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-_dnl__								-*- Texinfo -*-
-_dnl__ Copyright (c) 1988 1989 1990 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-_dnl__ This file is part of the source for the GDB manual.
-@c M4 FRAGMENT: $Id$
-@node Stack, Source, Stopping, Top
-@chapter Examining the Stack
-
-When your program has stopped, the first thing you need to know is where it
-stopped and how it got there.
-
-@cindex call stack
-Each time your program performs a function call, the information about
-where in the program the call was made from is saved in a block of data
-called a @dfn{stack frame}.  The frame also contains the arguments of the
-call and the local variables of the function that was called.  All the
-stack frames are allocated in a region of memory called the @dfn{call
-stack}.
-
-When your program stops, the _GDBN__ commands for examining the stack allow you
-to see all of this information.
-
-@cindex selected frame
-One of the stack frames is @dfn{selected} by _GDBN__ and many _GDBN__ commands
-refer implicitly to the selected frame.  In particular, whenever you ask
-_GDBN__ for the value of a variable in the program, the value is found in the
-selected frame.  There are special _GDBN__ commands to select whichever frame
-you are interested in.
-
-When the program stops, _GDBN__ automatically selects the currently executing
-frame and describes it briefly as the @code{frame} command does
-(@pxref{Frame Info, Info}).
-
-@menu
-* Frames::			Stack Frames
-* Backtrace::			Backtraces
-* Selection::			Selecting a Frame
-* Frame Info::			Information on a Frame
-@end menu
-
-@node Frames, Backtrace, Stack, Stack
-@section Stack Frames
-
-@cindex frame
-@cindex stack frame
-The call stack is divided up into contiguous pieces called @dfn{stack
-frames}, or @dfn{frames} for short; each frame is the data associated
-with one call to one function.  The frame contains the arguments given
-to the function, the function's local variables, and the address at
-which the function is executing.
-
-@cindex initial frame
-@cindex outermost frame
-@cindex innermost frame
-When your program is started, the stack has only one frame, that of the
-function @code{main}.  This is called the @dfn{initial} frame or the
-@dfn{outermost} frame.  Each time a function is called, a new frame is
-made.  Each time a function returns, the frame for that function invocation
-is eliminated.  If a function is recursive, there can be many frames for
-the same function.  The frame for the function in which execution is
-actually occurring is called the @dfn{innermost} frame.  This is the most
-recently created of all the stack frames that still exist.
-
-@cindex frame pointer
-Inside your program, stack frames are identified by their addresses.  A
-stack frame consists of many bytes, each of which has its own address; each
-kind of computer has a convention for choosing one of those bytes whose
-address serves as the address of the frame.  Usually this address is kept
-in a register called the @dfn{frame pointer register} while execution is
-going on in that frame.
-
-@cindex frame number
-_GDBN__ assigns numbers to all existing stack frames, starting with
-zero for the innermost frame, one for the frame that called it,
-and so on upward.  These numbers do not really exist in your program;
-they are assigned by _GDBN__ to give you a way of designating stack
-frames in _GDBN__ commands.
-
-@cindex frameless execution
-Some compilers allow functions to be compiled so that they operate
-without stack frames.  (For example, the @code{_GCC__} option
-@samp{-fomit-frame-pointer} will generate functions without a frame.)
-This is occasionally done with heavily used library functions to save
-the frame setup time.  _GDBN__ has limited facilities for dealing with
-these function invocations.  If the innermost function invocation has no
-stack frame, _GDBN__ will nevertheless regard it as though it had a
-separate frame, which is numbered zero as usual, allowing correct
-tracing of the function call chain.  However, _GDBN__ has no provision
-for frameless functions elsewhere in the stack.
-
-@node Backtrace, Selection, Frames, Stack
-@section Backtraces
-
-A backtrace is a summary of how the program got where it is.  It shows one
-line per frame, for many frames, starting with the currently executing
-frame (frame zero), followed by its caller (frame one), and on up the
-stack.
-
-@table @code
-@item backtrace
-@itemx bt
-@kindex backtrace
-@kindex bt
-Print a backtrace of the entire stack: one line per frame for all
-frames in the stack.
-
-You can stop the backtrace at any time by typing the system interrupt
-character, normally @kbd{Control-C}.
-
-@item backtrace @var{n}
-@itemx bt @var{n}
-Similar, but print only the innermost @var{n} frames.
-
-@item backtrace -@var{n}
-@itemx bt -@var{n}
-Similar, but print only the outermost @var{n} frames.
-@end table
-
-@kindex where
-@kindex info stack
-@kindex info s
-The names @code{where} and @code{info stack} (abbreviated @code{info s})
-are additional aliases for @code{backtrace}.
-
-Each line in the backtrace shows the frame number and the function name.
-The program counter value is also shown---unless you use @code{set
-print address off}.  The backtrace also shows the source file name and
-line number, as well as the arguments to the function.  The program
-counter value is omitted if it is at the beginning of the code for that
-line number.
-
-Here is an example of a backtrace.  It was made with the command
-@samp{bt 3}, so it shows the innermost three frames.
-
-@smallexample
-@group
-#0  m4_traceon (obs=0x24eb0, argc=1, argv=0x2b8c8) at builtin.c:993
-#1  0x6e38 in expand_macro (sym=0x2b600) at macro.c:242
-#2  0x6840 in expand_token (obs=0x0, t=177664, td=0xf7fffb08)
-    at macro.c:71
-(More stack frames follow...)
-@end group
-@end smallexample
-
-@noindent
-The display for frame zero doesn't begin with a program counter
-value, indicating that the program has stopped at the beginning of the
-code for line @code{993} of @code{builtin.c}.
-
-@node Selection, Frame Info, Backtrace, Stack
-@section Selecting a Frame
-
-Most commands for examining the stack and other data in the program work on
-whichever stack frame is selected at the moment.  Here are the commands for
-selecting a stack frame; all of them finish by printing a brief description
-of the stack frame just selected.
-
-@table @code
-@item frame @var{n}
-@itemx f @var{n}
-@kindex frame
-@kindex f
-Select frame number @var{n}.  Recall that frame zero is the innermost
-(currently executing) frame, frame one is the frame that called the
-innermost one, and so on.  The highest-numbered frame is @code{main}'s
-frame.
-
-@item frame @var{addr}
-@itemx f @var{addr}
-Select the frame at address @var{addr}.  This is useful mainly if the
-chaining of stack frames has been damaged by a bug, making it
-impossible for _GDBN__ to assign numbers properly to all frames.  In
-addition, this can be useful when the program has multiple stacks and
-switches between them.
-
-_if_(_SPARC__)
-On the SPARC architecture, @code{frame} needs two addresses to
-select an arbitrary frame: a frame pointer and a stack pointer.  
-@c note to future updaters: this is conditioned on a flag
-@c FRAME_SPECIFICATION_DYADIC in the tm-*.h files, currently only used
-@c by SPARC, hence the specific attribution.  Generalize or list all
-@c possibilities if more supported machines start doing this.
-_fi_(_SPARC__)
-
-@item up @var{n}
-@kindex up
-Move @var{n} frames up the stack.  For positive numbers @var{n}, this
-advances toward the outermost frame, to higher frame numbers, to frames
-that have existed longer.  @var{n} defaults to one.
-
-@item down @var{n}
-@kindex down
-@kindex do
-Move @var{n} frames down the stack.  For positive numbers @var{n}, this
-advances toward the innermost frame, to lower frame numbers, to frames
-that were created more recently.  @var{n} defaults to one.  You may
-abbreviate @code{down} as @code{do}.
-@end table
-
-All of these commands end by printing two lines of output describing the
-frame.  The first line shows the frame number, the function name, the
-arguments, and the source file and line number of execution in that
-frame.  The second line shows the text of that source line.  For
-example:
-
-@smallexample
-(_GDBP__) up
-#1  0x22f0 in main (argc=1, argv=0xf7fffbf4, env=0xf7fffbfc) at env.c:10
-10              read_input_file (argv[i]);
-@end smallexample
-
-After such a printout, the @code{list} command with no arguments will print
-ten lines centered on the point of execution in the frame.  @xref{List}.
-
-@table @code
-@item up-silently @var{n}
-@itemx down-silently @var{n}
-@kindex down-silently
-@kindex up-silently
-These two commands are variants of @code{up} and @code{down},
-respectively; they differ in that they do their work silently, without
-causing display of the new frame.  They are intended primarily for use
-in _GDBN__ command scripts, where the output might be unnecessary and
-distracting. 
-
-@end table
-
-@node Frame Info,  , Selection, Stack
-@section Information About a Frame
-
-There are several other commands to print information about the selected
-stack frame.
-
-@table @code
-@item frame
-@itemx f
-When used without any argument, this command does not change which frame
-is selected, but prints a brief description of the currently
-selected stack frame.  It can be abbreviated @code{f}.  With an
-argument, this command is used to select a stack frame (@pxref{Selection}).
-
-@item info frame
-@kindex info frame
-@itemx info f
-@kindex info f
-This command prints a verbose description of the selected stack frame,
-including the address of the frame, the addresses of the next frame down
-(called by this frame) and the next frame up (caller of this frame),
-the address of the frame's arguments, the program counter saved in it
-(the address of execution in the caller frame), and which registers
-were saved in the frame.  The verbose description is useful when
-something has gone wrong that has made the stack format fail to fit
-the usual conventions.
-
-@item info frame @var{addr}
-@itemx info f @var{addr}
-Print a verbose description of the frame at address @var{addr},
-without selecting that frame.  The selected frame remains unchanged by
-this command.
-
-@item info args
-@kindex info args
-Print the arguments of the selected frame, each on a separate line.
-
-@item info locals
-@kindex info locals
-Print the local variables of the selected frame, each on a separate
-line.  These are all variables declared static or automatic within all
-program blocks that execution in this frame is currently inside of.
-
-@item info catch
-@kindex info catch
-@cindex catch exceptions
-@cindex exception handlers
-Print a list of all the exception handlers that are active in the
-current stack frame at the current point of execution.  To see other
-exception handlers, visit the associated frame (using the @code{up},
-@code{down}, or @code{frame} commands); then type @code{info catch}.
-@xref{Exception Handling}.
-@end table