the word following point to the kill buffer. The word + boundaries are the same as `forward-word'. By default, this + command is unbound. + +`yank (C-y)' + Yank the top of the kill ring into the buffer at the current + cursor position. + +`yank-pop (M-y)' + Rotate the kill-ring, and yank the new top. You can only do this + if the prior command is yank or yank-pop. + + +File: readline.info, Node: Numeric Arguments, Next: Commands For Completion, Prev: Commands For Killing, Up: Bindable Readline Commands + +Specifying Numeric Arguments +---------------------------- + +`digit-argument (M-0, M-1, ... M--)' + Add this digit to the argument already accumulating, or start a new + argument. <M-> starts a negative argument. + +`universal-argument ()' + This is another way to specify an argument. If this command is + followed by one or more digits, optionally with a leading minus + sign, those digits define the argument. If the command is + followed by digits, executing `universal-argument' again ends the + numeric argument, but is otherwise ignored. As a special case, if + this command is immediately followed by a character that is + neither a digit or minus sign, the argument count for the next + command is multiplied by four. The argument count is initially + one, so executing this function the first time makes the argument + count four, a second time makes the argument count sixteen, and so + on. By default, this is not bound to a key. + + +File: readline.info, Node: Commands For Completion, Next: Keyboard Macros, Prev: Numeric Arguments, Up: Bindable Readline Commands + +Letting Readline Type For You +----------------------------- + +`complete (TAB)' + Attempt to do completion on the text before the cursor. This is + application-specific. Generally, if you are typing a filename + argument, you can do filename completion; if you are typing a + command, you can do command completion; if you are typing in a + symbol to GDB, you can do symbol name completion; if you are + typing in a variable to Bash, you can do variable name completion, + and so on. + +`possible-completions (M-?)' + List the possible completions of the text before the cursor. + +`insert-completions (M-*)' + Insert all completions of the text before point that would have + been generated by `possible-completions'. + +`menu-complete ()' + Similar to `complete', but replaces the word to be completed with + a single match from the list of possible completions. Repeated + execution of `menu-complete' steps through the list of possible + completions, inserting each match in turn. At the end of the list + of completions, the bell is rung and the original text is restored. + An argument of N moves N positions forward in the list of matches; + a negative argument may be used to move backward through the list. + This command is intended to be bound to `TAB', but is unbound by + default. + +`delete-char-or-list ()' + Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the beginning or + end of the line (like `delete-char'). If at the end of the line, + behaves identically to `possible-completions'. This command is + unbound by default. + + +File: readline.info, Node: Keyboard Macros, Next: Miscellaneous Commands, Prev: Commands For Completion, Up: Bindable Readline Commands + +Keyboard Macros +--------------- + +`start-kbd-macro (C-x ()' + Begin saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro. + +`end-kbd-macro (C-x ))' + Stop saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro + and save the definition. + +`call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)' + Re-execute the last keyboard macro defined, by making the + characters in the macro appear as if typed at the keyboard. + + +File: readline.info, Node: Miscellaneous Commands, Prev: Keyboard Macros, Up: Bindable Readline Commands + +Some Miscellaneous Commands +--------------------------- + +`re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)' + Read in the contents of the inputrc file, and incorporate any + bindings or variable assignments found there. + +`abort (C-g)' + Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal's bell + (subject to the setting of `bell-style'). + +`do-uppercase-version (M-a, M-b, M-X, ...)' + If the metafied character X is lowercase, run the command that is + bound to the corresponding uppercase character. + +`prefix-meta (ESC)' + Make the next character typed be metafied. This is for keyboards + without a meta key. Typing `ESC f' is equivalent to typing `M-f'. + +`undo (C-_, C-x C-u)' + Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line. + +`revert-line (M-r)' + Undo all changes made to this line. This is like executing the + `undo' command enough times to get back to the beginning. + +`tilde-expand (M-~)' + Perform tilde expansion on the current word. + +`set-mark (C-@)' + Set the mark to the current point. If a numeric argument is + supplied, the mark is set to that position. + +`exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)' + Swap the point with the mark. The current cursor position is set + to the saved position, and the old cursor position is saved as the + mark. + +`character-search (C-])' + A character is read and point is moved to the next occurrence of + that character. A negative count searches for previous + occurrences. + +`character-search-backward (M-C-])' + A character is read and point is moved to the previous occurrence + of that character. A negative count searches for subsequent + occurrences. + +`insert-comment (M-#)' + The value of the `comment-begin' variable is inserted at the + beginning of the current line, and the line is accepted as if a + newline had been typed. + +`dump-functions ()' + Print all of the functions and their key bindings to the Readline + output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, the output is + formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an INPUTRC + file. This command is unbound by default. + +`dump-variables ()' + Print all of the settable variables and their values to the + Readline output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, the + output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an + INPUTRC file. This command is unbound by default. + +`dump-macros ()' + Print all of the Readline key sequences bound to macros and the + strings they ouput. If a numeric argument is supplied, the output + is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an INPUTRC + file. This command is unbound by default. + + +File: readline.info, Node: Readline vi Mode, Prev: Bindable Readline Commands, Up: Command Line Editing + +Readline vi Mode +================ + + While the Readline library does not have a full set of `vi' editing +functions, it does contain enough to allow simple editing of the line. +The Readline `vi' mode behaves as specified in the POSIX 1003.2 +standard. + + In order to switch interactively between `emacs' and `vi' editing +modes, use the command M-C-j (toggle-editing-mode). The Readline +default is `emacs' mode. + + When you enter a line in `vi' mode, you are already placed in +`insertion' mode, as if you had typed an `i'. Pressing <ESC> switches +you into `command' mode, where you can edit the text of the line with +the standard `vi' movement keys, move to previous history lines with +`k' and subsequent lines with `j', and so forth. + + This document describes the GNU Readline Library, a utility for +aiding in the consitency of user interface across discrete programs +that need to provide a command line interface. + + Copyright (C) 1988, 1994, 1996, 1998, 1999 Free Software Foundation, +Inc. + + Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this +manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice pare +preserved on all copies. + + Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of +this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that +the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a +permission notice identical to this one. + + Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this +manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified +versions, except that this permission notice may be stated in a +translation approved by the Foundation. + + +File: readline.info, Node: Programming with GNU Readline, Next: Concept Index, Prev: Command Line Editing, Up: Top + +Programming with GNU Readline +***************************** + + This chapter describes the interface between the GNU Readline +Library and other programs. If you are a programmer, and you wish to +include the features found in GNU Readline such as completion, line +editing, and interactive history manipulation in your own programs, +this section is for you. + +* Menu: + +* Basic Behavior:: Using the default behavior of Readline. +* Custom Functions:: Adding your own functions to Readline. +* Readline Variables:: Variables accessible to custom + functions. +* Readline Convenience Functions:: Functions which Readline supplies to + aid in writing your own custom + functions. +* Readline Signal Handling:: How Readline behaves when it receives signals. +* Custom Completers:: Supplanting or supplementing Readline's + completion functions. + + +File: readline.info, Node: Basic Behavior, Next: Custom Functions, Up: Programming with GNU Readline + +Basic Behavior +============== + + Many programs provide a command line interface, such as `mail', +`ftp', and `sh'. For such programs, the default behaviour of Readline +is sufficient. This section describes how to use Readline in the +simplest way possible, perhaps to replace calls in your code to +`gets()' or `fgets ()'. + + The function `readline ()' prints a prompt and then reads and returns +a single line of text from the user. The line `readline' returns is +allocated with `malloc ()'; you should `free ()' the line when you are +done with it. The declaration for `readline' in ANSI C is + + `char *readline (char *PROMPT);' + +So, one might say + `char *line = readline ("Enter a line: ");' + +in order to read a line of text from the user. The line returned has +the final newline removed, so only the text remains. + + If `readline' encounters an `EOF' while reading the line, and the +line is empty at that point, then `(char *)NULL' is returned. +Otherwise, the line is ended just as if a newline had been typed. + + If you want the user to be able to get at the line later, (with +<C-p> for example), you must call `add_history ()' to save the line +away in a "history" list of such lines. + + `add_history (line)'; + +For full details on the GNU History Library, see the associated manual. + + It is preferable to avoid saving empty lines on the history list, +since users rarely have a burning need to reuse a blank line. Here is +a function which usefully replaces the standard `gets ()' library +function, and has the advantage of no static buffer to overflow: + + /* A static variable for holding the line. */ + static char *line_read = (char *)NULL; + + /* Read a string, and return a pointer to it. Returns NULL on EOF. */ + char * + rl_gets () + { + /* If the buffer has already been allocated, return the memory + to the free pool. */ + if (line_read) + { + free (line_read); + line_read = (char *)NULL; + } + + /* Get a line from the user. */ + line_read = readline (""); + + /* If the line has any text in it, save it on the history. */ + if (line_read && *line_read) + add_history (line_read); + + return (line_read); + } + + This function gives the user the default behaviour of <TAB> +completion: completion on file names. If you do not want Readline to +complete on filenames, you can change the binding of the <TAB> key with +`rl_bind_key ()'. + + `int rl_bind_key (int KEY, int (*FUNCTION)());' + + `rl_bind_key ()' takes two arguments: KEY is the character that you +want to bind, and FUNCTION is the address of the function to call when +KEY is pressed. Binding <TAB> to `rl_insert ()' makes <TAB> insert +itself. `rl_bind_key ()' returns non-zero if KEY is not a valid ASCII +character code (between 0 and 255). + + Thus, to disable the default <TAB> behavior, the following suffices: + `rl_bind_key ('\t', rl_insert);' + + This code should be executed once at the start of your program; you +might write a function called `initialize_readline ()' which performs +this and other desired initializations, such as installing custom +completers (*note Custom Completers::.). + + +File: readline.info, Node: Custom Functions, Next: Readline Variables, Prev: Basic Behavior, Up: Programming with GNU Readline + +Custom Functions +================ + + Readline provides many functions for manipulating the text of the +line, but it isn't possible to anticipate the needs of all programs. +This section describes the various functions and variables defined +within the Readline library which allow a user program to add +customized functionality to Readline. + +* Menu: + +* The Function Type:: C declarations to make code readable. +* Function Writing:: Variables and calling conventions. + + +File: readline.info, Node: The Function Type, Next: Function Writing, Up: Custom Functions + +The Function Type +----------------- + + For readabilty, we declare a new type of object, called "Function". +A `Function' is a C function which returns an `int'. The type +declaration for `Function' is: + +`typedef int Function ();' + + The reason for declaring this new type is to make it easier to write +code describing pointers to C functions. Let us say we had a variable +called FUNC which was a pointer to a function. Instead of the classic +C declaration + + `int (*)()func;' + +we may write + + `Function *func;' + +Similarly, there are + + typedef void VFunction (); + typedef char *CPFunction (); and + typedef char **CPPFunction (); + +for functions returning no value, `pointer to char', and `pointer to +pointer to char', respectively. + + +File: readline.info, Node: Function Writing, Prev: The Function Type, Up: Custom Functions + +Writing a New Function +---------------------- + + In order to write new functions for Readline, you need to know the +calling conventions for keyboard-invoked functions, and the names of the +variables that describe the current state of the line read so far. + + The calling sequence for a command `foo' looks like + + `foo (int count, int key)' + +where COUNT is the numeric argument (or 1 if defaulted) and KEY is the +key that invoked this function. + + It is completely up to the function as to what should be done with +the numeric argument. Some functions use it as a repeat count, some as +a flag, and others to choose alternate behavior (refreshing the current +line as opposed to refreshing the screen, for example). Some choose to +ignore it. In general, if a function uses the numeric argument as a +repeat count, it should be able to do something useful with both +negative and positive arguments. At the very least, it should be aware +that it can be passed a negative argument. + + +File: readline.info, Node: Readline Variables, Next: Readline Convenience Functions, Prev: Custom Functions, Up: Programming with GNU Readline + +Readline Variables +================== + + These variables are available to function writers. + + - Variable: char * rl_line_buffer + This is the line gathered so far. You are welcome to modify the + contents of the line, but see *Note Allowing Undoing::. + + - Variable: int rl_point + The offset of the current cursor position in `rl_line_buffer' (the + *point*). + + - Variable: int rl_end + The number of characters present in `rl_line_buffer'. When + `rl_point' is at the end of the line, `rl_point' and `rl_end' are + equal. + + - Variable: int rl_mark + The mark (saved position) in the current line. If set, the mark + and point define a *region*. + + - Variable: int rl_done + Setting this to a non-zero value causes Readline to return the + current line immediately. + + - Variable: int rl_pending_input + Setting this to a value makes it the next keystroke read. This is + a way to stuff a single character into the input stream. + + - Variable: int rl_erase_empty_line + Setting this to a non-zero value causes Readline to completely + erase the current line, including any prompt, any time a newline + is typed as the only character on an otherwise-empty line. The + cursor is moved to the beginning of the newly-blank line. + + - Variable: char * rl_prompt + The prompt Readline uses. This is set from the argument to + `readline ()', and should not be assigned to directly. + + - Variable: char * rl_library_version + The version number of this revision of the library. + + - Variable: char * rl_terminal_name + The terminal type, used for initialization. + + - Variable: char * rl_readline_name + This variable is set to a unique name by each application using + Readline. The value allows conditional parsing of the inputrc file + (*note Conditional Init Constructs::.). + + - Variable: FILE * rl_instream + The stdio stream from which Readline reads input. + + - Variable: FILE * rl_outstream + The stdio stream to which Readline performs output. + + - Variable: Function * rl_startup_hook + If non-zero, this is the address of a function to call just before + `readline' prints the first prompt. + + - Variable: Function * rl_pre_input_hook + If non-zero, this is the address of a function to call after the + first prompt has been printed and just before `readline' starts + reading input characters. + + - Variable: Function * rl_event_hook + If non-zero, this is the address of a function to call periodically + when readline is waiting for terminal input. + + - Variable: Function * rl_getc_function + If non-zero, `readline' will call indirectly through this pointer + to get a character from the input stream. By default, it is set to + `rl_getc', the default `readline' character input function (*note + Utility Functions::.). + + - Variable: VFunction * rl_redisplay_function + If non-zero, `readline' will call indirectly through this pointer + to update the display with the current contents of the editing + buffer. By default, it is set to `rl_redisplay', the default + `readline' redisplay function (*note Redisplay::.). + + - Variable: Keymap rl_executing_keymap + This variable is set to the keymap (*note Keymaps::.) in which the + currently executing readline function was found. + + - Variable: Keymap rl_binding_keymap + This variable is set to the keymap (*note Keymaps::.) in which the + last key binding occurred. + + +File: readline.info, Node: Readline Convenience Functions, Next: Readline Signal Handling, Prev: Readline Variables, Up: Programming with GNU Readline + +Readline Convenience Functions +============================== + +* Menu: + +* Function Naming:: How to give a function you write a name. +* Keymaps:: Making keymaps. +* Binding Keys:: Changing Keymaps. +* Associating Function Names and Bindings:: Translate function names to + key sequences. +* Allowing Undoing:: How to make your functions undoable. +* Redisplay:: Functions to control line display. +* Modifying Text:: Functions to modify `rl_line_buffer'. +* Utility Functions:: Generally useful functions and hooks. +* Alternate Interface:: Using Readline in a `callback' fashion. + + +File: readline.info, Node: Function Naming, Next: Keymaps, Up: Readline Convenience Functions + +Naming a Function +----------------- + + The user can dynamically change the bindings of keys while using +Readline. This is done by representing the function with a descriptive +name. The user is able to type the descriptive name when referring to +the function. Thus, in an init file, one might find + + Meta-Rubout: backward-kill-word + + This binds the keystroke <Meta-Rubout> to the function +*descriptively* named `backward-kill-word'. You, as the programmer, +should bind the functions you write to descriptive names as well. +Readline provides a function for doing that: + + - Function: int rl_add_defun (char *name, Function *function, int key) + Add NAME to the list of named functions. Make FUNCTION be the + function that gets called. If KEY is not -1, then bind it to + FUNCTION using `rl_bind_key ()'. + + Using this function alone is sufficient for most applications. It is +the recommended way to add a few functions to the default functions that +Readline has built in. If you need to do something other than adding a +function to Readline, you may need to use the underlying functions +described below. + + +File: readline.info, Node: Keymaps, Next: Binding Keys, Prev: Function Naming, Up: Readline Convenience Functions + +Selecting a Keymap +------------------ + + Key bindings take place on a "keymap". The keymap is the +association between the keys that the user types and the functions that +get run. You can make your own keymaps, copy existing keymaps, and tell +Readline which keymap to use. + + - Function: Keymap rl_make_bare_keymap () + Returns a new, empty keymap. The space for the keymap is + allocated with `malloc ()'; you should `free ()' it when you are + done. + + - Function: Keymap rl_copy_keymap (Keymap map) + Return a new keymap which is a copy of MAP. + + - Function: Keymap rl_make_keymap () + Return a new keymap with the printing characters bound to + rl_insert, the lowercase Meta characters bound to run their + equivalents, and the Meta digits bound to produce numeric + arguments. + + - Function: void rl_discard_keymap (Keymap keymap) + Free the storage associated with KEYMAP. + + Readline has several internal keymaps. These functions allow you to +change which keymap is active. + + - Function: Keymap rl_get_keymap () + Returns the currently active keymap. + + - Function: void rl_set_keymap (Keymap keymap) + Makes KEYMAP the currently active keymap. + + - Function: Keymap rl_get_keymap_by_name (char *name) + Return the keymap matching NAME. NAME is one which would be + supplied in a `set keymap' inputrc line (*note Readline Init + File::.). + + - Function: char * rl_get_keymap_name (Keymap keymap) + Return the name matching KEYMAP. NAME is one which would be + supplied in a `set keymap' inputrc line (*note Readline Init + File::.). + + +File: readline.info, Node: Binding Keys, Next: Associating Function Names and Bindings, Prev: Keymaps, Up: Readline Convenience Functions + +Binding Keys +------------ + + You associate keys with functions through the keymap. Readline has +several internal keymaps: `emacs_standard_keymap', `emacs_meta_keymap', +`emacs_ctlx_keymap', `vi_movement_keymap', and `vi_insertion_keymap'. +`emacs_standard_keymap' is the default, and the examples in this manual +assume that. + + These functions manage key bindings. + + - Function: int rl_bind_key (int key, Function *function) + Binds KEY to FUNCTION in the currently active keymap. Returns + non-zero in the case of an invalid KEY. + + - Function: int rl_bind_key_in_map (int key, Function *function, + Keymap map) + Bind KEY to FUNCTION in MAP. Returns non-zero in the case of an + invalid KEY. + + - Function: int rl_unbind_key (int key) + Bind KEY to the null function in the currently active keymap. + Returns non-zero in case of error. + + - Function: int rl_unbind_key_in_map (int key, Keymap map) + Bind KEY to the null function in MAP. Returns non-zero in case of + error. + + - Function: int rl_unbind_function_in_map (Function *function, Keymap + map) + Unbind all keys that execute FUNCTION in MAP. + + - Function: int rl_unbind_command_in_map (char *command, Keymap map) + Unbind all keys that are bound to COMMAND in MAP. + + - Function: int rl_generic_bind (int type, char *keyseq, char *data, + Keymap map) + Bind the key sequence represented by the string KEYSEQ to the + arbitrary pointer DATA. TYPE says what kind of data is pointed to + by DATA; this can be a function (`ISFUNC'), a macro (`ISMACR'), or + a keymap (`ISKMAP'). This makes new keymaps as necessary. The + initial keymap in which to do bindings is MAP. + + - Function: int rl_parse_and_bind (char *line) + Parse LINE as if it had been read from the `inputrc' file and + perform any key bindings and variable assignments found (*note + Readline Init File::.). + + - Function: int rl_read_init_file (char *filename) + Read keybindings and variable assignments from FILENAME (*note + Readline Init File::.). + + +File: readline.info, Node: Associating Function Names and Bindings, Next: Allowing Undoing, Prev: Binding Keys, Up: Readline Convenience Functions + +Associating Function Names and Bindings +--------------------------------------- + + These functions allow you to find out what keys invoke named +functions and the functions invoked by a particular key sequence. + + - Function: Function * rl_named_function (char *name) + Return the function with name NAME. + + - Function: Function * rl_function_of_keyseq (char *keyseq, Keymap + map, int *type) + Return the function invoked by KEYSEQ in keymap MAP. If MAP is + NULL, the current keymap is used. If TYPE is not NULL, the type + of the object is returned in it (one of `ISFUNC', `ISKMAP', or + `ISMACR'). + + - Function: char ** rl_invoking_keyseqs (Function *function) + Return an array of strings representing the key sequences used to + invoke FUNCTION in the current keymap. + + - Function: char ** rl_invoking_keyseqs_in_map (Function *function, + Keymap map) + Return an array of strings representing the key sequences used to + invoke FUNCTION in the keymap MAP. + + - Function: void rl_function_dumper (int readable) + Print the readline function names and the key sequences currently + bound to them to `rl_outstream'. If READABLE is non-zero, the + list is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an + `inputrc' file and re-read. + + - Function: void rl_list_funmap_names () + Print the names of all bindable Readline functions to + `rl_outstream'. + + +File: readline.info, Node: Allowing Undoing, Next: Redisplay, Prev: Associating Function Names and Bindings, Up: Readline Convenience Functions + +Allowing Undoing +---------------- + + Supporting the undo command is a painless thing, and makes your +functions much more useful. It is certainly easy to try something if +you know you can undo it. I could use an undo function for the stock +market. + + If your function simply inserts text once, or deletes text once, and +uses `rl_insert_text ()' or `rl_delete_text ()' to do it, then undoing +is already done for you automatically. + + If you do multiple insertions or multiple deletions, or any +combination of these operations, you should group them together into +one operation. This is done with `rl_begin_undo_group ()' and +`rl_end_undo_group ()'. + + The types of events that can be undone are: + + enum undo_code { UNDO_DELETE, UNDO_INSERT, UNDO_BEGIN, UNDO_END }; + + Notice that `UNDO_DELETE' means to insert some text, and +`UNDO_INSERT' means to delete some text. That is, the undo code tells +undo what to undo, not how to undo it. `UNDO_BEGIN' and `UNDO_END' are +tags added by `rl_begin_undo_group ()' and `rl_end_undo_group ()'. + + - Function: int rl_begin_undo_group () + Begins saving undo information in a group construct. The undo + information usually comes from calls to `rl_insert_text ()' and + `rl_delete_text ()', but could be the result of calls to + `rl_add_undo ()'. + + - Function: int rl_end_undo_group () + Closes the current undo group started with `rl_begin_undo_group + ()'. There should be one call to `rl_end_undo_group ()' for each + call to `rl_begin_undo_group ()'. + + - Function: void rl_add_undo (enum undo_code what, int start, int end, + char *text) + Remember how to undo an event (according to WHAT). The affected + text runs from START to END, and encompasses TEXT. + + - Function: void free_undo_list () + Free the existing undo list. + + - Function: int rl_do_undo () + Undo the first thing on the undo list. Returns `0' if there was + nothing to undo, non-zero if something was undone. + + Finally, if you neither insert nor delete text, but directly modify +the existing text (e.g., change its case), call `rl_modifying ()' once, +just before you modify the text. You must supply the indices of the +text range that you are going to modify. + + - Function: int rl_modifying (int start, int end) + Tell Readline to save the text between START and END as a single + undo unit. It is assumed that you will subsequently modify that + text. + + +File: readline.info, Node: Redisplay, Next: Modifying Text, Prev: Allowing Undoing, Up: Readline Convenience Functions + +Redisplay +--------- + + - Function: void rl_redisplay () + Change what's displayed on the screen to reflect the current + contents of `rl_line_buffer'. + + - Function: int rl_forced_update_display () + Force the line to be updated and redisplayed, whether or not + Readline thinks the screen display is correct. + + - Function: int rl_on_new_line () + Tell the update routines that we have moved onto a new (empty) + line, usually after ouputting a newline. + + - Function: int rl_reset_line_state () + Reset the display state to a clean state and redisplay the current + line starting on a new line. + + - Function: int rl_message (va_alist) + The arguments are a string as would be supplied to `printf'. The + resulting string is displayed in the "echo area". The echo area + is also used to display numeric arguments and search strings. + + - Function: int rl_clear_message () + Clear the message in the echo area. + + - Function: void rl_save_prompt () + Save the local Readline prompt display state in preparation for + displaying a new message in the message area with `rl_message'. + + - Function: void rl_restore_prompt () + Restore the local Readline prompt display state saved by the most + recent call to `rl_save_prompt'. + + +File: readline.info, Node: Modifying Text, Next: Utility Functions, Prev: Redisplay, Up: Readline Convenience Functions + +Modifying Text +-------------- + + - Function: int rl_insert_text (char *text) + Insert TEXT into the line at the current cursor position. + + - Function: int rl_delete_text (int start, int end) + Delete the text between START and END in the current line. + + - Function: char * rl_copy_text (int start, int end) + Return a copy of the text between START and END in the current + line. + + - Function: int rl_kill_text (int start, int end) + Copy the text between START and END in the current line to the + kill ring, appending or prepending to the last kill if the last + command was a kill command. The text is deleted. If START is + less than END, the text is appended, otherwise prepended. If the + last command was not a kill, a new kill ring slot is used. + + +File: readline.info, Node: Utility Functions, Next: Alternate Interface, Prev: Modifying Text, Up: Readline Convenience Functions + +Utility Functions +----------------- + + - Function: int rl_read_key () + Return the next character available. This handles input inserted + into the input stream via PENDING INPUT (*note Readline + Variables::.) and `rl_stuff_char ()', macros, and characters read + from the keyboard. + + - Function: int rl_getc (FILE *) + Return the next character available from the keyboard. + + - Function: int rl_stuff_char (int c) + Insert C into the Readline input stream. It will be "read" before + Readline attempts to read characters from the terminal with + `rl_read_key ()'. + + - Function: rl_extend_line_buffer (int len) + Ensure that `rl_line_buffer' has enough space to hold LEN + characters, possibly reallocating it if necessary. + + - Function: int rl_initialize () + Initialize or re-initialize Readline's internal state. + + - Function: int rl_reset_terminal (char *terminal_name) + Reinitialize Readline's idea of the terminal settings using + TERMINAL_NAME as the terminal type (e.g., `vt100'). + + - Function: int alphabetic (int c) + Return 1 if C is an alphabetic character. + + - Function: int numeric (int c) + Return 1 if C is a numeric character. + + - Function: int ding () + Ring the terminal bell, obeying the setting of `bell-style'. + + - Function: void rl_display_match_list (char **matches, int len, int + max) + A convenience function for displaying a list of strings in + columnar format on Readline's output stream. `matches' is the list + of strings, in argv format, such as a list of completion matches. + `len' is the number of strings in `matches', and `max' is the + length of the longest string in `matches'. This function uses the + setting of `print-completions-horizontally' to select how the + matches are displayed (*note Readline Init File Syntax::.). + + The following are implemented as macros, defined in `chartypes.h'. + + - Function: int uppercase_p (int c) + Return 1 if C is an uppercase alphabetic character. + + - Function: int lowercase_p (int c) + Return 1 if C is a lowercase alphabetic character. + + - Function: int digit_p (int c) + Return 1 if C is a numeric character. + + - Function: int to_upper (int c) + If C is a lowercase alphabetic character, return the corresponding + uppercase character. + + - Function: int to_lower (int c) + If C is an uppercase alphabetic character, return the corresponding + lowercase character. + + - Function: int digit_value (int c) + If C is a number, return the value it represents. + + +File: readline.info, Node: Alternate Interface, Prev: Utility Functions, Up: Readline Convenience Functions + +Alternate Interface +------------------- + + An alternate interface is available to plain `readline()'. Some +applications need to interleave keyboard I/O with file, device, or +window system I/O, typically by using a main loop to `select()' on +various file descriptors. To accomodate this need, readline can also +be invoked as a `callback' function from an event loop. There are +functions available to make this easy. + + - Function: void rl_callback_handler_install (char *prompt, Vfunction + *lhandler) + Set up the terminal for readline I/O and display the initial + expanded value of PROMPT. Save the value of LHANDLER to use as a + callback when a complete line of input has been entered. + + - Function: void rl_callback_read_char () + Whenever an application determines that keyboard input is + available, it should call `rl_callback_read_char()', which will + read the next character from the current input source. If that + character completes the line, `rl_callback_read_char' will invoke + the LHANDLER function saved by `rl_callback_handler_install' to + process the line. `EOF' is indicated by calling LHANDLER with a + `NULL' line. + + - Function: void rl_callback_handler_remove () + Restore the terminal to its initial state and remove the line + handler. This may be called from within a callback as well as + independently. + +An Example +---------- + + Here is a function which changes lowercase characters to their +uppercase equivalents, and uppercase characters to lowercase. If this +function was bound to `M-c', then typing `M-c' would change the case of +the character under point. Typing `M-1 0 M-c' would change the case of +the following 10 characters, leaving the cursor on the last character +changed. + + /* Invert the case of the COUNT following characters. */ + int + invert_case_line (count, key) + int count, key; + { + register int start, end, i; + + start = rl_point; + + if (rl_point >= rl_end) + return (0); + + if (count < 0) + { + direction = -1; + count = -count; + } + else + direction = 1; + + /* Find the end of the range to modify. */ + end = start + (count * direction); + + /* Force it to be within range. */ + if (end > rl_end) + end = rl_end; + else if (end < 0) + end = 0; + + if (start == end) + return (0); + + if (start > end) + { + int temp = start; + start = end; + end = temp; + } + + /* Tell readline that we are modifying the line, so it will save + the undo information. */ + rl_modifying (start, end); + + for (i = start; i != end; i++) + { + if (uppercase_p (rl_line_buffer[i])) + rl_line_buffer[i] = to_lower (rl_line_buffer[i]); + else if (lowercase_p (rl_line_buffer[i])) + rl_line_buffer[i] = to_upper (rl_line_buffer[i]); + } + /* Move point to on top of the last character changed. */ + rl_point = (direction == 1) ? end - 1 : start; + return (0); + } + + +File: readline.info, Node: Readline Signal Handling, Next: Custom Completers, Prev: Readline Convenience Functions, Up: Programming with GNU Readline + +Readline Signal Handling +======================== + + Signals are asynchronous events sent to a process by the Unix kernel, +sometimes on behalf of another process. They are intended to indicate +exceptional events, like a user pressing the interrupt key on his +terminal, or a network connection being broken. There is a class of +signals that can be sent to the process currently reading input from +the keyboard. Since Readline changes the terminal attributes when it +is called, it needs to perform special processing when a signal is +received to restore the terminal to a sane state, or provide application +writers with functions to do so manually. + + Readline contains an internal signal handler that is installed for a +number of signals (`SIGINT', `SIGQUIT', `SIGTERM', `SIGALRM', +`SIGTSTP', `SIGTTIN', and `SIGTTOU'). When one of these signals is +received, the signal handler will reset the terminal attributes to +those that were in effect before `readline ()' was called, reset the +signal handling to what it was before `readline ()' was called, and +resend the signal to the calling application. If and when the calling +application's signal handler returns, Readline will reinitialize the +terminal and continue to accept input. When a `SIGINT' is received, +the Readline signal handler performs some additional work, which will +cause any partially-entered line to be aborted (see the description of +`rl_free_line_state ()'). + + There is an additional Readline signal handler, for `SIGWINCH', which +the kernel sends to a process whenever the terminal's size changes (for +example, if a user resizes an `xterm'). The Readline `SIGWINCH' +handler updates Readline's internal screen size state, and then calls +any `SIGWINCH' signal handler the calling application has installed. +Readline calls the application's `SIGWINCH' signal handler without +resetting the terminal to its original state. If the application's +signal handler does more than update its idea of the terminal size and +return (for example, a `longjmp' back to a main processing loop), it +*must* call `rl_cleanup_after_signal ()' (described below), to restore +the terminal state. + + Readline provides two variables that allow application writers to +control whether or not it will catch certain signals and act on them +when they are received. It is important that applications change the +values of these variables only when calling `readline ()', not in a +signal handler, so Readline's internal signal state is not corrupted. + + - Variable: int rl_catch_signals + If this variable is non-zero, Readline will install signal + handlers for `SIGINT', `SIGQUIT', `SIGTERM', `SIGALRM', `SIGTSTP', + `SIGTTIN', and `SIGTTOU'. + + The default value of `rl_catch_signals' is 1. + + - Variable: int rl_catch_sigwinch + If this variable is non-zero, Readline will install a signal + handler for `SIGWINCH'. + + The default value of `rl_catch_sigwinch' is 1. + + If an application does not wish to have Readline catch any signals, +or to handle signals other than those Readline catches (`SIGHUP', for +example), Readline provides convenience functions to do the necessary +terminal and internal state cleanup upon receipt of a signal. + + - Function: void rl_cleanup_after_signal (void) + This function will reset the state of the terminal to what it was + before `readline ()' was called, and remove the Readline signal + handlers for all signals, depending on the values of + `rl_catch_signals' and `rl_catch_sigwinch'. + + - Function: void rl_free_line_state (void) + This will free any partial state associated with the current input + line (undo information, any partial history entry, any + partially-entered keyboard macro, and any partially-entered + numeric argument). This should be called before + `rl_cleanup_after_signal ()'. The Readline signal handler for + `SIGINT' calls this to abort the current input line. + + - Function: void rl_reset_after_signal (void) + This will reinitialize the terminal and reinstall any Readline + signal handlers, depending on the values of `rl_catch_signals' and + `rl_catch_sigwinch'. + + If an application does not wish Readline to catch `SIGWINCH', it may +call `rl_resize_terminal ()' to force Readline to update its idea of +the terminal size when a `SIGWINCH' is received. + + - Function: void rl_resize_terminal (void) + Update Readline's internal screen size. + + The following functions install and remove Readline's signal +handlers. + + - Function: int rl_set_signals (void) + Install Readline's signal handler for `SIGINT', `SIGQUIT', + `SIGTERM', `SIGALRM', `SIGTSTP', `SIGTTIN', `SIGTTOU', and + `SIGWINCH', depending on the values of `rl_catch_signals' and + `rl_catch_sigwinch'. + + - Function: int rl_clear_signals (void) + Remove all of the Readline signal handlers installed by + `rl_set_signals ()'. + + +File: readline.info, Node: Custom Completers, Prev: Readline Signal Handling, Up: Programming with GNU Readline + +Custom Completers +================= + + Typically, a program that reads commands from the user has a way of +disambiguating commands and data. If your program is one of these, then +it can provide completion for commands, data, or both. The following +sections describe how your program and Readline cooperate to provide +this service. + +* Menu: + +* How Completing Works:: The logic used to do completion. +* Completion Functions:: Functions provided by Readline. +* Completion Variables:: Variables which control completion. +* A Short Completion Example:: An example of writing completer subroutines. + + +File: readline.info, Node: How Completing Works, Next: Completion Functions, Up: Custom Completers + +How Completing Works +-------------------- + + In order to complete some text, the full list of possible completions +must be available. That is, it is not possible to accurately expand a +partial word without knowing all of the possible words which make sense +in that context. The Readline library provides the user interface to +completion, and two of the most common completion functions: filename +and username. For completing other types of text, you must write your +own completion function. This section describes exactly what such +functions must do, and provides an example. + + There are three major functions used to perform completion: + + 1. The user-interface function `rl_complete ()'. This function is + called with the same arguments as other Readline functions + intended for interactive use: COUNT and INVOKING_KEY. It + isolates the word to be completed and calls `completion_matches + ()' to generate a list of possible completions. It then either + lists the possible completions, inserts the possible completions, + or actually performs the completion, depending on which behavior + is desired. + + 2. The internal function `completion_matches ()' uses your + "generator" function to generate the list of possible matches, and + then returns the array of these matches. You should place the + address of your generator function in + `rl_completion_entry_function'. + + 3. The generator function is called repeatedly from + `completion_matches ()', returning a string each time. The + arguments to the generator function are TEXT and STATE. TEXT is + the partial word to be completed. STATE is zero the first time + the function is called, allowing the generator to perform any + necessary initialization, and a positive non-zero integer for each + subsequent call. When the generator function returns `(char + *)NULL' this signals `completion_matches ()' that there are no + more possibilities left. Usually the generator function computes + the list of possible completions when STATE is zero, and returns + them one at a time on subsequent calls. Each string the generator + function returns as a match must be allocated with `malloc()'; + Readline frees the strings when it has finished with them. + + + - Function: int rl_complete (int ignore, int invoking_key) + Complete the word at or before point. You have supplied the + function that does the initial simple matching selection algorithm + (see `completion_matches ()'). The default is to do filename + completion. + + - Variable: Function * rl_completion_entry_function + This is a pointer to the generator function for `completion_matches + ()'. If the value of `rl_completion_entry_function' is `(Function + *)NULL' then the default filename generator function, + `filename_completion_function ()', is used. + + +File: readline.info, Node: Completion Functions, Next: Completion Variables, Prev: How Completing Works, Up: Custom Completers + +Completion Functions +-------------------- + + Here is the complete list of callable completion functions present in +Readline. + + - Function: int rl_complete_internal (int what_to_do) + Complete the word at or before point. WHAT_TO_DO says what to do + with the completion. A value of `?' means list the possible + completions. `TAB' means do standard completion. `*' means + insert all of the possible completions. `!' means to display all + of the possible completions, if there is more than one, as well as + performing partial completion. + + - Function: int rl_complete (int ignore, int invoking_key) + Complete the word at or before point. You have supplied the + function that does the initial simple matching selection algorithm + (see `completion_matches ()' and `rl_completion_entry_function'). + The default is to do filename completion. This calls + `rl_complete_internal ()' with an argument depending on + INVOKING_KEY. + + - Function: int rl_possible_completions (int count, int invoking_key)) + List the possible completions. See description of `rl_complete + ()'. This calls `rl_complete_internal ()' with an argument of `?'. + + - Function: int rl_insert_completions (int count, int invoking_key)) + Insert the list of possible completions into the line, deleting the + partially-completed word. See description of `rl_complete ()'. + This calls `rl_complete_internal ()' with an argument of `*'. + + - Function: char ** completion_matches (char *text, CPFunction + *entry_func) + Returns an array of `(char *)' which is a list of completions for + TEXT. If there are no completions, returns `(char **)NULL'. The + first entry in the returned array is the substitution for TEXT. + The remaining entries are the possible completions. The array is + terminated with a `NULL' pointer. + + ENTRY_FUNC is a function of two args, and returns a `(char *)'. + The first argument is TEXT. The second is a state argument; it is + zero on the first call, and non-zero on subsequent calls. + ENTRY_FUNC returns a `NULL' pointer to the caller when there are + no more matches. + + - Function: char * filename_completion_function (char *text, int state) + A generator function for filename completion in the general case. + Note that completion in Bash is a little different because of all + the pathnames that must be followed when looking up completions + for a command. The Bash source is a useful reference for writing + custom completion functions. + + - Function: char * username_completion_function (char *text, int state) + A completion generator for usernames. TEXT contains a partial + username preceded by a random character (usually `~'). As with all + completion generators, STATE is zero on the first call and non-zero + for subsequent calls. + + +File: readline.info, Node: Completion Variables, Next: A Short Completion Example, Prev: Completion Functions, Up: Custom Completers + +Completion Variables +-------------------- + + - Variable: Function * rl_completion_entry_function + A pointer to the generator function for `completion_matches ()'. + `NULL' means to use `filename_entry_function ()', the default + filename completer. + + - Variable: CPPFunction * rl_attempted_completion_function + A pointer to an alternative function to create matches. The + function is called with TEXT, START, and END. START and END are + indices in `rl_line_buffer' saying what the boundaries of TEXT + are. If this function exists and returns `NULL', or if this + variable is set to `NULL', then `rl_complete ()' will call the + value of `rl_completion_entry_function' to generate matches, + otherwise the array of strings returned will be used. + + - Variable: CPFunction * rl_filename_quoting_function + A pointer to a function that will quote a filename in an + application- specific fashion. This is called if filename + completion is being attempted and one of the characters in + `rl_filename_quote_characters' appears in a completed filename. + The function is called with TEXT, MATCH_TYPE, and QUOTE_POINTER. + The TEXT is the filename to be quoted. The MATCH_TYPE is either + `SINGLE_MATCH', if there is only one completion match, or + `MULT_MATCH'. Some functions use this to decide whether or not to + insert a closing quote character. The QUOTE_POINTER is a pointer + to any opening quote character the user typed. Some functions + choose to reset this character. + + - Variable: CPFunction * rl_filename_dequoting_function + A pointer to a function that will remove application-specific + quoting characters from a filename before completion is attempted, + so those characters do not interfere with matching the text + against names in the filesystem. It is called with TEXT, the text + of the word to be dequoted, and QUOTE_CHAR, which is the quoting + character that delimits the filename (usually `'' or `"'). If + QUOTE_CHAR is zero, the filename was not in an embedded string. + + - Variable: Function * rl_char_is_quoted_p + A pointer to a function to call that determines whether or not a + specific character in the line buffer is quoted, according to + whatever quoting mechanism the program calling readline uses. The + function is called with two arguments: TEXT, the text of the line, + and INDEX, the index of the character in the line. It is used to + decide whether a character found in + `rl_completer_word_break_characters' should be used to break words + for the completer. + + - Variable: int rl_completion_query_items + Up to this many items will be displayed in response to a + possible-completions call. After that, we ask the user if she is + sure she wants to see them all. The default value is 100. + + - Variable: char * rl_basic_word_break_characters + The basic list of characters that signal a break between words for + the completer routine. The default value of this variable is the + characters which break words for completion in Bash, i.e., `" + \t\n\"\\'`@$><=;|&{("'. + + - Variable: char * rl_basic_quote_characters + List of quote characters which can cause a word break. + + - Variable: char * rl_completer_word_break_characters + The list of characters that signal a break between words for + `rl_complete_internal ()'. The default list is the value of + `rl_basic_word_break_characters'. + + - Variable: char * rl_completer_quote_characters + List of characters which can be used to quote a substring of the + line. Completion occurs on the entire substring, and within the + substring `rl_completer_word_break_characters' are treated as any + other character, unless they also appear within this list. + + - Variable: char * rl_filename_quote_characters + A list of characters that cause a filename to be quoted by the + completer when they appear in a completed filename. The default + is the null string. + + - Variable: char * rl_special_prefixes + The list of characters that are word break characters, but should + be left in TEXT when it is passed to the completion function. + Programs can use this to help determine what kind of completing to + do. For instance, Bash sets this variable to "$@" so that it can + complete shell variables and hostnames. + + - Variable: int rl_completion_append_character + When a single completion alternative matches at the end of the + command line, this character is appended to the inserted + completion text. The default is a space character (` '). Setting + this to the null character (`\0') prevents anything being appended + automatically. This can be changed in custom completion functions + to provide the "most sensible word separator character" according + to an application-specific command line syntax specification. + + - Variable: int rl_ignore_completion_duplicates + If non-zero, then disallow duplicates in the matches. Default is + 1. + + - Variable: int rl_filename_completion_desired + Non-zero means that the results of the matches are to be treated as + filenames. This is *always* zero on entry, and can only be changed + within a completion entry generator function. If it is set to a + non-zero value, directory names have a slash appended and Readline + attempts to quote completed filenames if they contain any embedded + word break characters. + + - Variable: int rl_filename_quoting_desired + Non-zero means that the results of the matches are to be quoted + using double quotes (or an application-specific quoting mechanism) + if the completed filename contains any characters in + `rl_filename_quote_chars'. This is *always* non-zero on entry, + and can only be changed within a completion entry generator + function. The quoting is effected via a call to the function + pointed to by `rl_filename_quoting_function'. + + - Variable: int rl_inhibit_completion + If this variable is non-zero, completion is inhibit<ed. The + completion character will be inserted as any other bound to + `self-insert'. + + - Variable: Function * rl_ignore_some_completions_function + This function, if defined, is called by the completer when real + filename completion is done, after all the matching names have + been generated. It is passed a `NULL' terminated array of matches. + The first element (`matches[0]') is the maximal substring common + to all matches. This function can re-arrange the list of matches + as required, but each element deleted from the array must be freed. + + - Variable: Function * rl_directory_completion_hook + This function, if defined, is allowed to modify the directory + portion of filenames Readline completes. It is called with the + address of a string (the current directory name) as an argument. + It could be used to expand symbolic links or shell variables in + pathnames. + + - Variable: VFunction * rl_completion_display_matches_hook + If non-zero, then this is the address of a function to call when + completing a word would normally display the list of possible + matches. This function is called in lieu of Readline displaying + the list. It takes three arguments: (`char **'MATCHES, `int' + NUM_MATCHES, `int' MAX_LENGTH) where MATCHES is the array of + matching strings, NUM_MATCHES is the number of strings in that + array, and MAX_LENGTH is the length of the longest string in that + array. Readline provides a convenience function, + `rl_display_match_list', that takes care of doing the display to + Readline's output stream. That function may be called from this + hook. + + +File: readline.info, Node: A Short Completion Example, Prev: Completion Variables, Up: Custom Completers + +A Short Completion Example +-------------------------- + + Here is a small application demonstrating the use of the GNU Readline +library. It is called `fileman', and the source code resides in +`examples/fileman.c'. This sample application provides completion of +command names, line editing features, and access to the history list. + + /* fileman.c -- A tiny application which demonstrates how to use the + GNU Readline library. This application interactively allows users + to manipulate files and their modes. */ + + #include <stdio.h> + #include <sys/types.h> + #include <sys/file.h> + #include <sys/stat.h> + #include <sys/errno.h> + + #include <readline/readline.h> + #include <readline/history.h> + + extern char *getwd (); + extern char *xmalloc (); + + /* The names of functions that actually do the manipulation. */ + int com_list (), com_view (), com_rename (), com_stat (), com_pwd (); + int com_delete (), com_help (), com_cd (), com_quit (); + + /* A structure which contains information on the commands this program + can understand. */ + + typedef struct { + char *name; /* User printable name of the function. */ + Function *func; /* Function to call to do the job. */ + char *doc; /* Documentation for this function. */ + } COMMAND; + + COMMAND commands[] = { + { "cd", com_cd, "Change to directory DIR" }, + { "delete", com_delete, "Delete FILE" }, + { "help", com_help, "Display this text" }, + { "?", com_help, "Synonym for `help'" }, + { "list", com_list, "List files in DIR" }, + { "ls", com_list, "Synonym for `list'" }, + { "pwd", com_pwd, "Print the current working directory" }, + { "quit", com_quit, "Quit using Fileman" }, + { "rename", com_rename, "Rename FILE to NEWNAME" }, + { "stat", com_stat, "Print out statistics on FILE" }, + { "view", com_view, "View the contents of FILE" }, + { (char *)NULL, (Function *)NULL, (char *)NULL } + }; + + /* Forward declarations. */ + char *stripwhite (); + COMMAND *find_command (); + + /* The name of this program, as taken from argv[0]. */ + char *progname; + + /* When non-zero, this global means the user is done using this program. */ + int done; + + char * + dupstr (s) + int s; + { + char *r; + + r = xmalloc (strlen (s) + 1); + strcpy (r, s); + return (r); + } + + main (argc, argv) + int argc; + char **argv; + { + char *line, *s; + + progname = argv[0]; + + initialize_readline (); /* Bind our completer. */ + + /* Loop reading and executing lines until the user quits. */ + for ( ; done == 0; ) + { + line = readline ("FileMan: "); + + if (!line) + break; + + /* Remove leading and trailing whitespace from the line. + Then, if there is anything left, add it to the history list + and execute it. */ + s = stripwhite (line); + + if (*s) + { + add_history (s); + execute_line (s); + } + + free (line); + } + exit (0); + } + + /* Execute a command line. */ + int + execute_line (line) + char *line; + { + register int i; + COMMAND *command; + char *word; + + /* Isolate the command word. */ + i = 0; + while (line[i] && whitespace (line[i])) + i++; + word = line + i; + + while (line[i] && !whitespace (line[i])) + i++; + + if (line[i]) + line[i++] = '\0'; + + command = find_command (word); + + if (!command) + { + fprintf (stderr, "%s: No such command for FileMan.\n", word); + return (-1); + } + + /* Get argument to command, if any. */ + while (whitespace (line[i])) + i++; + + word = line + i; + + /* Call the function. */ + return ((*(command->func)) (word)); + } + + /* Look up NAME as the name of a command, and return a pointer to that + command. Return a NULL pointer if NAME isn't a command name. */ + COMMAND * + find_command (name) + char *name; + { + register int i; + + for (i = 0; commands[i].name; i++) + if (strcmp (name, commands[i].name) == 0) + return (&commands[i]); + + return ((COMMAND *)NULL); + } + + /* Strip whitespace from the start and end of STRING. Return a pointer + into STRING. */ + char * + stripwhite (string) + char *string; + { + register char *s, *t; + + for (s = string; whitespace (*s); s++) + ; + + if (*s == 0) + return (s); + + t = s + strlen (s) - 1; + while (t > s && whitespace (*t)) + t--; + *++t = '\0'; + + return s; + } + + /* **************************************************************** */ + /* */ + /* Interface to Readline Completion */ + /* */ + /* **************************************************************** */ + + char *command_generator (); + char **fileman_completion (); + + /* Tell the GNU Readline library how to complete. We want to try to complete + on command names if this is the first word in the line, or on filenames + if not. */ + initialize_readline () + { + /* Allow conditional parsing of the ~/.inputrc file. */ + rl_readline_name = "FileMan"; + + /* Tell the completer that we want a crack first. */ + rl_attempted_completion_function = (CPPFunction *)fileman_completion; + } + + /* Attempt to complete on the contents of TEXT. START and END bound the + region of rl_line_buffer that contains the word to complete. TEXT is + the word to complete. We can use the entire contents of rl_line_buffer + in case we want to do some simple parsing. Return the array of matches, + or NULL if there aren't any. */ + char ** + fileman_completion (text, start, end) + char *text; + int start, end; + { + char **matches; + + matches = (char **)NULL; + + /* If this word is at the start of the line, then it is a command + to complete. Otherwise it is the name of a file in the current + directory. */ + if (start == 0) + matches = completion_matches (text, command_generator); + + return (matches); + } + + /* Generator function for command completion. STATE lets us know whether + to start from scratch; without any state (i.e. STATE == 0), then we + start at the top of the list. */ + char * + command_generator (text, state) + char *text; + int state; + { + static int list_index, len; + char *name; + + /* If this is a new word to complete, initialize now. This includes + saving the length of TEXT for efficiency, and initializing the index + variable to 0. */ + if (!state) + { + list_index = 0; + len = strlen (text); + } + + /* Return the next name which partially matches from the command list. */ + while (name = commands[list_index].name) + { + list_index++; + + if (strncmp (name, text, len) == 0) + return (dupstr(name)); + } + + /* If no names matched, then return NULL. */ + return ((char *)NULL); + } + + /* **************************************************************** */ + /* */ + /* FileMan Commands */ + /* */ + /* **************************************************************** */ + + /* String to pass to system (). This is for the LIST, VIEW and RENAME + commands. */ + static char syscom[1024]; + + /* List the file(s) named in arg. */ + com_list (arg) + char *arg; + { + if (!arg) + arg = ""; + + sprintf (syscom, "ls -FClg %s", arg); + return (system (syscom)); + } + + com_view (arg) + char *arg; + { + if (!valid_argument ("view", arg)) + return 1; + + sprintf (syscom, "more %s", arg); + return (system (syscom)); + } + + com_rename (arg) + char *arg; + { + too_dangerous ("rename"); + return (1); + } + + com_stat (arg) + char *arg; + { + struct stat finfo; + + if (!valid_argument ("stat", arg)) + return (1); + + if (stat (arg, &finfo) == -1) + { + perror (arg); + return (1); + } + + printf ("Statistics for `%s':\n", arg); + + printf ("%s has %d link%s, and is %d byte%s in length.\n", arg, + finfo.st_nlink, + (finfo.st_nlink == 1) ? "" : "s", + finfo.st_size, + (finfo.st_size == 1) ? "" : "s"); + printf ("Inode Last Change at: %s", ctime (&finfo.st_ctime)); + printf (" Last access at: %s", ctime (&finfo.st_atime)); + printf (" Last modified at: %s", ctime (&finfo.st_mtime)); + return (0); + } + + com_delete (arg) + char *arg; + { + too_dangerous ("delete"); + return (1); + } + + /* Print out help for ARG, or for all of the commands if ARG is + not present. */ + com_help (arg) + char *arg; + { + register int i; + int printed = 0; + + for (i = 0; commands[i].name; i++) + { + if (!*arg || (strcmp (arg, commands[i].name) == 0)) + { + printf ("%s\t\t%s.\n", commands[i].name, commands[i].doc); + printed++; + } + } + + if (!printed) + { + printf ("No commands match `%s'. Possibilties are:\n", arg); + + for (i = 0; commands[i].name; i++) + { + /* Print in six columns. */ + if (printed == 6) + { + printed = 0; + printf ("\n"); + } + + printf ("%s\t", commands[i].name); + printed++; + } + + if (printed) + printf ("\n"); + } + return (0); + } + + /* Change to the directory ARG. */ + com_cd (arg) + char *arg; + { + if (chdir (arg) == -1) + { + perror (arg); + return 1; + } + + com_pwd (""); + return (0); + } + + /* Print out the current working directory. */ + com_pwd (ignore) + char *ignore; + { + char dir[1024], *s; + + s = getwd (dir); + if (s == 0) + { + printf ("Error getting pwd: %s\n", dir); + return 1; + } + + printf ("Current directory is %s\n", dir); + return 0; + } + + /* The user wishes to quit using this program. Just set DONE non-zero. */ + com_quit (arg) + char *arg; + { + done = 1; + return (0); + } + + /* Function which tells you that you can't do this. */ + too_dangerous (caller) + char *caller; + { + fprintf (stderr, + "%s: Too dangerous for me to distribute. Write it yourself.\n", + caller); + } + + /* Return non-zero if ARG is a valid argument for CALLER, else print + an error message and return zero. */ + int + valid_argument (caller, arg) + char *caller, *arg; + { + if (!arg || !*arg) + { + fprintf (stderr, "%s: Argument required.\n", caller); + return (0); + } + + return (1); + } + + +File: readline.info, Node: Concept Index, Next: Function and Variable Index, Prev: Programming with GNU Readline, Up: Top + +Concept Index +************* + +* Menu: + +* command editing: Readline Bare Essentials. +* editing command lines: Readline Bare Essentials. +* initialization file, readline: Readline Init File. +* interaction, readline: Readline Interaction. +* kill ring: Readline Killing Commands. +* killing text: Readline Killing Commands. +* notation, readline: Readline Bare Essentials. +* readline, function: Basic Behavior. +* yanking text: Readline Killing Commands. + + +File: readline.info, Node: Function and Variable Index, Prev: Concept Index, Up: Top + +Function and Variable Index +*************************** + +* Menu: + +* (: Utility Functions. +* abort (C-g): Miscellaneous Commands. +* accept-line (Newline, Return): Commands For History. +* alphabetic: Utility Functions. +* backward-char (C-b): Commands For Moving. +* backward-delete-char (Rubout): Commands For Text. +* backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout): Commands For Killing. +* backward-kill-word (M-DEL): Commands For Killing. +* backward-word (M-b): Commands For Moving. +* beginning-of-history (M-<): Commands For History. +* beginning-of-line (C-a): Commands For Moving. +* bell-style: Readline Init File Syntax. +* call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e): Keyboard Macros. +* capitalize-word (M-c): Commands For Text. +* character-search (C-]): Miscellaneous Commands. +* character-search-backward (M-C-]): Miscellaneous Commands. +* clear-screen (C-l): Commands For Moving. +* comment-begin: Readline Init File Syntax. +* complete (TAB): Commands For Completion. +* completion-query-items: Readline Init File Syntax. +* completion_matches: Completion Functions. +* convert-meta: Readline Init File Syntax. +* copy-backward-word (): Commands For Killing. +* copy-forward-word (): Commands For Killing. +* copy-region-as-kill (): Commands For Killing. +* delete-char (C-d): Commands For Text. +* delete-char-or-list (): Commands For Completion. +* delete-horizontal-space (): Commands For Killing. +* digit-argument (M-0, M-1, ... M--): Numeric Arguments. +* digit_p: Utility Functions. +* digit_value: Utility Functions. +* ding: Utility Functions. +* disable-completion: Readline Init File Syntax. +* do-uppercase-version (M-a, M-b, M-X, ...): Miscellaneous Commands. +* downcase-word (M-l): Commands For Text. +* dump-functions (): Miscellaneous Commands. +* dump-macros (): Miscellaneous Commands. +* dump-variables (): Miscellaneous Commands. +* editing-mode: Readline Init File Syntax. +* enable-keypad: Readline Init File Syntax. +* end-kbd-macro (C-x )): Keyboard Macros. +* end-of-history (M->): Commands For History. +* end-of-line (C-e): Commands For Moving. +* exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x): Miscellaneous Commands. +* expand-tilde: Readline Init File Syntax. +* filename_completion_function: Completion Functions. +* forward-backward-delete-char (): Commands For Text. +* forward-char (C-f): Commands For Moving. +* forward-search-history (C-s): Commands For History. +* forward-word (M-f): Commands For Moving. +* free_undo_list: Allowing Undoing. +* history-search-backward (): Commands For History. +* history-search-forward (): Commands For History. +* horizontal-scroll-mode: Readline Init File Syntax. +* input-meta: Readline Init File Syntax. +* insert-comment (M-#): Miscellaneous Commands. +* insert-completions (M-*): Commands For Completion. +* isearch-terminators: Readline Init File Syntax. +* keymap: Readline Init File Syntax. +* kill-line (C-k): Commands For Killing. +* kill-region (): Commands For Killing. +* kill-whole-line (): Commands For Killing. +* kill-word (M-d): Commands For Killing. +* lowercase_p: Utility Functions. +* mark-modified-lines: Readline Init File Syntax. +* menu-complete (): Commands For Completion. +* meta-flag: Readline Init File Syntax. +* next-history (C-n): Commands For History. +* non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n): Commands For History. +* non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p): Commands For History. +* numeric: Utility Functions. +* output-meta: Readline Init File Syntax. +* possible-completions (M-?): Commands For Completion. +* prefix-meta (ESC): Miscellaneous Commands. +* previous-history (C-p): Commands For History. +* quoted-insert (C-q, C-v): Commands For Text. +* re-read-init-file (C-x C-r): Miscellaneous Commands. +* readline: Basic Behavior. +* redraw-current-line (): Commands For Moving. +* reverse-search-history (C-r): Commands For History. +* revert-line (M-r): Miscellaneous Commands. +* rl_add_defun: Function Naming. +* rl_add_undo: Allowing Undoing. +* rl_attempted_completion_function: Completion Variables. +* rl_basic_quote_characters: Completion Variables. +* rl_basic_word_break_characters: Completion Variables. +* rl_begin_undo_group: Allowing Undoing. +* rl_bind_key: Binding Keys. +* rl_bind_key_in_map: Binding Keys. +* rl_binding_keymap: Readline Variables. +* rl_callback_handler_install: Alternate Interface. +* rl_callback_handler_remove: Alternate Interface. +* rl_callback_read_char: Alternate Interface. +* rl_catch_signals: Readline Signal Handling. +* rl_catch_sigwinch: Readline Signal Handling. +* rl_char_is_quoted_p: Completion Variables. +* rl_cleanup_after_signal: Readline Signal Handling. +* rl_clear_message: Redisplay. +* rl_clear_signals: Readline Signal Handling. +* rl_complete <1>: Completion Functions. +* rl_complete: How Completing Works. +* rl_complete_internal: Completion Functions. +* rl_completer_quote_characters: Completion Variables. +* rl_completer_word_break_characters: Completion Variables. +* rl_completion_append_character: Completion Variables. +* rl_completion_display_matches_hook: Completion Variables. +* rl_completion_entry_function <1>: How Completing Works. +* rl_completion_entry_function: Completion Variables. +* rl_completion_query_items: Completion Variables. +* rl_copy_keymap: Keymaps. +* rl_copy_text: Modifying Text. +* rl_delete_text: Modifying Text. +* rl_directory_completion_hook: Completion Variables. +* rl_discard_keymap: Keymaps. +* rl_display_match_list: Utility Functions. +* rl_do_undo: Allowing Undoing. +* rl_done: Readline Variables. +* rl_end: Readline Variables. +* rl_end_undo_group: Allowing Undoing. +* rl_erase_empty_line: Readline Variables. +* rl_event_hook: Readline Variables. +* rl_executing_keymap: Readline Variables. +* rl_filename_completion_desired: Completion Variables. +* rl_filename_dequoting_function: Completion Variables. +* rl_filename_quote_characters: Completion Variables. +* rl_filename_quoting_desired: Completion Variables. +* rl_filename_quoting_function: Completion Variables. +* rl_forced_update_display: Redisplay. +* rl_free_line_state: Readline Signal Handling. +* rl_function_dumper: Associating Function Names and Bindings. +* rl_function_of_keyseq: Associating Function Names and Bindings. +* rl_generic_bind: Binding Keys. +* rl_get_keymap: Keymaps. +* rl_get_keymap_by_name: Keymaps. +* rl_get_keymap_name: Keymaps. +* rl_getc: Utility Functions. +* rl_getc_function: Readline Variables. +* rl_ignore_completion_duplicates: Completion Variables. +* rl_ignore_some_completions_function: Completion Variables. +* rl_inhibit_completion: Completion Variables. +* rl_initialize: Utility Functions. +* rl_insert_completions: Completion Functions. +* rl_insert_text: Modifying Text. +* rl_instream: Readline Variables. +* rl_invoking_keyseqs: Associating Function Names and Bindings. +* rl_invoking_keyseqs_in_map: Associating Function Names and Bindings. +* rl_kill_text: Modifying Text. +* rl_library_version: Readline Variables. +* rl_line_buffer: Readline Variables. +* rl_list_funmap_names: Associating Function Names and Bindings. +* rl_make_bare_keymap: Keymaps. +* rl_make_keymap: Keymaps. +* rl_mark: Readline Variables. +* rl_message: Redisplay. +* rl_modifying: Allowing Undoing. +* rl_named_function: Associating Function Names and Bindings. +* rl_on_new_line: Redisplay. +* rl_outstream: Readline Variables. +* rl_parse_and_bind: Binding Keys. +* rl_pending_input: Readline Variables. +* rl_point: Readline Variables. +* rl_possible_completions: Completion Functions. +* rl_pre_input_hook: Readline Variables. +* rl_prompt: Readline Variables. +* rl_read_init_file: Binding Keys. +* rl_read_key: Utility Functions. +* rl_readline_name: Readline Variables. +* rl_redisplay: Redisplay. +* rl_redisplay_function: Readline Variables. +* rl_reset_after_signal: Readline Signal Handling. +* rl_reset_line_state: Redisplay. +* rl_reset_terminal: Utility Functions. +* rl_resize_terminal: Readline Signal Handling. +* rl_restore_prompt: Redisplay. +* rl_save_prompt: Redisplay. +* rl_set_keymap: Keymaps. +* rl_set_signals: Readline Signal Handling. +* rl_special_prefixes: Completion Variables. +* rl_startup_hook: Readline Variables. +* rl_stuff_char: Utility Functions. +* rl_terminal_name: Readline Variables. +* rl_unbind_command_in_map: Binding Keys. +* rl_unbind_function_in_map: Binding Keys. +* rl_unbind_key: Binding Keys. +* rl_unbind_key_in_map: Binding Keys. +* self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, ...): Commands For Text. +* set-mark (C-@): Miscellaneous Commands. +* show-all-if-ambiguous: Readline Init File Syntax. +* start-kbd-macro (C-x (): Keyboard Macros. +* to_lower: Utility Functions. +* to_upper: Utility Functions. +* transpose-chars (C-t): Commands For Text. +* transpose-words (M-t): Commands For Text. +* undo (C-_, C-x C-u): Miscellaneous Commands. +* universal-argument (): Numeric Arguments. +* unix-line-discard (C-u): Commands For Killing. +* unix-word-rubout (C-w): Commands For Killing. +* upcase-word (M-u): Commands For Text. +* uppercase_p: Utility Functions. +* username_completion_function: Completion Functions. +* visible-stats: Readline Init File Syntax. +* yank (C-y): Commands For Killing. +* yank-last-arg (M-., M-_): Commands For History. +* yank-nth-arg (M-C-y): Commands For History. +* yank-pop (M-y): Commands For Killing. + + + +Tag Table: +Node: Top1190 +Node: Command Line Editing1789 +Node: Introduction and Notation2440 +Node: Readline Interaction3479 +Node: Readline Bare Essentials4672 +Node: Readline Movement Commands6213 +Node: Readline Killing Commands7179 +Node: Readline Arguments8895 +Node: Searching9870 +Node: Readline Init File11583 +Node: Readline Init File Syntax12630 +Node: Conditional Init Constructs21837 +Node: Sample Init File24276 +Node: Bindable Readline Commands27446 +Node: Commands For Moving28197 +Node: Commands For History29045 +Node: Commands For Text31797 +Node: Commands For Killing33816 +Node: Numeric Arguments35966 +Node: Commands For Completion37093 +Node: Keyboard Macros38841 +Node: Miscellaneous Commands39400 +Node: Readline vi Mode42204 +Node: Programming with GNU Readline43974 +Node: Basic Behavior44942 +Node: Custom Functions48268 +Node: The Function Type48869 +Node: Function Writing49714 +Node: Readline Variables50798 +Node: Readline Convenience Functions54407 +Node: Function Naming55145 +Node: Keymaps56373 +Node: Binding Keys58087 +Node: Associating Function Names and Bindings60295 +Node: Allowing Undoing61873 +Node: Redisplay64458 +Node: Modifying Text65853 +Node: Utility Functions66764 +Node: Alternate Interface69448 +Node: Readline Signal Handling72742 +Node: Custom Completers77788 +Node: How Completing Works78503 +Node: Completion Functions81499 +Node: Completion Variables84514 +Node: A Short Completion Example92412 +Node: Concept Index104718 +Node: Function and Variable Index105472 + +End Tag Table diff --git a/readline/doc/readline.ps b/readline/doc/readline.ps new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cff4c3c --- /dev/null +++ b/readline/doc/readline.ps @@ -0,0 +1,5225 @@ +%!PS-Adobe-2.0 +%%Creator: dvipsk 5.58f Copyright 1986, 1994 Radical Eye Software +%%Title: readline.dvi +%%Pages: 56 +%%PageOrder: Ascend +%%BoundingBox: 0 0 596 842 +%%DocumentPaperSizes: A4 +%%EndComments +%DVIPSCommandLine: dvips -D 300 -o readline.ps readline.dvi +%DVIPSParameters: dpi=300, comments removed +%DVIPSSource: TeX output 1998.12.31:1253 +%%BeginProcSet: tex.pro 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+Fg(\))195 2606 y Fu(T)l(ell)i(Readline)i(to)c(sa)o(v)o(e)g(the)i(text)e +(b)q(et)o(w)o(een)h Fm(start)g Fu(and)g Fm(end)j Fu(as)c(a)h(single)h +(undo)g(unit.)23 b(It)195 2661 y(is)16 b(assumed)f(that)g(y)o(ou)f +(will)j(subsequen)o(tly)g(mo)q(dify)e(that)g(text.)p +eop +%%Page: 27 29 +27 28 bop 75 -58 a Fu(Chapter)15 b(2:)k(Programming)c(with)g(GNU)g +(Readline)844 b(27)75 183 y Fl(2.4.6)30 b(Redispla)n(y)1650 +300 y Fu(F)l(unction)-1749 b Fi(void)20 b Fh(rl)p 241 +300 18 3 v 21 w(redispla)n(y)k Fg(\(\))195 355 y Fu(Change)19 +b(what's)f(displa)o(y)o(ed)i(on)f(the)f(screen)i(to)e(re\015ect)h(the)g +(curren)o(t)g(con)o(ten)o(ts)f(of)g Ft(rl_)195 410 y(line_buffer)p +Fu(.)1650 497 y(F)l(unction)-1749 b Fi(int)20 b Fh(rl)p +215 497 V 21 w(forced)p 390 497 V 20 w(up)r(date)p 584 +497 V 20 w(displa)n(y)k Fg(\(\))195 552 y Fu(F)l(orce)17 +b(the)f(line)j(to)d(b)q(e)i(up)q(dated)f(and)g(redispla)o(y)o(ed,)h +(whether)f(or)g(not)f(Readline)j(thinks)195 607 y(the)c(screen)h 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b(a)e(New)i(F)l(unction)6 +b Fa(.)i(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.) +f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)21 b Fu(21)224 1928 y(2.3)45 +b(Readline)17 b(V)l(ariables)f Fa(.)8 b(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h +(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.) +h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)29 b Fu(21)224 +1982 y(2.4)45 b(Readline)17 b(Con)o(v)o(enience)g(F)l(unctions)7 +b Fa(.)i(.)e(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.) +h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)23 b Fu(23)374 2037 y(2.4.1)44 +b(Naming)15 b(a)g(F)l(unction)e Fa(.)7 b(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.) +h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f +(.)h(.)27 b Fu(23)374 2092 y(2.4.2)44 b(Selecting)17 +b(a)e(Keymap)6 b Fa(.)h(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h +(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)21 +b Fu(23)374 2147 y(2.4.3)44 b(Binding)17 b(Keys)5 b Fa(.)j(.)f(.)h(.)f +(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.) +f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)20 b +Fu(24)374 2202 y(2.4.4)44 b(Asso)q(ciating)16 b(F)l(unction)g(Names)f +(and)g(Bindings)8 b Fa(.)h(.)f(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)23 b +Fu(25)374 2256 y(2.4.5)44 b(Allo)o(wing)16 b(Undoing)f +Fa(.)8 b(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)g(.) +f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)29 b +Fu(26)374 2311 y(2.4.6)44 b(Redispla)o(y)10 b Fa(.)f(.)f(.)g(.)f(.)h(.) +f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h +(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)26 +b Fu(27)374 2366 y(2.4.7)44 b(Mo)q(difying)16 b(T)l(ext)7 +b Fa(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.) +f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)22 +b Fu(27)374 2421 y(2.4.8)44 b(Utilit)o(y)16 b(F)l(unctions)e +Fa(.)7 b(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.) +h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)28 +b Fu(28)374 2475 y(2.4.9)44 b(Alternate)15 b(In)o(terface)5 +b Fa(.)i(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.) +h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)20 b +Fu(29)374 2530 y(2.4.10)43 b(An)16 b(Example)f Fa(.)8 +b(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f +(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)30 +b Fu(29)224 2585 y(2.5)45 b(Readline)17 b(Signal)g(Handling)12 +b Fa(.)c(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.) +h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)27 +b Fu(31)224 2640 y(2.6)45 b(Custom)14 b(Completers)f +Fa(.)8 b(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.) +h(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h +(.)f(.)28 b Fu(32)p eop +%%Page: -2 56 +-2 55 bop 75 -58 a Fu(ii)1321 b(GNU)15 b(Readline)i(Library)374 +42 y(2.6.1)44 b(Ho)o(w)14 b(Completing)i(W)l(orks)10 +b Fa(.)d(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.) +f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)25 b Fu(32)374 96 y(2.6.2)44 +b(Completion)16 b(F)l(unctions)6 b Fa(.)i(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h +(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.) +21 b Fu(33)374 151 y(2.6.3)44 b(Completion)16 b(V)l(ariables)c +Fa(.)c(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f +(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)27 b Fu(34)374 206 +y(2.6.4)44 b(A)15 b(Short)g(Completion)h(Example)5 b +Fa(.)j(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h +(.)f(.)20 b Fu(37)75 327 y Fs(Concept)i(Index)10 b Fb(.)i(.)e(.)g(.)g +(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.) +g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)33 b Fs(47)75 462 +y(F)-6 b(unction)25 b(and)d(V)-6 b(ariable)24 b(Index)9 +b Fb(.)i(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.) +g(.)32 b Fs(49)p eop +%%Trailer +end +userdict /end-hook known{end-hook}if +%%EOF 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See the GNU +%General Public License for more details. + +%You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License +%along with this texinfo.tex file; see the file COPYING. If not, write +%to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, +%Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. + + +%In other words, you are welcome to use, share and improve this program. +%You are forbidden to forbid anyone else to use, share and improve +%what you give them. Help stamp out software-hoarding! + + +% Send bug reports to bug-texinfo@prep.ai.mit.edu. +% Please include a *precise* test case in each bug report. + + +% Make it possible to create a .fmt file just by loading this file: +% if the underlying format is not loaded, start by loading it now. +% Added by gildea November 1993. +\expandafter\ifx\csname fmtname\endcsname\relax\input plain\fi + +% This automatically updates the version number based on RCS. +\def\deftexinfoversion$#1: #2 ${\def\texinfoversion{#2}} +\deftexinfoversion$Revision$ +\message{Loading texinfo package [Version \texinfoversion]:} + +% If in a .fmt file, print the version number +% and turn on active characters that we couldn't do earlier because +% they might have appeared in the input file name. +\everyjob{\message{[Texinfo version \texinfoversion]}\message{} + \catcode`+=\active \catcode`\_=\active} + +% Save some parts of plain tex whose names we will redefine. + +\let\ptexb=\b +\let\ptexbullet=\bullet +\let\ptexc=\c +\let\ptexcomma=\, +\let\ptexdot=\. +\let\ptexdots=\dots +\let\ptexend=\end +\let\ptexequiv = \equiv +\let\ptexi=\i +\let\ptexlbrace=\{ +\let\ptexrbrace=\} +\let\ptexstar=\* +\let\ptext=\t +\let\ptextilde=\~ + +% Be sure we're in horizontal mode when doing a tie, since we make space +% equivalent to this in @example-like environments. Otherwise, a space +% at the beginning of a line will start with \penalty -- and +% since \penalty is valid in vertical mode, we'd end up putting the +% penalty on the vertical list instead of in the new paragraph. +{\catcode`@ = 11 + % Avoid using \@M directly, because that causes trouble + % if the definition is written into an index file. + \global\let\tiepenalty = \@M + \gdef\tie{\leavevmode\penalty\tiepenalty\ } +} +\let\~ = \tie % And make it available as @~. + + +\message{Basics,} +\chardef\other=12 + +% If this character appears in an error message or help string, it +% starts a new line in the output. +\newlinechar = `^^J + +% Set up fixed words for English. +\ifx\putwordChapter\undefined{\gdef\putwordChapter{Chapter}}\fi% +\def\putwordInfo{Info}% +\ifx\putwordSee\undefined{\gdef\putwordSee{See}}\fi% +\ifx\putwordsee\undefined{\gdef\putwordsee{see}}\fi% +\ifx\putwordfile\undefined{\gdef\putwordfile{file}}\fi% +\ifx\putwordpage\undefined{\gdef\putwordpage{page}}\fi% +\ifx\putwordsection\undefined{\gdef\putwordsection{section}}\fi% +\ifx\putwordSection\undefined{\gdef\putwordSection{Section}}\fi% +\ifx\putwordTableofContents\undefined{\gdef\putwordTableofContents{Table of Contents}}\fi% +\ifx\putwordShortContents\undefined{\gdef\putwordShortContents{Short Contents}}\fi% +\ifx\putwordAppendix\undefined{\gdef\putwordAppendix{Appendix}}\fi% + +% Ignore a token. +% +\def\gobble#1{} + +\hyphenation{ap-pen-dix} +\hyphenation{mini-buf-fer mini-buf-fers} +\hyphenation{eshell} + +% Margin to add to right of even pages, to left of odd pages. +\newdimen \bindingoffset +\newdimen \normaloffset +\newdimen\pagewidth \newdimen\pageheight + +% Sometimes it is convenient to have everything in the transcript file +% and nothing on the terminal. We don't just call \tracingall here, +% since that produces some useless output on the terminal. +% +\def\gloggingall{\begingroup \globaldefs = 1 \loggingall \endgroup}% +\def\loggingall{\tracingcommands2 \tracingstats2 + \tracingpages1 \tracingoutput1 \tracinglostchars1 + \tracingmacros2 \tracingparagraphs1 \tracingrestores1 + \showboxbreadth\maxdimen\showboxdepth\maxdimen +}% + +%---------------------Begin change----------------------- +% +%%%% For @cropmarks command. +% Dimensions to add cropmarks at corners Added by P. A. MacKay, 12 Nov. 1986 +% +\newdimen\cornerlong \newdimen\cornerthick +\newdimen \topandbottommargin +\newdimen \outerhsize \newdimen \outervsize +\cornerlong=1pc\cornerthick=.3pt % These set size of cropmarks +\outerhsize=7in +%\outervsize=9.5in +% Alternative @smallbook page size is 9.25in +\outervsize=9.25in +\topandbottommargin=.75in +% +%---------------------End change----------------------- + +% \onepageout takes a vbox as an argument. Note that \pagecontents +% does insertions, but you have to call it yourself. +\chardef\PAGE=255 \output={\onepageout{\pagecontents\PAGE}} +\def\onepageout#1{% + \hoffset=\normaloffset + \ifodd\pageno \advance\hoffset by \bindingoffset + \else \advance\hoffset by -\bindingoffset\fi + {% + \escapechar = `\\ % use backslash in output files. + \indexdummies + \shipout\vbox{% + {\let\hsize=\pagewidth \makeheadline}% + \pagebody{#1}% + {\let\hsize=\pagewidth \makefootline}% + }% + }% + \advancepageno + \ifnum\outputpenalty>-20000 \else\dosupereject\fi +} + +%%%% For @cropmarks command %%%% + +% Here is a modification of the main output routine for Near East Publications +% This provides right-angle cropmarks at all four corners. +% The contents of the page are centerlined into the cropmarks, +% and any desired binding offset is added as an \hskip on either +% site of the centerlined box. (P. A. MacKay, 12 November, 1986) +% +\def\croppageout#1{\hoffset=0pt % make sure this doesn't mess things up +{\escapechar=`\\\relax % makes sure backslash is used in output files. + \shipout + \vbox to \outervsize{\hsize=\outerhsize + \vbox{\line{\ewtop\hfill\ewtop}} + \nointerlineskip + \line{\vbox{\moveleft\cornerthick\nstop} + \hfill + \vbox{\moveright\cornerthick\nstop}} + \vskip \topandbottommargin + \centerline{\ifodd\pageno\hskip\bindingoffset\fi + \vbox{ + {\let\hsize=\pagewidth \makeheadline} + \pagebody{#1} + {\let\hsize=\pagewidth \makefootline}} + \ifodd\pageno\else\hskip\bindingoffset\fi} + \vskip \topandbottommargin plus1fill minus1fill + \boxmaxdepth\cornerthick + \line{\vbox{\moveleft\cornerthick\nsbot} + \hfill + \vbox{\moveright\cornerthick\nsbot}} + \nointerlineskip + \vbox{\line{\ewbot\hfill\ewbot}} + }} + \advancepageno + \ifnum\outputpenalty>-20000 \else\dosupereject\fi} +% +% Do @cropmarks to get crop marks +\def\cropmarks{\let\onepageout=\croppageout } + +\newinsert\margin \dimen\margin=\maxdimen + +\def\pagebody#1{\vbox to\pageheight{\boxmaxdepth=\maxdepth #1}} +{\catcode`\@ =11 +\gdef\pagecontents#1{\ifvoid\topins\else\unvbox\topins\fi +% marginal hacks, juha@viisa.uucp (Juha Takala) +\ifvoid\margin\else % marginal info is present + \rlap{\kern\hsize\vbox to\z@{\kern1pt\box\margin \vss}}\fi +\dimen@=\dp#1 \unvbox#1 +\ifvoid\footins\else\vskip\skip\footins\footnoterule \unvbox\footins\fi +\ifr@ggedbottom \kern-\dimen@ \vfil \fi} +} + +% +% Here are the rules for the cropmarks. Note that they are +% offset so that the space between them is truly \outerhsize or \outervsize +% (P. A. MacKay, 12 November, 1986) +% +\def\ewtop{\vrule height\cornerthick depth0pt width\cornerlong} +\def\nstop{\vbox + {\hrule height\cornerthick depth\cornerlong width\cornerthick}} +\def\ewbot{\vrule height0pt depth\cornerthick width\cornerlong} +\def\nsbot{\vbox + {\hrule height\cornerlong depth\cornerthick width\cornerthick}} + +% Parse an argument, then pass it to #1. The argument is the rest of +% the input line (except we remove a trailing comment). #1 should be a +% macro which expects an ordinary undelimited TeX argument. +% +\def\parsearg#1{% + \let\next = #1% + \begingroup + \obeylines + \futurelet\temp\parseargx +} + +% If the next token is an obeyed space (from an @example environment or +% the like), remove it and recurse. Otherwise, we're done. +\def\parseargx{% + % \obeyedspace is defined far below, after the definition of \sepspaces. + \ifx\obeyedspace\temp + \expandafter\parseargdiscardspace + \else + \expandafter\parseargline + \fi +} + +% Remove a single space (as the delimiter token to the macro call). +{\obeyspaces % + \gdef\parseargdiscardspace {\futurelet\temp\parseargx}} + +{\obeylines % + \gdef\parseargline#1^^M{% + \endgroup % End of the group started in \parsearg. + % + % First remove any @c comment, then any @comment. + % Result of each macro is put in \toks0. + \argremovec #1\c\relax % + \expandafter\argremovecomment \the\toks0 \comment\relax % + % + % Call the caller's macro, saved as \next in \parsearg. + \expandafter\next\expandafter{\the\toks0}% + }% +} + +% Since all \c{,omment} does is throw away the argument, we can let TeX +% do that for us. The \relax here is matched by the \relax in the call +% in \parseargline; it could be more or less anything, its purpose is +% just to delimit the argument to the \c. +\def\argremovec#1\c#2\relax{\toks0 = {#1}} +\def\argremovecomment#1\comment#2\relax{\toks0 = {#1}} + +% \argremovec{,omment} might leave us with trailing spaces, though; e.g., +% @end itemize @c foo +% will have two active spaces as part of the argument with the +% `itemize'. Here we remove all active spaces from #1, and assign the +% result to \toks0. +% +% This loses if there are any *other* active characters besides spaces +% in the argument -- _ ^ +, for example -- since they get expanded. +% Fortunately, Texinfo does not define any such commands. (If it ever +% does, the catcode of the characters in questionwill have to be changed +% here.) But this means we cannot call \removeactivespaces as part of +% \argremovec{,omment}, since @c uses \parsearg, and thus the argument +% that \parsearg gets might well have any character at all in it. +% +\def\removeactivespaces#1{% + \begingroup + \ignoreactivespaces + \edef\temp{#1}% + \global\toks0 = \expandafter{\temp}% + \endgroup +} + +% Change the active space to expand to nothing. +% +\begingroup + \obeyspaces + \gdef\ignoreactivespaces{\obeyspaces\let =\empty} +\endgroup + + +\def\flushcr{\ifx\par\lisppar \def\next##1{}\else \let\next=\relax \fi \next} + +%% These are used to keep @begin/@end levels from running away +%% Call \inENV within environments (after a \begingroup) +\newif\ifENV \ENVfalse \def\inENV{\ifENV\relax\else\ENVtrue\fi} +\def\ENVcheck{% +\ifENV\errmessage{Still within an environment. Type Return to continue.} +\endgroup\fi} % This is not perfect, but it should reduce lossage + +% @begin foo is the same as @foo, for now. +\newhelp\EMsimple{Type <Return> to continue.} + +\outer\def\begin{\parsearg\beginxxx} + +\def\beginxxx #1{% +\expandafter\ifx\csname #1\endcsname\relax +{\errhelp=\EMsimple \errmessage{Undefined command @begin #1}}\else +\csname #1\endcsname\fi} + +% @end foo executes the definition of \Efoo. +% +\def\end{\parsearg\endxxx} +\def\endxxx #1{% + \removeactivespaces{#1}% + \edef\endthing{\the\toks0}% + % + \expandafter\ifx\csname E\endthing\endcsname\relax + \expandafter\ifx\csname \endthing\endcsname\relax + % There's no \foo, i.e., no ``environment'' foo. + \errhelp = \EMsimple + \errmessage{Undefined command `@end \endthing'}% + \else + \unmatchedenderror\endthing + \fi + \else + % Everything's ok; the right environment has been started. + \csname E\endthing\endcsname + \fi +} + +% There is an environment #1, but it hasn't been started. Give an error. +% +\def\unmatchedenderror#1{% + \errhelp = \EMsimple + \errmessage{This `@end #1' doesn't have a matching `@#1'}% +} + +% Define the control sequence \E#1 to give an unmatched @end error. +% +\def\defineunmatchedend#1{% + \expandafter\def\csname E#1\endcsname{\unmatchedenderror{#1}}% +} + + +% Single-spacing is done by various environments (specifically, in +% \nonfillstart and \quotations). +\newskip\singlespaceskip \singlespaceskip = 12.5pt +\def\singlespace{% + % Why was this kern here? It messes up equalizing space above and below + % environments. --karl, 6may93 + %{\advance \baselineskip by -\singlespaceskip + %\kern \baselineskip}% + \setleading \singlespaceskip +} + +%% Simple single-character @ commands + +% @@ prints an @ +% Kludge this until the fonts are right (grr). +\def\@{{\tt \char '100}} + +% This is turned off because it was never documented +% and you can use @w{...} around a quote to suppress ligatures. +%% Define @` and @' to be the same as ` and ' +%% but suppressing ligatures. +%\def\`{{`}} +%\def\'{{'}} + +% Used to generate quoted braces. +\def\mylbrace {{\tt \char '173}} +\def\myrbrace {{\tt \char '175}} +\let\{=\mylbrace +\let\}=\myrbrace +\begingroup + % Definitions to produce actual \{ & \} command in an index. + \catcode`\{ = 12 \catcode`\} = 12 + \catcode`\[ = 1 \catcode`\] = 2 + \catcode`\@ = 0 \catcode`\\ = 12 + @gdef@lbracecmd[\{]% + @gdef@rbracecmd[\}]% +@endgroup + +% Accents: @, @dotaccent @ringaccent @ubaraccent @udotaccent +% Others are defined by plain TeX: @` @' @" @^ @~ @= @v @H. +\let\, = \c +\let\dotaccent = \. +\def\ringaccent#1{{\accent23 #1}} +\let\tieaccent = \t +\let\ubaraccent = \b +\let\udotaccent = \d + +% Other special characters: @questiondown @exclamdown +% Plain TeX defines: @AA @AE @O @OE @L (and lowercase versions) @ss. +\def\questiondown{?`} +\def\exclamdown{!`} + +% Dotless i and dotless j, used for accents. +\def\imacro{i} +\def\jmacro{j} +\def\dotless#1{% + \def\temp{#1}% + \ifx\temp\imacro \ptexi + \else\ifx\temp\jmacro \j + \else \errmessage{@dotless can be used only with i or j}% + \fi\fi +} + +% @: forces normal size whitespace following. +\def\:{\spacefactor=1000 } + +% @* forces a line break. +\def\*{\hfil\break\hbox{}\ignorespaces} + +% @. is an end-of-sentence period. +\def\.{.\spacefactor=3000 } + +% @enddots{} is an end-of-sentence ellipsis. +\gdef\enddots{$\mathinner{\ldotp\ldotp\ldotp\ldotp}$\spacefactor=3000} + +% @! is an end-of-sentence bang. +\gdef\!{!\spacefactor=3000 } + +% @? is an end-of-sentence query. +\gdef\?{?\spacefactor=3000 } + +% @w prevents a word break. Without the \leavevmode, @w at the +% beginning of a paragraph, when TeX is still in vertical mode, would +% produce a whole line of output instead of starting the paragraph. +\def\w#1{\leavevmode\hbox{#1}} + +% @group ... @end group forces ... to be all on one page, by enclosing +% it in a TeX vbox. We use \vtop instead of \vbox to construct the box +% to keep its height that of a normal line. According to the rules for +% \topskip (p.114 of the TeXbook), the glue inserted is +% max (\topskip - \ht (first item), 0). If that height is large, +% therefore, no glue is inserted, and the space between the headline and +% the text is small, which looks bad. +% +\def\group{\begingroup + \ifnum\catcode13=\active \else + \errhelp = \groupinvalidhelp + \errmessage{@group invalid in context where filling is enabled}% + \fi + % + % The \vtop we start below produces a box with normal height and large + % depth; thus, TeX puts \baselineskip glue before it, and (when the + % next line of text is done) \lineskip glue after it. (See p.82 of + % the TeXbook.) Thus, space below is not quite equal to space + % above. But it's pretty close. + \def\Egroup{% + \egroup % End the \vtop. + \endgroup % End the \group. + }% + % + \vtop\bgroup + % We have to put a strut on the last line in case the @group is in + % the midst of an example, rather than completely enclosing it. + % Otherwise, the interline space between the last line of the group + % and the first line afterwards is too small. But we can't put the + % strut in \Egroup, since there it would be on a line by itself. + % Hence this just inserts a strut at the beginning of each line. + \everypar = {\strut}% + % + % Since we have a strut on every line, we don't need any of TeX's + % normal interline spacing. + \offinterlineskip + % + % OK, but now we have to do something about blank + % lines in the input in @example-like environments, which normally + % just turn into \lisppar, which will insert no space now that we've + % turned off the interline space. Simplest is to make them be an + % empty paragraph. + \ifx\par\lisppar + \edef\par{\leavevmode \par}% + % + % Reset ^^M's definition to new definition of \par. + \obeylines + \fi + % + % Do @comment since we are called inside an environment such as + % @example, where each end-of-line in the input causes an + % end-of-line in the output. We don't want the end-of-line after + % the `@group' to put extra space in the output. Since @group + % should appear on a line by itself (according to the Texinfo + % manual), we don't worry about eating any user text. + \comment +} +% +% TeX puts in an \escapechar (i.e., `@') at the beginning of the help +% message, so this ends up printing `@group can only ...'. +% +\newhelp\groupinvalidhelp{% +group can only be used in environments such as @example,^^J% +where each line of input produces a line of output.} + +% @need space-in-mils +% forces a page break if there is not space-in-mils remaining. + +\newdimen\mil \mil=0.001in + +\def\need{\parsearg\needx} + +% Old definition--didn't work. +%\def\needx #1{\par % +%% This method tries to make TeX break the page naturally +%% if the depth of the box does not fit. +%{\baselineskip=0pt% +%\vtop to #1\mil{\vfil}\kern -#1\mil\penalty 10000 +%\prevdepth=-1000pt +%}} + +\def\needx#1{% + % Go into vertical mode, so we don't make a big box in the middle of a + % paragraph. + \par + % + % Don't add any leading before our big empty box, but allow a page + % break, since the best break might be right here. + \allowbreak + \nointerlineskip + \vtop to #1\mil{\vfil}% + % + % TeX does not even consider page breaks if a penalty added to the + % main vertical list is 10000 or more. But in order to see if the + % empty box we just added fits on the page, we must make it consider + % page breaks. On the other hand, we don't want to actually break the + % page after the empty box. So we use a penalty of 9999. + % + % There is an extremely small chance that TeX will actually break the + % page at this \penalty, if there are no other feasible breakpoints in + % sight. (If the user is using lots of big @group commands, which + % almost-but-not-quite fill up a page, TeX will have a hard time doing + % good page breaking, for example.) However, I could not construct an + % example where a page broke at this \penalty; if it happens in a real + % document, then we can reconsider our strategy. + \penalty9999 + % + % Back up by the size of the box, whether we did a page break or not. + \kern -#1\mil + % + % Do not allow a page break right after this kern. + \nobreak +} + +% @br forces paragraph break + +\let\br = \par + +% @dots{} output some dots + +\def\dots{$\ldots$} + +% @page forces the start of a new page + +\def\page{\par\vfill\supereject} + +% @exdent text.... +% outputs text on separate line in roman font, starting at standard page margin + +% This records the amount of indent in the innermost environment. +% That's how much \exdent should take out. +\newskip\exdentamount + +% This defn is used inside fill environments such as @defun. +\def\exdent{\parsearg\exdentyyy} +\def\exdentyyy #1{{\hfil\break\hbox{\kern -\exdentamount{\rm#1}}\hfil\break}} + +% This defn is used inside nofill environments such as @example. +\def\nofillexdent{\parsearg\nofillexdentyyy} +\def\nofillexdentyyy #1{{\advance \leftskip by -\exdentamount +\leftline{\hskip\leftskip{\rm#1}}}} + +% @inmargin{TEXT} puts TEXT in the margin next to the current paragraph. + +\def\inmargin#1{% +\strut\vadjust{\nobreak\kern-\strutdepth + \vtop to \strutdepth{\baselineskip\strutdepth\vss + \llap{\rightskip=\inmarginspacing \vbox{\noindent #1}}\null}}} +\newskip\inmarginspacing \inmarginspacing=1cm +\def\strutdepth{\dp\strutbox} + +%\hbox{{\rm#1}}\hfil\break}} + +% @include file insert text of that file as input. +% Allow normal characters that we make active in the argument (a file name). +\def\include{\begingroup + \catcode`\\=12 + \catcode`~=12 + \catcode`^=12 + \catcode`_=12 + \catcode`|=12 + \catcode`<=12 + \catcode`>=12 + \catcode`+=12 + \parsearg\includezzz} +% Restore active chars for included file. +\def\includezzz#1{\endgroup\begingroup + % Read the included file in a group so nested @include's work. + \def\thisfile{#1}% + \input\thisfile +\endgroup} + +\def\thisfile{} + +% @center line outputs that line, centered + +\def\center{\parsearg\centerzzz} +\def\centerzzz #1{{\advance\hsize by -\leftskip +\advance\hsize by -\rightskip +\centerline{#1}}} + +% @sp n outputs n lines of vertical space + +\def\sp{\parsearg\spxxx} +\def\spxxx #1{\vskip #1\baselineskip} + +% @comment ...line which is ignored... +% @c is the same as @comment +% @ignore ... @end ignore is another way to write a comment + +\def\comment{\catcode 64=\other \catcode 123=\other \catcode 125=\other% +\parsearg \commentxxx} + +\def\commentxxx #1{\catcode 64=0 \catcode 123=1 \catcode 125=2 } + +\let\c=\comment + +% @paragraphindent is defined for the Info formatting commands only. +\let\paragraphindent=\comment + +% Prevent errors for section commands. +% Used in @ignore and in failing conditionals. +\def\ignoresections{% +\let\chapter=\relax +\let\unnumbered=\relax +\let\top=\relax +\let\unnumberedsec=\relax +\let\unnumberedsection=\relax +\let\unnumberedsubsec=\relax +\let\unnumberedsubsection=\relax +\let\unnumberedsubsubsec=\relax +\let\unnumberedsubsubsection=\relax +\let\section=\relax +\let\subsec=\relax +\let\subsubsec=\relax +\let\subsection=\relax +\let\subsubsection=\relax +\let\appendix=\relax +\let\appendixsec=\relax +\let\appendixsection=\relax +\let\appendixsubsec=\relax +\let\appendixsubsection=\relax +\let\appendixsubsubsec=\relax +\let\appendixsubsubsection=\relax +\let\contents=\relax +\let\smallbook=\relax +\let\titlepage=\relax +} + +% Used in nested conditionals, where we have to parse the Texinfo source +% and so want to turn off most commands, in case they are used +% incorrectly. +% +\def\ignoremorecommands{% + \let\defcodeindex = \relax + \let\defcv = \relax + \let\deffn = \relax + \let\deffnx = \relax + \let\defindex = \relax + \let\defivar = \relax + \let\defmac = \relax + \let\defmethod = \relax + \let\defop = \relax + \let\defopt = \relax + \let\defspec = \relax + \let\deftp = \relax + \let\deftypefn = \relax + \let\deftypefun = \relax + \let\deftypevar = \relax + \let\deftypevr = \relax + \let\defun = \relax + \let\defvar = \relax + \let\defvr = \relax + \let\ref = \relax + \let\xref = \relax + \let\printindex = \relax + \let\pxref = \relax + \let\settitle = \relax + \let\setchapternewpage = \relax + \let\setchapterstyle = \relax + \let\everyheading = \relax + \let\evenheading = \relax + \let\oddheading = \relax + \let\everyfooting = \relax + \let\evenfooting = \relax + \let\oddfooting = \relax + \let\headings = \relax + \let\include = \relax + \let\lowersections = \relax + \let\down = \relax + \let\raisesections = \relax + \let\up = \relax + \let\set = \relax + \let\clear = \relax + \let\item = \relax +} + +% Ignore @ignore ... @end ignore. +% +\def\ignore{\doignore{ignore}} + +% Also ignore @ifinfo, @ifhtml, @html, @menu, and @direntry text. +% +\def\ifinfo{\doignore{ifinfo}} +\def\ifhtml{\doignore{ifhtml}} +\def\html{\doignore{html}} +\def\menu{\doignore{menu}} +\def\direntry{\doignore{direntry}} + +% Also ignore @macro ... @end macro. The user must run texi2dvi, +% which runs makeinfo to do macro expansion. Ignore @unmacro, too. +\def\macro{\doignore{macro}} +\let\unmacro = \comment + + +% @dircategory CATEGORY -- specify a category of the dir file +% which this file should belong to. Ignore this in TeX. +\let\dircategory = \comment + +% Ignore text until a line `@end #1'. +% +\def\doignore#1{\begingroup + % Don't complain about control sequences we have declared \outer. + \ignoresections + % + % Define a command to swallow text until we reach `@end #1'. + \long\def\doignoretext##1\end #1{\enddoignore}% + % + % Make sure that spaces turn into tokens that match what \doignoretext wants. + \catcode32 = 10 + % + % And now expand that command. + \doignoretext +} + +% What we do to finish off ignored text. +% +\def\enddoignore{\endgroup\ignorespaces}% + +\newif\ifwarnedobs\warnedobsfalse +\def\obstexwarn{% + \ifwarnedobs\relax\else + % We need to warn folks that they may have trouble with TeX 3.0. + % This uses \immediate\write16 rather than \message to get newlines. + \immediate\write16{} + \immediate\write16{***WARNING*** for users of Unix TeX 3.0!} + \immediate\write16{This manual trips a bug in TeX version 3.0 (tex hangs).} + \immediate\write16{If you are running another version of TeX, relax.} + \immediate\write16{If you are running Unix TeX 3.0, kill this TeX process.} + \immediate\write16{ Then upgrade your TeX installation if you can.} + \immediate\write16{ (See ftp://ftp.gnu.ai.mit.edu/pub/gnu/TeX.README.)} + \immediate\write16{If you are stuck with version 3.0, run the} + \immediate\write16{ script ``tex3patch'' from the Texinfo distribution} + \immediate\write16{ to use a workaround.} + \immediate\write16{} + \global\warnedobstrue + \fi +} + +% **In TeX 3.0, setting text in \nullfont hangs tex. For a +% workaround (which requires the file ``dummy.tfm'' to be installed), +% uncomment the following line: +%%%%%\font\nullfont=dummy\let\obstexwarn=\relax + +% Ignore text, except that we keep track of conditional commands for +% purposes of nesting, up to an `@end #1' command. +% +\def\nestedignore#1{% + \obstexwarn + % We must actually expand the ignored text to look for the @end + % command, so that nested ignore constructs work. Thus, we put the + % text into a \vbox and then do nothing with the result. To minimize + % the change of memory overflow, we follow the approach outlined on + % page 401 of the TeXbook: make the current font be a dummy font. + % + \setbox0 = \vbox\bgroup + % Don't complain about control sequences we have declared \outer. + \ignoresections + % + % Define `@end #1' to end the box, which will in turn undefine the + % @end command again. + \expandafter\def\csname E#1\endcsname{\egroup\ignorespaces}% + % + % We are going to be parsing Texinfo commands. Most cause no + % trouble when they are used incorrectly, but some commands do + % complicated argument parsing or otherwise get confused, so we + % undefine them. + % + % We can't do anything about stray @-signs, unfortunately; + % they'll produce `undefined control sequence' errors. + \ignoremorecommands + % + % Set the current font to be \nullfont, a TeX primitive, and define + % all the font commands to also use \nullfont. We don't use + % dummy.tfm, as suggested in the TeXbook, because not all sites + % might have that installed. Therefore, math mode will still + % produce output, but that should be an extremely small amount of + % stuff compared to the main input. + % + \nullfont + \let\tenrm = \nullfont \let\tenit = \nullfont \let\tensl = \nullfont + \let\tenbf = \nullfont \let\tentt = \nullfont \let\smallcaps = \nullfont + \let\tensf = \nullfont + % Similarly for index fonts (mostly for their use in + % smallexample) + \let\indrm = \nullfont \let\indit = \nullfont \let\indsl = \nullfont + \let\indbf = \nullfont \let\indtt = \nullfont \let\indsc = \nullfont + \let\indsf = \nullfont + % + % Don't complain when characters are missing from the fonts. + \tracinglostchars = 0 + % + % Don't bother to do space factor calculations. + \frenchspacing + % + % Don't report underfull hboxes. + \hbadness = 10000 + % + % Do minimal line-breaking. + \pretolerance = 10000 + % + % Do not execute instructions in @tex + \def\tex{\doignore{tex}} +} + +% @set VAR sets the variable VAR to an empty value. +% @set VAR REST-OF-LINE sets VAR to the value REST-OF-LINE. +% +% Since we want to separate VAR from REST-OF-LINE (which might be +% empty), we can't just use \parsearg; we have to insert a space of our +% own to delimit the rest of the line, and then take it out again if we +% didn't need it. Make sure the catcode of space is correct to avoid +% losing inside @example, for instance. +% +\def\set{\begingroup\catcode` =10 \parsearg\setxxx} +\def\setxxx#1{\setyyy#1 \endsetyyy} +\def\setyyy#1 #2\endsetyyy{% + \def\temp{#2}% + \ifx\temp\empty \global\expandafter\let\csname SET#1\endcsname = \empty + \else \setzzz{#1}#2\endsetzzz % Remove the trailing space \setxxx inserted. + \fi + \endgroup +} +% Can't use \xdef to pre-expand #2 and save some time, since \temp or +% \next or other control sequences that we've defined might get us into +% an infinite loop. Consider `@set foo @cite{bar}'. +\def\setzzz#1#2 \endsetzzz{\expandafter\gdef\csname SET#1\endcsname{#2}} + +% @clear VAR clears (i.e., unsets) the variable VAR. +% +\def\clear{\parsearg\clearxxx} +\def\clearxxx#1{\global\expandafter\let\csname SET#1\endcsname=\relax} + +% @value{foo} gets the text saved in variable foo. +% +\def\value#1{\expandafter + \ifx\csname SET#1\endcsname\relax + {\{No value for ``#1''\}} + \else \csname SET#1\endcsname \fi} + +% @ifset VAR ... @end ifset reads the `...' iff VAR has been defined +% with @set. +% +\def\ifset{\parsearg\ifsetxxx} +\def\ifsetxxx #1{% + \expandafter\ifx\csname SET#1\endcsname\relax + \expandafter\ifsetfail + \else + \expandafter\ifsetsucceed + \fi +} +\def\ifsetsucceed{\conditionalsucceed{ifset}} +\def\ifsetfail{\nestedignore{ifset}} +\defineunmatchedend{ifset} + +% @ifclear VAR ... @end ifclear reads the `...' iff VAR has never been +% defined with @set, or has been undefined with @clear. +% +\def\ifclear{\parsearg\ifclearxxx} +\def\ifclearxxx #1{% + \expandafter\ifx\csname SET#1\endcsname\relax + \expandafter\ifclearsucceed + \else + \expandafter\ifclearfail + \fi +} +\def\ifclearsucceed{\conditionalsucceed{ifclear}} +\def\ifclearfail{\nestedignore{ifclear}} +\defineunmatchedend{ifclear} + +% @iftex always succeeds; we read the text following, through @end +% iftex). But `@end iftex' should be valid only after an @iftex. +% +\def\iftex{\conditionalsucceed{iftex}} +\defineunmatchedend{iftex} + +% We can't just want to start a group at @iftex (for example) and end it +% at @end iftex, since then @set commands inside the conditional have no +% effect (they'd get reverted at the end of the group). So we must +% define \Eiftex to redefine itself to be its previous value. (We can't +% just define it to fail again with an ``unmatched end'' error, since +% the @ifset might be nested.) +% +\def\conditionalsucceed#1{% + \edef\temp{% + % Remember the current value of \E#1. + \let\nece{prevE#1} = \nece{E#1}% + % + % At the `@end #1', redefine \E#1 to be its previous value. + \def\nece{E#1}{\let\nece{E#1} = \nece{prevE#1}}% + }% + \temp +} + +% We need to expand lots of \csname's, but we don't want to expand the +% control sequences after we've constructed them. +% +\def\nece#1{\expandafter\noexpand\csname#1\endcsname} + +% @asis just yields its argument. Used with @table, for example. +% +\def\asis#1{#1} + +% @math means output in math mode. +% We don't use $'s directly in the definition of \math because control +% sequences like \math are expanded when the toc file is written. Then, +% we read the toc file back, the $'s will be normal characters (as they +% should be, according to the definition of Texinfo). So we must use a +% control sequence to switch into and out of math mode. +% +% This isn't quite enough for @math to work properly in indices, but it +% seems unlikely it will ever be needed there. +% +\let\implicitmath = $ +\def\math#1{\implicitmath #1\implicitmath} + +% @bullet and @minus need the same treatment as @math, just above. +\def\bullet{\implicitmath\ptexbullet\implicitmath} +\def\minus{\implicitmath-\implicitmath} + +\def\node{\ENVcheck\parsearg\nodezzz} +\def\nodezzz#1{\nodexxx [#1,]} +\def\nodexxx[#1,#2]{\gdef\lastnode{#1}} +\let\nwnode=\node +\let\lastnode=\relax + +\def\donoderef{\ifx\lastnode\relax\else +\expandafter\expandafter\expandafter\setref{\lastnode}\fi +\global\let\lastnode=\relax} + +\def\unnumbnoderef{\ifx\lastnode\relax\else +\expandafter\expandafter\expandafter\unnumbsetref{\lastnode}\fi +\global\let\lastnode=\relax} + +\def\appendixnoderef{\ifx\lastnode\relax\else +\expandafter\expandafter\expandafter\appendixsetref{\lastnode}\fi +\global\let\lastnode=\relax} + +% @refill is a no-op. +\let\refill=\relax + +% @setfilename is done at the beginning of every texinfo file. +% So open here the files we need to have open while reading the input. +% This makes it possible to make a .fmt file for texinfo. +\def\setfilename{% + \readauxfile + \opencontents + \openindices + \fixbackslash % Turn off hack to swallow `\input texinfo'. + \global\let\setfilename=\comment % Ignore extra @setfilename cmds. + \comment % Ignore the actual filename. +} + +% @bye. +\outer\def\bye{\pagealignmacro\tracingstats=1\ptexend} + +% \def\macro#1{\begingroup\ignoresections\catcode`\#=6\def\macrotemp{#1}\parsearg\macroxxx} +% \def\macroxxx#1#2 \end macro{% +% \expandafter\gdef\macrotemp#1{#2}% +% \endgroup} + +%\def\linemacro#1{\begingroup\ignoresections\catcode`\#=6\def\macrotemp{#1}\parsearg\linemacroxxx} +%\def\linemacroxxx#1#2 \end linemacro{% +%\let\parsearg=\relax +%\edef\macrotempx{\csname M\butfirst\expandafter\string\macrotemp\endcsname}% +%\expandafter\xdef\macrotemp{\parsearg\macrotempx}% +%\expandafter\gdef\macrotempx#1{#2}% +%\endgroup} + +%\def\butfirst#1{} + + +\message{fonts,} + +% Font-change commands. + +% Texinfo supports the sans serif font style, which plain TeX does not. +% So we set up a \sf analogous to plain's \rm, etc. +\newfam\sffam +\def\sf{\fam=\sffam \tensf} +\let\li = \sf % Sometimes we call it \li, not \sf. + +% We don't need math for this one. +\def\ttsl{\tenttsl} + +%% Try out Computer Modern fonts at \magstephalf +\let\mainmagstep=\magstephalf + +% Set the font macro #1 to the font named #2, adding on the +% specified font prefix (normally `cm'). +% #3 is the font's design size, #4 is a scale factor +\def\setfont#1#2#3#4{\font#1=\fontprefix#2#3 scaled #4} + +% Use cm as the default font prefix. +% To specify the font prefix, you must define \fontprefix +% before you read in texinfo.tex. +\ifx\fontprefix\undefined +\def\fontprefix{cm} +\fi +% Support font families that don't use the same naming scheme as CM. +\def\rmshape{r} +\def\rmbshape{bx} %where the normal face is bold +\def\bfshape{b} +\def\bxshape{bx} +\def\ttshape{tt} +\def\ttbshape{tt} +\def\ttslshape{sltt} +\def\itshape{ti} +\def\itbshape{bxti} +\def\slshape{sl} +\def\slbshape{bxsl} +\def\sfshape{ss} +\def\sfbshape{ss} +\def\scshape{csc} +\def\scbshape{csc} + +\ifx\bigger\relax +\let\mainmagstep=\magstep1 +\setfont\textrm\rmshape{12}{1000} +\setfont\texttt\ttshape{12}{1000} +\else +\setfont\textrm\rmshape{10}{\mainmagstep} +\setfont\texttt\ttshape{10}{\mainmagstep} +\fi +% Instead of cmb10, you many want to use cmbx10. +% cmbx10 is a prettier font on its own, but cmb10 +% looks better when embedded in a line with cmr10. +\setfont\textbf\bfshape{10}{\mainmagstep} +\setfont\textit\itshape{10}{\mainmagstep} +\setfont\textsl\slshape{10}{\mainmagstep} +\setfont\textsf\sfshape{10}{\mainmagstep} +\setfont\textsc\scshape{10}{\mainmagstep} +\setfont\textttsl\ttslshape{10}{\mainmagstep} +\font\texti=cmmi10 scaled \mainmagstep +\font\textsy=cmsy10 scaled \mainmagstep + +% A few fonts for @defun, etc. +\setfont\defbf\bxshape{10}{\magstep1} %was 1314 +\setfont\deftt\ttshape{10}{\magstep1} +\def\df{\let\tentt=\deftt \let\tenbf = \defbf \bf} + +% Fonts for indices and small examples (9pt). +% We actually use the slanted font rather than the italic, +% because texinfo normally uses the slanted fonts for that. +% Do not make many font distinctions in general in the index, since they +% aren't very useful. +\setfont\ninett\ttshape{9}{1000} +\setfont\indrm\rmshape{9}{1000} +\setfont\indit\slshape{9}{1000} +\let\indsl=\indit +\let\indtt=\ninett +\let\indttsl=\ninett +\let\indsf=\indrm +\let\indbf=\indrm +\setfont\indsc\scshape{10}{900} +\font\indi=cmmi9 +\font\indsy=cmsy9 + +% Chapter (and unnumbered) fonts (17.28pt). +\setfont\chaprm\rmbshape{12}{\magstep2} +\setfont\chapit\itbshape{10}{\magstep3} +\setfont\chapsl\slbshape{10}{\magstep3} +\setfont\chaptt\ttbshape{12}{\magstep2} +\setfont\chapttsl\ttslshape{10}{\magstep3} +\setfont\chapsf\sfbshape{12}{\magstep2} +\let\chapbf=\chaprm +\setfont\chapsc\scbshape{10}{\magstep3} +\font\chapi=cmmi12 scaled \magstep2 +\font\chapsy=cmsy10 scaled \magstep3 + +% Section fonts (14.4pt). +\setfont\secrm\rmbshape{12}{\magstep1} +\setfont\secit\itbshape{10}{\magstep2} +\setfont\secsl\slbshape{10}{\magstep2} +\setfont\sectt\ttbshape{12}{\magstep1} +\setfont\secttsl\ttslshape{10}{\magstep2} +\setfont\secsf\sfbshape{12}{\magstep1} +\let\secbf\secrm +\setfont\secsc\scbshape{10}{\magstep2} +\font\seci=cmmi12 scaled \magstep1 +\font\secsy=cmsy10 scaled \magstep2 + +% \setfont\ssecrm\bxshape{10}{\magstep1} % This size an font looked bad. +% \setfont\ssecit\itshape{10}{\magstep1} % The letters were too crowded. +% \setfont\ssecsl\slshape{10}{\magstep1} +% \setfont\ssectt\ttshape{10}{\magstep1} +% \setfont\ssecsf\sfshape{10}{\magstep1} + +%\setfont\ssecrm\bfshape{10}{1315} % Note the use of cmb rather than cmbx. +%\setfont\ssecit\itshape{10}{1315} % Also, the size is a little larger than +%\setfont\ssecsl\slshape{10}{1315} % being scaled magstep1. +%\setfont\ssectt\ttshape{10}{1315} +%\setfont\ssecsf\sfshape{10}{1315} + +%\let\ssecbf=\ssecrm + +% Subsection fonts (13.15pt). +\setfont\ssecrm\rmbshape{12}{\magstephalf} +\setfont\ssecit\itbshape{10}{1315} +\setfont\ssecsl\slbshape{10}{1315} +\setfont\ssectt\ttbshape{12}{\magstephalf} +\setfont\ssecttsl\ttslshape{10}{\magstep1} +\setfont\ssecsf\sfbshape{12}{\magstephalf} +\let\ssecbf\ssecrm +\setfont\ssecsc\scbshape{10}{\magstep1} +\font\sseci=cmmi12 scaled \magstephalf +\font\ssecsy=cmsy10 scaled \magstep1 +% The smallcaps and symbol fonts should actually be scaled \magstep1.5, +% but that is not a standard magnification. + +% Fonts for title page: +\setfont\titlerm\rmbshape{12}{\magstep3} +\let\authorrm = \secrm + +% In order for the font changes to affect most math symbols and letters, +% we have to define the \textfont of the standard families. Since +% texinfo doesn't allow for producing subscripts and superscripts, we +% don't bother to reset \scriptfont and \scriptscriptfont (which would +% also require loading a lot more fonts). +% +\def\resetmathfonts{% + \textfont0 = \tenrm \textfont1 = \teni \textfont2 = \tensy + \textfont\itfam = \tenit \textfont\slfam = \tensl \textfont\bffam = \tenbf + \textfont\ttfam = \tentt \textfont\sffam = \tensf +} + + +% The font-changing commands redefine the meanings of \tenSTYLE, instead +% of just \STYLE. We do this so that font changes will continue to work +% in math mode, where it is the current \fam that is relevant in most +% cases, not the current font. Plain TeX does \def\bf{\fam=\bffam +% \tenbf}, for example. By redefining \tenbf, we obviate the need to +% redefine \bf itself. +\def\textfonts{% + \let\tenrm=\textrm \let\tenit=\textit \let\tensl=\textsl + \let\tenbf=\textbf \let\tentt=\texttt \let\smallcaps=\textsc + \let\tensf=\textsf \let\teni=\texti \let\tensy=\textsy \let\tenttsl=\textttsl + \resetmathfonts} +\def\chapfonts{% + \let\tenrm=\chaprm \let\tenit=\chapit \let\tensl=\chapsl + \let\tenbf=\chapbf \let\tentt=\chaptt \let\smallcaps=\chapsc + \let\tensf=\chapsf \let\teni=\chapi \let\tensy=\chapsy \let\tenttsl=\chapttsl + \resetmathfonts \setleading{19pt}} +\def\secfonts{% + \let\tenrm=\secrm \let\tenit=\secit \let\tensl=\secsl + \let\tenbf=\secbf \let\tentt=\sectt \let\smallcaps=\secsc + \let\tensf=\secsf \let\teni=\seci \let\tensy=\secsy \let\tenttsl=\secttsl + \resetmathfonts \setleading{16pt}} +\def\subsecfonts{% + \let\tenrm=\ssecrm \let\tenit=\ssecit \let\tensl=\ssecsl + \let\tenbf=\ssecbf \let\tentt=\ssectt \let\smallcaps=\ssecsc + \let\tensf=\ssecsf \let\teni=\sseci \let\tensy=\ssecsy \let\tenttsl=\ssecttsl + \resetmathfonts \setleading{15pt}} +\let\subsubsecfonts = \subsecfonts % Maybe make sssec fonts scaled magstephalf? +\def\indexfonts{% + \let\tenrm=\indrm \let\tenit=\indit \let\tensl=\indsl + \let\tenbf=\indbf \let\tentt=\indtt \let\smallcaps=\indsc + \let\tensf=\indsf \let\teni=\indi \let\tensy=\indsy \let\tenttsl=\indttsl + \resetmathfonts \setleading{12pt}} + +% Set up the default fonts, so we can use them for creating boxes. +% +\textfonts + +% Count depth in font-changes, for error checks +\newcount\fontdepth \fontdepth=0 + +% Fonts for short table of contents. +\setfont\shortcontrm\rmshape{12}{1000} +\setfont\shortcontbf\bxshape{12}{1000} +\setfont\shortcontsl\slshape{12}{1000} + +%% Add scribe-like font environments, plus @l for inline lisp (usually sans +%% serif) and @ii for TeX italic + +% \smartitalic{ARG} outputs arg in italics, followed by an italic correction +% unless the following character is such as not to need one. +\def\smartitalicx{\ifx\next,\else\ifx\next-\else\ifx\next.\else\/\fi\fi\fi} +\def\smartitalic#1{{\sl #1}\futurelet\next\smartitalicx} + +\let\i=\smartitalic +\let\var=\smartitalic +\let\dfn=\smartitalic +\let\emph=\smartitalic +\let\cite=\smartitalic + +\def\b#1{{\bf #1}} +\let\strong=\b + +% We can't just use \exhyphenpenalty, because that only has effect at +% the end of a paragraph. Restore normal hyphenation at the end of the +% group within which \nohyphenation is presumably called. +% +\def\nohyphenation{\hyphenchar\font = -1 \aftergroup\restorehyphenation} +\def\restorehyphenation{\hyphenchar\font = `- } + +\def\t#1{% + {\tt \rawbackslash \frenchspacing #1}% + \null +} +\let\ttfont=\t +\def\samp #1{`\tclose{#1}'\null} +\setfont\smallrm\rmshape{8}{1000} +\font\smallsy=cmsy9 +\def\key#1{{\smallrm\textfont2=\smallsy \leavevmode\hbox{% + \raise0.4pt\hbox{$\langle$}\kern-.08em\vtop{% + \vbox{\hrule\kern-0.4pt + \hbox{\raise0.4pt\hbox{\vphantom{$\langle$}}#1}}% + \kern-0.4pt\hrule}% + \kern-.06em\raise0.4pt\hbox{$\rangle$}}}} +% The old definition, with no lozenge: +%\def\key #1{{\ttsl \nohyphenation \uppercase{#1}}\null} +\def\ctrl #1{{\tt \rawbackslash \hat}#1} + +\let\file=\samp +\let\url=\samp % perhaps include a hypertex \special eventually +\def\email#1{$\langle${\tt #1}$\rangle$} + +% @code is a modification of @t, +% which makes spaces the same size as normal in the surrounding text. +\def\tclose#1{% + {% + % Change normal interword space to be same as for the current font. + \spaceskip = \fontdimen2\font + % + % Switch to typewriter. + \tt + % + % But `\ ' produces the large typewriter interword space. + \def\ {{\spaceskip = 0pt{} }}% + % + % Turn off hyphenation. + \nohyphenation + % + \rawbackslash + \frenchspacing + #1% + }% + \null +} + +% We *must* turn on hyphenation at `-' and `_' in \code. +% Otherwise, it is too hard to avoid overfull hboxes +% in the Emacs manual, the Library manual, etc. + +% Unfortunately, TeX uses one parameter (\hyphenchar) to control +% both hyphenation at - and hyphenation within words. +% We must therefore turn them both off (\tclose does that) +% and arrange explicitly to hyphenate at a dash. +% -- rms. +{ +\catcode`\-=\active +\catcode`\_=\active +\global\def\code{\begingroup \catcode`\-=\active \let-\codedash \catcode`\_=\active \let_\codeunder \codex} +% The following is used by \doprintindex to insure that long function names +% wrap around. It is necessary for - and _ to be active before the index is +% read from the file, as \entry parses the arguments long before \code is +% ever called. -- mycroft +\global\def\indexbreaks{\catcode`\-=\active \let-\realdash \catcode`\_=\active \let_\realunder} +} + +\def\realdash{-} +\def\realunder{_} +\def\codedash{-\discretionary{}{}{}} +\def\codeunder{\normalunderscore\discretionary{}{}{}} +\def\codex #1{\tclose{#1}\endgroup} + +%\let\exp=\tclose %Was temporary + +% @kbd is like @code, except that if the argument is just one @key command, +% then @kbd has no effect. +% +\def\xkey{\key} +\def\kbdfoo#1#2#3\par{\def\one{#1}\def\three{#3}\def\threex{??}% +\ifx\one\xkey\ifx\threex\three \key{#2}% +\else{\tclose{\ttsl\look}}\fi +\else{\tclose{\ttsl\look}}\fi} + +% Check if we are currently using a typewriter font. Since all the +% Computer Modern typewriter fonts have zero interword stretch (and +% shrink), and it is reasonable to expect all typewriter fonts to have +% this property, we can check that font parameter. +% +\def\ifmonospace{\ifdim\fontdimen3\font=0pt } + +% Typeset a dimension, e.g., `in' or `pt'. The only reason for the +% argument is to make the input look right: @dmn{pt} instead of +% @dmn{}pt. +% +\def\dmn#1{\thinspace #1} + +\def\kbd#1{\def\look{#1}\expandafter\kbdfoo\look??\par} + +% @l was never documented to mean ``switch to the Lisp font'', +% and it is not used as such in any manual I can find. We need it for +% Polish suppressed-l. --karl, 22sep96. +%\def\l#1{{\li #1}\null} + +\def\r#1{{\rm #1}} % roman font +% Use of \lowercase was suggested. +\def\sc#1{{\smallcaps#1}} % smallcaps font +\def\ii#1{{\it #1}} % italic font + +% @pounds{} is a sterling sign. +\def\pounds{{\it\$}} + + +\message{page headings,} + +\newskip\titlepagetopglue \titlepagetopglue = 1.5in +\newskip\titlepagebottomglue \titlepagebottomglue = 2pc + +% First the title page. Must do @settitle before @titlepage. +\def\titlefont#1{{\titlerm #1}} + +\newif\ifseenauthor +\newif\iffinishedtitlepage + +\def\shorttitlepage{\parsearg\shorttitlepagezzz} +\def\shorttitlepagezzz #1{\begingroup\hbox{}\vskip 1.5in \chaprm \centerline{#1}% + \endgroup\page\hbox{}\page} + +\def\titlepage{\begingroup \parindent=0pt \textfonts + \let\subtitlerm=\tenrm +% I deinstalled the following change because \cmr12 is undefined. +% This change was not in the ChangeLog anyway. --rms. +% \let\subtitlerm=\cmr12 + \def\subtitlefont{\subtitlerm \normalbaselineskip = 13pt \normalbaselines}% + % + \def\authorfont{\authorrm \normalbaselineskip = 16pt \normalbaselines}% + % + % Leave some space at the very top of the page. + \vglue\titlepagetopglue + % + % Now you can print the title using @title. + \def\title{\parsearg\titlezzz}% + \def\titlezzz##1{\leftline{\titlefont{##1}} + % print a rule at the page bottom also. + \finishedtitlepagefalse + \vskip4pt \hrule height 4pt width \hsize \vskip4pt}% + % No rule at page bottom unless we print one at the top with @title. + \finishedtitlepagetrue + % + % Now you can put text using @subtitle. + \def\subtitle{\parsearg\subtitlezzz}% + \def\subtitlezzz##1{{\subtitlefont \rightline{##1}}}% + % + % @author should come last, but may come many times. + \def\author{\parsearg\authorzzz}% + \def\authorzzz##1{\ifseenauthor\else\vskip 0pt plus 1filll\seenauthortrue\fi + {\authorfont \leftline{##1}}}% + % + % Most title ``pages'' are actually two pages long, with space + % at the top of the second. We don't want the ragged left on the second. + \let\oldpage = \page + \def\page{% + \iffinishedtitlepage\else + \finishtitlepage + \fi + \oldpage + \let\page = \oldpage + \hbox{}}% +% \def\page{\oldpage \hbox{}} +} + +\def\Etitlepage{% + \iffinishedtitlepage\else + \finishtitlepage + \fi + % It is important to do the page break before ending the group, + % because the headline and footline are only empty inside the group. + % If we use the new definition of \page, we always get a blank page + % after the title page, which we certainly don't want. + \oldpage + \endgroup + \HEADINGSon +} + +\def\finishtitlepage{% + \vskip4pt \hrule height 2pt width \hsize + \vskip\titlepagebottomglue + \finishedtitlepagetrue +} + +%%% Set up page headings and footings. + +\let\thispage=\folio + +\newtoks \evenheadline % Token sequence for heading line of even pages +\newtoks \oddheadline % Token sequence for heading line of odd pages +\newtoks \evenfootline % Token sequence for footing line of even pages +\newtoks \oddfootline % Token sequence for footing line of odd pages + +% Now make Tex use those variables +\headline={{\textfonts\rm \ifodd\pageno \the\oddheadline + \else \the\evenheadline \fi}} +\footline={{\textfonts\rm \ifodd\pageno \the\oddfootline + \else \the\evenfootline \fi}\HEADINGShook} +\let\HEADINGShook=\relax + +% Commands to set those variables. +% For example, this is what @headings on does +% @evenheading @thistitle|@thispage|@thischapter +% @oddheading @thischapter|@thispage|@thistitle +% @evenfooting @thisfile|| +% @oddfooting ||@thisfile + +\def\evenheading{\parsearg\evenheadingxxx} +\def\oddheading{\parsearg\oddheadingxxx} +\def\everyheading{\parsearg\everyheadingxxx} + +\def\evenfooting{\parsearg\evenfootingxxx} +\def\oddfooting{\parsearg\oddfootingxxx} +\def\everyfooting{\parsearg\everyfootingxxx} + +{\catcode`\@=0 % + +\gdef\evenheadingxxx #1{\evenheadingyyy #1@|@|@|@|\finish} +\gdef\evenheadingyyy #1@|#2@|#3@|#4\finish{% +\global\evenheadline={\rlap{\centerline{#2}}\line{#1\hfil#3}}} + +\gdef\oddheadingxxx #1{\oddheadingyyy #1@|@|@|@|\finish} +\gdef\oddheadingyyy #1@|#2@|#3@|#4\finish{% +\global\oddheadline={\rlap{\centerline{#2}}\line{#1\hfil#3}}} + +\gdef\everyheadingxxx #1{\everyheadingyyy #1@|@|@|@|\finish} +\gdef\everyheadingyyy #1@|#2@|#3@|#4\finish{% +\global\evenheadline={\rlap{\centerline{#2}}\line{#1\hfil#3}} +\global\oddheadline={\rlap{\centerline{#2}}\line{#1\hfil#3}}} + +\gdef\evenfootingxxx #1{\evenfootingyyy #1@|@|@|@|\finish} +\gdef\evenfootingyyy #1@|#2@|#3@|#4\finish{% +\global\evenfootline={\rlap{\centerline{#2}}\line{#1\hfil#3}}} + +\gdef\oddfootingxxx #1{\oddfootingyyy #1@|@|@|@|\finish} +\gdef\oddfootingyyy #1@|#2@|#3@|#4\finish{% +\global\oddfootline={\rlap{\centerline{#2}}\line{#1\hfil#3}}} + +\gdef\everyfootingxxx #1{\everyfootingyyy #1@|@|@|@|\finish} +\gdef\everyfootingyyy #1@|#2@|#3@|#4\finish{% +\global\evenfootline={\rlap{\centerline{#2}}\line{#1\hfil#3}} +\global\oddfootline={\rlap{\centerline{#2}}\line{#1\hfil#3}}} +% +}% unbind the catcode of @. + +% @headings double turns headings on for double-sided printing. +% @headings single turns headings on for single-sided printing. +% @headings off turns them off. +% @headings on same as @headings double, retained for compatibility. +% @headings after turns on double-sided headings after this page. +% @headings doubleafter turns on double-sided headings after this page. +% @headings singleafter turns on single-sided headings after this page. +% By default, they are off at the start of a document, +% and turned `on' after @end titlepage. + +\def\headings #1 {\csname HEADINGS#1\endcsname} + +\def\HEADINGSoff{ +\global\evenheadline={\hfil} \global\evenfootline={\hfil} +\global\oddheadline={\hfil} \global\oddfootline={\hfil}} +\HEADINGSoff +% When we turn headings on, set the page number to 1. +% For double-sided printing, put current file name in lower left corner, +% chapter name on inside top of right hand pages, document +% title on inside top of left hand pages, and page numbers on outside top +% edge of all pages. +\def\HEADINGSdouble{ +\global\pageno=1 +\global\evenfootline={\hfil} +\global\oddfootline={\hfil} +\global\evenheadline={\line{\folio\hfil\thistitle}} +\global\oddheadline={\line{\thischapter\hfil\folio}} +\global\let\contentsalignmacro = \chapoddpage +} +\let\contentsalignmacro = \chappager + +% For single-sided printing, chapter title goes across top left of page, +% page number on top right. +\def\HEADINGSsingle{ +\global\pageno=1 +\global\evenfootline={\hfil} +\global\oddfootline={\hfil} +\global\evenheadline={\line{\thischapter\hfil\folio}} +\global\oddheadline={\line{\thischapter\hfil\folio}} +\global\let\contentsalignmacro = \chappager +} +\def\HEADINGSon{\HEADINGSdouble} + +\def\HEADINGSafter{\let\HEADINGShook=\HEADINGSdoublex} +\let\HEADINGSdoubleafter=\HEADINGSafter +\def\HEADINGSdoublex{% +\global\evenfootline={\hfil} +\global\oddfootline={\hfil} +\global\evenheadline={\line{\folio\hfil\thistitle}} +\global\oddheadline={\line{\thischapter\hfil\folio}} +\global\let\contentsalignmacro = \chapoddpage +} + +\def\HEADINGSsingleafter{\let\HEADINGShook=\HEADINGSsinglex} +\def\HEADINGSsinglex{% +\global\evenfootline={\hfil} +\global\oddfootline={\hfil} +\global\evenheadline={\line{\thischapter\hfil\folio}} +\global\oddheadline={\line{\thischapter\hfil\folio}} +\global\let\contentsalignmacro = \chappager +} + +% Subroutines used in generating headings +% Produces Day Month Year style of output. +\def\today{\number\day\space +\ifcase\month\or +January\or February\or March\or April\or May\or June\or +July\or August\or September\or October\or November\or December\fi +\space\number\year} + +% Use this if you want the Month Day, Year style of output. +%\def\today{\ifcase\month\or +%January\or February\or March\or April\or May\or June\or +%July\or August\or September\or October\or November\or December\fi +%\space\number\day, \number\year} + +% @settitle line... specifies the title of the document, for headings +% It generates no output of its own + +\def\thistitle{No Title} +\def\settitle{\parsearg\settitlezzz} +\def\settitlezzz #1{\gdef\thistitle{#1}} + + +\message{tables,} + +% @tabs -- simple alignment + +% These don't work. For one thing, \+ is defined as outer. +% So these macros cannot even be defined. + +%\def\tabs{\parsearg\tabszzz} +%\def\tabszzz #1{\settabs\+#1\cr} +%\def\tabline{\parsearg\tablinezzz} +%\def\tablinezzz #1{\+#1\cr} +%\def\&{&} + +% Tables -- @table, @ftable, @vtable, @item(x), @kitem(x), @xitem(x). + +% default indentation of table text +\newdimen\tableindent \tableindent=.8in +% default indentation of @itemize and @enumerate text +\newdimen\itemindent \itemindent=.3in +% margin between end of table item and start of table text. +\newdimen\itemmargin \itemmargin=.1in + +% used internally for \itemindent minus \itemmargin +\newdimen\itemmax + +% Note @table, @vtable, and @vtable define @item, @itemx, etc., with +% these defs. +% They also define \itemindex +% to index the item name in whatever manner is desired (perhaps none). + +\newif\ifitemxneedsnegativevskip + +\def\itemxpar{\par\ifitemxneedsnegativevskip\nobreak\vskip-\parskip\nobreak\fi} + +\def\internalBitem{\smallbreak \parsearg\itemzzz} +\def\internalBitemx{\itemxpar \parsearg\itemzzz} + +\def\internalBxitem "#1"{\def\xitemsubtopix{#1} \smallbreak \parsearg\xitemzzz} +\def\internalBxitemx "#1"{\def\xitemsubtopix{#1} \itemxpar \parsearg\xitemzzz} + +\def\internalBkitem{\smallbreak \parsearg\kitemzzz} +\def\internalBkitemx{\itemxpar \parsearg\kitemzzz} + +\def\kitemzzz #1{\dosubind {kw}{\code{#1}}{for {\bf \lastfunction}}% + \itemzzz {#1}} + +\def\xitemzzz #1{\dosubind {kw}{\code{#1}}{for {\bf \xitemsubtopic}}% + \itemzzz {#1}} + +\def\itemzzz #1{\begingroup % + \advance\hsize by -\rightskip + \advance\hsize by -\tableindent + \setbox0=\hbox{\itemfont{#1}}% + \itemindex{#1}% + \nobreak % This prevents a break before @itemx. + % + % Be sure we are not still in the middle of a paragraph. + %{\parskip = 0in + %\par + %}% + % + % If the item text does not fit in the space we have, put it on a line + % by itself, and do not allow a page break either before or after that + % line. We do not start a paragraph here because then if the next + % command is, e.g., @kindex, the whatsit would get put into the + % horizontal list on a line by itself, resulting in extra blank space. + \ifdim \wd0>\itemmax + % + % Make this a paragraph so we get the \parskip glue and wrapping, + % but leave it ragged-right. + \begingroup + \advance\leftskip by-\tableindent + \advance\hsize by\tableindent + \advance\rightskip by0pt plus1fil + \leavevmode\unhbox0\par + \endgroup + % + % We're going to be starting a paragraph, but we don't want the + % \parskip glue -- logically it's part of the @item we just started. + \nobreak \vskip-\parskip + % + % Stop a page break at the \parskip glue coming up. Unfortunately + % we can't prevent a possible page break at the following + % \baselineskip glue. + \nobreak + \endgroup + \itemxneedsnegativevskipfalse + \else + % The item text fits into the space. Start a paragraph, so that the + % following text (if any) will end up on the same line. Since that + % text will be indented by \tableindent, we make the item text be in + % a zero-width box. + \noindent + \rlap{\hskip -\tableindent\box0}\ignorespaces% + \endgroup% + \itemxneedsnegativevskiptrue% + \fi +} + +\def\item{\errmessage{@item while not in a table}} +\def\itemx{\errmessage{@itemx while not in a table}} +\def\kitem{\errmessage{@kitem while not in a table}} +\def\kitemx{\errmessage{@kitemx while not in a table}} +\def\xitem{\errmessage{@xitem while not in a table}} +\def\xitemx{\errmessage{@xitemx while not in a table}} + +%% Contains a kludge to get @end[description] to work +\def\description{\tablez{\dontindex}{1}{}{}{}{}} + +\def\table{\begingroup\inENV\obeylines\obeyspaces\tablex} +{\obeylines\obeyspaces% +\gdef\tablex #1^^M{% +\tabley\dontindex#1 \endtabley}} + +\def\ftable{\begingroup\inENV\obeylines\obeyspaces\ftablex} +{\obeylines\obeyspaces% +\gdef\ftablex #1^^M{% +\tabley\fnitemindex#1 \endtabley +\def\Eftable{\endgraf\afterenvbreak\endgroup}% +\let\Etable=\relax}} + +\def\vtable{\begingroup\inENV\obeylines\obeyspaces\vtablex} +{\obeylines\obeyspaces% +\gdef\vtablex #1^^M{% +\tabley\vritemindex#1 \endtabley +\def\Evtable{\endgraf\afterenvbreak\endgroup}% +\let\Etable=\relax}} + +\def\dontindex #1{} +\def\fnitemindex #1{\doind {fn}{\code{#1}}}% +\def\vritemindex #1{\doind {vr}{\code{#1}}}% + +{\obeyspaces % +\gdef\tabley#1#2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7\endtabley{\endgroup% +\tablez{#1}{#2}{#3}{#4}{#5}{#6}}} + +\def\tablez #1#2#3#4#5#6{% +\aboveenvbreak % +\begingroup % +\def\Edescription{\Etable}% Necessary kludge. +\let\itemindex=#1% +\ifnum 0#3>0 \advance \leftskip by #3\mil \fi % +\ifnum 0#4>0 \tableindent=#4\mil \fi % +\ifnum 0#5>0 \advance \rightskip by #5\mil \fi % +\def\itemfont{#2}% +\itemmax=\tableindent % +\advance \itemmax by -\itemmargin % +\advance \leftskip by \tableindent % +\exdentamount=\tableindent +\parindent = 0pt +\parskip = \smallskipamount +\ifdim \parskip=0pt \parskip=2pt \fi% +\def\Etable{\endgraf\afterenvbreak\endgroup}% +\let\item = \internalBitem % +\let\itemx = \internalBitemx % +\let\kitem = \internalBkitem % +\let\kitemx = \internalBkitemx % +\let\xitem = \internalBxitem % +\let\xitemx = \internalBxitemx % +} + +% This is the counter used by @enumerate, which is really @itemize + +\newcount \itemno + +\def\itemize{\parsearg\itemizezzz} + +\def\itemizezzz #1{% + \begingroup % ended by the @end itemsize + \itemizey {#1}{\Eitemize} +} + +\def\itemizey #1#2{% +\aboveenvbreak % +\itemmax=\itemindent % +\advance \itemmax by -\itemmargin % +\advance \leftskip by \itemindent % +\exdentamount=\itemindent +\parindent = 0pt % +\parskip = \smallskipamount % +\ifdim \parskip=0pt \parskip=2pt \fi% +\def#2{\endgraf\afterenvbreak\endgroup}% +\def\itemcontents{#1}% +\let\item=\itemizeitem} + +% Set sfcode to normal for the chars that usually have another value. +% These are `.?!:;,' +\def\frenchspacing{\sfcode46=1000 \sfcode63=1000 \sfcode33=1000 + \sfcode58=1000 \sfcode59=1000 \sfcode44=1000 } + +% \splitoff TOKENS\endmark defines \first to be the first token in +% TOKENS, and \rest to be the remainder. +% +\def\splitoff#1#2\endmark{\def\first{#1}\def\rest{#2}}% + +% Allow an optional argument of an uppercase letter, lowercase letter, +% or number, to specify the first label in the enumerated list. No +% argument is the same as `1'. +% +\def\enumerate{\parsearg\enumeratezzz} +\def\enumeratezzz #1{\enumeratey #1 \endenumeratey} +\def\enumeratey #1 #2\endenumeratey{% + \begingroup % ended by the @end enumerate + % + % If we were given no argument, pretend we were given `1'. + \def\thearg{#1}% + \ifx\thearg\empty \def\thearg{1}\fi + % + % Detect if the argument is a single token. If so, it might be a + % letter. Otherwise, the only valid thing it can be is a number. + % (We will always have one token, because of the test we just made. + % This is a good thing, since \splitoff doesn't work given nothing at + % all -- the first parameter is undelimited.) + \expandafter\splitoff\thearg\endmark + \ifx\rest\empty + % Only one token in the argument. It could still be anything. + % A ``lowercase letter'' is one whose \lccode is nonzero. + % An ``uppercase letter'' is one whose \lccode is both nonzero, and + % not equal to itself. + % Otherwise, we assume it's a number. + % + % We need the \relax at the end of the \ifnum lines to stop TeX from + % continuing to look for a <number>. + % + \ifnum\lccode\expandafter`\thearg=0\relax + \numericenumerate % a number (we hope) + \else + % It's a letter. + \ifnum\lccode\expandafter`\thearg=\expandafter`\thearg\relax + \lowercaseenumerate % lowercase letter + \else + \uppercaseenumerate % uppercase letter + \fi + \fi + \else + % Multiple tokens in the argument. We hope it's a number. + \numericenumerate + \fi +} + +% An @enumerate whose labels are integers. The starting integer is +% given in \thearg. +% +\def\numericenumerate{% + \itemno = \thearg + \startenumeration{\the\itemno}% +} + +% The starting (lowercase) letter is in \thearg. +\def\lowercaseenumerate{% + \itemno = \expandafter`\thearg + \startenumeration{% + % Be sure we're not beyond the end of the alphabet. + \ifnum\itemno=0 + \errmessage{No more lowercase letters in @enumerate; get a bigger + alphabet}% + \fi + \char\lccode\itemno + }% +} + +% The starting (uppercase) letter is in \thearg. +\def\uppercaseenumerate{% + \itemno = \expandafter`\thearg + \startenumeration{% + % Be sure we're not beyond the end of the alphabet. + \ifnum\itemno=0 + \errmessage{No more uppercase letters in @enumerate; get a bigger + alphabet} + \fi + \char\uccode\itemno + }% +} + +% Call itemizey, adding a period to the first argument and supplying the +% common last two arguments. Also subtract one from the initial value in +% \itemno, since @item increments \itemno. +% +\def\startenumeration#1{% + \advance\itemno by -1 + \itemizey{#1.}\Eenumerate\flushcr +} + +% @alphaenumerate and @capsenumerate are abbreviations for giving an arg +% to @enumerate. +% +\def\alphaenumerate{\enumerate{a}} +\def\capsenumerate{\enumerate{A}} +\def\Ealphaenumerate{\Eenumerate} +\def\Ecapsenumerate{\Eenumerate} + +% Definition of @item while inside @itemize. + +\def\itemizeitem{% +\advance\itemno by 1 +{\let\par=\endgraf \smallbreak}% +\ifhmode \errmessage{\in hmode at itemizeitem}\fi +{\parskip=0in \hskip 0pt +\hbox to 0pt{\hss \itemcontents\hskip \itemmargin}% +\vadjust{\penalty 1200}}% +\flushcr} + +% @multitable macros +% Amy Hendrickson, 8/18/94, 3/6/96 +% +% @multitable ... @end multitable will make as many columns as desired. +% Contents of each column will wrap at width given in preamble. Width +% can be specified either with sample text given in a template line, +% or in percent of \hsize, the current width of text on page. + +% Table can continue over pages but will only break between lines. + +% To make preamble: +% +% Either define widths of columns in terms of percent of \hsize: +% @multitable @columnfractions .25 .3 .45 +% @item ... +% +% Numbers following @columnfractions are the percent of the total +% current hsize to be used for each column. You may use as many +% columns as desired. + + +% Or use a template: +% @multitable {Column 1 template} {Column 2 template} {Column 3 template} +% @item ... +% using the widest term desired in each column. +% +% For those who want to use more than one line's worth of words in +% the preamble, break the line within one argument and it +% will parse correctly, i.e., +% +% @multitable {Column 1 template} {Column 2 template} {Column 3 +% template} +% Not: +% @multitable {Column 1 template} {Column 2 template} +% {Column 3 template} + +% Each new table line starts with @item, each subsequent new column +% starts with @tab. Empty columns may be produced by supplying @tab's +% with nothing between them for as many times as empty columns are needed, +% ie, @tab@tab@tab will produce two empty columns. + +% @item, @tab, @multitable or @end multitable do not need to be on their +% own lines, but it will not hurt if they are. + +% Sample multitable: + +% @multitable {Column 1 template} {Column 2 template} {Column 3 template} +% @item first col stuff @tab second col stuff @tab third col +% @item +% first col stuff +% @tab +% second col stuff +% @tab +% third col +% @item first col stuff @tab second col stuff +% @tab Many paragraphs of text may be used in any column. +% +% They will wrap at the width determined by the template. +% @item@tab@tab This will be in third column. +% @end multitable + +% Default dimensions may be reset by user. +% @multitableparskip is vertical space between paragraphs in table. +% @multitableparindent is paragraph indent in table. +% @multitablecolmargin is horizontal space to be left between columns. +% @multitablelinespace is space to leave between table items, baseline +% to baseline. +% 0pt means it depends on current normal line spacing. + +%%%% +% Dimensions + +\newskip\multitableparskip +\newskip\multitableparindent +\newdimen\multitablecolspace +\newskip\multitablelinespace +\multitableparskip=0pt +\multitableparindent=6pt +\multitablecolspace=12pt +\multitablelinespace=0pt + +%%%% +% Macros used to set up halign preamble: +\let\endsetuptable\relax +\def\xendsetuptable{\endsetuptable} +\let\columnfractions\relax +\def\xcolumnfractions{\columnfractions} +\newif\ifsetpercent + +%% 2/1/96, to allow fractions to be given with more than one digit. +\def\pickupwholefraction#1 {\global\advance\colcount by1 % +\expandafter\xdef\csname col\the\colcount\endcsname{.#1\hsize}% +\setuptable} + +\newcount\colcount +\def\setuptable#1{\def\firstarg{#1}% +\ifx\firstarg\xendsetuptable\let\go\relax% +\else + \ifx\firstarg\xcolumnfractions\global\setpercenttrue% + \else + \ifsetpercent + \let\go\pickupwholefraction % In this case arg of setuptable + % is the decimal point before the + % number given in percent of hsize. + % We don't need this so we don't use it. + \else + \global\advance\colcount by1 + \setbox0=\hbox{#1 }% Add a normal word space as a separator; + % typically that is always in the input, anyway. + \expandafter\xdef\csname col\the\colcount\endcsname{\the\wd0}% + \fi% + \fi% +\ifx\go\pickupwholefraction\else\let\go\setuptable\fi% +\fi\go} + +%%%% +% multitable syntax +\def\tab{&\hskip1sp\relax} % 2/2/96 + % tiny skip here makes sure this column space is + % maintained, even if it is never used. + + +%%%% +% @multitable ... @end multitable definitions: + +\def\multitable{\parsearg\dotable} + +\def\dotable#1{\bgroup +\let\item\cr +\tolerance=9500 +\hbadness=9500 +\setmultitablespacing +\parskip=\multitableparskip +\parindent=\multitableparindent +\overfullrule=0pt +\global\colcount=0\relax% +\def\Emultitable{\global\setpercentfalse\global\everycr{}\cr\egroup\egroup}% + % To parse everything between @multitable and @item : +\setuptable#1 \endsetuptable + % Need to reset this to 0 after \setuptable. +\global\colcount=0\relax% + % + % This preamble sets up a generic column definition, which will + % be used as many times as user calls for columns. + % \vtop will set a single line and will also let text wrap and + % continue for many paragraphs if desired. +\halign\bgroup&\global\advance\colcount by 1\relax% +\multistrut\vtop{\hsize=\expandafter\csname col\the\colcount\endcsname + % In order to keep entries from bumping into each other + % we will add a \leftskip of \multitablecolspace to all columns after + % the first one. + % If a template has been used, we will add \multitablecolspace + % to the width of each template entry. + % If user has set preamble in terms of percent of \hsize + % we will use that dimension as the width of the column, and + % the \leftskip will keep entries from bumping into each other. + % Table will start at left margin and final column will justify at + % right margin. +\ifnum\colcount=1 +\else + \ifsetpercent + \else + % If user has <not> set preamble in terms of percent of \hsize + % we will advance \hsize by \multitablecolspace + \advance\hsize by \multitablecolspace + \fi + % In either case we will make \leftskip=\multitablecolspace: +\leftskip=\multitablecolspace +\fi +\noindent##\multistrut}\cr% + % \everycr will reset column counter, \colcount, at the end of + % each line. Every column entry will cause \colcount to advance by one. + % The table preamble + % looks at the current \colcount to find the correct column width. +\global\everycr{\noalign{% +\filbreak%% keeps underfull box messages off when table breaks over pages. +\global\colcount=0\relax}} +} + +\def\setmultitablespacing{% test to see if user has set \multitablelinespace. +% If so, do nothing. If not, give it an appropriate dimension based on +% current baselineskip. +\ifdim\multitablelinespace=0pt +%% strut to put in table in case some entry doesn't have descenders, +%% to keep lines equally spaced +\let\multistrut = \strut +%% Test to see if parskip is larger than space between lines of +%% table. If not, do nothing. +%% If so, set to same dimension as multitablelinespace. +\else +\gdef\multistrut{\vrule height\multitablelinespace depth\dp0 +width0pt\relax} \fi +\ifdim\multitableparskip>\multitablelinespace +\global\multitableparskip=\multitablelinespace +\global\advance\multitableparskip-7pt %% to keep parskip somewhat smaller + %% than skip between lines in the table. +\fi% +\ifdim\multitableparskip=0pt +\global\multitableparskip=\multitablelinespace +\global\advance\multitableparskip-7pt %% to keep parskip somewhat smaller + %% than skip between lines in the table. +\fi} + + +\message{indexing,} +% Index generation facilities + +% Define \newwrite to be identical to plain tex's \newwrite +% except not \outer, so it can be used within \newindex. +{\catcode`\@=11 +\gdef\newwrite{\alloc@7\write\chardef\sixt@@n}} + +% \newindex {foo} defines an index named foo. +% It automatically defines \fooindex such that +% \fooindex ...rest of line... puts an entry in the index foo. +% It also defines \fooindfile to be the number of the output channel for +% the file that accumulates this index. The file's extension is foo. +% The name of an index should be no more than 2 characters long +% for the sake of vms. + +\def\newindex #1{ +\expandafter\newwrite \csname#1indfile\endcsname% Define number for output file +\openout \csname#1indfile\endcsname \jobname.#1 % Open the file +\expandafter\xdef\csname#1index\endcsname{% % Define \xxxindex +\noexpand\doindex {#1}} +} + +% @defindex foo == \newindex{foo} + +\def\defindex{\parsearg\newindex} + +% Define @defcodeindex, like @defindex except put all entries in @code. + +\def\newcodeindex #1{ +\expandafter\newwrite \csname#1indfile\endcsname% Define number for output file +\openout \csname#1indfile\endcsname \jobname.#1 % Open the file +\expandafter\xdef\csname#1index\endcsname{% % Define \xxxindex +\noexpand\docodeindex {#1}} +} + +\def\defcodeindex{\parsearg\newcodeindex} + +% @synindex foo bar makes index foo feed into index bar. +% Do this instead of @defindex foo if you don't want it as a separate index. +\def\synindex #1 #2 {% +\expandafter\let\expandafter\synindexfoo\expandafter=\csname#2indfile\endcsname +\expandafter\let\csname#1indfile\endcsname=\synindexfoo +\expandafter\xdef\csname#1index\endcsname{% % Define \xxxindex +\noexpand\doindex {#2}}% +} + +% @syncodeindex foo bar similar, but put all entries made for index foo +% inside @code. +\def\syncodeindex #1 #2 {% +\expandafter\let\expandafter\synindexfoo\expandafter=\csname#2indfile\endcsname +\expandafter\let\csname#1indfile\endcsname=\synindexfoo +\expandafter\xdef\csname#1index\endcsname{% % Define \xxxindex +\noexpand\docodeindex {#2}}% +} + +% Define \doindex, the driver for all \fooindex macros. +% Argument #1 is generated by the calling \fooindex macro, +% and it is "foo", the name of the index. + +% \doindex just uses \parsearg; it calls \doind for the actual work. +% This is because \doind is more useful to call from other macros. + +% There is also \dosubind {index}{topic}{subtopic} +% which makes an entry in a two-level index such as the operation index. + +\def\doindex#1{\edef\indexname{#1}\parsearg\singleindexer} +\def\singleindexer #1{\doind{\indexname}{#1}} + +% like the previous two, but they put @code around the argument. +\def\docodeindex#1{\edef\indexname{#1}\parsearg\singlecodeindexer} +\def\singlecodeindexer #1{\doind{\indexname}{\code{#1}}} + +\def\indexdummies{% +% Take care of the plain tex accent commands. +\def\"{\realbackslash "}% +\def\`{\realbackslash `}% +\def\'{\realbackslash '}% +\def\^{\realbackslash ^}% +\def\~{\realbackslash ~}% +\def\={\realbackslash =}% +\def\b{\realbackslash b}% +\def\c{\realbackslash c}% +\def\d{\realbackslash d}% +\def\u{\realbackslash u}% +\def\v{\realbackslash v}% +\def\H{\realbackslash H}% +% Take care of the plain tex special European modified letters. +\def\oe{\realbackslash oe}% +\def\ae{\realbackslash ae}% +\def\aa{\realbackslash aa}% +\def\OE{\realbackslash OE}% +\def\AE{\realbackslash AE}% +\def\AA{\realbackslash AA}% +\def\o{\realbackslash o}% +\def\O{\realbackslash O}% +\def\l{\realbackslash l}% +\def\L{\realbackslash L}% +\def\ss{\realbackslash ss}% +% Take care of texinfo commands likely to appear in an index entry. +% (Must be a way to avoid doing expansion at all, and thus not have to +% laboriously list every single command here.) +\def\@{@}% will be @@ when we switch to @ as escape char. +%\let\{ = \lbracecmd +%\let\} = \rbracecmd +\def\_{{\realbackslash _}}% +\def\w{\realbackslash w }% +\def\bf{\realbackslash bf }% +%\def\rm{\realbackslash rm }% +\def\sl{\realbackslash sl }% +\def\sf{\realbackslash sf}% +\def\tt{\realbackslash tt}% +\def\gtr{\realbackslash gtr}% +\def\less{\realbackslash less}% +\def\hat{\realbackslash hat}% +%\def\char{\realbackslash char}% +\def\TeX{\realbackslash TeX}% +\def\dots{\realbackslash dots }% +\def\copyright{\realbackslash copyright }% +\def\tclose##1{\realbackslash tclose {##1}}% +\def\code##1{\realbackslash code {##1}}% +\def\dotless##1{\realbackslash dotless {##1}}% +\def\samp##1{\realbackslash samp {##1}}% +\def\,##1{\realbackslash ,{##1}}% +\def\t##1{\realbackslash t {##1}}% +\def\r##1{\realbackslash r {##1}}% +\def\i##1{\realbackslash i {##1}}% +\def\b##1{\realbackslash b {##1}}% +\def\cite##1{\realbackslash cite {##1}}% +\def\key##1{\realbackslash key {##1}}% +\def\file##1{\realbackslash file {##1}}% +\def\var##1{\realbackslash var {##1}}% +\def\kbd##1{\realbackslash kbd {##1}}% +\def\dfn##1{\realbackslash dfn {##1}}% +\def\emph##1{\realbackslash emph {##1}}% +\unsepspaces +} + +% If an index command is used in an @example environment, any spaces +% therein should become regular spaces in the raw index file, not the +% expansion of \tie (\\leavevmode \penalty \@M \ ). +{\obeyspaces + \gdef\unsepspaces{\obeyspaces\let =\space}} + +% \indexnofonts no-ops all font-change commands. +% This is used when outputting the strings to sort the index by. +\def\indexdummyfont#1{#1} +\def\indexdummytex{TeX} +\def\indexdummydots{...} + +\def\indexnofonts{% +% Just ignore accents. +\let\,=\indexdummyfont +\let\"=\indexdummyfont +\let\`=\indexdummyfont +\let\'=\indexdummyfont +\let\^=\indexdummyfont +\let\~=\indexdummyfont +\let\==\indexdummyfont +\let\b=\indexdummyfont +\let\c=\indexdummyfont +\let\d=\indexdummyfont +\let\u=\indexdummyfont +\let\v=\indexdummyfont +\let\H=\indexdummyfont +\let\dotless=\indexdummyfont +% Take care of the plain tex special European modified letters. +\def\oe{oe}% +\def\ae{ae}% +\def\aa{aa}% +\def\OE{OE}% +\def\AE{AE}% +\def\AA{AA}% +\def\o{o}% +\def\O{O}% +\def\l{l}% +\def\L{L}% +\def\ss{ss}% +\let\w=\indexdummyfont +\let\t=\indexdummyfont +\let\r=\indexdummyfont +\let\i=\indexdummyfont +\let\b=\indexdummyfont +\let\emph=\indexdummyfont +\let\strong=\indexdummyfont +\let\cite=\indexdummyfont +\let\sc=\indexdummyfont +%Don't no-op \tt, since it isn't a user-level command +% and is used in the definitions of the active chars like <, >, |... +%\let\tt=\indexdummyfont +\let\tclose=\indexdummyfont +\let\code=\indexdummyfont +\let\file=\indexdummyfont +\let\samp=\indexdummyfont +\let\kbd=\indexdummyfont +\let\key=\indexdummyfont +\let\var=\indexdummyfont +\let\TeX=\indexdummytex +\let\dots=\indexdummydots +\def\@{@}% +} + +% To define \realbackslash, we must make \ not be an escape. +% We must first make another character (@) an escape +% so we do not become unable to do a definition. + +{\catcode`\@=0 \catcode`\\=\other +@gdef@realbackslash{\}} + +\let\indexbackslash=0 %overridden during \printindex. + +\let\SETmarginindex=\relax %initialize! +% workhorse for all \fooindexes +% #1 is name of index, #2 is stuff to put there +\def\doind #1#2{% + % Put the index entry in the margin if desired. + \ifx\SETmarginindex\relax\else + \insert\margin{\hbox{\vrule height8pt depth3pt width0pt #2}}% + \fi + {% + \count255=\lastpenalty + {% + \indexdummies % Must do this here, since \bf, etc expand at this stage + \escapechar=`\\ + {% + \let\folio=0 % We will expand all macros now EXCEPT \folio. + \def\rawbackslashxx{\indexbackslash}% \indexbackslash isn't defined now + % so it will be output as is; and it will print as backslash. + % + % First process the index-string with all font commands turned off + % to get the string to sort by. + {\indexnofonts \xdef\indexsorttmp{#2}}% + % + % Now produce the complete index entry, with both the sort key and the + % original text, including any font commands. + \toks0 = {#2}% + \edef\temp{% + \write\csname#1indfile\endcsname{% + \realbackslash entry{\indexsorttmp}{\folio}{\the\toks0}}% + }% + \temp + }% + }% + \penalty\count255 + }% +} + +\def\dosubind #1#2#3{% +{\count10=\lastpenalty % +{\indexdummies % Must do this here, since \bf, etc expand at this stage +\escapechar=`\\% +{\let\folio=0% +\def\rawbackslashxx{\indexbackslash}% +% +% Now process the index-string once, with all font commands turned off, +% to get the string to sort the index by. +{\indexnofonts +\xdef\temp1{#2 #3}% +}% +% Now produce the complete index entry. We process the index-string again, +% this time with font commands expanded, to get what to print in the index. +\edef\temp{% +\write \csname#1indfile\endcsname{% +\realbackslash entry {\temp1}{\folio}{#2}{#3}}}% +\temp }% +}\penalty\count10}} + +% The index entry written in the file actually looks like +% \entry {sortstring}{page}{topic} +% or +% \entry {sortstring}{page}{topic}{subtopic} +% The texindex program reads in these files and writes files +% containing these kinds of lines: +% \initial {c} +% before the first topic whose initial is c +% \entry {topic}{pagelist} +% for a topic that is used without subtopics +% \primary {topic} +% for the beginning of a topic that is used with subtopics +% \secondary {subtopic}{pagelist} +% for each subtopic. + +% Define the user-accessible indexing commands +% @findex, @vindex, @kindex, @cindex. + +\def\findex {\fnindex} +\def\kindex {\kyindex} +\def\cindex {\cpindex} +\def\vindex {\vrindex} +\def\tindex {\tpindex} +\def\pindex {\pgindex} + +\def\cindexsub {\begingroup\obeylines\cindexsub} +{\obeylines % +\gdef\cindexsub "#1" #2^^M{\endgroup % +\dosubind{cp}{#2}{#1}}} + +% Define the macros used in formatting output of the sorted index material. + +% This is what you call to cause a particular index to get printed. +% Write +% @unnumbered Function Index +% @printindex fn + +\def\printindex{\parsearg\doprintindex} + +\def\doprintindex#1{\begingroup + \dobreak \chapheadingskip{10000}% + % + \indexfonts \rm + \tolerance = 9500 + \indexbreaks + \def\indexbackslash{\rawbackslashxx}% + % Index files are almost Texinfo source, but we use \ as the escape + % character. It would be better to use @, but that's too big a change + % to make right now. + \catcode`\\ = 0 + \catcode`\@ = 11 + \escapechar = `\\ + \begindoublecolumns + % + % See if the index file exists and is nonempty. + \openin 1 \jobname.#1s + \ifeof 1 + % \enddoublecolumns gets confused if there is no text in the index, + % and it loses the chapter title and the aux file entries for the + % index. The easiest way to prevent this problem is to make sure + % there is some text. + (Index is nonexistent) + \else + % + % If the index file exists but is empty, then \openin leaves \ifeof + % false. We have to make TeX try to read something from the file, so + % it can discover if there is anything in it. + \read 1 to \temp + \ifeof 1 + (Index is empty) + \else + \input \jobname.#1s + \fi + \fi + \closein 1 + \enddoublecolumns +\endgroup} + +% These macros are used by the sorted index file itself. +% Change them to control the appearance of the index. + +% Same as \bigskipamount except no shrink. +% \balancecolumns gets confused if there is any shrink. +\newskip\initialskipamount \initialskipamount 12pt plus4pt + +\def\initial #1{% +{\let\tentt=\sectt \let\tt=\sectt \let\sf=\sectt +\ifdim\lastskip<\initialskipamount +\removelastskip \penalty-200 \vskip \initialskipamount\fi +\line{\secbf#1\hfill}\kern 2pt\penalty10000}} + +% This typesets a paragraph consisting of #1, dot leaders, and then #2 +% flush to the right margin. It is used for index and table of contents +% entries. The paragraph is indented by \leftskip. +% +\def\entry #1#2{\begingroup + % + % Start a new paragraph if necessary, so our assignments below can't + % affect previous text. + \par + % + % Do not fill out the last line with white space. + \parfillskip = 0in + % + % No extra space above this paragraph. + \parskip = 0in + % + % Do not prefer a separate line ending with a hyphen to fewer lines. + \finalhyphendemerits = 0 + % + % \hangindent is only relevant when the entry text and page number + % don't both fit on one line. In that case, bob suggests starting the + % dots pretty far over on the line. Unfortunately, a large + % indentation looks wrong when the entry text itself is broken across + % lines. So we use a small indentation and put up with long leaders. + % + % \hangafter is reset to 1 (which is the value we want) at the start + % of each paragraph, so we need not do anything with that. + \hangindent=2em + % + % When the entry text needs to be broken, just fill out the first line + % with blank space. + \rightskip = 0pt plus1fil + % + % Start a ``paragraph'' for the index entry so the line breaking + % parameters we've set above will have an effect. + \noindent + % + % Insert the text of the index entry. TeX will do line-breaking on it. + #1% + % The following is kludged to not output a line of dots in the index if + % there are no page numbers. The next person who breaks this will be + % cursed by a Unix daemon. + \def\tempa{{\rm }}% + \def\tempb{#2}% + \edef\tempc{\tempa}% + \edef\tempd{\tempb}% + \ifx\tempc\tempd\ \else% + % + % If we must, put the page number on a line of its own, and fill out + % this line with blank space. (The \hfil is overwhelmed with the + % fill leaders glue in \indexdotfill if the page number does fit.) + \hfil\penalty50 + \null\nobreak\indexdotfill % Have leaders before the page number. + % + % The `\ ' here is removed by the implicit \unskip that TeX does as + % part of (the primitive) \par. Without it, a spurious underfull + % \hbox ensues. + \ #2% The page number ends the paragraph. + \fi% + \par +\endgroup} + +% Like \dotfill except takes at least 1 em. +\def\indexdotfill{\cleaders + \hbox{$\mathsurround=0pt \mkern1.5mu ${\it .}$ \mkern1.5mu$}\hskip 1em plus 1fill} + +\def\primary #1{\line{#1\hfil}} + +\newskip\secondaryindent \secondaryindent=0.5cm + +\def\secondary #1#2{ +{\parfillskip=0in \parskip=0in +\hangindent =1in \hangafter=1 +\noindent\hskip\secondaryindent\hbox{#1}\indexdotfill #2\par +}} + +% Define two-column mode, which we use to typeset indexes. +% Adapted from the TeXbook, page 416, which is to say, +% the manmac.tex format used to print the TeXbook itself. +\catcode`\@=11 + +\newbox\partialpage +\newdimen\doublecolumnhsize + +\def\begindoublecolumns{\begingroup % ended by \enddoublecolumns + % Grab any single-column material above us. + \output = {\global\setbox\partialpage + =\vbox{\unvbox255\kern -\topskip \kern \baselineskip}}% + \eject + % + % Now switch to the double-column output routine. + \output={\doublecolumnout}% + % + % Change the page size parameters. We could do this once outside this + % routine, in each of @smallbook, @afourpaper, and the default 8.5x11 + % format, but then we repeat the same computation. Repeating a couple + % of assignments once per index is clearly meaningless for the + % execution time, so we may as well do it once. + % + % First we halve the line length, less a little for the gutter between + % the columns. We compute the gutter based on the line length, so it + % changes automatically with the paper format. The magic constant + % below is chosen so that the gutter has the same value (well, +- < + % 1pt) as it did when we hard-coded it. + % + % We put the result in a separate register, \doublecolumhsize, so we + % can restore it in \pagesofar, after \hsize itself has (potentially) + % been clobbered. + % + \doublecolumnhsize = \hsize + \advance\doublecolumnhsize by -.04154\hsize + \divide\doublecolumnhsize by 2 + \hsize = \doublecolumnhsize + % + % Double the \vsize as well. (We don't need a separate register here, + % since nobody clobbers \vsize.) + \vsize = 2\vsize +} +\def\doublecolumnout{% + \splittopskip=\topskip \splitmaxdepth=\maxdepth + % Get the available space for the double columns -- the normal + % (undoubled) page height minus any material left over from the + % previous page. + \dimen@=\pageheight \advance\dimen@ by-\ht\partialpage + % box0 will be the left-hand column, box1 the right. + \setbox0=\vsplit255 to\dimen@ \setbox2=\vsplit255 to\dimen@ + \onepageout\pagesofar + \unvbox255 \penalty\outputpenalty +} +\def\pagesofar{% + % The contents of the output page -- any previous material, + % followed by the two boxes we just split. + \unvbox\partialpage + \hsize = \doublecolumnhsize + \wd0=\hsize \wd2=\hsize \hbox to\pagewidth{\box0\hfil\box2}% +} +\def\enddoublecolumns{% + \output={\balancecolumns}\eject % split what we have + \endgroup + % Back to normal single-column typesetting, but take account of the + % fact that we just accumulated some stuff on the output page. + \pagegoal=\vsize +} +\def\balancecolumns{% + % Called on the last page of the double column material. + \setbox0=\vbox{\unvbox255}% + \dimen@ = \ht0 + \advance\dimen@ by \topskip + \advance\dimen@ by-\baselineskip + \divide\dimen@ by 2 + \splittopskip = \topskip + % Loop until we get a decent breakpoint. + {\vbadness=10000 \loop \global\setbox3=\copy0 + \global\setbox1=\vsplit3 to\dimen@ + \ifdim\ht3>\dimen@ \global\advance\dimen@ by1pt \repeat}% + \setbox0=\vbox to\dimen@{\unvbox1}% + \setbox2=\vbox to\dimen@{\unvbox3}% + \pagesofar +} +\catcode `\@=\other + + +\message{sectioning,} +% Define chapters, sections, etc. + +\newcount \chapno +\newcount \secno \secno=0 +\newcount \subsecno \subsecno=0 +\newcount \subsubsecno \subsubsecno=0 + +% This counter is funny since it counts through charcodes of letters A, B, ... +\newcount \appendixno \appendixno = `\@ +\def\appendixletter{\char\the\appendixno} + +\newwrite \contentsfile +% This is called from \setfilename. +\def\opencontents{\openout \contentsfile = \jobname.toc} + +% Each @chapter defines this as the name of the chapter. +% page headings and footings can use it. @section does likewise + +\def\thischapter{} \def\thissection{} +\def\seccheck#1{\if \pageno<0 % +\errmessage{@#1 not allowed after generating table of contents}\fi +% +} + +\def\chapternofonts{% +\let\rawbackslash=\relax% +\let\frenchspacing=\relax% +\def\result{\realbackslash result} +\def\equiv{\realbackslash equiv} +\def\expansion{\realbackslash expansion} +\def\print{\realbackslash print} +\def\TeX{\realbackslash TeX} +\def\dots{\realbackslash dots} +\def\copyright{\realbackslash copyright} +\def\tt{\realbackslash tt} +\def\bf{\realbackslash bf } +\def\w{\realbackslash w} +\def\less{\realbackslash less} +\def\gtr{\realbackslash gtr} +\def\hat{\realbackslash hat} +\def\char{\realbackslash char} +\def\tclose##1{\realbackslash tclose {##1}} +\def\code##1{\realbackslash code {##1}} +\def\samp##1{\realbackslash samp {##1}} +\def\r##1{\realbackslash r {##1}} +\def\b##1{\realbackslash b {##1}} +\def\key##1{\realbackslash key {##1}} +\def\file##1{\realbackslash file {##1}} +\def\kbd##1{\realbackslash kbd {##1}} +% These are redefined because @smartitalic wouldn't work inside xdef. +\def\i##1{\realbackslash i {##1}} +\def\cite##1{\realbackslash cite {##1}} +\def\var##1{\realbackslash var {##1}} +\def\emph##1{\realbackslash emph {##1}} +\def\dfn##1{\realbackslash dfn {##1}} +} + +\newcount\absseclevel % used to calculate proper heading level +\newcount\secbase\secbase=0 % @raise/lowersections modify this count + +% @raisesections: treat @section as chapter, @subsection as section, etc. +\def\raisesections{\global\advance\secbase by -1} +\let\up=\raisesections % original BFox name + +% @lowersections: treat @chapter as section, @section as subsection, etc. +\def\lowersections{\global\advance\secbase by 1} +\let\down=\lowersections % original BFox name + +% Choose a numbered-heading macro +% #1 is heading level if unmodified by @raisesections or @lowersections +% #2 is text for heading +\def\numhead#1#2{\absseclevel=\secbase\advance\absseclevel by #1 +\ifcase\absseclevel + \chapterzzz{#2} +\or + \seczzz{#2} +\or + \numberedsubseczzz{#2} +\or + \numberedsubsubseczzz{#2} +\else + \ifnum \absseclevel<0 + \chapterzzz{#2} + \else + \numberedsubsubseczzz{#2} + \fi +\fi +} + +% like \numhead, but chooses appendix heading levels +\def\apphead#1#2{\absseclevel=\secbase\advance\absseclevel by #1 +\ifcase\absseclevel + \appendixzzz{#2} +\or + \appendixsectionzzz{#2} +\or + \appendixsubseczzz{#2} +\or + \appendixsubsubseczzz{#2} +\else + \ifnum \absseclevel<0 + \appendixzzz{#2} + \else + \appendixsubsubseczzz{#2} + \fi +\fi +} + +% like \numhead, but chooses numberless heading levels +\def\unnmhead#1#2{\absseclevel=\secbase\advance\absseclevel by #1 +\ifcase\absseclevel + \unnumberedzzz{#2} +\or + \unnumberedseczzz{#2} +\or + \unnumberedsubseczzz{#2} +\or + \unnumberedsubsubseczzz{#2} +\else + \ifnum \absseclevel<0 + \unnumberedzzz{#2} + \else + \unnumberedsubsubseczzz{#2} + \fi +\fi +} + + +\def\thischaptername{No Chapter Title} +\outer\def\chapter{\parsearg\chapteryyy} +\def\chapteryyy #1{\numhead0{#1}} % normally numhead0 calls chapterzzz +\def\chapterzzz #1{\seccheck{chapter}% +\secno=0 \subsecno=0 \subsubsecno=0 +\global\advance \chapno by 1 \message{\putwordChapter \the\chapno}% +\chapmacro {#1}{\the\chapno}% +\gdef\thissection{#1}% +\gdef\thischaptername{#1}% +% We don't substitute the actual chapter name into \thischapter +% because we don't want its macros evaluated now. +\xdef\thischapter{\putwordChapter{} \the\chapno: \noexpand\thischaptername}% +{\chapternofonts% +\edef\temp{{\realbackslash chapentry {#1}{\the\chapno}{\noexpand\folio}}}% +\escapechar=`\\% +\write \contentsfile \temp % +\donoderef % +\global\let\section = \numberedsec +\global\let\subsection = \numberedsubsec +\global\let\subsubsection = \numberedsubsubsec +}} + +\outer\def\appendix{\parsearg\appendixyyy} +\def\appendixyyy #1{\apphead0{#1}} % normally apphead0 calls appendixzzz +\def\appendixzzz #1{\seccheck{appendix}% +\secno=0 \subsecno=0 \subsubsecno=0 +\global\advance \appendixno by 1 \message{Appendix \appendixletter}% +\chapmacro {#1}{\putwordAppendix{} \appendixletter}% +\gdef\thissection{#1}% +\gdef\thischaptername{#1}% +\xdef\thischapter{\putwordAppendix{} \appendixletter: \noexpand\thischaptername}% +{\chapternofonts% +\edef\temp{{\realbackslash chapentry + {#1}{\putwordAppendix{} \appendixletter}{\noexpand\folio}}}% +\escapechar=`\\% +\write \contentsfile \temp % +\appendixnoderef % +\global\let\section = \appendixsec +\global\let\subsection = \appendixsubsec +\global\let\subsubsection = \appendixsubsubsec +}} + +% @centerchap is like @unnumbered, but the heading is centered. +\outer\def\centerchap{\parsearg\centerchapyyy} +\def\centerchapyyy #1{{\let\unnumbchapmacro=\centerchapmacro \unnumberedyyy{#1}}} + +\outer\def\top{\parsearg\unnumberedyyy} +\outer\def\unnumbered{\parsearg\unnumberedyyy} +\def\unnumberedyyy #1{\unnmhead0{#1}} % normally unnmhead0 calls unnumberedzzz +\def\unnumberedzzz #1{\seccheck{unnumbered}% +\secno=0 \subsecno=0 \subsubsecno=0 +% +% This used to be simply \message{#1}, but TeX fully expands the +% argument to \message. Therefore, if #1 contained @-commands, TeX +% expanded them. For example, in `@unnumbered The @cite{Book}', TeX +% expanded @cite (which turns out to cause errors because \cite is meant +% to be executed, not expanded). +% +% Anyway, we don't want the fully-expanded definition of @cite to appear +% as a result of the \message, we just want `@cite' itself. We use +% \the<toks register> to achieve this: TeX expands \the<toks> only once, +% simply yielding the contents of the <toks register>. +\toks0 = {#1}\message{(\the\toks0)}% +% +\unnumbchapmacro {#1}% +\gdef\thischapter{#1}\gdef\thissection{#1}% +{\chapternofonts% +\edef\temp{{\realbackslash unnumbchapentry {#1}{\noexpand\folio}}}% +\escapechar=`\\% +\write \contentsfile \temp % +\unnumbnoderef % +\global\let\section = \unnumberedsec +\global\let\subsection = \unnumberedsubsec +\global\let\subsubsection = \unnumberedsubsubsec +}} + +\outer\def\numberedsec{\parsearg\secyyy} +\def\secyyy #1{\numhead1{#1}} % normally calls seczzz +\def\seczzz #1{\seccheck{section}% +\subsecno=0 \subsubsecno=0 \global\advance \secno by 1 % +\gdef\thissection{#1}\secheading {#1}{\the\chapno}{\the\secno}% +{\chapternofonts% +\edef\temp{{\realbackslash secentry % +{#1}{\the\chapno}{\the\secno}{\noexpand\folio}}}% +\escapechar=`\\% +\write \contentsfile \temp % +\donoderef % +\penalty 10000 % +}} + +\outer\def\appendixsection{\parsearg\appendixsecyyy} +\outer\def\appendixsec{\parsearg\appendixsecyyy} +\def\appendixsecyyy #1{\apphead1{#1}} % normally calls appendixsectionzzz +\def\appendixsectionzzz #1{\seccheck{appendixsection}% +\subsecno=0 \subsubsecno=0 \global\advance \secno by 1 % +\gdef\thissection{#1}\secheading {#1}{\appendixletter}{\the\secno}% +{\chapternofonts% +\edef\temp{{\realbackslash secentry % +{#1}{\appendixletter}{\the\secno}{\noexpand\folio}}}% +\escapechar=`\\% +\write \contentsfile \temp % +\appendixnoderef % +\penalty 10000 % +}} + +\outer\def\unnumberedsec{\parsearg\unnumberedsecyyy} +\def\unnumberedsecyyy #1{\unnmhead1{#1}} % normally calls unnumberedseczzz +\def\unnumberedseczzz #1{\seccheck{unnumberedsec}% +\plainsecheading {#1}\gdef\thissection{#1}% +{\chapternofonts% +\edef\temp{{\realbackslash unnumbsecentry{#1}{\noexpand\folio}}}% +\escapechar=`\\% +\write \contentsfile \temp % +\unnumbnoderef % +\penalty 10000 % +}} + +\outer\def\numberedsubsec{\parsearg\numberedsubsecyyy} +\def\numberedsubsecyyy #1{\numhead2{#1}} % normally calls numberedsubseczzz +\def\numberedsubseczzz #1{\seccheck{subsection}% +\gdef\thissection{#1}\subsubsecno=0 \global\advance \subsecno by 1 % +\subsecheading {#1}{\the\chapno}{\the\secno}{\the\subsecno}% +{\chapternofonts% +\edef\temp{{\realbackslash subsecentry % +{#1}{\the\chapno}{\the\secno}{\the\subsecno}{\noexpand\folio}}}% +\escapechar=`\\% +\write \contentsfile \temp % +\donoderef % +\penalty 10000 % +}} + +\outer\def\appendixsubsec{\parsearg\appendixsubsecyyy} +\def\appendixsubsecyyy #1{\apphead2{#1}} % normally calls appendixsubseczzz +\def\appendixsubseczzz #1{\seccheck{appendixsubsec}% +\gdef\thissection{#1}\subsubsecno=0 \global\advance \subsecno by 1 % +\subsecheading {#1}{\appendixletter}{\the\secno}{\the\subsecno}% +{\chapternofonts% +\edef\temp{{\realbackslash subsecentry % +{#1}{\appendixletter}{\the\secno}{\the\subsecno}{\noexpand\folio}}}% +\escapechar=`\\% +\write \contentsfile \temp % +\appendixnoderef % +\penalty 10000 % +}} + +\outer\def\unnumberedsubsec{\parsearg\unnumberedsubsecyyy} +\def\unnumberedsubsecyyy #1{\unnmhead2{#1}} %normally calls unnumberedsubseczzz +\def\unnumberedsubseczzz #1{\seccheck{unnumberedsubsec}% +\plainsubsecheading {#1}\gdef\thissection{#1}% +{\chapternofonts% +\edef\temp{{\realbackslash unnumbsubsecentry{#1}{\noexpand\folio}}}% +\escapechar=`\\% +\write \contentsfile \temp % +\unnumbnoderef % +\penalty 10000 % +}} + +\outer\def\numberedsubsubsec{\parsearg\numberedsubsubsecyyy} +\def\numberedsubsubsecyyy #1{\numhead3{#1}} % normally numberedsubsubseczzz +\def\numberedsubsubseczzz #1{\seccheck{subsubsection}% +\gdef\thissection{#1}\global\advance \subsubsecno by 1 % +\subsubsecheading {#1} + {\the\chapno}{\the\secno}{\the\subsecno}{\the\subsubsecno}% +{\chapternofonts% +\edef\temp{{\realbackslash subsubsecentry % + {#1} + {\the\chapno}{\the\secno}{\the\subsecno}{\the\subsubsecno} + {\noexpand\folio}}}% +\escapechar=`\\% +\write \contentsfile \temp % +\donoderef % +\penalty 10000 % +}} + +\outer\def\appendixsubsubsec{\parsearg\appendixsubsubsecyyy} +\def\appendixsubsubsecyyy #1{\apphead3{#1}} % normally appendixsubsubseczzz +\def\appendixsubsubseczzz #1{\seccheck{appendixsubsubsec}% +\gdef\thissection{#1}\global\advance \subsubsecno by 1 % +\subsubsecheading {#1} + {\appendixletter}{\the\secno}{\the\subsecno}{\the\subsubsecno}% +{\chapternofonts% +\edef\temp{{\realbackslash subsubsecentry{#1}% + {\appendixletter} + {\the\secno}{\the\subsecno}{\the\subsubsecno}{\noexpand\folio}}}% +\escapechar=`\\% +\write \contentsfile \temp % +\appendixnoderef % +\penalty 10000 % +}} + +\outer\def\unnumberedsubsubsec{\parsearg\unnumberedsubsubsecyyy} +\def\unnumberedsubsubsecyyy #1{\unnmhead3{#1}} %normally unnumberedsubsubseczzz +\def\unnumberedsubsubseczzz #1{\seccheck{unnumberedsubsubsec}% +\plainsubsubsecheading {#1}\gdef\thissection{#1}% +{\chapternofonts% +\edef\temp{{\realbackslash unnumbsubsubsecentry{#1}{\noexpand\folio}}}% +\escapechar=`\\% +\write \contentsfile \temp % +\unnumbnoderef % +\penalty 10000 % +}} + +% These are variants which are not "outer", so they can appear in @ifinfo. +% Actually, they should now be obsolete; ordinary section commands should work. +\def\infotop{\parsearg\unnumberedzzz} +\def\infounnumbered{\parsearg\unnumberedzzz} +\def\infounnumberedsec{\parsearg\unnumberedseczzz} +\def\infounnumberedsubsec{\parsearg\unnumberedsubseczzz} +\def\infounnumberedsubsubsec{\parsearg\unnumberedsubsubseczzz} + +\def\infoappendix{\parsearg\appendixzzz} +\def\infoappendixsec{\parsearg\appendixseczzz} +\def\infoappendixsubsec{\parsearg\appendixsubseczzz} +\def\infoappendixsubsubsec{\parsearg\appendixsubsubseczzz} + +\def\infochapter{\parsearg\chapterzzz} +\def\infosection{\parsearg\sectionzzz} +\def\infosubsection{\parsearg\subsectionzzz} +\def\infosubsubsection{\parsearg\subsubsectionzzz} + +% These macros control what the section commands do, according +% to what kind of chapter we are in (ordinary, appendix, or unnumbered). +% Define them by default for a numbered chapter. +\global\let\section = \numberedsec +\global\let\subsection = \numberedsubsec +\global\let\subsubsection = \numberedsubsubsec + +% Define @majorheading, @heading and @subheading + +% NOTE on use of \vbox for chapter headings, section headings, and +% such: +% 1) We use \vbox rather than the earlier \line to permit +% overlong headings to fold. +% 2) \hyphenpenalty is set to 10000 because hyphenation in a +% heading is obnoxious; this forbids it. +% 3) Likewise, headings look best if no \parindent is used, and +% if justification is not attempted. Hence \raggedright. + + +\def\majorheading{\parsearg\majorheadingzzz} +\def\majorheadingzzz #1{% +{\advance\chapheadingskip by 10pt \chapbreak }% +{\chapfonts \vbox{\hyphenpenalty=10000\tolerance=5000 + \parindent=0pt\raggedright + \rm #1\hfill}}\bigskip \par\penalty 200} + +\def\chapheading{\parsearg\chapheadingzzz} +\def\chapheadingzzz #1{\chapbreak % +{\chapfonts \vbox{\hyphenpenalty=10000\tolerance=5000 + \parindent=0pt\raggedright + \rm #1\hfill}}\bigskip \par\penalty 200} + +% @heading, @subheading, @subsubheading. +\def\heading{\parsearg\plainsecheading} +\def\subheading{\parsearg\plainsubsecheading} +\def\subsubheading{\parsearg\plainsubsubsecheading} + +% These macros generate a chapter, section, etc. heading only +% (including whitespace, linebreaking, etc. around it), +% given all the information in convenient, parsed form. + +%%% Args are the skip and penalty (usually negative) +\def\dobreak#1#2{\par\ifdim\lastskip<#1\removelastskip\penalty#2\vskip#1\fi} + +\def\setchapterstyle #1 {\csname CHAPF#1\endcsname} + +%%% Define plain chapter starts, and page on/off switching for it +% Parameter controlling skip before chapter headings (if needed) + +\newskip\chapheadingskip + +\def\chapbreak{\dobreak \chapheadingskip {-4000}} +\def\chappager{\par\vfill\supereject} +\def\chapoddpage{\chappager \ifodd\pageno \else \hbox to 0pt{} \chappager\fi} + +\def\setchapternewpage #1 {\csname CHAPPAG#1\endcsname} + +\def\CHAPPAGoff{ +\global\let\contentsalignmacro = \chappager +\global\let\pchapsepmacro=\chapbreak +\global\let\pagealignmacro=\chappager} + +\def\CHAPPAGon{ +\global\let\contentsalignmacro = \chappager +\global\let\pchapsepmacro=\chappager +\global\let\pagealignmacro=\chappager +\global\def\HEADINGSon{\HEADINGSsingle}} + +\def\CHAPPAGodd{ +\global\let\contentsalignmacro = \chapoddpage +\global\let\pchapsepmacro=\chapoddpage +\global\let\pagealignmacro=\chapoddpage +\global\def\HEADINGSon{\HEADINGSdouble}} + +\CHAPPAGon + +\def\CHAPFplain{ +\global\let\chapmacro=\chfplain +\global\let\unnumbchapmacro=\unnchfplain +\global\let\centerchapmacro=\centerchfplain} + +% Plain chapter opening. +% #1 is the text, #2 the chapter number or empty if unnumbered. +\def\chfplain#1#2{% + \pchapsepmacro + {% + \chapfonts \rm + \def\chapnum{#2}% + \setbox0 = \hbox{#2\ifx\chapnum\empty\else\enspace\fi}% + \vbox{\hyphenpenalty=10000 \tolerance=5000 \parindent=0pt \raggedright + \hangindent = \wd0 \centerparametersmaybe + \unhbox0 #1\par}% + }% + \nobreak\bigskip % no page break after a chapter title + \nobreak +} + +% Plain opening for unnumbered. +\def\unnchfplain#1{\chfplain{#1}{}} + +% @centerchap -- centered and unnumbered. +\let\centerparametersmaybe = \relax +\def\centerchfplain#1{{% + \def\centerparametersmaybe{% + \advance\rightskip by 3\rightskip + \leftskip = \rightskip + \parfillskip = 0pt + }% + \chfplain{#1}{}% +}} + +\CHAPFplain % The default + +\def\unnchfopen #1{% +\chapoddpage {\chapfonts \vbox{\hyphenpenalty=10000\tolerance=5000 + \parindent=0pt\raggedright + \rm #1\hfill}}\bigskip \par\penalty 10000 % +} + +\def\chfopen #1#2{\chapoddpage {\chapfonts +\vbox to 3in{\vfil \hbox to\hsize{\hfil #2} \hbox to\hsize{\hfil #1} \vfil}}% +\par\penalty 5000 % +} + +\def\centerchfopen #1{% +\chapoddpage {\chapfonts \vbox{\hyphenpenalty=10000\tolerance=5000 + \parindent=0pt + \hfill {\rm #1}\hfill}}\bigskip \par\penalty 10000 % +} + +\def\CHAPFopen{ +\global\let\chapmacro=\chfopen +\global\let\unnumbchapmacro=\unnchfopen +\global\let\centerchapmacro=\centerchfopen} + + +% Section titles. +\newskip\secheadingskip +\def\secheadingbreak{\dobreak \secheadingskip {-1000}} +\def\secheading#1#2#3{\sectionheading{sec}{#2.#3}{#1}} +\def\plainsecheading#1{\sectionheading{sec}{}{#1}} + +% Subsection titles. +\newskip \subsecheadingskip +\def\subsecheadingbreak{\dobreak \subsecheadingskip {-500}} +\def\subsecheading#1#2#3#4{\sectionheading{subsec}{#2.#3.#4}{#1}} +\def\plainsubsecheading#1{\sectionheading{subsec}{}{#1}} + +% Subsubsection titles. +\let\subsubsecheadingskip = \subsecheadingskip +\let\subsubsecheadingbreak = \subsecheadingbreak +\def\subsubsecheading#1#2#3#4#5{\sectionheading{subsubsec}{#2.#3.#4.#5}{#1}} +\def\plainsubsubsecheading#1{\sectionheading{subsubsec}{}{#1}} + + +% Print any size section title. +% +% #1 is the section type (sec/subsec/subsubsec), #2 is the section +% number (maybe empty), #3 the text. +\def\sectionheading#1#2#3{% + {% + \expandafter\advance\csname #1headingskip\endcsname by \parskip + \csname #1headingbreak\endcsname + }% + {% + % Switch to the right set of fonts. + \csname #1fonts\endcsname \rm + % + % Only insert the separating space if we have a section number. + \def\secnum{#2}% + \setbox0 = \hbox{#2\ifx\secnum\empty\else\enspace\fi}% + % + \vbox{\hyphenpenalty=10000 \tolerance=5000 \parindent=0pt \raggedright + \hangindent = \wd0 % zero if no section number + \unhbox0 #3}% + }% + \ifdim\parskip<10pt \nobreak\kern10pt\nobreak\kern-\parskip\fi \nobreak +} + + +\message{toc printing,} +% Finish up the main text and prepare to read what we've written +% to \contentsfile. + +\newskip\contentsrightmargin \contentsrightmargin=1in +\def\startcontents#1{% + % If @setchapternewpage on, and @headings double, the contents should + % start on an odd page, unlike chapters. Thus, we maintain + % \contentsalignmacro in parallel with \pagealignmacro. + % From: Torbjorn Granlund <tege@matematik.su.se> + \contentsalignmacro + \immediate\closeout \contentsfile + \ifnum \pageno>0 + \pageno = -1 % Request roman numbered pages. + \fi + % Don't need to put `Contents' or `Short Contents' in the headline. + % It is abundantly clear what they are. + \unnumbchapmacro{#1}\def\thischapter{}% + \begingroup % Set up to handle contents files properly. + \catcode`\\=0 \catcode`\{=1 \catcode`\}=2 \catcode`\@=11 + \catcode`\^=7 % to see ^^e4 as \"a etc. juha@piuha.ydi.vtt.fi + \raggedbottom % Worry more about breakpoints than the bottom. + \advance\hsize by -\contentsrightmargin % Don't use the full line length. +} + + +% Normal (long) toc. +\outer\def\contents{% + \startcontents{\putwordTableofContents}% + \input \jobname.toc + \endgroup + \vfill \eject +} + +% And just the chapters. +\outer\def\summarycontents{% + \startcontents{\putwordShortContents}% + % + \let\chapentry = \shortchapentry + \let\unnumbchapentry = \shortunnumberedentry + % We want a true roman here for the page numbers. + \secfonts + \let\rm=\shortcontrm \let\bf=\shortcontbf \let\sl=\shortcontsl + \rm + \hyphenpenalty = 10000 + \advance\baselineskip by 1pt % Open it up a little. + \def\secentry ##1##2##3##4{} + \def\unnumbsecentry ##1##2{} + \def\subsecentry ##1##2##3##4##5{} + \def\unnumbsubsecentry ##1##2{} + \def\subsubsecentry ##1##2##3##4##5##6{} + \def\unnumbsubsubsecentry ##1##2{} + \input \jobname.toc + \endgroup + \vfill \eject +} +\let\shortcontents = \summarycontents + +% These macros generate individual entries in the table of contents. +% The first argument is the chapter or section name. +% The last argument is the page number. +% The arguments in between are the chapter number, section number, ... + +% Chapter-level things, for both the long and short contents. +\def\chapentry#1#2#3{\dochapentry{#2\labelspace#1}{#3}} + +% See comments in \dochapentry re vbox and related settings +\def\shortchapentry#1#2#3{% + \tocentry{\shortchaplabel{#2}\labelspace #1}{\doshortpageno{#3}}% +} + +% Typeset the label for a chapter or appendix for the short contents. +% The arg is, e.g. `Appendix A' for an appendix, or `3' for a chapter. +% We could simplify the code here by writing out an \appendixentry +% command in the toc file for appendices, instead of using \chapentry +% for both, but it doesn't seem worth it. +\setbox0 = \hbox{\shortcontrm \putwordAppendix } +\newdimen\shortappendixwidth \shortappendixwidth = \wd0 + +\def\shortchaplabel#1{% + % We typeset #1 in a box of constant width, regardless of the text of + % #1, so the chapter titles will come out aligned. + \setbox0 = \hbox{#1}% + \dimen0 = \ifdim\wd0 > \shortappendixwidth \shortappendixwidth \else 0pt \fi + % + % This space should be plenty, since a single number is .5em, and the + % widest letter (M) is 1em, at least in the Computer Modern fonts. + % (This space doesn't include the extra space that gets added after + % the label; that gets put in by \shortchapentry above.) + \advance\dimen0 by 1.1em + \hbox to \dimen0{#1\hfil}% +} + +\def\unnumbchapentry#1#2{\dochapentry{#1}{#2}} +\def\shortunnumberedentry#1#2{\tocentry{#1}{\doshortpageno{#2}}} + +% Sections. +\def\secentry#1#2#3#4{\dosecentry{#2.#3\labelspace#1}{#4}} +\def\unnumbsecentry#1#2{\dosecentry{#1}{#2}} + +% Subsections. +\def\subsecentry#1#2#3#4#5{\dosubsecentry{#2.#3.#4\labelspace#1}{#5}} +\def\unnumbsubsecentry#1#2{\dosubsecentry{#1}{#2}} + +% And subsubsections. +\def\subsubsecentry#1#2#3#4#5#6{% + \dosubsubsecentry{#2.#3.#4.#5\labelspace#1}{#6}} +\def\unnumbsubsubsecentry#1#2{\dosubsubsecentry{#1}{#2}} + +% This parameter controls the indentation of the various levels. +\newdimen\tocindent \tocindent = 3pc + +% Now for the actual typesetting. In all these, #1 is the text and #2 is the +% page number. +% +% If the toc has to be broken over pages, we want it to be at chapters +% if at all possible; hence the \penalty. +\def\dochapentry#1#2{% + \penalty-300 \vskip1\baselineskip plus.33\baselineskip minus.25\baselineskip + \begingroup + \chapentryfonts + \tocentry{#1}{\dopageno{#2}}% + \endgroup + \nobreak\vskip .25\baselineskip plus.1\baselineskip +} + +\def\dosecentry#1#2{\begingroup + \secentryfonts \leftskip=\tocindent + \tocentry{#1}{\dopageno{#2}}% +\endgroup} + +\def\dosubsecentry#1#2{\begingroup + \subsecentryfonts \leftskip=2\tocindent + \tocentry{#1}{\dopageno{#2}}% +\endgroup} + +\def\dosubsubsecentry#1#2{\begingroup + \subsubsecentryfonts \leftskip=3\tocindent + \tocentry{#1}{\dopageno{#2}}% +\endgroup} + +% Final typesetting of a toc entry; we use the same \entry macro as for +% the index entries, but we want to suppress hyphenation here. (We +% can't do that in the \entry macro, since index entries might consist +% of hyphenated-identifiers-that-do-not-fit-on-a-line-and-nothing-else.) +% +% \turnoffactive is for the sake of @" used for umlauts. +\def\tocentry#1#2{\begingroup + \vskip 0pt plus1pt % allow a little stretch for the sake of nice page breaks + \entry{\turnoffactive #1}{\turnoffactive #2}% +\endgroup} + +% Space between chapter (or whatever) number and the title. +\def\labelspace{\hskip1em \relax} + +\def\dopageno#1{{\rm #1}} +\def\doshortpageno#1{{\rm #1}} + +\def\chapentryfonts{\secfonts \rm} +\def\secentryfonts{\textfonts} +\let\subsecentryfonts = \textfonts +\let\subsubsecentryfonts = \textfonts + + +\message{environments,} + +% Since these characters are used in examples, it should be an even number of +% \tt widths. Each \tt character is 1en, so two makes it 1em. +% Furthermore, these definitions must come after we define our fonts. +\newbox\dblarrowbox \newbox\longdblarrowbox +\newbox\pushcharbox \newbox\bullbox +\newbox\equivbox \newbox\errorbox + +%{\tentt +%\global\setbox\dblarrowbox = \hbox to 1em{\hfil$\Rightarrow$\hfil} +%\global\setbox\longdblarrowbox = \hbox to 1em{\hfil$\mapsto$\hfil} +%\global\setbox\pushcharbox = \hbox to 1em{\hfil$\dashv$\hfil} +%\global\setbox\equivbox = \hbox to 1em{\hfil$\ptexequiv$\hfil} +% Adapted from the manmac format (p.420 of TeXbook) +%\global\setbox\bullbox = \hbox to 1em{\kern.15em\vrule height .75ex width .85ex +% depth .1ex\hfil} +%} + +% @point{}, @result{}, @expansion{}, @print{}, @equiv{}. +\def\point{$\star$} +\def\result{\leavevmode\raise.15ex\hbox to 1em{\hfil$\Rightarrow$\hfil}} +\def\expansion{\leavevmode\raise.1ex\hbox to 1em{\hfil$\mapsto$\hfil}} +\def\print{\leavevmode\lower.1ex\hbox to 1em{\hfil$\dashv$\hfil}} +\def\equiv{\leavevmode\lower.1ex\hbox to 1em{\hfil$\ptexequiv$\hfil}} + +% Adapted from the TeXbook's \boxit. +{\tentt \global\dimen0 = 3em}% Width of the box. +\dimen2 = .55pt % Thickness of rules +% The text. (`r' is open on the right, `e' somewhat less so on the left.) +\setbox0 = \hbox{\kern-.75pt \tensf error\kern-1.5pt} + +\global\setbox\errorbox=\hbox to \dimen0{\hfil + \hsize = \dimen0 \advance\hsize by -5.8pt % Space to left+right. + \advance\hsize by -2\dimen2 % Rules. + \vbox{ + \hrule height\dimen2 + \hbox{\vrule width\dimen2 \kern3pt % Space to left of text. + \vtop{\kern2.4pt \box0 \kern2.4pt}% Space above/below. + \kern3pt\vrule width\dimen2}% Space to right. + \hrule height\dimen2} + \hfil} + +% The @error{} command. +\def\error{\leavevmode\lower.7ex\copy\errorbox} + +% @tex ... @end tex escapes into raw Tex temporarily. +% One exception: @ is still an escape character, so that @end tex works. +% But \@ or @@ will get a plain tex @ character. + +\def\tex{\begingroup +\catcode `\\=0 \catcode `\{=1 \catcode `\}=2 +\catcode `\$=3 \catcode `\&=4 \catcode `\#=6 +\catcode `\^=7 \catcode `\_=8 \catcode `\~=13 \let~=\tie +\catcode `\%=14 +\catcode 43=12 % plus +\catcode`\"=12 +\catcode`\==12 +\catcode`\|=12 +\catcode`\<=12 +\catcode`\>=12 +\escapechar=`\\ +% +\let\,=\ptexcomma +\let\~=\ptextilde +\let\{=\ptexlbrace +\let\}=\ptexrbrace +\let\.=\ptexdot +\let\*=\ptexstar +\let\dots=\ptexdots +\def\endldots{\mathinner{\ldots\ldots\ldots\ldots}} +\def\enddots{\relax\ifmmode\endldots\else$\mathsurround=0pt \endldots\,$\fi} +\def\@{@}% +\let\bullet=\ptexbullet +\let\b=\ptexb \let\c=\ptexc \let\i=\ptexi \let\t=\ptext +% +\let\Etex=\endgroup} + +% Define @lisp ... @endlisp. +% @lisp does a \begingroup so it can rebind things, +% including the definition of @endlisp (which normally is erroneous). + +% Amount to narrow the margins by for @lisp. +\newskip\lispnarrowing \lispnarrowing=0.4in + +% This is the definition that ^^M gets inside @lisp, @example, and other +% such environments. \null is better than a space, since it doesn't +% have any width. +\def\lisppar{\null\endgraf} + +% Make each space character in the input produce a normal interword +% space in the output. Don't allow a line break at this space, as this +% is used only in environments like @example, where each line of input +% should produce a line of output anyway. +% +{\obeyspaces % +\gdef\sepspaces{\obeyspaces\let =\tie}} + +% Define \obeyedspace to be our active space, whatever it is. This is +% for use in \parsearg. +{\sepspaces% +\global\let\obeyedspace= } + +% This space is always present above and below environments. +\newskip\envskipamount \envskipamount = 0pt + +% Make spacing and below environment symmetrical. We use \parskip here +% to help in doing that, since in @example-like environments \parskip +% is reset to zero; thus the \afterenvbreak inserts no space -- but the +% start of the next paragraph will insert \parskip +% +\def\aboveenvbreak{{\advance\envskipamount by \parskip +\endgraf \ifdim\lastskip<\envskipamount +\removelastskip \penalty-50 \vskip\envskipamount \fi}} + +\let\afterenvbreak = \aboveenvbreak + +% \nonarrowing is a flag. If "set", @lisp etc don't narrow margins. +\let\nonarrowing=\relax + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% \cartouche: draw rectangle w/rounded corners around argument +\font\circle=lcircle10 +\newdimen\circthick +\newdimen\cartouter\newdimen\cartinner +\newskip\normbskip\newskip\normpskip\newskip\normlskip +\circthick=\fontdimen8\circle +% +\def\ctl{{\circle\char'013\hskip -6pt}}% 6pt from pl file: 1/2charwidth +\def\ctr{{\hskip 6pt\circle\char'010}} +\def\cbl{{\circle\char'012\hskip -6pt}} +\def\cbr{{\hskip 6pt\circle\char'011}} +\def\carttop{\hbox to \cartouter{\hskip\lskip + \ctl\leaders\hrule height\circthick\hfil\ctr + \hskip\rskip}} +\def\cartbot{\hbox to \cartouter{\hskip\lskip + \cbl\leaders\hrule height\circthick\hfil\cbr + \hskip\rskip}} +% +\newskip\lskip\newskip\rskip + +\long\def\cartouche{% +\begingroup + \lskip=\leftskip \rskip=\rightskip + \leftskip=0pt\rightskip=0pt %we want these *outside*. + \cartinner=\hsize \advance\cartinner by-\lskip + \advance\cartinner by-\rskip + \cartouter=\hsize + \advance\cartouter by 18pt % allow for 3pt kerns on either +% side, and for 6pt waste from +% each corner char + \normbskip=\baselineskip \normpskip=\parskip \normlskip=\lineskip + % Flag to tell @lisp, etc., not to narrow margin. + \let\nonarrowing=\comment + \vbox\bgroup + \baselineskip=0pt\parskip=0pt\lineskip=0pt + \carttop + \hbox\bgroup + \hskip\lskip + \vrule\kern3pt + \vbox\bgroup + \hsize=\cartinner + \kern3pt + \begingroup + \baselineskip=\normbskip + \lineskip=\normlskip + \parskip=\normpskip + \vskip -\parskip +\def\Ecartouche{% + \endgroup + \kern3pt + \egroup + \kern3pt\vrule + \hskip\rskip + \egroup + \cartbot + \egroup +\endgroup +}} + + +% This macro is called at the beginning of all the @example variants, +% inside a group. +\def\nonfillstart{% + \aboveenvbreak + \inENV % This group ends at the end of the body + \hfuzz = 12pt % Don't be fussy + \sepspaces % Make spaces be word-separators rather than space tokens. + \singlespace + \let\par = \lisppar % don't ignore blank lines + \obeylines % each line of input is a line of output + \parskip = 0pt + \parindent = 0pt + \emergencystretch = 0pt % don't try to avoid overfull boxes + % @cartouche defines \nonarrowing to inhibit narrowing + % at next level down. + \ifx\nonarrowing\relax + \advance \leftskip by \lispnarrowing + \exdentamount=\lispnarrowing + \let\exdent=\nofillexdent + \let\nonarrowing=\relax + \fi +} + +% To ending an @example-like environment, we first end the paragraph +% (via \afterenvbreak's vertical glue), and then the group. That way we +% keep the zero \parskip that the environments set -- \parskip glue +% will be inserted at the beginning of the next paragraph in the +% document, after the environment. +% +\def\nonfillfinish{\afterenvbreak\endgroup}% + +% This macro is +\def\lisp{\begingroup + \nonfillstart + \let\Elisp = \nonfillfinish + \tt + \rawbackslash % have \ input char produce \ char from current font + \gobble +} + +% Define the \E... control sequence only if we are inside the +% environment, so the error checking in \end will work. +% +% We must call \lisp last in the definition, since it reads the +% return following the @example (or whatever) command. +% +\def\example{\begingroup \def\Eexample{\nonfillfinish\endgroup}\lisp} +\def\smallexample{\begingroup \def\Esmallexample{\nonfillfinish\endgroup}\lisp} +\def\smalllisp{\begingroup \def\Esmalllisp{\nonfillfinish\endgroup}\lisp} + +% @smallexample and @smalllisp. This is not used unless the @smallbook +% command is given. Originally contributed by Pavel@xerox. +% +\def\smalllispx{\begingroup + \nonfillstart + \let\Esmalllisp = \nonfillfinish + \let\Esmallexample = \nonfillfinish + % + % Smaller fonts for small examples. + \indexfonts \tt + \rawbackslash % make \ output the \ character from the current font (tt) + \gobble +} + +% This is @display; same as @lisp except use roman font. +% +\def\display{\begingroup + \nonfillstart + \let\Edisplay = \nonfillfinish + \gobble +} + +% This is @format; same as @display except don't narrow margins. +% +\def\format{\begingroup + \let\nonarrowing = t + \nonfillstart + \let\Eformat = \nonfillfinish + \gobble +} + +% @flushleft (same as @format) and @flushright. +% +\def\flushleft{\begingroup + \let\nonarrowing = t + \nonfillstart + \let\Eflushleft = \nonfillfinish + \gobble +} +\def\flushright{\begingroup + \let\nonarrowing = t + \nonfillstart + \let\Eflushright = \nonfillfinish + \advance\leftskip by 0pt plus 1fill + \gobble} + +% @quotation does normal linebreaking (hence we can't use \nonfillstart) +% and narrows the margins. +% +\def\quotation{% + \begingroup\inENV %This group ends at the end of the @quotation body + {\parskip=0pt \aboveenvbreak}% because \aboveenvbreak inserts \parskip + \singlespace + \parindent=0pt + % We have retained a nonzero parskip for the environment, since we're + % doing normal filling. So to avoid extra space below the environment... + \def\Equotation{\parskip = 0pt \nonfillfinish}% + % + % @cartouche defines \nonarrowing to inhibit narrowing at next level down. + \ifx\nonarrowing\relax + \advance\leftskip by \lispnarrowing + \advance\rightskip by \lispnarrowing + \exdentamount = \lispnarrowing + \let\nonarrowing = \relax + \fi +} + +\message{defuns,} +% Define formatter for defuns +% First, allow user to change definition object font (\df) internally +\def\setdeffont #1 {\csname DEF#1\endcsname} + +\newskip\defbodyindent \defbodyindent=.4in +\newskip\defargsindent \defargsindent=50pt +\newskip\deftypemargin \deftypemargin=12pt +\newskip\deflastargmargin \deflastargmargin=18pt + +\newcount\parencount +% define \functionparens, which makes ( and ) and & do special things. +% \functionparens affects the group it is contained in. +\def\activeparens{% +\catcode`\(=\active \catcode`\)=\active \catcode`\&=\active +\catcode`\[=\active \catcode`\]=\active} + +% Make control sequences which act like normal parenthesis chars. +\let\lparen = ( \let\rparen = ) + +{\activeparens % Now, smart parens don't turn on until &foo (see \amprm) + +% Be sure that we always have a definition for `(', etc. For example, +% if the fn name has parens in it, \boldbrax will not be in effect yet, +% so TeX would otherwise complain about undefined control sequence. +\global\let(=\lparen \global\let)=\rparen +\global\let[=\lbrack \global\let]=\rbrack + +\gdef\functionparens{\boldbrax\let&=\amprm\parencount=0 } +\gdef\boldbrax{\let(=\opnr\let)=\clnr\let[=\lbrb\let]=\rbrb} +% This is used to turn on special parens +% but make & act ordinary (given that it's active). +\gdef\boldbraxnoamp{\let(=\opnr\let)=\clnr\let[=\lbrb\let]=\rbrb\let&=\ampnr} + +% Definitions of (, ) and & used in args for functions. +% This is the definition of ( outside of all parentheses. +\gdef\oprm#1 {{\rm\char`\(}#1 \bf \let(=\opnested % +\global\advance\parencount by 1 } +% +% This is the definition of ( when already inside a level of parens. +\gdef\opnested{\char`\(\global\advance\parencount by 1 } +% +\gdef\clrm{% Print a paren in roman if it is taking us back to depth of 0. +% also in that case restore the outer-level definition of (. +\ifnum \parencount=1 {\rm \char `\)}\sl \let(=\oprm \else \char `\) \fi +\global\advance \parencount by -1 } +% If we encounter &foo, then turn on ()-hacking afterwards +\gdef\amprm#1 {{\rm\}\let(=\oprm \let)=\clrm\ } +% +\gdef\normalparens{\boldbrax\let&=\ampnr} +} % End of definition inside \activeparens +%% These parens (in \boldbrax) actually are a little bolder than the +%% contained text. This is especially needed for [ and ] +\def\opnr{{\sf\char`\(}} \def\clnr{{\sf\char`\)}} \def\ampnr{\&} +\def\lbrb{{\bf\char`\[}} \def\rbrb{{\bf\char`\]}} + +% First, defname, which formats the header line itself. +% #1 should be the function name. +% #2 should be the type of definition, such as "Function". + +\def\defname #1#2{% +% Get the values of \leftskip and \rightskip as they were +% outside the @def... +\dimen2=\leftskip +\advance\dimen2 by -\defbodyindent +\dimen3=\rightskip +\advance\dimen3 by -\defbodyindent +\noindent % +\setbox0=\hbox{\hskip \deflastargmargin{\rm #2}\hskip \deftypemargin}% +\dimen0=\hsize \advance \dimen0 by -\wd0 % compute size for first line +\dimen1=\hsize \advance \dimen1 by -\defargsindent %size for continuations +\parshape 2 0in \dimen0 \defargsindent \dimen1 % +% Now output arg 2 ("Function" or some such) +% ending at \deftypemargin from the right margin, +% but stuck inside a box of width 0 so it does not interfere with linebreaking +{% Adjust \hsize to exclude the ambient margins, +% so that \rightline will obey them. +\advance \hsize by -\dimen2 \advance \hsize by -\dimen3 +\rlap{\rightline{{\rm #2}\hskip \deftypemargin}}}% +% Make all lines underfull and no complaints: +\tolerance=10000 \hbadness=10000 +\advance\leftskip by -\defbodyindent +\exdentamount=\defbodyindent +{\df #1}\enskip % Generate function name +} + +% Actually process the body of a definition +% #1 should be the terminating control sequence, such as \Edefun. +% #2 should be the "another name" control sequence, such as \defunx. +% #3 should be the control sequence that actually processes the header, +% such as \defunheader. + +\def\defparsebody #1#2#3{\begingroup\inENV% Environment for definitionbody +\medbreak % +% Define the end token that this defining construct specifies +% so that it will exit this group. +\def#1{\endgraf\endgroup\medbreak}% +\def#2{\begingroup\obeylines\activeparens\spacesplit#3}% +\parindent=0in +\advance\leftskip by \defbodyindent \advance \rightskip by \defbodyindent +\exdentamount=\defbodyindent +\begingroup % +\catcode 61=\active % 61 is `=' +\obeylines\activeparens\spacesplit#3} + +\def\defmethparsebody #1#2#3#4 {\begingroup\inENV % +\medbreak % +% Define the end token that this defining construct specifies +% so that it will exit this group. +\def#1{\endgraf\endgroup\medbreak}% +\def#2##1 {\begingroup\obeylines\activeparens\spacesplit{#3{##1}}}% +\parindent=0in +\advance\leftskip by \defbodyindent \advance \rightskip by \defbodyindent +\exdentamount=\defbodyindent +\begingroup\obeylines\activeparens\spacesplit{#3{#4}}} + +\def\defopparsebody #1#2#3#4#5 {\begingroup\inENV % +\medbreak % +% Define the end token that this defining construct specifies +% so that it will exit this group. +\def#1{\endgraf\endgroup\medbreak}% +\def#2##1 ##2 {\def#4{##1}% +\begingroup\obeylines\activeparens\spacesplit{#3{##2}}}% +\parindent=0in +\advance\leftskip by \defbodyindent \advance \rightskip by \defbodyindent +\exdentamount=\defbodyindent +\begingroup\obeylines\activeparens\spacesplit{#3{#5}}} + +% These parsing functions are similar to the preceding ones +% except that they do not make parens into active characters. +% These are used for "variables" since they have no arguments. + +\def\defvarparsebody #1#2#3{\begingroup\inENV% Environment for definitionbody +\medbreak % +% Define the end token that this defining construct specifies +% so that it will exit this group. +\def#1{\endgraf\endgroup\medbreak}% +\def#2{\begingroup\obeylines\spacesplit#3}% +\parindent=0in +\advance\leftskip by \defbodyindent \advance \rightskip by \defbodyindent +\exdentamount=\defbodyindent +\begingroup % +\catcode 61=\active % +\obeylines\spacesplit#3} + +% This is used for \def{tp,vr}parsebody. It could probably be used for +% some of the others, too, with some judicious conditionals. +% +\def\parsebodycommon#1#2#3{% + \begingroup\inENV % + \medbreak % + % Define the end token that this defining construct specifies + % so that it will exit this group. + \def#1{\endgraf\endgroup\medbreak}% + \def#2##1 {\begingroup\obeylines\spacesplit{#3{##1}}}% + \parindent=0in + \advance\leftskip by \defbodyindent \advance \rightskip by \defbodyindent + \exdentamount=\defbodyindent + \begingroup\obeylines +} + +\def\defvrparsebody#1#2#3#4 {% + \parsebodycommon{#1}{#2}{#3}% + \spacesplit{#3{#4}}% +} + +% This loses on `@deftp {Data Type} {struct termios}' -- it thinks the +% type is just `struct', because we lose the braces in `{struct +% termios}' when \spacesplit reads its undelimited argument. Sigh. +% \let\deftpparsebody=\defvrparsebody +% +% So, to get around this, we put \empty in with the type name. That +% way, TeX won't find exactly `{...}' as an undelimited argument, and +% won't strip off the braces. +% +\def\deftpparsebody #1#2#3#4 {% + \parsebodycommon{#1}{#2}{#3}% + \spacesplit{\parsetpheaderline{#3{#4}}}\empty +} + +% Fine, but then we have to eventually remove the \empty *and* the +% braces (if any). That's what this does, putting the result in \tptemp. +% +\def\removeemptybraces\empty#1\relax{\def\tptemp{#1}}% + +% After \spacesplit has done its work, this is called -- #1 is the final +% thing to call, #2 the type name (which starts with \empty), and #3 +% (which might be empty) the arguments. +% +\def\parsetpheaderline#1#2#3{% + \removeemptybraces#2\relax + #1{\tptemp}{#3}% +}% + +\def\defopvarparsebody #1#2#3#4#5 {\begingroup\inENV % +\medbreak % +% Define the end token that this defining construct specifies +% so that it will exit this group. +\def#1{\endgraf\endgroup\medbreak}% +\def#2##1 ##2 {\def#4{##1}% +\begingroup\obeylines\spacesplit{#3{##2}}}% +\parindent=0in +\advance\leftskip by \defbodyindent \advance \rightskip by \defbodyindent +\exdentamount=\defbodyindent +\begingroup\obeylines\spacesplit{#3{#5}}} + +% Split up #2 at the first space token. +% call #1 with two arguments: +% the first is all of #2 before the space token, +% the second is all of #2 after that space token. +% If #2 contains no space token, all of it is passed as the first arg +% and the second is passed as empty. + +{\obeylines +\gdef\spacesplit#1#2^^M{\endgroup\spacesplitfoo{#1}#2 \relax\spacesplitfoo}% +\long\gdef\spacesplitfoo#1#2 #3#4\spacesplitfoo{% +\ifx\relax #3% +#1{#2}{}\else #1{#2}{#3#4}\fi}} + +% So much for the things common to all kinds of definitions. + +% Define @defun. + +% First, define the processing that is wanted for arguments of \defun +% Use this to expand the args and terminate the paragraph they make up + +\def\defunargs #1{\functionparens \sl +% Expand, preventing hyphenation at `-' chars. +% Note that groups don't affect changes in \hyphenchar. +\hyphenchar\tensl=0 +#1% +\hyphenchar\tensl=45 +\ifnum\parencount=0 \else \errmessage{unbalanced parens in @def arguments}\fi% +\interlinepenalty=10000 +\advance\rightskip by 0pt plus 1fil +\endgraf\penalty 10000\vskip -\parskip\penalty 10000% +} + +\def\deftypefunargs #1{% +% Expand, preventing hyphenation at `-' chars. +% Note that groups don't affect changes in \hyphenchar. +% Use \boldbraxnoamp, not \functionparens, so that & is not special. +\boldbraxnoamp +\tclose{#1}% avoid \code because of side effects on active chars +\interlinepenalty=10000 +\advance\rightskip by 0pt plus 1fil +\endgraf\penalty 10000\vskip -\parskip\penalty 10000% +} + +% Do complete processing of one @defun or @defunx line already parsed. + +% @deffn Command forward-char nchars + +\def\deffn{\defmethparsebody\Edeffn\deffnx\deffnheader} + +\def\deffnheader #1#2#3{\doind {fn}{\code{#2}}% +\begingroup\defname {#2}{#1}\defunargs{#3}\endgroup % +\catcode 61=\other % Turn off change made in \defparsebody +} + +% @defun == @deffn Function + +\def\defun{\defparsebody\Edefun\defunx\defunheader} + +\def\defunheader #1#2{\doind {fn}{\code{#1}}% Make entry in function index +\begingroup\defname {#1}{Function}% +\defunargs {#2}\endgroup % +\catcode 61=\other % Turn off change made in \defparsebody +} + +% @deftypefun int foobar (int @var{foo}, float @var{bar}) + +\def\deftypefun{\defparsebody\Edeftypefun\deftypefunx\deftypefunheader} + +% #1 is the data type. #2 is the name and args. +\def\deftypefunheader #1#2{\deftypefunheaderx{#1}#2 \relax} +% #1 is the data type, #2 the name, #3 the args. +\def\deftypefunheaderx #1#2 #3\relax{% +\doind {fn}{\code{#2}}% Make entry in function index +\begingroup\defname {\defheaderxcond#1\relax$$$#2}{Function}% +\deftypefunargs {#3}\endgroup % +\catcode 61=\other % Turn off change made in \defparsebody +} + +% @deftypefn {Library Function} int foobar (int @var{foo}, float @var{bar}) + +\def\deftypefn{\defmethparsebody\Edeftypefn\deftypefnx\deftypefnheader} + +% \defheaderxcond#1\relax$$$ +% puts #1 in @code, followed by a space, but does nothing if #1 is null. +\def\defheaderxcond#1#2$$${\ifx#1\relax\else\code{#1#2} \fi} + +% #1 is the classification. #2 is the data type. #3 is the name and args. +\def\deftypefnheader #1#2#3{\deftypefnheaderx{#1}{#2}#3 \relax} +% #1 is the classification, #2 the data type, #3 the name, #4 the args. +\def\deftypefnheaderx #1#2#3 #4\relax{% +\doind {fn}{\code{#3}}% Make entry in function index +\begingroup +\normalparens % notably, turn off `&' magic, which prevents +% at least some C++ text from working +\defname {\defheaderxcond#2\relax$$$#3}{#1}% +\deftypefunargs {#4}\endgroup % +\catcode 61=\other % Turn off change made in \defparsebody +} + +% @defmac == @deffn Macro + +\def\defmac{\defparsebody\Edefmac\defmacx\defmacheader} + +\def\defmacheader #1#2{\doind {fn}{\code{#1}}% Make entry in function index +\begingroup\defname {#1}{Macro}% +\defunargs {#2}\endgroup % +\catcode 61=\other % Turn off change made in \defparsebody +} + +% @defspec == @deffn Special Form + +\def\defspec{\defparsebody\Edefspec\defspecx\defspecheader} + +\def\defspecheader #1#2{\doind {fn}{\code{#1}}% Make entry in function index +\begingroup\defname {#1}{Special Form}% +\defunargs {#2}\endgroup % +\catcode 61=\other % Turn off change made in \defparsebody +} + +% This definition is run if you use @defunx +% anywhere other than immediately after a @defun or @defunx. + +\def\deffnx #1 {\errmessage{@deffnx in invalid context}} +\def\defunx #1 {\errmessage{@defunx in invalid context}} +\def\defmacx #1 {\errmessage{@defmacx in invalid context}} +\def\defspecx #1 {\errmessage{@defspecx in invalid context}} +\def\deftypefnx #1 {\errmessage{@deftypefnx in invalid context}} +\def\deftypeunx #1 {\errmessage{@deftypeunx in invalid context}} + +% @defmethod, and so on + +% @defop {Funny Method} foo-class frobnicate argument + +\def\defop #1 {\def\defoptype{#1}% +\defopparsebody\Edefop\defopx\defopheader\defoptype} + +\def\defopheader #1#2#3{% +\dosubind {fn}{\code{#2}}{on #1}% Make entry in function index +\begingroup\defname {#2}{\defoptype{} on #1}% +\defunargs {#3}\endgroup % +} + +% @defmethod == @defop Method + +\def\defmethod{\defmethparsebody\Edefmethod\defmethodx\defmethodheader} + +\def\defmethodheader #1#2#3{% +\dosubind {fn}{\code{#2}}{on #1}% entry in function index +\begingroup\defname {#2}{Method on #1}% +\defunargs {#3}\endgroup % +} + +% @defcv {Class Option} foo-class foo-flag + +\def\defcv #1 {\def\defcvtype{#1}% +\defopvarparsebody\Edefcv\defcvx\defcvarheader\defcvtype} + +\def\defcvarheader #1#2#3{% +\dosubind {vr}{\code{#2}}{of #1}% Make entry in var index +\begingroup\defname {#2}{\defcvtype{} of #1}% +\defvarargs {#3}\endgroup % +} + +% @defivar == @defcv {Instance Variable} + +\def\defivar{\defvrparsebody\Edefivar\defivarx\defivarheader} + +\def\defivarheader #1#2#3{% +\dosubind {vr}{\code{#2}}{of #1}% Make entry in var index +\begingroup\defname {#2}{Instance Variable of #1}% +\defvarargs {#3}\endgroup % +} + +% These definitions are run if you use @defmethodx, etc., +% anywhere other than immediately after a @defmethod, etc. + +\def\defopx #1 {\errmessage{@defopx in invalid context}} +\def\defmethodx #1 {\errmessage{@defmethodx in invalid context}} +\def\defcvx #1 {\errmessage{@defcvx in invalid context}} +\def\defivarx #1 {\errmessage{@defivarx in invalid context}} + +% Now @defvar + +% First, define the processing that is wanted for arguments of @defvar. +% This is actually simple: just print them in roman. +% This must expand the args and terminate the paragraph they make up +\def\defvarargs #1{\normalparens #1% +\interlinepenalty=10000 +\endgraf\penalty 10000\vskip -\parskip\penalty 10000} + +% @defvr Counter foo-count + +\def\defvr{\defvrparsebody\Edefvr\defvrx\defvrheader} + +\def\defvrheader #1#2#3{\doind {vr}{\code{#2}}% +\begingroup\defname {#2}{#1}\defvarargs{#3}\endgroup} + +% @defvar == @defvr Variable + +\def\defvar{\defvarparsebody\Edefvar\defvarx\defvarheader} + +\def\defvarheader #1#2{\doind {vr}{\code{#1}}% Make entry in var index +\begingroup\defname {#1}{Variable}% +\defvarargs {#2}\endgroup % +} + +% @defopt == @defvr {User Option} + +\def\defopt{\defvarparsebody\Edefopt\defoptx\defoptheader} + +\def\defoptheader #1#2{\doind {vr}{\code{#1}}% Make entry in var index +\begingroup\defname {#1}{User Option}% +\defvarargs {#2}\endgroup % +} + +% @deftypevar int foobar + +\def\deftypevar{\defvarparsebody\Edeftypevar\deftypevarx\deftypevarheader} + +% #1 is the data type. #2 is the name. +\def\deftypevarheader #1#2{% +\doind {vr}{\code{#2}}% Make entry in variables index +\begingroup\defname {\defheaderxcond#1\relax$$$#2}{Variable}% +\interlinepenalty=10000 +\endgraf\penalty 10000\vskip -\parskip\penalty 10000 +\endgroup} + +% @deftypevr {Global Flag} int enable + +\def\deftypevr{\defvrparsebody\Edeftypevr\deftypevrx\deftypevrheader} + +\def\deftypevrheader #1#2#3{\doind {vr}{\code{#3}}% +\begingroup\defname {\defheaderxcond#2\relax$$$#3}{#1} +\interlinepenalty=10000 +\endgraf\penalty 10000\vskip -\parskip\penalty 10000 +\endgroup} + +% This definition is run if you use @defvarx +% anywhere other than immediately after a @defvar or @defvarx. + +\def\defvrx #1 {\errmessage{@defvrx in invalid context}} +\def\defvarx #1 {\errmessage{@defvarx in invalid context}} +\def\defoptx #1 {\errmessage{@defoptx in invalid context}} +\def\deftypevarx #1 {\errmessage{@deftypevarx in invalid context}} +\def\deftypevrx #1 {\errmessage{@deftypevrx in invalid context}} + +% Now define @deftp +% Args are printed in bold, a slight difference from @defvar. + +\def\deftpargs #1{\bf \defvarargs{#1}} + +% @deftp Class window height width ... + +\def\deftp{\deftpparsebody\Edeftp\deftpx\deftpheader} + +\def\deftpheader #1#2#3{\doind {tp}{\code{#2}}% +\begingroup\defname {#2}{#1}\deftpargs{#3}\endgroup} + +% This definition is run if you use @deftpx, etc +% anywhere other than immediately after a @deftp, etc. + +\def\deftpx #1 {\errmessage{@deftpx in invalid context}} + + +\message{cross reference,} +% Define cross-reference macros +\newwrite \auxfile + +\newif\ifhavexrefs % True if xref values are known. +\newif\ifwarnedxrefs % True if we warned once that they aren't known. + +% @inforef is simple. +\def\inforef #1{\inforefzzz #1,,,,**} +\def\inforefzzz #1,#2,#3,#4**{\putwordSee{} \putwordInfo{} \putwordfile{} \file{\ignorespaces #3{}}, + node \samp{\ignorespaces#1{}}} + +% \setref{foo} defines a cross-reference point named foo. + +\def\setref#1{% +\dosetq{#1-title}{Ytitle}% +\dosetq{#1-pg}{Ypagenumber}% +\dosetq{#1-snt}{Ysectionnumberandtype}} + +\def\unnumbsetref#1{% +\dosetq{#1-title}{Ytitle}% +\dosetq{#1-pg}{Ypagenumber}% +\dosetq{#1-snt}{Ynothing}} + +\def\appendixsetref#1{% +\dosetq{#1-title}{Ytitle}% +\dosetq{#1-pg}{Ypagenumber}% +\dosetq{#1-snt}{Yappendixletterandtype}} + +% \xref, \pxref, and \ref generate cross-references to specified points. +% For \xrefX, #1 is the node name, #2 the name of the Info +% cross-reference, #3 the printed node name, #4 the name of the Info +% file, #5 the name of the printed manual. All but the node name can be +% omitted. +% +\def\pxref#1{\putwordsee{} \xrefX[#1,,,,,,,]} +\def\xref#1{\putwordSee{} \xrefX[#1,,,,,,,]} +\def\ref#1{\xrefX[#1,,,,,,,]} +\def\xrefX[#1,#2,#3,#4,#5,#6]{\begingroup + \def\printedmanual{\ignorespaces #5}% + \def\printednodename{\ignorespaces #3}% + \setbox1=\hbox{\printedmanual}% + \setbox0=\hbox{\printednodename}% + \ifdim \wd0 = 0pt + % No printed node name was explicitly given. + \expandafter\ifx\csname SETxref-automatic-section-title\endcsname\relax + % Use the node name inside the square brackets. + \def\printednodename{\ignorespaces #1}% + \else + % Use the actual chapter/section title appear inside + % the square brackets. Use the real section title if we have it. + \ifdim \wd1>0pt% + % It is in another manual, so we don't have it. + \def\printednodename{\ignorespaces #1}% + \else + \ifhavexrefs + % We know the real title if we have the xref values. + \def\printednodename{\refx{#1-title}{}}% + \else + % Otherwise just copy the Info node name. + \def\printednodename{\ignorespaces #1}% + \fi% + \fi + \fi + \fi + % + % If we use \unhbox0 and \unhbox1 to print the node names, TeX does not + % insert empty discretionaries after hyphens, which means that it will + % not find a line break at a hyphen in a node names. Since some manuals + % are best written with fairly long node names, containing hyphens, this + % is a loss. Therefore, we give the text of the node name again, so it + % is as if TeX is seeing it for the first time. + \ifdim \wd1 > 0pt + \putwordsection{} ``\printednodename'' in \cite{\printedmanual}% + \else + % _ (for example) has to be the character _ for the purposes of the + % control sequence corresponding to the node, but it has to expand + % into the usual \leavevmode...\vrule stuff for purposes of + % printing. So we \turnoffactive for the \refx-snt, back on for the + % printing, back off for the \refx-pg. + {\turnoffactive \refx{#1-snt}{}}% + \space [\printednodename],\space + \turnoffactive \putwordpage\tie\refx{#1-pg}{}% + \fi +\endgroup} + +% \dosetq is the interface for calls from other macros + +% Use \turnoffactive so that punctuation chars such as underscore +% work in node names. +\def\dosetq #1#2{{\let\folio=0 \turnoffactive \auxhat% +\edef\next{\write\auxfile{\internalsetq {#1}{#2}}}% +\next}} + +% \internalsetq {foo}{page} expands into +% CHARACTERS 'xrdef {foo}{...expansion of \Ypage...} +% When the aux file is read, ' is the escape character + +\def\internalsetq #1#2{'xrdef {#1}{\csname #2\endcsname}} + +% Things to be expanded by \internalsetq + +\def\Ypagenumber{\folio} + +\def\Ytitle{\thissection} + +\def\Ynothing{} + +\def\Ysectionnumberandtype{% +\ifnum\secno=0 \putwordChapter\xreftie\the\chapno % +\else \ifnum \subsecno=0 \putwordSection\xreftie\the\chapno.\the\secno % +\else \ifnum \subsubsecno=0 % +\putwordSection\xreftie\the\chapno.\the\secno.\the\subsecno % +\else % +\putwordSection\xreftie\the\chapno.\the\secno.\the\subsecno.\the\subsubsecno % +\fi \fi \fi } + +\def\Yappendixletterandtype{% +\ifnum\secno=0 \putwordAppendix\xreftie'char\the\appendixno{}% +\else \ifnum \subsecno=0 \putwordSection\xreftie'char\the\appendixno.\the\secno % +\else \ifnum \subsubsecno=0 % +\putwordSection\xreftie'char\the\appendixno.\the\secno.\the\subsecno % +\else % +\putwordSection\xreftie'char\the\appendixno.\the\secno.\the\subsecno.\the\subsubsecno % +\fi \fi \fi } + +\gdef\xreftie{'tie} + +% Use TeX 3.0's \inputlineno to get the line number, for better error +% messages, but if we're using an old version of TeX, don't do anything. +% +\ifx\inputlineno\thisisundefined + \let\linenumber = \empty % Non-3.0. +\else + \def\linenumber{\the\inputlineno:\space} +\fi + +% Define \refx{NAME}{SUFFIX} to reference a cross-reference string named NAME. +% If its value is nonempty, SUFFIX is output afterward. + +\def\refx#1#2{% + \expandafter\ifx\csname X#1\endcsname\relax + % If not defined, say something at least. + $\langle$un\-de\-fined$\rangle$% + \ifhavexrefs + \message{\linenumber Undefined cross reference `#1'.}% + \else + \ifwarnedxrefs\else + \global\warnedxrefstrue + \message{Cross reference values unknown; you must run TeX again.}% + \fi + \fi + \else + % It's defined, so just use it. + \csname X#1\endcsname + \fi + #2% Output the suffix in any case. +} + +% Read the last existing aux file, if any. No error if none exists. + +% This is the macro invoked by entries in the aux file. +\def\xrdef #1#2{ +{\catcode`\'=\other\expandafter \gdef \csname X#1\endcsname {#2}}} + +\def\readauxfile{% +\begingroup +\catcode `\^^@=\other +\catcode `\=\other +\catcode `\=\other +\catcode `\^^C=\other +\catcode `\^^D=\other +\catcode `\^^E=\other +\catcode `\^^F=\other +\catcode `\^^G=\other +\catcode `\^^H=\other +\catcode `\ =\other +\catcode `\^^L=\other +\catcode `\=\other +\catcode `\=\other +\catcode `\=\other +\catcode `\=\other +\catcode `\=\other +\catcode `\=\other +\catcode `\=\other +\catcode `\=\other +\catcode `\=\other +\catcode `\=\other +\catcode `\=\other +\catcode `\=\other +\catcode 26=\other +\catcode `\^^[=\other +\catcode `\^^\=\other +\catcode `\^^]=\other +\catcode `\^^^=\other +\catcode `\^^_=\other +\catcode `\@=\other +\catcode `\^=\other +\catcode `\~=\other +\catcode `\[=\other +\catcode `\]=\other +\catcode`\"=\other +\catcode`\_=\other +\catcode`\|=\other +\catcode`\<=\other +\catcode`\>=\other +\catcode `\$=\other +\catcode `\#=\other +\catcode `\&=\other +% `\+ does not work, so use 43. +\catcode 43=\other +% Make the characters 128-255 be printing characters +{% + \count 1=128 + \def\loop{% + \catcode\count 1=\other + \advance\count 1 by 1 + \ifnum \count 1<256 \loop \fi + }% +}% +% the aux file uses ' as the escape. +% Turn off \ as an escape so we do not lose on +% entries which were dumped with control sequences in their names. +% For example, 'xrdef {$\leq $-fun}{page ...} made by @defun ^^ +% Reference to such entries still does not work the way one would wish, +% but at least they do not bomb out when the aux file is read in. +\catcode `\{=1 \catcode `\}=2 +\catcode `\%=\other +\catcode `\'=0 +\catcode`\^=7 % to make ^^e4 etc usable in xref tags +\catcode `\\=\other +\openin 1 \jobname.aux +\ifeof 1 \else \closein 1 \input \jobname.aux \global\havexrefstrue +\global\warnedobstrue +\fi +% Open the new aux file. Tex will close it automatically at exit. +\openout \auxfile=\jobname.aux +\endgroup} + + +% Footnotes. + +\newcount \footnoteno + +% The trailing space in the following definition for supereject is +% vital for proper filling; pages come out unaligned when you do a +% pagealignmacro call if that space before the closing brace is +% removed. (Generally, numeric constants should always be followed by a +% space to prevent strange expansion errors.) +\def\supereject{\par\penalty -20000\footnoteno =0 } + +% @footnotestyle is meaningful for info output only.. +\let\footnotestyle=\comment + +\let\ptexfootnote=\footnote + +{\catcode `\@=11 +% +% Auto-number footnotes. Otherwise like plain. +\gdef\footnote{% + \global\advance\footnoteno by \@ne + \edef\thisfootno{$^{\the\footnoteno}$}% + % + % In case the footnote comes at the end of a sentence, preserve the + % extra spacing after we do the footnote number. + \let\@sf\empty + \ifhmode\edef\@sf{\spacefactor\the\spacefactor}\/\fi + % + % Remove inadvertent blank space before typesetting the footnote number. + \unskip + \thisfootno\@sf + \footnotezzz +}% + +% Don't bother with the trickery in plain.tex to not require the +% footnote text as a parameter. Our footnotes don't need to be so general. +% +\long\gdef\footnotezzz#1{\insert\footins{% + % We want to typeset this text as a normal paragraph, even if the + % footnote reference occurs in (for example) a display environment. + % So reset some parameters. + \interlinepenalty\interfootnotelinepenalty + \splittopskip\ht\strutbox % top baseline for broken footnotes + \splitmaxdepth\dp\strutbox + \floatingpenalty\@MM + \leftskip\z@skip + \rightskip\z@skip + \spaceskip\z@skip + \xspaceskip\z@skip + \parindent\defaultparindent + % + % Hang the footnote text off the number. + \hang + \textindent{\thisfootno}% + % + % Don't crash into the line above the footnote text. Since this + % expands into a box, it must come within the paragraph, lest it + % provide a place where TeX can split the footnote. + \footstrut + #1\strut}% +} + +}%end \catcode `\@=11 + +% Set the baselineskip to #1, and the lineskip and strut size +% correspondingly. There is no deep meaning behind these magic numbers +% used as factors; they just match (closely enough) what Knuth defined. +% +\def\lineskipfactor{.08333} +\def\strutheightpercent{.70833} +\def\strutdepthpercent {.29167} +% +\def\setleading#1{% + \normalbaselineskip = #1\relax + \normallineskip = \lineskipfactor\normalbaselineskip + \normalbaselines + \setbox\strutbox =\hbox{% + \vrule width0pt height\strutheightpercent\baselineskip + depth \strutdepthpercent \baselineskip + }% +} + +% @| inserts a changebar to the left of the current line. It should +% surround any changed text. This approach does *not* work if the +% change spans more than two lines of output. To handle that, we would +% have adopt a much more difficult approach (putting marks into the main +% vertical list for the beginning and end of each change). +% +\def\|{% + % \vadjust can only be used in horizontal mode. + \leavevmode + % + % Append this vertical mode material after the current line in the output. + \vadjust{% + % We want to insert a rule with the height and depth of the current + % leading; that is exactly what \strutbox is supposed to record. + \vskip-\baselineskip + % + % \vadjust-items are inserted at the left edge of the type. So + % the \llap here moves out into the left-hand margin. + \llap{% + % + % For a thicker or thinner bar, change the `1pt'. + \vrule height\baselineskip width1pt + % + % This is the space between the bar and the text. + \hskip 12pt + }% + }% +} + +% For a final copy, take out the rectangles +% that mark overfull boxes (in case you have decided +% that the text looks ok even though it passes the margin). +% +\def\finalout{\overfullrule=0pt} + + +% End of control word definitions. + +\message{and turning on texinfo input format.} + +\def\openindices{% + \newindex{cp}% + \newcodeindex{fn}% + \newcodeindex{vr}% + \newcodeindex{tp}% + \newcodeindex{ky}% + \newcodeindex{pg}% +} + +% Set some numeric style parameters, for 8.5 x 11 format. + +\hsize = 6in +\hoffset = .25in +\newdimen\defaultparindent \defaultparindent = 15pt +\parindent = \defaultparindent +\parskip 3pt plus 2pt minus 1pt +\setleading{13.2pt} +\advance\topskip by 1.2cm + +\chapheadingskip = 15pt plus 4pt minus 2pt +\secheadingskip = 12pt plus 3pt minus 2pt +\subsecheadingskip = 9pt plus 2pt minus 2pt + +% Prevent underfull vbox error messages. +\vbadness=10000 + +% Following George Bush, just get rid of widows and orphans. +\widowpenalty=10000 +\clubpenalty=10000 + +% Use TeX 3.0's \emergencystretch to help line breaking, but if we're +% using an old version of TeX, don't do anything. We want the amount of +% stretch added to depend on the line length, hence the dependence on +% \hsize. This makes it come to about 9pt for the 8.5x11 format. +% +\ifx\emergencystretch\thisisundefined + % Allow us to assign to \emergencystretch anyway. + \def\emergencystretch{\dimen0}% +\else + \emergencystretch = \hsize + \divide\emergencystretch by 45 +\fi + +% Use @smallbook to reset parameters for 7x9.5 format (or else 7x9.25) +\def\smallbook{ + \global\chapheadingskip = 15pt plus 4pt minus 2pt + \global\secheadingskip = 12pt plus 3pt minus 2pt + \global\subsecheadingskip = 9pt plus 2pt minus 2pt + % + \global\lispnarrowing = 0.3in + \setleading{12pt} + \advance\topskip by -1cm + \global\parskip 2pt plus 1pt + \global\hsize = 5in + \global\vsize=7.5in + \global\tolerance=700 + \global\hfuzz=1pt + \global\contentsrightmargin=0pt + \global\deftypemargin=0pt + \global\defbodyindent=.5cm + % + \global\pagewidth=\hsize + \global\pageheight=\vsize + % + \global\let\smalllisp=\smalllispx + \global\let\smallexample=\smalllispx + \global\def\Esmallexample{\Esmalllisp} +} + +% Use @afourpaper to print on European A4 paper. +\def\afourpaper{ +\global\tolerance=700 +\global\hfuzz=1pt +\setleading{12pt} +\global\parskip 15pt plus 1pt + +\global\vsize= 53\baselineskip +\advance\vsize by \topskip +%\global\hsize= 5.85in % A4 wide 10pt +\global\hsize= 6.5in +\global\outerhsize=\hsize +\global\advance\outerhsize by 0.5in +\global\outervsize=\vsize +\global\advance\outervsize by 0.6in + +\global\pagewidth=\hsize +\global\pageheight=\vsize +} + +\bindingoffset=0pt +\normaloffset=\hoffset +\pagewidth=\hsize +\pageheight=\vsize + +% Allow control of the text dimensions. Parameters in order: textheight; +% textwidth; voffset; hoffset; binding offset; topskip. +% All require a dimension; +% header is additional; added length extends the bottom of the page. + +\def\changepagesizes#1#2#3#4#5#6{ + \global\vsize= #1 + \global\topskip= #6 + \advance\vsize by \topskip + \global\voffset= #3 + \global\hsize= #2 + \global\outerhsize=\hsize + \global\advance\outerhsize by 0.5in + \global\outervsize=\vsize + \global\advance\outervsize by 0.6in + \global\pagewidth=\hsize + \global\pageheight=\vsize + \global\normaloffset= #4 + \global\bindingoffset= #5} + +% A specific text layout, 24x15cm overall, intended for A4 paper. Top margin +% 29mm, hence bottom margin 28mm, nominal side margin 3cm. +\def\afourlatex + {\global\tolerance=700 + \global\hfuzz=1pt + \setleading{12pt} + \global\parskip 15pt plus 1pt + \advance\baselineskip by 1.6pt + \changepagesizes{237mm}{150mm}{3.6mm}{3.6mm}{3mm}{7mm} + } + +% Use @afourwide to print on European A4 paper in wide format. +\def\afourwide{\afourpaper +\changepagesizes{9.5in}{6.5in}{\hoffset}{\normaloffset}{\bindingoffset}{7mm}} + +% Define macros to output various characters with catcode for normal text. +\catcode`\"=\other +\catcode`\~=\other +\catcode`\^=\other +\catcode`\_=\other +\catcode`\|=\other +\catcode`\<=\other +\catcode`\>=\other +\catcode`\+=\other +\def\normaldoublequote{"} +\def\normaltilde{~} +\def\normalcaret{^} +\def\normalunderscore{_} +\def\normalverticalbar{|} +\def\normalless{<} +\def\normalgreater{>} +\def\normalplus{+} + +% This macro is used to make a character print one way in ttfont +% where it can probably just be output, and another way in other fonts, +% where something hairier probably needs to be done. +% +% #1 is what to print if we are indeed using \tt; #2 is what to print +% otherwise. Since all the Computer Modern typewriter fonts have zero +% interword stretch (and shrink), and it is reasonable to expect all +% typewriter fonts to have this, we can check that font parameter. +% +\def\ifusingtt#1#2{\ifdim \fontdimen3\the\font=0pt #1\else #2\fi} + +% Turn off all special characters except @ +% (and those which the user can use as if they were ordinary). +% Most of these we simply print from the \tt font, but for some, we can +% use math or other variants that look better in normal text. + +\catcode`\"=\active +\def\activedoublequote{{\tt \char '042}} +\let"=\activedoublequote +\catcode`\~=\active +\def~{{\tt \char '176}} +\chardef\hat=`\^ +\catcode`\^=\active +\def\auxhat{\def^{'hat}} +\def^{{\tt \hat}} + +\catcode`\_=\active +\def_{\ifusingtt\normalunderscore\_} +% Subroutine for the previous macro. +\def\_{\leavevmode \kern.06em \vbox{\hrule width.3em height.1ex}} + +\catcode`\|=\active +\def|{{\tt \char '174}} +\chardef \less=`\< +\catcode`\<=\active +\def<{{\tt \less}} +\chardef \gtr=`\> +\catcode`\>=\active +\def>{{\tt \gtr}} +\catcode`\+=\active +\def+{{\tt \char 43}} +%\catcode 27=\active +%\def^^[{$\diamondsuit$} + +% Set up an active definition for =, but don't enable it most of the time. +{\catcode`\==\active +\global\def={{\tt \char 61}}} + +\catcode`+=\active +\catcode`\_=\active + +% If a .fmt file is being used, characters that might appear in a file +% name cannot be active until we have parsed the command line. +% So turn them off again, and have \everyjob (or @setfilename) turn them on. +% \otherifyactive is called near the end of this file. +\def\otherifyactive{\catcode`+=\other \catcode`\_=\other} + +\catcode`\@=0 + +% \rawbackslashxx output one backslash character in current font +\global\chardef\rawbackslashxx=`\\ +%{\catcode`\\=\other +%@gdef@rawbackslashxx{\}} + +% \rawbackslash redefines \ as input to do \rawbackslashxx. +{\catcode`\\=\active +@gdef@rawbackslash{@let\=@rawbackslashxx }} + +% \normalbackslash outputs one backslash in fixed width font. +\def\normalbackslash{{\tt\rawbackslashxx}} + +% Say @foo, not \foo, in error messages. +\escapechar=`\@ + +% \catcode 17=0 % Define control-q +\catcode`\\=\active + +% Used sometimes to turn off (effectively) the active characters +% even after parsing them. +@def@turnoffactive{@let"=@normaldoublequote +@let\=@realbackslash +@let~=@normaltilde +@let^=@normalcaret +@let_=@normalunderscore +@let|=@normalverticalbar +@let<=@normalless +@let>=@normalgreater +@let+=@normalplus} + +@def@normalturnoffactive{@let"=@normaldoublequote +@let\=@normalbackslash +@let~=@normaltilde +@let^=@normalcaret +@let_=@normalunderscore +@let|=@normalverticalbar +@let<=@normalless +@let>=@normalgreater +@let+=@normalplus} + +% Make _ and + \other characters, temporarily. +% This is canceled by @fixbackslash. +@otherifyactive + +% If a .fmt file is being used, we don't want the `\input texinfo' to show up. +% That is what \eatinput is for; after that, the `\' should revert to printing +% a backslash. +% +@gdef@eatinput input texinfo{@fixbackslash} +@global@let\ = @eatinput + +% On the other hand, perhaps the file did not have a `\input texinfo'. Then +% the first `\{ in the file would cause an error. This macro tries to fix +% that, assuming it is called before the first `\' could plausibly occur. +% Also back turn on active characters that might appear in the input +% file name, in case not using a pre-dumped format. +% +@gdef@fixbackslash{@ifx\@eatinput @let\ = @normalbackslash @fi + @catcode`+=@active @catcode`@_=@active} + +%% These look ok in all fonts, so just make them not special. The @rm below +%% makes sure that the current font starts out as the newly loaded cmr10 +@catcode`@$=@other @catcode`@%=@other @catcode`@&=@other @catcode`@#=@other + +@textfonts +@rm + +@c Local variables: +@c page-delimiter: "^\\\\message" +@c End: |