c: Implement C23 nullptr (N3042)

This patch implements the C23 nullptr literal:
<https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n3042.htm> (with
wording fixes from N3047), which is intended to replace the problematic
definition of NULL which might be either of integer type or void*.

Since C++ has had nullptr for over a decade now, it was relatively easy
to just move the built-in node definitions from the C++ FE to the C/C++
common code.  Also, our DWARF emitter already handles NULLPTR_TYPE by
emitting DW_TAG_unspecified_type.  However, I had to handle a lot of
contexts such as ?:, comparison, conversion, etc.

There are some minor differences, e.g. in C you can do

  bool b = nullptr;

but in C++ you have to use direct-initialization:

  bool b{nullptr};

And I think that

  nullptr_t n = 0;

is only valid in C++.

Of course, C doesn't have to handle mangling, RTTI, substitution,
overloading, ...

This patch also defines nullptr_t in <stddef.h>.  However, it does not
define __STDC_VERSION_STDDEF_H__ yet, because we don't know yet what value
it should be defined to.

gcc/c-family/ChangeLog:

	* c-common.cc (c_common_reswords): Enable nullptr in C2X.
	(c_common_nodes_and_builtins): Create the built-in node for nullptr.
	* c-common.h (enum c_tree_index): Add CTI_NULLPTR, CTI_NULLPTR_TYPE.
	(struct c_common_resword): Resize the disable member.
	(D_C2X): Add.
	(nullptr_node): Define.
	(nullptr_type_node): Define.
	(NULLPTR_TYPE_P): Define.
	* c-pretty-print.cc (c_pretty_printer::simple_type_specifier): Handle
	NULLPTR_TYPE.
	(c_pretty_printer::direct_abstract_declarator): Likewise.
	(c_pretty_printer::constant): Likewise.

gcc/c/ChangeLog:

	* c-convert.cc (c_convert) <case POINTER_TYPE>: Handle NULLPTR_TYPE.
	Give a better diagnostic when converting to nullptr_t.
	* c-decl.cc (c_init_decl_processing): Perform C-specific nullptr
	initialization.
	* c-parser.cc (c_parse_init): Maybe OR D_C2X into mask.
	(c_parser_postfix_expression): Handle RID_NULLPTR.
	* c-typeck.cc (null_pointer_constant_p): Return true when expr is
	nullptr_node.
	(build_unary_op) <case TRUTH_NOT_EXPR>: Handle NULLPTR_TYPE.
	(build_conditional_expr): Handle the case when the second/third operand
	is NULLPTR_TYPE and third/second operand is POINTER_TYPE.
	(convert_for_assignment): Handle converting an expression of type
	nullptr_t to pointer/bool.
	(build_binary_op) <case TRUTH_XOR_EXPR>: Handle NULLPTR_TYPE.
	<case EQ_EXPR>: Handle comparing operands of type nullptr_t.

gcc/cp/ChangeLog:

	* cp-tree.h (enum cp_tree_index): Remove CTI_NULLPTR, CTI_NULLPTR_TYPE.
	Move it to c_tree_index.
	(nullptr_node): No longer define here.
	(nullptr_type_node): Likewise.
	(NULLPTR_TYPE_P): Likewise.
	* decl.cc (cxx_init_decl_processing): Only keep C++-specific nullptr
	initialization; move the shared code to c_common_nodes_and_builtins.

gcc/ChangeLog:

	* ginclude/stddef.h: Define nullptr_t.

gcc/testsuite/ChangeLog:

	* gcc.dg/c11-nullptr-1.c: New test.
	* gcc.dg/c17-nullptr-1.c: New test.
	* gcc.dg/c17-nullptr-2.c: New test.
	* gcc.dg/c2x-nullptr-1.c: New test.
	* gcc.dg/c2x-nullptr-2.c: New test.
	* gcc.dg/c2x-nullptr-3.c: New test.
	* gcc.dg/c2x-nullptr-4.c: New test.
	* gcc.dg/c2x-nullptr-5.c: New test.

1 files changed, 8 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/gcc/ginclude/stddef.h b/gcc/ginclude/stddef.h
index 79e296d..315ff78 100644
--- a/gcc/ginclude/stddef.h
+++ b/gcc/ginclude/stddef.h
@@ -443,6 +443,14 @@ typedef struct {
 #endif
 #endif /* C++11.  */
 
+#if (defined (__STDC_VERSION__) && __STDC_VERSION__ > 201710L)
+#ifndef _GCC_NULLPTR_T
+#define _GCC_NULLPTR_T
+  typedef __typeof__(nullptr) nullptr_t;
+/* ??? This doesn't define __STDC_VERSION_STDDEF_H__ yet.  */
+#endif
+#endif /* C23.  */
+
 #endif /* _STDDEF_H was defined this time */
 
 #endif /* !_STDDEF_H && !_STDDEF_H_ && !_ANSI_STDDEF_H && !__STDDEF_H__