libstdc++: Implement std::emit_on_flush etc.

This adds the manipulators for use with basic_osyncstream. In order to
detect when an arbitrary basic_ostream<C,T> is the base class of a
basic_syncbuf<C,T,A> object, introduce a new intermediate base class
that stores the data members. The new base class stores a pointer and
two bools, which wastes (sizeof(void*) - 2) bytes of padding. It would
be possible to use the two least significant bits of the pointer for the
two bools, at least for targets where alignof(basic_streambuf) > 2, but
that's left as a possible change for a future date.

Also define basic_syncbuf::overflow to override the virtual function in
the base class, so that single characters can be inserted into the
stream buffer. Previously the default basic_streambuf::overflow
implementation was used, which drops the character on the floor.

libstdc++-v3/ChangeLog:

	* include/std/ostream (__syncbuf_base): New class template.
	(emit_on_flush, noemit_on_flush, flush_emit): New manipulators.
	* include/std/syncstream (basic_syncbuf): Derive from
	__syncbuf_base instead of basic_streambuf.
	(basic_syncbuf::operator=): Remove self-assignment check.
	(basic_syncbuf::swap): Remove self-swap check.
	(basic_syncbuf::emit): Do not skip pubsync() call if sequence
	is empty.
	(basic_syncbuf::sync): Remove no-op pubsync on stringbuf.
	(basic_syncbuf::overflow): Define override.
	* testsuite/27_io/basic_syncstream/basic_ops/1.cc: Test
	basic_osyncstream::put(char_type).
	* testsuite/27_io/basic_ostream/emit/1.cc: New test.

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