libstdc++: Implement monadic operations for std::optional (P0798R8)

Another new addition to the C++23 working draft.

The new member functions of std::optional are only defined for C++23,
but the new members of _Optional_payload_base are defined for C++20 so
that they can be used in non-propagating-cache in <ranges>. The
_Optional_payload_base::_M_construct member can also be used in
non-propagating-cache now, because it's constexpr since r12-4389.

There will be an LWG issue about the feature test macro, suggesting that
we should just bump the value of __cpp_lib_optional instead. I haven't
done that here, but it can be changed once consensus is reached on the
change.

libstdc++-v3/ChangeLog:

	* include/std/optional (_Optional_payload_base::_Storage): Add
	constructor taking a callable function to invoke.
	(_Optional_payload_base::_M_apply): New function.
	(__cpp_lib_monadic_optional): Define for C++23.
	(optional::and_then, optional::transform, optional::or_else):
	Define for C++23.
	* include/std/ranges (__detail::__cached): Remove.
	(__detail::__non_propagating_cache): Remove use of __cached for
	contained value. Use _Optional_payload_base::_M_construct and
	_Optional_payload_base::_M_apply to set the contained value.
	* include/std/version (__cpp_lib_monadic_optional): Define.
	* testsuite/20_util/optional/monadic/and_then.cc: New test.
	* testsuite/20_util/optional/monadic/or_else.cc: New test.
	* testsuite/20_util/optional/monadic/or_else_neg.cc: New test.
	* testsuite/20_util/optional/monadic/transform.cc: New test.
	* testsuite/20_util/optional/monadic/version.cc: New test.

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