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author	Vladimir Mezentsev <vladimir.mezentsev@oracle.com>	2024-05-20 18:48:07 -0700
committer	Vladimir Mezentsev <vladimir.mezentsev@oracle.com>	2024-05-21 19:54:56 -0700
commit	a3e8656c02f717d48051e1dd8de4cdc89eb3f373 (patch)
tree	719c85b7a69ccd37f4f1c2756d20600ef90c4881
parent	9f8b42c871ac1b75a4270378e33fd1b1fba95f84 (diff)
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gprofng: remove memset() in libcollector

ChangeLog 2024-05-20 Vladimir Mezentsev <vladimir.mezentsev@oracle.com> * libcollector/collector.c: Use static initialization instead of memset. * libcollector/dispatcher.c: Likewise. * libcollector/hwprofile.c: Likewise. * libcollector/jprofile.c: Likewise. * libcollector/profile.c: Likewise. * libcollector/synctrace.c: Likewise.

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gprofng/libcollector/collector.c

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gprofng/libcollector/dispatcher.c

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gprofng/libcollector/hwprofile.c

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gprofng/libcollector/jprofile.c

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gprofng/libcollector/profile.c

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gprofng/libcollector/synctrace.c

6 files changed, 24 insertions, 50 deletions

<sect1 id="gettingup"> <title>Getting &dj; up and running</title> <para>This chapter was originally written by Niklaus Giger (ngiger@mus.ch) because he lost a week to figure out how &dj; works and how to write a first test. </para> <para>Follow these instructions as closely a possible in order get a good insight into how &dj; works, else you might run into a lot of subtle problems. You have been warned.</para> <para>It should be no big problems installing &dj; using your package manager or from the source code. On the Debian GNU/Linux system just run (as root):</para> <programlisting>apt-get install dejagnu</programlisting> <para> These examples were run on a primary machine with a AMD K6 and a Mac Powerbook G3 serving as a remote target.</para> <para> The tests for Windows were run under Windows using the actual Cygwin version (1.3.x as of October 2001). Its target system was a PPC embedded system running vxWorks. </para> <sect2> <title>Test your installation</title> <para>Create a new user called "dgt" (&dj;Test), which uses bash as it login shell. PS1 must be set to '\u:\w\$ ' in its ~/.bashrc. Login as this user, create an empty directory and change the working directory to it. e.g</para> <programlisting> dgt:~$ mkdir ~/dejagnu.test dgt:~$ cd ~/dejagnu.test </programlisting> <para>Now you are ready to test &dj;'s main program called runtest. The expected output is shown</para> <example> <title>Runtest output in a empty directory </title> <programlisting> dgt:~/dejagnu.test$ runtest WARNING: Couldn't find the global config file. WARNING: No tool specified Test Run By dgt on Sun Nov 25 17:07:03 2001 Native configuration is i586-pc-linux-gnu === tests === Schedule of variations: unix Running target unix Using /usr/share/dejagnu/baseboards/unix.exp as board description file for target. Using /usr/share/dejagnu/config/unix.exp as generic interface file for target. ERROR: Couldn't find tool config file for unix. === Summary ===</programlisting> <para>We will show you later how to get rid of all the WARNING- and ERROR-messages. The files testrun.sum and testrun.log have been created, which do not interest us at this point. Let's remove them.</para> <programlisting>:~/dejagnu.test$ rm testrun.sum testrun.log </programlisting> </example> <sect3> <title>Windows</title> <para>On Windows systems &dj; is part of a port of a lot of Unix tools to the Windows OS, called Cygwin. Cygwin may be downloaded and installed from a mirror of http://www.cygwin.com/. All examples were also run on Windows. If nothing is said, you can assume that you should get the same output as on a Unix system.</para> <para>You will need a telnet daemon if you want to use a Windows box as a remote target. There seems to be a freeware telnet daemon at http://www.fictional.net/.</para> </sect3> <sect3> <title>Getting the source code for the calc example</title> <para>If you are running a Debian distribution you can find the examples under /usr/share/doc/dejagnu/examples. These examples seem to be missing in Red Hat's RPM. In this case download the sources of &dj; and adjust the paths to the &dj; examples accordingly.</para> </sect3> </sect2> <sect2> <title>Create a minimal project, e.g. calc</title> <para>In this section you will to start a small project, using the sample application calc, which is part of your &dj; distribution</para> <sect3><title>A simple project without the GNU autotools</title> <para>The runtest program can be run stand-alone. All the autoconf/automake support is just cause those programs are commonly used for other GNU applications. The key to running runtest stand-alone is having the local site.exp file setup correctly, which automake does.</para> <para>The generated site.exp should like like:</para> <programlisting> set tool calc set srcdir . set objdir /home/dgt/dejagnu.test </programlisting></sect3> <sect3> <title>Using autoconf/autoheader/automake</title> <para>We have to prepare some input file in order to run autoconf and automake. There is book "GNU autoconf, automake and libtool" by Garry V. Vaughan, et al. NewRider, ISBN 1-57870-190-2 which describes this process thoroughly.</para> <para>From the calc example distributed with the &dj; documentation you should copy the program file itself (calc.c) and some additional files, which you might examine a little bit close to derive their meanings.</para> <programlisting> dgt:~/dejagnu.test$ cp -r /usr/share/doc/dejagnu/examples/calc/\ {configure.in,Makefile.am,calc.c,testsuite} . </programlisting> <para>In Makemake.am note the presence of the AUTOMAKE_OPTIONS = dejagnu. This option is needed.</para> <para>Run aclocal to generate aclocal.m4, which is a collection of macros needed by configure.in</para> <programlisting> dgt:~/dejagnu.test$ aclocal </programlisting> <para>autoconf is another part of the auto-tools. Run it to generate configure based on information contained in configure.in.</para> <programlisting> dgt:~/dejagnu.test$ autoconf </programlisting> <para>autoheader is another part of the auto-tools. Run it to generate calc.h.in. </para> <programlisting> dgt:~/dejagnu.test$ autoheader </programlisting> <para>The Makefile.am of this example was developed as port of the &dj; distribution. Adapt Makefile.am for this test. Replace the line "#noinst_PROGRAMS = calc" to "bin_PROGRAMS = calc". Change the RUNTESTDEFAULTFLAGS from "$$srcdir/testsuite" to "./testsuite".</para> <para>Running automake at this point contains a series of warning in its output as shown in the following example:</para> <example> <title>Sample output of automake with missing files</title> <programlisting> dgt:~/dejagnu.test$ automake --add-missing automake: configure.in: installing `./install-sh' automake: configure.in: installing `./mkinstalldirs' automake: configure.in: installing `./missing' automake: Makefile.am: installing `./INSTALL' automake: Makefile.am: required file `./NEWS' not found automake: Makefile.am: required file `./README' not found automake: Makefile.am: installing `./COPYING' automake: Makefile.am: required file `./AUTHORS' not found automake: Makefile.am: required file `./ChangeLog' not found configure.in: 4: required file `./calc.h.in' not found Makefile.am:6: required directory ./doc does not exist </programlisting> </example> <para>Create a empty directory doc and empty files INSTALL, NEWS, README, AUTHORS, ChangeLog and COPYING. The default COPYING will point to the GNU Public License (GPL). In a real project it would be time to add some meaningful text in each file. </para> <para>Adapt calc to your environment by calling configure.</para> <example> <title>Sample output of configure </title> <programlisting> dgt:~/dejagnu.test$ ./configure creating cache ./config.cache checking whether to enable maintainer-specific portions of Makefiles... no checking for a BSD compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c checking whether build environment is sane... yes checking whether make sets ${MAKE}... yes checking for working aclocal... found checking for working autoconf... found checking for working automake... found checking for working autoheader... found checking for working makeinfo... found checking for gcc... gcc checking whether the C compiler (gcc ) works... yes checking whether the C compiler (gcc ) is a cross-compiler... no checking whether we are using GNU C... yes checking whether gcc accepts -g... yes checking for a BSD compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c checking how to run the C preprocessor... gcc -E checking for stdlib.h... yes checking for strcmp... yes updating cache ./config.cache creating ./config.status creating Makefile creating calc.h </programlisting> </example> <para>If you are familiar with GNU software, this output should not contain any surprise to you. Any errors should be easy to fix for such a simple program.</para> <para>Build the calc executable:</para> <example> <title>Sample output building calc </title> <programlisting> dgt:~/dejagnu.test$ make gcc -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I. -I. -I. -g -O2 -c calc.c gcc -g -O2 -o calc calc.o </programlisting> </example> <para>You prepared a few files and then called some commands. Respecting the right order assures a automatic and correctly compiled calc program. The following example resumes the correct order.</para> <example> <title>Creating the calc program using the GNU autotools</title> <programlisting> dgt:~/dejagnu.test$ aclocal dgt:~/dejagnu.test$ autoconf dgt:~/dejagnu.test$ autoheader dgt:~/dejagnu.test$ automake --add-missing dgt:~/dejagnu.test$ ./configure dgt:~/dejagnu.test$ make </programlisting> </example> <para>Play with calc and verify whether it works correctly. A sample session might look like this:</para> <programlisting> dgt:~/dejagnu.test$ ./calc calc: version Version: 1.1 calc:<emphasis> </emphasis>add 3 4 7 calc: multiply 3 4<emphasis> </emphasis> 12 calc: multiply 2 4<emphasis> </emphasis> 12 calc: quit </programlisting> <para>Look at the intentional bug that 2 times 4 equals 12.</para> <para>The tests run by &dj; need a file called site.exp, which is automatically generated if we call "make site.exp". This was the purpose of the "AUTOMAKE_OPTIONS = dejagnu" in Makefile.am.</para> <example> <title>Sample output generating a site.exp</title> <programlisting> dgt: make site.exp dgt:~/dejagnu.test$ make site.exp Making a new site.exp file... </programlisting> </example> </sect3> </sect2> <sect2> <title>Our first automated tests</title> <sect3><title>Running the test for the calc example</title> <para>Now we are ready to call the automated tests </para> <example> <title>Sample output of runtest in a configured directory</title> <programlisting> dgt:~/dejagnu.test$ make check make check-DEJAGNU make[1]: Entering directory `/home/dgt/dejagnu.test' srcdir=`cd . && pwd`; export srcdir; \ EXPECT=expect; export EXPECT; \ runtest=runtest; \ if /bin/sh -c "$runtest --version" > /dev/null 2>&1; then \ $runtest --tool calc CALC=`pwd`/calc --srcdir ./testsuite ; \ else echo "WARNING: could not find \`runtest'" 1>&2; :;\ fi WARNING: Couldn't find the global config file. WARNING: Couldn't find tool init file Test Run By dgt on Sun Nov 25 21:42:21 2001 Native configuration is i586-pc-linux-gnu === calc tests === Schedule of variations: unix Running target unix Using /usr/share/dejagnu/baseboards/unix.exp as board description file for target. Using /usr/share/dejagnu/config/unix.exp as generic interface file for target. Using ./testsuite/config/unix.exp as tool-and-target-specific interface file. Running ./testsuite/calc.test/calc.exp ... FAIL: multiply2 (bad match) === calc Summary === # of expected passes 5 # of unexpected failures 1 /home/Dgt/dejagnu.test/calc version Version: 1.1 make[1]: *** [check-DEJAGNU] Fehler 1 make[1]: Leaving directory `/home/Dgt/dejagnu.test' make: *** [check-am] Fehler 2 </programlisting> </example> <para>Did you see the line "FAIL:"? The test cases for calc catch the bug in the calc.c file. Fix the error in calc.c later as the following examples assume a unchanged calc.c.</para> <para>Examine the output files calc.sum and calc.log. Try to understand the test cases written in ~/dejagnu.test/testsuite/calc.test/calc.exp. To understand Expect you might take a look at the book "Exploring Expect", which is an excellent resource for learning and using Expect. (Pub: O'Reilly, ISBN 1-56592-090-2) The book contains hundreds of examples and also includes a tutorial on Tcl. Exploring Expect is 602 pages long.</para> </sect3> <sect3><title>The various config files or how to avoid warnings</title> <para>&dj; may be customized by each user. It first searches for a file called ~/.dejagnurc. Create the file ~/.dejagnurc and insert the following line:</para> <programlisting> puts "I am ~/.dejagnurc" </programlisting> <para>Rerun make check. Test whether the output contains "I am ~/.dejagnurc". Create ~/my_dejagnu.exp and insert the following line:</para> <programlisting> puts "I am ~/my_dejagnu.exp" </programlisting> <para>In a Bash-Shell enter</para> <programlisting> dgt:~/dejagnu.test$ export DEJAGNU=~/my_dejagnu.exp </programlisting> <para>Run "make check" again. The output should not contain "WARNING: Couldn't find the global config file.". Create the sub-directory lib. Create the file "calc.exp" in it and insert the following line:</para> <programlisting> puts "I am lib/calc.exp" </programlisting> <para>The last warning "WARNING: Couldn't find tool init file" should not be part of the output of make check. Create the directory ~/boards. Create the file ~/boards/standard.exp and insert the following line:</para> <programlisting> puts "I am boards/standard.exp" </programlisting> <para>If the variable DEJAGNU is still not empty then the (abbreviated) output of "make check" should look like this:</para> <example> <title>Sample output of runtest with the usual configuration files</title> <programlisting> dgt:~/dejagnu.test$ make check <...> fi I am ~/.dejagnurc I am ~/my_dejagnu.exp I am lib/calc.exp Test Run By dgt on Sun Nov 25 22:19:14 2001 Native configuration is i586-pc-linux-gnu === calc tests === Using /home/Dgt/boards/standard.exp as standard board description\ file for build. I am ~/boards/standard.exp Using /home/Dgt/boards/standard.exp as standard board description\ file for host. I am ~/boards/standard.exp Schedule of variations: unix Running target unix Using /home/Dgt/boards/standard.exp as standard board description\ file for target. I am ~/boards/standard.exp Using /usr/share/dejagnu/baseboards/unix.exp as board description file\ for target. <...> </programlisting> </example> <para>It is up to you to decide when and where to use any of the above mentioned config files for customizing. This chapters showed you where and in which order the different config files are run.</para> </sect3> <sect3> <title>When trouble strikes</title> <para>Calling runtest with the '-v'-flag shows you in even more details which files are searched in which order. Passing it several times gives more and more details. </para> <example> <title>Displaying details about runtest execution</title> <programlisting> runtest -v -v -v --tool calc CALC=`pwd`/calc --srcdir ./testsuite </programlisting> </example> <para>Calling runtest with the '--debug'-flag logs a lot of details to dbg.log where you can analyse it afterwards. </para> <para>In all test cases you can temporary adjust the verbosity of information by adding the following Tcl command to any Tcl file that gets loaded by dejagnu, for instance, ~/.dejagnurc:</para> <programlisting> set verbose 9 </programlisting> </sect3> <sect3> <title>Testing "Hello world" locally</title> <para>This test checks whether the shell command <command>echo Hello world</command> will really output "Hello world" to the console. Create the file <filename>~/dejagnu.test/testsuite/calc.test/local_echo.exp</filename>. It should contain the following lines:</para> <example> <title>A first (local) test case</title> <programlisting> set test "Local Hello World" spawn echo Hello World expect { "Hello World" { pass $test } default { fail $test } } </programlisting> </example> <para>Run runtest again and verify the output "calc.log"</para> </sect3> </sect2> <sect2> <title>A first remote test</title> <para>Testing remote targets is a lot trickier especially if you are using an embedded target which has no built in support for things like a compiler, FTP server or a Bash-shell. Before you can test calc on a remote target you have to acquire a few basics skills.</para> <sect3> <title>Setup telnet to your own host</title> <para>The easiest remote host is usually the host you are working on. In this example we will use telnet to login in your own workstation. For security reasons you should never have a telnet daemon running on machine connected on the Internet, as password and user names are transmitted in clear text. We assume you know how to setup your machine for a telnet daemon.</para> <para>Next try whether you may login in your own host by issuing the command "telnet localhost.1". In order to be able to distinguish between a normal session and a telnet login add the following lines to /home/dgt/.bashrc.</para> <programlisting> if [ "$REMOTEHOST" ] then PS1='remote:\w\$ ' fi </programlisting> <para>Now on the machine a "remote" login looks like this:</para> <example> <title>Sample log of a telnet login to localhost</title> <programlisting> dgt:~/dejagnu.test$ telnet localhost Trying 127.0.0.1... Connected to 127.0.0.1. Escape character is '^]'. Debian GNU/Linux testing/unstable Linux K6Linux login: dgt Password: Last login: Sun Nov 25 22:46:34 2001 from localhost on pts/4 Linux K6Linux 2.4.14 #1 Fre Nov 16 19:28:25 CET 2001 i586 unknown No mail. remote:~$ exit logout Connection closed by foreign host. </programlisting> </example> </sect3> <sect3> <title>A test case for login via telnet</title> <para>In order to define a correct setup we have add a line containing "set target unix" either to ~/.dejagnurc or to ~/my_dejagnu.exp. In ~/boards/standard.exp add the following four lines to define a few patterns for the &dj; telnet login procedure.</para> <example> <title>Defining a remote target board</title> <programlisting> set_board_info shell_prompt "remote:" set_board_info telnet_username "dgt" set_board_info telnet_password "top_secret" set_board_info hostname "localhost" </programlisting> </example> <para>As &dj; will be parsing the telnet session output for some well known pattern the output there are a lot of things that can go wrong. If you have any problems verify your setup:</para> <itemizedlist> <listitem> <para>Is <filename>/etc/motd</filename> empty?</para></listitem> <listitem> <para>Is <filename>/etc/issue.net</filename> empty?</para></listitem> <listitem> <para>Exists a empty <filename>~/.hushlogin</filename>?</para></listitem> <listitem> <para>The LANG environment variable must be either empty or set to "C". </para></listitem> </itemizedlist> <para>To test the login via telnet write a sample test case. Create the file ~/dejagnu.test/testsuite/calc.test/remote_echo.exp and add the following few lines:</para> <example> <title>&dj; script for logging in into a remote target</title> <programlisting> puts "this is remote_echo.exp target for $target " target_info $target #set verbose 9 set shell_id [remote_open $target] set test "Remote login to $target" #set verbose 0 puts "Spawn id for remote shell is $shell_id" if { $shell_id > 0 } { pass "$test" } else { fail "Remote open to $target" } </programlisting> </example> <para>In the runtest output you should find something like:</para> <programlisting> Running ./testsuite/calc.test/local_echo.exp ... Running ./testsuite/calc.test/remote_echo.exp ... this is remote_echo.exp target is unix Spawn id for remote shell is exp7 </programlisting> <para>Have again a look at calc.log to get a feeling how &dj; and expect parse the input. </para></sect3> <sect3> <title>Remote testing "Hello world"</title> <para>Next you will transform the above "hello world" example to its remote equivalent. This can be done by adding the following lines to our file remote_echo.exp.</para> <example> <title>A first (local) remote "Hello world" test</title> <programlisting> set test "Remote_send Hello World" set status [remote_send $target "echo \"Hello\" \"World\"\n" ] pass "$test" set test "Remote_expect Hello World" remote_expect $target 5 { -re "Hello World" { pass "$test" } } </programlisting> </example> <para>Call make check. The output should contain "# of expected passes 9" and "# of unexpected failures 1".</para> <para>Have a look at the procedures in /usr/share/dejagnu/remote.exp to have an overview of the offered procedures and their features. </para> <para>Now setup a real target. In the following example we assume as target a PowerBook running Debian. As above add a test user "dgt", install Telnet and FTP servers. In order to distinguish it from the host add the line</para> <programlisting>PS1='test:>'</programlisting> <para> to /home/dgt/.bash_profile. Also add a corresponding entry "powerbook" to /etc/hosts and verify that you are able to ping, telnet and ftp to the target "powerbook".</para> <para>In order to let runtest run its test on the "powerbook" target change the following lines in ~/boards/standard.exp:</para> <example> <title>Board definition for a remote target</title> <programlisting> set_board_info protocol "telnet" set_board_info telnet_username "dgt" set_board_info telnet_password "top_secret" set_board_info shell_prompt "test:> " set_board_info hostname "powerbook" </programlisting> </example> <para>Now call runtest again with the same arguments and verify whether all went okay by taking a close look at calc.log.</para> </sect3> <sect3> <title>Transferring files from/to the target</title> <para>A simple procedure like this will do the job for you:</para> <example> <title>Test script to transfer a file to a remote target</title> <programlisting> set test "Remote_download" puts "Running Remote_download" # set verbose 9 set remfile /home/dgt/dejagnu2 set status [remote_download $target /home/dgt/.dejagnurc $remfile] if { "$status" == "" } { fail "Remote download to $remfile on $target" } else { pass "$test" } puts "status of remote_download ist $status" # set verbose 0 </programlisting> </example> <para>After running runtest again, check whether the file dejagnu2 exists on the target. This example will only work if the rcp command works with your target. If you have a working FTP-server on the target you can use it by adding the following lines to ~/boards/standard.exp:</para> <example> <title>Defining a board to use FTP as file transport</title> <programlisting> set_board_info file_transfer "ftp" set_board_info ftp_username "dgt" set_board_info ftp_password "1234" </programlisting> </example> </sect3> <sect3> <title>Preparing for crosscompilation</title> <para>For crosscompiling you need working binutils, gcc and a base library like libc or glib for your target. It is beyond the scope of this document to describe how to get it working. The following examples assume a cross compiler for PowerPC which is called linux-powerpc-gcc. </para> <para>Add AC_CANONICAL_TARGET in dejagnu.test/configure.in at the following location. Copy config.guess from /usr/share/automake to dejagnu.test.</para> <programlisting> AM_CONFIG_HEADER(calc.h) AC_CANONICAL_TARGET([]) AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE(calc, 1.1) </programlisting> <para>You need to run automake 2.5 or later. Depending on your installation calling autoconf2.5 instead of autoconf is not needed. The sequence to regenerate all files is:</para> <example> <title>Using autotools for cross development</title> <programlisting> $ autoconf2.5 $ autoheader $ automake $ ./configure --host=powerpc-linux --target=powerpc-linux configure: WARNING: If you wanted to set the --build type, don't use --host. If a cross compiler is detected then cross compile mode will be used. checking build system type... ./config.guess: ./config.guess: No such file or directory configure: error: cannot guess build type; you must specify one $ cp /usr/share/automake/config.guess . $ ./configure --host=powerpc-linux --target=powerpc-linux configure: WARNING: If you wanted to set the --build type, don't use --host. If a cross compiler is detected then cross compile mode will be used. \ checking build system type... i586-pc-linux-gnu checking host system type... powerpc-unknown-linux-gnu <...> checking whether we are cross compiling... yes <...> Configuration: Source code location: . C Compiler: powerpc-linux-gcc C Compiler flags: -g -O2 </programlisting> </example> <para>Everything should be ready to recompile for the target:</para> <programlisting>$ make powerpc-linux-gcc -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I. -I. -I. -g -O2 -c calc.c powerpc-linux-gcc -g -O2 -o calc calc.o </programlisting> </sect3> <sect3> <title>Remote testing of calc</title> <para>Not yet written, as I have problem getting libc6-dev-powerpc to work. Probably I first have to build my cross compiler. </para> </sect3> <sect3> <title>Using Windows as host and vxWorks as target</title> <para>A more thorough walk-through will be written in a few weeks.</para> <para>In order to test the vxWorks as a target I changed boards/standards.exp to reflect my settings (IP, username, password). Then I reconfigured vxWorks to include a FTP and telnet server (using the same username/password combination ad in boards/standard.exp).</para> <para>With this setup and some minor modification (e.g. replacing echo by printf) in my test cases I could test my vxWorks system. It sure does not seem to be a correct setup by &dj; standard. For instance, it still loading /usr/share/dejagnu/baseboards/unix.exp instead of vxWorks. In any case I found that (at least under Windows) I did not find out how the command line would let me override settings in my personal config files.</para> </sect3> </sect2> </sect1> <sect1 id="runningtests"> <title>Running Tests</title> <para>There are two ways to execute a testsuite. The most common way is when there is existing support in the <filename>Makefile</filename>. This support consists of a <emphasis>check</emphasis> target. The other way is to execute the <command>runtest</command> program directly. To run <command>runtest</command> directly from the command line requires either all the correct options, or the <xref linkend="local"/> must be setup correctly.</para> <sect2 id="makecheck" xreflabel="Make Check"> <title>Make check</title> <para>To run tests from an existing collection, first use <command>configure</command> as usual to set up the build directory. Then try typing:</para> <screen> make check </screen> <para>If the <emphasis>check</emphasis> target exists, it usually saves you some trouble. For instance, it can set up any auxiliary programs or other files needed by the tests. The most common file the check builds is the <emphasis>site.exp</emphasis>. The site.exp file contains various variables that &dj; used to determine the configuration of the program being tested. This is mostly for supporting remote testing.</para> <para>The <emphasis>check</emphasis> target is supported by GNU <productname>Automake</productname>. To have &dj; support added to your generated <filename>Makefile.in</filename>, just add the keyword dejagnu to the AUTOMAKE_OPTIONS variable in your <filename>Makefile.am</filename> file.</para> <para>Once you have run <emphasis>make check</emphasis> to build any auxiliary files, you can invoke the test driver <command>runtest</command> directly to repeat the tests. You will also have to execute <command>runtest</command> directly for test collections with no <emphasis>check</emphasis> target in the <filename>Makefile</filename>.</para> </sect2> <sect2 id="runtest" xreflabel="Runtest"> <title>Runtest</title> <para><command>runtest</command> is the executable test driver for &dj;. You can specify two kinds of things on the <command>runtest</command> command line: command line options, and Tcl variables for the test scripts. The options are listed alphabetically below.</para> <para><command>runtest</command> returns an exit code of <emphasis>1</emphasis> if any test has an unexpected result; otherwise (if all tests pass or fail as expected) it returns <emphasis>0</emphasis> as the exit code.</para> <sect3 id="outputs" xreflabel="Output States"> <title>Output States</title> <para><filename>runtest</filename> flags the outcome of each test as one of these cases. <xref linkend="posix"/> for a discussion of how POSIX specifies the meanings of these cases.</para> <variablelist> <varlistentry> <term>PASS</term> <listitem><para>The most desirable outcome: the test succeeded, and was expected to succeed.</para></listitem> </varlistentry> <varlistentry> <term>XPASS</term> <listitem><para>A pleasant kind of failure: a test was expected to fail, but succeeded. This may indicate progress; inspect the test case to determine whether you should amend it to stop expecting failure.</para></listitem> </varlistentry> <varlistentry> <term>FAIL</term> <listitem><para>A test failed, although it was expected to succeed. This may indicate regress; inspect the test case and the failing software to locate the bug.</para></listitem> </varlistentry> <varlistentry> <term>XFAIL</term> <listitem><para>A test failed, but it was expected to fail. This result indicates no change in a known bug. If a test fails because the operating system where the test runs lacks some facility required by the test, the outcome is <emphasis>UNSUPPORTED</emphasis> instead.</para></listitem> </varlistentry> <varlistentry> <term>UNRESOLVED</term> <listitem><para>Output from a test requires manual inspection; the testsuite could not automatically determine the outcome. For example, your tests can report this outcome is when a test does not complete as expected.</para></listitem> </varlistentry> <varlistentry> <term>UNTESTED</term> <listitem><para>A test case is not yet complete, and in particular cannot yet produce a <emphasis>PASS</emphasis> or <emphasis>FAIL</emphasis>. You can also use this outcome in dummy ``tests'' that note explicitly the absence of a real test case for a particular property.</para></listitem> </varlistentry> <varlistentry> <term>UNSUPPORTED</term> <listitem><para>A test depends on a conditionally available feature that does not exist (in the configured testing environment). For example, you can use this outcome to report on a test case that does not work on a particular target because its operating system support does not include a required subroutine.</para></listitem> </varlistentry> </variablelist> <para>runtest may also display the following messages:</para> <variablelist> <varlistentry> <term>ERROR</term> <listitem><para>Indicates a major problem (detected by the test case itself) in running the test. This is usually an unrecoverable error, such as a missing file or loss of communication to the target. (POSIX testsuites should not emit this message; use <emphasis>UNSUPPORTED</emphasis>, <emphasis>UNTESTED</emphasis>, or <emphasis>UNRESOLVED</emphasis> instead, as appropriate.)</para></listitem> </varlistentry> <varlistentry> <term>WARNING</term> <listitem><para>Indicates a possible problem in running the test. Usually warnings correspond to recoverable errors, or display an important message about the following tests.</para></listitem> </varlistentry> <varlistentry> <term>NOTE</term> <listitem><para>An informational message about the test case.</para></listitem> </varlistentry> </variablelist> </sect3> <sect3 id="invoking" xreflabel="Invoking Runtest"> <title>Invoking Runtest</title> <para>This is the full set of command line options that <filename>runtest</filename> recognizes. Arguments may be abbreviated to the shortest unique string.</para> <variablelist> <varlistentry> <term><option>--all</option> (-a)</term> <listitem><para>Display all test output. By default, <emphasis>runtest</emphasis> shows only the output of tests that produce unexpected results; that is, tests with status <emphasis>FAIL</emphasis> (unexpected failure), <emphasis>XPASS</emphasis> (unexpected success), or <emphasis>ERROR</emphasis> (a severe error in the test case itself). Specify <option>--all</option> to see output for tests with status <emphasis>PASS</emphasis> (success, as expected) <emphasis>XFAIL</emphasis> (failure, as expected), or <emphasis>WARNING</emphasis> (minor error in the test case itself).</para></listitem> </varlistentry> <varlistentry> <term><option>--build [string]</option></term> <listitem><para><emphasis>string</emphasis> is a full configuration ``triple'' name as used by <command>configure</command>. This is the type of machine &dj; and the tools to be tested are built on. For a normal cross this is the same as the host, but for a Canadian cross, they are separate.</para></listitem> </varlistentry> <varlistentry> <term><option>--host [string]</option></term> <listitem><para><symbol>string</symbol> is a full configuration ``triple'' name as used by <emphasis>configure</emphasis>. Use this option to override the default string recorded by your configuration's choice of host. This choice does not change how anything is actually configured unless --build is also specified; it affects <emphasis>only</emphasis> &dj; procedures that compare the host string with particular values. The procedures <emphasis>ishost</emphasis>, <emphasis>istarget</emphasis>, <emphasis>isnative</emphasis>, and <emphasis>setup</emphasis>xfail} are affected by <option>--host</option>. In this usage, <emphasis>host</emphasis> refers to the machine that the tests are to be run on, which may not be the same as the <emphasis>build</emphasis> machine. If <option>--build</option> is also specified, then <option>--host</option> refers to the machine that the tests will be run on, not the machine &dj; is run on.</para></listitem> </varlistentry> <varlistentry> <term><option>--host_board [name]</option></term> <listitem><para>The host board to use.</para></listitem> </varlistentry> <varlistentry> <term><option>--target [string]</option></term> <listitem><para>Use this option to override the default setting (running native tests). <emphasis>string</emphasis> is a full configuration ``triple'' name of the form <emphasis>cpu-vendor-os</emphasis> as used by <command>configure</command>. This option changes the configuration <emphasis>runtest</emphasis> uses for the default tool names, and other setup information.</para></listitem> </varlistentry> <varlistentry> <term><option>--debug</option> (-de)</term> <listitem><para>Turns on the <emphasis>expect</emphasis> internal debugging output. Debugging output is displayed as part of the <emphasis>runtest</emphasis> output, and logged to a file called <filename>dbg.log</filename>. The extra debugging output does <emphasis>not</emphasis> appear on standard output, unless the verbose level is greater than 2 (for instance, to see debug output immediately, specify <option>--debug</option>-v -v}). The debugging output shows all attempts at matching the test output of the tool with the scripted patterns describing expected output. The output generated with <option>--strace</option> also goes into <filename>dbg.log</filename>.</para></listitem> </varlistentry> <varlistentry> <term><option>--help</option> (-he)</term> <listitem><para>Prints out a short summary of the <emphasis>runtest</emphasis> options, then exits (even if you also specify other options).</para></listitem> </varlistentry> <varlistentry> <term><option>--ignore [name(s)] </option></term> <listitem><para>The names of specific tests to ignore.</para></listitem> </varlistentry> <varlistentry> <term><option>--objdir [path]</option></term> <listitem><para>Use <emphasis>path</emphasis> as the top directory containing any auxiliary compiled test code. This defaults to <filename>.</filename>. Use this option to locate pre-compiled test code. You can normally prepare any auxiliary files needed with <emphasis>make</emphasis>.</para></listitem> </varlistentry> <varlistentry> <term><option>--outdir [path]</option></term> <listitem><para>Write output logs in directory <filename>path</filename>. The default is <emphasis>.}, the</emphasis> directory where you start <emphasis>runtest</emphasis>. This option affects only the summary and the detailed log files <filename>tool.sum</filename> and <filename>tool.log</filename>. The &dj; debug log <filename>dbg.log</filename> always appears (when requested) in the local directory.</para></listitem> </varlistentry> <varlistentry> <term><option>--reboot [name]</option></term> <listitem><para>Reboot the target board when <emphasis>runtest</emphasis> initializes. Usually, when running tests on a separate target board, it is safer to reboot the target to be certain of its state. However, when developing test scripts, rebooting takes a lot of time.</para></listitem> </varlistentry> <varlistentry> <term><option>--srcdir [path]</option></term> <listitem><para>Use <filename>path</filename> as the top directory for test scripts to run. <emphasis>runtest</emphasis> looks in this directory for any subdirectory whose name begins with the toolname (specified with <option>--tool</option>). For instance, with <option>--tool</option>gdb}, <emphasis>runtest</emphasis> uses tests in subdirectories <filename>gdb.*</filename> (with the usual shell-like filename expansion). If you do not use <option>--srcdir</option>, <emphasis>runtest</emphasis> looks for test directories under the current working directory.</para></listitem> </varlistentry> <varlistentry> <term><option>--strace [number]</option></term> <listitem><para>Turn on internal tracing for <emphasis>expect</emphasis>, to n levels deep. By adjusting the level, you can control the extent to which your output expands multi-level Tcl statements. This allows you to ignore some levels of <emphasis>case</emphasis> or <emphasis>if</emphasis> statements. Each procedure call or control structure counts as one ``level''. The output is recorded in the same file, <filename>dbg.log</filename>, used for output from <option>--debug</option>.</para></listitem> </varlistentry> <varlistentry> <term><option>--connect [program]</option></term> <listitem><para>Connect to a target testing environment as specified by <emphasis>type</emphasis>, if the target is not the computer running <emphasis>runtest</emphasis>. For example, use <option>--connect</option> to change the program used to connect to a ``bare board'' boot monitor. The choices for <emphasis>type</emphasis> in the &dj; 1.4 distribution are <emphasis>rlogin</emphasis>, <emphasis>telnet</emphasis>, <emphasis>rsh</emphasis>, <emphasis>tip</emphasis>, <emphasis>kermit</emphasis>, and <emphasis>mondfe</emphasis>.</para> <para>The default for this option depends on the configuration most convenient communication method available, but often other alternatives work as well; you may find it useful to try alternative connect methods if you suspect a communication problem with your testing target.</para></listitem> </varlistentry> <varlistentry> <term><option>--baud [number]</option></term> <listitem><para>Set the default baud rate to something other than 9600. (Some serial interface programs, like <emphasis>tip</emphasis>, use a separate initialization file instead of this value.)</para></listitem> </varlistentry> <varlistentry> <term><option>--target_board [name(s)]</option></term> <listitem><para>The list of target boards to run tests on.</para></listitem> </varlistentry> <varlistentry id="tool-opt"> <term><option>--tool[name(s)]</option></term> <listitem><para>Specifies which testsuite to run, and what initialization module to use. <option>--tool</option> is used <emphasis>only</emphasis> for these two purposes. It is <emphasis>not</emphasis> used to name the executable program to test. Executable tool names (and paths) are recorded in <filename>site.exp</filename> and you can override them by specifying Tcl variables on the command line.</para> <para>For example, including "<option>--tool</option> gcc" on the <emphasis>runtest</emphasis> command line runs tests from all test subdirectories whose names match <filename>gcc.*</filename>, and uses one of the initialization modules named <filename>config/*-gcc.exp</filename>. To specify the name of the compiler (perhaps as an alternative path to what <emphasis>runtest</emphasis> would use by default), use <emphasis>GCC=binname</emphasis> on the <emphasis>runtest</emphasis> command line.</para></listitem> </varlistentry> <varlistentry> <term><option>--tool_exec [name]</option></term> <listitem><para>The path to the tool executable to test.</para></listitem> </varlistentry> <varlistentry> <term><option>--tool_opts [options]</option></term> <listitem><para>A list of additional options to pass to the tool.</para></listitem> </varlistentry> <varlistentry> <term><option>--verbose</option> (-v)</term> <listitem><para>Turns on more output. Repeating this option increases the amount of output displayed. Level one (<emphasis>-v</emphasis>) is simply test output. Level two (<emphasis>-v</emphasis>-v}) shows messages on options, configuration, and process control. Verbose messages appear in the detailed (<filename>*.log</filename>) log file, but not in the summary (<filename>*.sum</filename>) log file.</para></listitem> </varlistentry> <varlistentry> <term><option>--version</option> (-V)</term> <listitem><para>Prints out the version numbers of &dj;, <emphasis>expect</emphasis> and Tcl, and exits without running any tests.</para></listitem> </varlistentry> <varlistentry> <term><option>--D[0-1]</option></term> <listitem><para>Start the internal Tcl debugger. The Tcl debugger supports breakpoints, single stepping, and other common debugging activities. See the document "Debugger for Tcl Applications" by Don Libes. (Distributed in PostScript form with <emphasis>expect</emphasis> as the file <filename>expect/tcl-debug.ps.</filename>. If you specify <emphasis>-D1</emphasis>, the <emphasis>expect</emphasis> shell stops at a breakpoint as soon as &dj; invokes it. If you specify <emphasis>-D0</emphasis>, &dj; starts as usual, but you can enter the debugger by sending an interrupt (e.g. by typing <keycombo><keycap>C</keycap><keycap>c</keycap></keycombo>). </para></listitem> </varlistentry> <varlistentry> <term><filename>testfile</filename>.exp[=arg(s)]</term> <listitem><para>Specify the names of testsuites to run. By default, <emphasis>runtest</emphasis> runs all tests for the tool, but you can restrict it to particular testsuites by giving the names of the <emphasis>.exp expect</emphasis> scripts that control them. <emphasis>testsuite</emphasis>.exp may not include path information; use plain filenames.</para></listitem> </varlistentry> <varlistentry> <term><filename>testfile</filename>.exp="testfile1 ..."</term> <listitem><para>Specify a subset of tests in a suite to run. For compiler or assembler tests, which often use a single <emphasis>.exp</emphasis> script covering many different source files, this option allows you to further restrict the tests by listing particular source files to compile. Some tools even support wildcards here. The wildcards supported depend upon the tool, but typically they are <emphasis>?</emphasis>, <emphasis>*</emphasis>, and <emphasis>[chars]</emphasis>.</para></listitem> </varlistentry> <varlistentry> <term><symbol>tclvar</symbol>=value</term> <listitem><para>You can define Tcl variables for use by your test scripts in the same style used with <emphasis>make</emphasis> for environment variables. For example, <emphasis>runtest GDB=gdb.old</emphasis> defines a variable called <command>GDB</command>; when your scripts refer to <symbol>$GDB</symbol> in this run, they use the value <emphasis>gdb.old</emphasis>.</para> <para>The default Tcl variables used for most tools are defined in the main &dj; <emphasis>Makefile</emphasis>; their values are captured in the <filename>site.exp</filename> file.</para></listitem> </varlistentry> </variablelist> </sect3> <sect3 id="common" xreflabel="Common Operations"> <title>Common Options</title> <para>Typically, you don't need must to use any command-line options. <option>--tool</option> used is only required when there are more than one testsuite in the same directory. The default options are in the local site.exp file, created by "make site.exp".</para> <para>For example, if the directory <filename>gdb/testsuite</filename> contains a collection of &dj; tests for GDB, you can run them like this:</para> <screen> eg$ cd gdb/testsuite eg$ runtest --tool gdb </screen> <para>Test output follows, ending with:</para> <screen> === gdb Summary === # of expected passes 508 # of expected failures 103 /usr/latest/bin/gdb version 4.14.4 -nx </screen> <para>You can use the option <option>--srcdir</option> to point to some other directory containing a collection of tests:</para> <screen> eg$ runtest--srcdir /devo/gdb/testsuite </screen> <para>By default, <command>runtest</command> prints only the names of the tests it runs, output from any tests that have unexpected results, and a summary showing how many tests passed and how many failed. To display output from all tests (whether or not they behave as expected), use the <option>--all</option> option. For more verbose output about processes being run, communication, and so on, use <option>--verbose</option>. To see even more output, use multiple <option>--verbose</option> options. for a more detailed explanation of each <command>runtest</command> option.</para> <para>Test output goes into two files in your current directory: summary output in <filename>tool.sum</filename>, and detailed output in <filename> tool.log</filename>. (<emphasis>tool</emphasis> refers to the collection of tests; for example, after a run with <option>--tool</option> gdb, look for output files <filename>gdb.sum</filename> and <filename>gdb.log</filename>.)</para> </sect3> </sect2> <sect2 id="outputfiles" xreflabel="Output Files"> <title>The files &dj; produces.</title> <para>&dj; always writes two kinds of output files: summary logs and detailed logs. The contents of both of these are determined by your tests.</para> <para>For troubleshooting, a third kind of output file is useful: use <option>--debug</option> to request an output file showing details of what <productname>Expect</productname> is doing internally.</para> <sect3 id="sum" xreflabel="Summary File"> <title>Summary File</title> <para>&dj; always produces a summary output file <filename>tool.sum</filename>. This summary shows the names of all test files run; for each test file, one line of output from each <command>pass</command> command (showing status <emphasis>PASS</emphasis> or <emphasis>XPASS</emphasis>) or <command>fail</command> command (status <emphasis>FAIL</emphasis> or <emphasis>XFAIL</emphasis>); trailing summary statistics that count passing and failing tests (expected and unexpected); and the full pathname and version number of the tool tested. (All possible outcomes, and all errors, are always reflected in the summary output file, regardless of whether or not you specify <option>--all</option>.)</para> <para>If any of your tests use the procedures <command>unresolved</command>, <command>unsupported</command>, or <command>runtested</command>, the summary output also tabulates the corresponding outcomes.</para> <para>For example, after <command>runtest --tool binutils</command>, look for a summary log in <filename>binutils.sum</filename>. Normally, &dj; writes this file in your current working directory; use the <option>--outdir</option> option to select a different directory.</para> <example> <title>Here is a short sample summary log</title> <screen> Test Run By rob on Mon May 25 21:40:57 PDT 1992 === gdb tests === Running ./gdb.t00/echo.exp ... PASS: Echo test Running ./gdb.all/help.exp ... PASS: help add-symbol-file PASS: help aliases PASS: help breakpoint "bre" abbreviation FAIL: help run "r" abbreviation Running ./gdb.t10/crossload.exp ... PASS: m68k-elf (elf-big) explicit format; loaded XFAIL: mips-ecoff (ecoff-bigmips) "ptype v_signed_char" signed C types === gdb Summary === # of expected passes 5 # of expected failures 1 # of unexpected failures 1 /usr/latest/bin/gdb version 4.6.5 -q </screen> </example> </sect3> <sect3 id="log" xreflabel="Log File"> <title>Log File</title> <para>&dj; also saves a detailed log file <filename>tool.log</filename>, showing any output generated by tests as well as the summary output. For example, after <command>runtest --tool binutils</command>, look for a detailed log in <filename>binutils.log</filename>. Normally, &dj; writes this file in your current working directory; use the <option>--outdir</option> option to select a different directory.</para> <example> <title>Here is a brief example showing a detailed log for <productname>G++</productname> tests</title> <screen> Test Run By rob on Mon May 25 21:40:43 PDT 1992 === g++ tests === --- Running ./g++.other/t01-1.exp --- PASS: operate delete --- Running ./g++.other/t01-2.exp --- FAIL: i960 bug EOF p0000646.C: In function `int warn_return_1 ()': p0000646.C:109: warning: control reaches end of non-void function p0000646.C: In function `int warn_return_arg (int)': p0000646.C:117: warning: control reaches end of non-void function p0000646.C: In function `int warn_return_sum (int, int)': p0000646.C:125: warning: control reaches end of non-void function p0000646.C: In function `struct foo warn_return_foo ()': p0000646.C:132: warning: control reaches end of non-void function --- Running ./g++.other/t01-4.exp --- FAIL: abort 900403_04.C:8: zero width for bit-field `foo' --- Running ./g++.other/t01-3.exp --- FAIL: segment violation 900519_12.C:9: parse error before `;' 900519_12.C:12: Segmentation violation /usr/latest/bin/gcc: Internal compiler error: program cc1plus got fatal signal === g++ Summary === # of expected passes 1 # of expected failures 3 /usr/latest/bin/g++ version cygnus-2.0.1 </screen> </example> </sect3> <sect3 id="debugfile" xreflabel="Debug Log File"> <title>Debug Log File</title> <para>With the <option>--debug</option> option, you can request a log file showing the output from <productname>Expect</productname> itself, running in debugging mode. This file (<filename>dbg.log</filename>, in the directory where you start <command>runtest</command>) shows each pattern <productname>Expect</productname> considers in analyzing test output.</para> <para>This file reflects each <command>send</command> command, showing the string sent as input to the tool under test; and each <productname>Expect</productname> command, showing each pattern it compares with the tool output.</para> <example> <title>The log messages begin with a message of the form</title> <screen> expect: does {<symbol>tool output</symbol>} (spawn_id <symbol>n</symbol>) match pattern {<emphasis>expected pattern</emphasis>}? </screen> </example> <para>For every unsuccessful match, <productname>Expect</productname> issues a <emphasis>no</emphasis> after this message; if other patterns are specified for the same <productname>Expect</productname> command, they are reflected also, but without the first part of the message (<emphasis>expect... match pattern</emphasis>).</para> <para>When <productname>Expect</productname> finds a match, the log for the successful match ends with <emphasis>yes</emphasis>, followed by a record of the <productname>Expect</productname> variables set to describe a successful match.</para> <example> <title>Here is an excerpt from the debugging log for a <productname>GDB</productname> test:</title> <screen> send: sent {break gdbme.c:34\n} to spawn id 6 expect: does {} (spawn_id 6) match pattern {Breakpoint.*at.* file gdbme.c, line 34.*$gdb$ $}? no {.*$gdb$ $}? no expect: does {} (spawn_id 0) match pattern {return} ? no {$y or n$ }? no {buffer_full}? no {virtual}? no {memory}? no {exhausted}? no {Undefined}? no {command}? no break gdbme.c:34 Breakpoint 8 at 0x23d8: file gdbme.c, line 34. (gdb) expect: does {break gdbme.c:34\r\nBreakpoint 8 at 0x23d8: file gdbme.c, line 34.\r\n(gdb) } (spawn_id 6) match pattern {Breakpoint.*at.* file gdbme.c, line 34.*$gdb$ $}? yes expect: set expect_out(0,start) {18} expect: set expect_out(0,end) {71} expect: set expect_out(0,string) {Breakpoint 8 at 0x23d8: file gdbme.c, line 34.\r\n(gdb) } epect: set expect_out(spawn_id) {6} expect: set expect_out(buffer) {break gdbme.c:34\r\nBreakpoint 8 at 0x23d8: file gdbme.c, line 34.\r\n(gdb) } PASS: 70 0 breakpoint line number in file </screen> </example> <para>This example exhibits three properties of <productname>Expect</productname> and <productname>&dj;</productname> that might be surprising at first glance:</para> <itemizedlist mark="bullet"> <listitem><para>Empty output for the first attempted match. The first set of attempted matches shown ran against the output <emphasis>{}</emphasis> --- that is, no output. <productname>Expect</productname> begins attempting to match the patterns supplied immediately; often, the first pass is against incomplete output (or completely before all output, as in this case).</para></listitem> <listitem><para>Interspersed tool output. The beginning of the log entry for the second attempted match may be hard to spot: this is because the prompt <emphasis>{(gdb) }</emphasis> appears on the same line, just before the <emphasis>expect:</emphasis> that marks the beginning of the log entry.</para></listitem> <listitem><para>Fail-safe patterns. Many of the patterns tested are fail-safe patterns provided by <productname>GDB</productname> testing utilities, to reduce possible indeterminacy. It is useful to anticipate potential variations caused by extreme system conditions (<productname>GDB</productname> might issue the message <emphasis>virtual memory exhausted</emphasis> in rare circumstances), or by changes in the tested program (<emphasis>Undefined command</emphasis> is the likeliest outcome if the name of a tested command changes).</para> <para>The pattern <emphasis>{return}</emphasis> is a particularly interesting fail-safe to notice; it checks for an unexpected <keycap>RET</keycap> prompt. This may happen, for example, if the tested tool can filter output through a pager.</para> <para>These fail-safe patterns (like the debugging log itself) are primarily useful while developing test scripts. Use the <command>error</command> procedure to make the actions for fail-safe patterns produce messages starting with <emphasis>ERROR</emphasis> on standard output, and in the detailed log file.</para></listitem> </itemizedlist> </sect3> </sect2> </sect1> <sect1 id="Customizing" xreflabel="Customizing DejaGnu"> <title>Customizing &dj;</title> <para>The site configuration file, <filename>site.exp</filename>, captures configuration-dependent values and propagates them to the &dj; test environment using Tcl variables. This ties the &dj; test scripts into the <command>configure</command> and <command>make</command> programs. If this file is setup correctly, it is possible to execute a testsuite merely by typing <command>runtest</command>.</para> <para>&dj; supports two <filename>site.exp</filename> files. The multiple instances of <filename>site.exp</filename> are loaded in a fixed order built into &dj;. The first file loaded is the local file <filename>site.exp</filename>, and then the optional global <filename>site.exp</filename> file as pointed to by the <symbol>DEJAGNU</symbol> environment variable.</para> <para>There is an optional <emphasis>master</emphasis> <filename>site.exp</filename>, capturing configuration values that apply to &dj; across the board, in each configuration-specific subdirectory of the &dj; library directory. <command>runtest</command> loads these values first. The master <filename>site.exp</filename> contains the default values for all targets and hosts supported by &dj;. This master file is identified by setting the environment variable <symbol>DEJAGNU</symbol> to the name of the file. This is also referred to as the ``global'' config file.</para> <para>Any directory containing a configured testsuite also has a local <filename>site.exp</filename>, capturing configuration values specific to the tool under test. Since <command>runtest</command> loads these values last, the individual test configuration can either rely on and use, or override, any of the global values from the global <filename>site.exp</filename> file.</para> <para>You can usually generate or update the testsuite's local <filename>site.exp</filename> by typing <command>make site.exp</command> in the testsuite directory, after the test suite is configured.</para> <para>You can also have a file in your home directory called <filename>.dejagnurc</filename>. This gets loaded first before the other config files. Usually this is used for personal stuff, like setting the <symbol>all_flag</symbol> so all the output gets printed, or your own verbosity levels. This file is usually restricted to setting command line options.</para> <para>You can further override the default values in a user-editable section of any <filename>site.exp</filename>, or by setting variables on the <command>runtest</command> command line.</para> <sect2 id="local" xreflabel="Local Config File"> <title>Local Config File</title> <para>It is usually more convenient to keep these <emphasis>manual overrides</emphasis> in the <filename>site.exp</filename> local to each test directory, rather than in the global <filename>site.exp</filename> in the installed &dj; library. This file is mostly for supplying tool specific info that is required by the testsuite.</para> <para>All local <filename>site.exp</filename> files have two sections, separated by comment text. The first section is the part that is generated by <command>make</command>. It is essentially a collection of Tcl variable definitions based on <filename>Makefile</filename> environment variables. Since they are generated by <command>make</command>, they contain the values as specified by <command>configure</command>. (You can also customize these values by using the <option>--site</option> option to <command>configure</command>.) In particular, this section contains the <filename>Makefile</filename> variables for host and target configuration data. Do not edit this first section; if you do, your changes are replaced next time you run <command>make</command>.</para> <example> <title>The first section starts with</title> <programlisting> ## these variables are automatically generated by make ## # Do not edit here. If you wish to override these values # add them to the last section </programlisting> </example> <para>In the second section, you can override any default values (locally to &dj;) for all the variables. The second section can also contain your preferred defaults for all the command line options to <command>runtest</command>. This allows you to easily customize <command>runtest</command> for your preferences in each configured test-suite tree, so that you need not type options repeatedly on the command line. (The second section may also be empty, if you do not wish to override any defaults.)</para> <example> <title>The first section ends with this line</title> <programlisting> ## All variables above are generated by configure. Do Not Edit ## </programlisting> </example> <para>You can make any changes under this line. If you wish to redefine a variable in the top section, then just put a duplicate value in this second section. Usually the values defined in this config file are related to the configuration of the test run. This is the ideal place to set the variables <symbol>host_triplet</symbol>, <symbol>build_triplet</symbol>, <symbol>target_triplet</symbol>. All other variables are tool dependent, i.e., for testing a compiler, the value for <symbol>CC</symbol> might be set to a freshly built binary, as opposed to one in the user's path.</para> <para>Here's an example local site.exp file, as used for <productname>GCC/G++</productname> testing.</para> <example> <title>Local Config File</title> <programlisting> ## these variables are automatically generated by make ## # Do not edit here. If you wish to override these values # add them to the last section set rootme "/build/devo-builds/i586-pc-linux-gnulibc1/gcc" set host_triplet i586-pc-linux-gnulibc1 set build_triplet i586-pc-linux-gnulibc1 set target_triplet i586-pc-linux-gnulibc1 set target_alias i586-pc-linux-gnulibc1 set CFLAGS "" set CXXFLAGS "-isystem /build/devo-builds/i586-pc-linux-gnulibc1/gcc/../libio -isystem $srcdir/../libg++/src -isystem $srcdir/../libio -isystem $srcdir/../libstdc++ -isystem $srcdir/../libstdc++/stl -L/build/devo-builds/i586-pc-linux-gnulibc1/gcc/../libg++ -L/build/devo-builds/i586-pc-linux-gnulibc1/gcc/../libstdc++" append LDFLAGS " -L/build/devo-builds/i586-pc-linux-gnulibc1/gcc/../ld" set tmpdir /build/devo-builds/i586-pc-linux-gnulibc1/gcc/testsuite set srcdir "${srcdir}/testsuite" ## All variables above are generated by configure. Do Not Edit ## </programlisting> </example> <para>This file defines the required fields for a local config file, namely the three config triplets, and the srcdir. It also defines several other Tcl variables that are used exclusively by the GCC testsuite. For most test cases, the CXXFLAGS and LDFLAGS are supplied by &dj; itself for cross testing, but to test a compiler, GCC needs to manipulate these itself.</para> </sect2> <sect2 id="global" xreflabel="Global Config File"> <title>Global Config File</title> <para>The master config file is where all the target specific config variables for a whole site get set. The idea is that for a centralized testing lab where people have to share a target between multiple developers. There are settings for both remote targets and remote hosts. Here's an example of a Master Config File (also called the Global config file) for a <emphasis>Canadian cross</emphasis>. A Canadian cross is when you build and test a cross compiler on a machine other than the one it's to be hosted on.</para> <para>Here we have the config settings for our California office. Note that all config values are site dependent. Here we have two sets of values that we use for testing m68k-aout cross compilers. As both of these target boards has a different debugging protocol, we test on both of them in sequence.</para> <example> <title>Global Config file</title> <programlisting> # Make sure we look in the right place for the board description files. if ![info exists boards_dir] { set boards_dir {} } lappend boards_dir "/nfs/cygint/s1/cygnus/dejagnu/boards" verbose "Global Config File: target_triplet is $target_triplet" 2 global target_list case "$target_triplet" in { { "native" } { set target_list "unix" } { "sparc64-*elf" } { set target_list "sparc64-sim" } { "mips-*elf" } { set target_list "mips-sim wilma barney" } { "mips-lsi-elf" } { set target_list "mips-lsi-sim{,soft-float,el}" } { "sh-*hms" } { set target_list { "sh-hms-sim" "bloozy" } } } </programlisting> </example> <para>In this case, we have support for several cross compilers, that all run on this host. For testing on operating systems that don't support Expect, &dj; can be run on the local build machine, and it can connect to the remote host and run all the tests for this cross compiler on that host. All the remote OS requires is a working Telnet server.</para> <para>As you can see, all one does is set the variable <symbol>target_list</symbol> to the list of targets and options to test. The simple settings, like for <emphasis>sparc64-elf</emphasis> only require setting the name of the single board config file. The <emphasis>mips-elf</emphasis> target is more complicated. Here it sets the list to three target boards. One is the default mips target, and both <emphasis>wilma</emphasis> <emphasis>barney</emphasis> are symbolic names for other mips boards. Symbolic names are covered in the <xref linkend="addboard"/> chapter. The more complicated example is the one for <emphasis>mips-lsi-elf</emphasis>. This one runs the tests with multiple iterations using all possible combinations of the <option>--soft-float</option> and the <option>--el</option> (little endian) option. Needless to say, this last feature is mostly compiler specific.</para> </sect2> <sect2 id="boardconfig" xreflabel="Board Config File"> <title>Board Config File</title> <para>The board config file is where board specific config data is stored. A board config file contains all the higher-level configuration settings. There is a rough inheritance scheme, where it is possible to base a new board description file on an existing one. There are also collections of custom procedures for common environments. For more information on adding a new board config file, go to the <xref linkend="addboard"/> chapter. </para> <para>An example board config file for a GNU simulator is as follows. <function>set_board_info</function> is a procedure that sets the field name to the specified value. The procedures in square brackets <emphasis>[]</emphasis> are <emphasis>helper procedures</emphasis>. These are used to find parts of a tool chain required to build an executable image that may reside in various locations. This is mostly of use for when the startup code, the standard C libraries, or the tool chain itself is part of your build tree.</para> <example> <title>Board Config File</title> <programlisting> # This is a list of toolchains that are supported on this board. set_board_info target_install {sparc64-elf} # Load the generic configuration for this board. This will define any # routines needed by the tool to communicate with the board. load_generic_config "sim" # We need this for find_gcc and *_include_flags/*_link_flags. load_base_board_description "basic-sim" # Use long64 by default. process_multilib_options "long64" setup_sim sparc64 # We only support newlib on this target. We assume that all multilib # options have been specified before we get here. set_board_info compiler "[find_gcc]" set_board_info cflags "[libgloss_include_flags] [newlib_include_flags]" set_board_info ldflags "[libgloss_link_flags] [newlib_link_flags]" # No linker script. set_board_info ldscript ""; # Used by a few gcc.c-torture testcases to delimit how large the # stack can be. set_board_info gcc,stack_size 16384 # The simulator doesn't return exit statuses and we need to indicate this # the standard GCC wrapper will work with this target. set_board_info needs_status_wrapper 1 # We can't pass arguments to programs. set_board_info noargs 1 </programlisting> </example> <para>There are five helper procedures used in this example. The first one, <function>find gcc</function> looks for a copy of the GNU compiler in your build tree, or it uses the one in your path. This will also return the proper transformed name for a cross compiler if you whole build tree is configured for one. The next helper procedures are <function>libgloss_include_flags</function> & <function>libgloss_link_flags</function>. These return the proper flags to compiler and link an executable image using <xref linkend="libgloss"/>, the GNU BSP (Board Support Package). The final procedures are <function>newlib_include_flag</function> & <function>newlib_include_flag</function>. These find the Newlib C library, which is a reentrant standard C library for embedded systems comprising of non GPL'd code.</para> </sect2> <sect2 id="releng" xreflabel="Remote Host Testing"> <title>Remote Host Testing</title> <note><para>Thanks to DJ Delorie for the original paper that this section is based on.</para></note> <para>&dj; also supports running the tests on a remote host. To set this up, the remote host needs an FTP server, and a telnet server. Currently foreign operating systems used as remote hosts are VxWorks, VRTX, DOS/Windows 3.1, MacOS and Windows.</para> <para>The recommended source for a Windows-based FTP server is to get IIS (either IIS 1 or Personal Web Server) from <ulink url="http://www.microsoft.com">http://www.microsoft.com</ulink>. When you install it, make sure you install the FTP server - it's not selected by default. Go into the IIS manager and change the FTP server so that it does not allow anonymous FTP. Set the home directory to the root directory (i.e. c:\) of a suitable drive. Allow writing via FTP.</para> <para>It will create an account like IUSR_FOOBAR where foobar is the name of your machine. Go into the user editor and give that account a password that you don't mind hanging around in the clear (i.e. not the same as your admin or personal passwords). Also, add it to all the various permission groups.</para> <para>You'll also need a telnet server. For Windows, go to the <ulink url="http://ataman.com">Ataman</ulink> web site, pick up the Ataman Remote Logon Services for Windows, and install it. You can get started on the eval period anyway. Add IUSR_FOOBAR to the list of allowed users, set the HOME directory to be the same as the FTP default directory. Change the Mode prompt to simple.</para> <para>Ok, now you need to pick a directory name to do all the testing in. For the sake of this example, we'll call it piggy (i.e. c:\piggy). Create this directory.</para> <para>You'll need a unix machine. Create a directory for the scripts you'll need. For this example, we'll use /usr/local/swamp/testing. You'll need to have a source tree somewhere, say /usr/src/devo. Now, copy some files from releng's area in SV to your machine:</para> <example> <title>Remote host setup</title> <screen> cd /usr/local/swamp/testing mkdir boards scp darkstar.welcomehome.org:/dejagnu/cst/bin/MkTestDir . scp darkstar.welcomehome.org:/dejagnu/site.exp . scp darkstar.welcomehome.org:/dejagnu/boards/useless98r2.exp boards/foobar.exp export DEJAGNU=/usr/local/swamp/testing/site.exp </screen> </example> <para>You must edit the boards/foobar.exp file to reflect your machine; change the hostname (foobar.com), username (iusr_foobar), password, and ftp_directory (c:/piggy) to match what you selected.</para> <para>Edit the global <filename> site.exp</filename> to reflect your boards directory:</para> <example> <title>Add The Board Directory</title> <programlisting> lappend boards_dir "/usr/local/swamp/testing/boards" </programlisting> </example> <para>Now run MkTestDir, which is in the contrib directory. The first parameter is the toolchain prefix, the second is the location of your devo tree. If you are testing a cross compiler (ex: you have sh-hms-gcc.exe in your PATH on the PC), do something like this:</para> <example> <title>Setup Cross Remote Testing</title> <programlisting> ./MkTestDir sh-hms /usr/dejagnu/src/devo </programlisting> </example> <para>If you are testing a native PC compiler (ex: you have gcc.exe in your PATH on the PC), do this:</para> <example> <title>Setup Native Remote Testing</title> <programlisting> ./MkTestDir '' /usr/dejagnu/src/devo </programlisting> </example> <para>To test the setup, <command>ftp</command> to your PC using the username (iusr_foobar) and password you selected. CD to the test directory. Upload a file to the PC. Now telnet to your PC using the same username and password. CD to the test directory. Make sure the file is there. Type "set" and/or "gcc -v" (or sh-hms-gcc -v) and make sure the default PATH contains the installation you want to test.</para> <example> <title>Run Test Remotely</title> <programlisting> cd /usr/local/swamp/testing make -k -w check RUNTESTFLAGS="--host_board foobar --target_board foobar -v -v" > check.out 2>&1 </programlisting> </example> <para>To run a specific test, use a command like this (for this example, you'd run this from the gcc directory that MkTestDir created):</para> <example> <title>Run a Test Remotely</title> <programlisting> make check RUNTESTFLAGS="--host_board sloth --target_board sloth -v compile.exp=921202-1.c" </programlisting> </example> <para>Note: if you are testing a cross-compiler, put in the correct target board. You'll also have to download more .exp files and modify them for your local configuration. The -v's are optional.</para> </sect2> <sect2 id="configfile" xreflabel="Config File Values"> <title>Config File Values</title> <para>&dj; uses a named array in Tcl to hold all the info for each machine. In the case of a Canadian cross, this means host information as well as target information. The named array is called <symbol>target_info</symbol>, and it has two indices. The following fields are part of the array.</para> <sect3 id="optiondefs" xreflabel="Option Variables"> <title>Command Line Option Variables</title> <para>In the user editable second section of the <xref linkend="personal"/> you can not only override the configuration variables captured in the first section, but also specify default values for all on the <command>runtest</command> command line options. Save for <option>--debug</option>, <option>--help</option>, and <option>--version</option>, each command line option has an associated Tcl variable. Use the Tcl <command>set</command> command to specify a new default value (as for the configuration variables). The following table describes the correspondence between command line options and variables you can set in <filename>site.exp</filename>. <xref linkend="invoking"/>, for explanations of the command-line options.</para> <table frame="all" rowsep="0" colsep="0"> <title>Tcl Variables For Command Line Options</title> <tgroup cols="3" align="char" rowsep="1" colsep="0"> <thead><row> <entry>runtest option</entry> <entry>Tcl variable</entry> <entry>description</entry> </row></thead> <tbody> <row> <entry>--all</entry> <entry>all_flag</entry> <entry>display all test results if set</entry> </row> <row> <entry>--baud</entry> <entry>baud</entry> <entry>set the default baud rate to something other than 9600.</entry> </row> <row> <entry>--connect</entry> <entry>connectmode</entry> <entry><command>rlogin</command>, <command>telnet</command>, <command>rsh</command>, <command>kermit</command>, <command>tip</command>, or <command>mondfe</command></entry> </row> <row> <entry>--outdir</entry> <entry>outdir</entry> <entry>directory for <filename>tool.sum</filename> and <filename>tool.log.</filename></entry> </row> <row> <entry>--objdir</entry> <entry>objdir</entry> <entry>directory for pre-compiled binaries</entry> </row> <row> <entry>--reboot</entry> <entry>reboot</entry> <entry>reboot the target if set to <emphasis>"1"</emphasis>; do not reboot if set to <emphasis>"0"</emphasis> (the default).</entry> </row> <row> <entry>--srcdir</entry> <entry>srcdir</entry> <entry>directory of test subdirectories</entry> </row> <row> <entry>--strace</entry> <entry>tracelevel</entry> <entry>a number: Tcl trace depth</entry> </row> <row> <entry>--tool</entry> <entry>tool</entry> <entry>name of tool to test; identifies init, test subdir</entry> </row> <row> <entry>--verbose</entry> <entry>verbose</entry> <entry>verbosity level. As option, use multiple times; as variable, set a number, 0 or greater.</entry> </row> <row> <entry>--target</entry> <entry>target_triplet</entry> <entry>The canonical configuration string for the target.</entry> </row> <row> <entry>--host</entry> <entry>host_triplet</entry> <entry>The canonical configuration string for the host.</entry> </row> <row> <entry>--build</entry> <entry>build_triplet</entry> <entry>The canonical configuration string for the build host.</entry> </row> <row> <entry>--mail</entry> <entry>address</entry> <entry>Email the output log to the specified address.</entry> </row> </tbody> </tgroup> </table> </sect3> <sect3 id="personal" xreflabel="Personal Config File"> <title>Personal Config File</title> <para>The personal config file is used to customize <command>runtest's</command> behaviour for each person. It is typically used to set the user preferred setting for verbosity, and any experimental Tcl procedures. My personal <filename>~/.dejagnurc</filename> file looks like:</para> <example> <title>Personal Config File</title> <programlisting> set all_flag 1 set RLOGIN /usr/ucb/rlogin set RSH /usr/local/sbin/ssh </programlisting> </example> <para>Here I set <symbol>all_flag</symbol> so I see all the test cases that PASS along with the ones that FAIL. I also set <symbol>RLOGIN</symbol> to the BSD version. I have <productname>Kerberos</productname> installed, and when I rlogin to a target board, it usually isn't supported. So I use the non secure version rather than the default that's in my path. I also set <symbol>RSH</symbol> to the <productname>SSH</productname> secure shell, as rsh is mostly used to test unix machines within a local network here.</para> </sect3> </sect2> </sect1> <sect1 id="Extending" xreflabel="Extending DejaGnu"> <title>Extending &dj;</title> <sect2 id="addsuite" xreflabel="Adding a new Testsuite"> <title>Adding A New Testsuite</title> <para>The testsuite for a new tool should always be located in that tools source directory. &dj; require the directory be named <filename>testsuite</filename>. Under this directory, the test cases go in a subdirectory whose name begins with the tool name. For example, for a tool named <emphasis>flubber</emphasis>, each subdirectory containing testsuites must start with <emphasis>"flubber."</emphasis>.</para> </sect2> <sect2 id="addtool" xreflabel="Adding A New Tool"> <title>Adding A New Tool</title> <para>In general, the best way to learn how to write (code or even prose) is to read something similar. This principle applies to test cases and to testsuites. Unfortunately, well-established testsuites have a way of developing their own conventions: as test writers become more experienced with &dj; and with Tcl, they accumulate more utilities, and take advantage of more and more features of <productname>Expect</productname> and <productname>Tcl</productname> in general.</para> <para>Inspecting such established testsuites may make the prospect of creating an entirely new testsuite appear overwhelming. Nevertheless, it is quite straightforward to get a new testsuite going.</para> <para>There is one testsuite that is guaranteed not to grow more elaborate over time: both it and the tool it tests were created expressly to illustrate what it takes to get started with &dj;. The <filename>example/</filename> directory of the &dj; distribution contains both an interactive tool called <command>calc</command>, and a testsuite for it. Reading this testsuite, and experimenting with it, is a good way to supplement the information in this section. (Thanks to Robert Lupton for creating calc and its testsuite---and also the first version of this section of the manual!)</para> <para>To help orient you further in this task, here is an outline of the steps to begin building a testsuite for a program example.</para> <itemizedlist mark="bullet"> <listitem><para>Create or select a directory to contain your new collection of tests. Change into that directory (shown here as <filename>testsuite</filename>):</para> <para>Create a <filename>configure.in</filename> file in this directory, to control configuration-dependent choices for your tests. So far as &dj; is concerned, the important thing is to set a value for the variable <symbol>target_abbrev</symbol>; this value is the link to the init file you will write soon. (For simplicity, we assume the environment is Unix, and use <emphasis>unix</emphasis> as the value.)</para> <para>What else is needed in <filename>configure.in</filename> depends on the requirements of your tool, your intended test environments, and which configure system you use. This example is a minimal configure.in for use with <productname>GNU Autoconf</productname>. </para></listitem> <listitem><para>Create <filename>Makefile.in</filename> (if you are using Autoconf), or <filename>Makefile.am</filename>(if you are using Automake), the source file used by configure to build your <filename>Makefile</filename>. If you are using GNU Automake.just add the keyword <emphasis>dejagnu</emphasis> to the <emphasis>AUTOMAKE_OPTIONS</emphasis> variable in your <filename>Makefile.am</filename> file. This will add all the Makefile support needed to run &dj;, and support the <xref linkend="makecheck"/> target.</para> <para>You also need to include two targets important to &dj;: <emphasis>check</emphasis>, to run the tests, and <emphasis>site.exp</emphasis>, to set up the Tcl copies of configuration-dependent values. This is called the <xref linkend="local"/> The check target must run the <command>runtest</command> program to execute the tests.</para> <para>The <filename>site.exp</filename> target should usually set up (among other things) the $tool variable for the name of your program. If the local site.exp file is setup correctly, it is possible to execute the tests by merely typing <command>runtest</command> on the command line.</para> <example> <title>Sample Makefile.in Fragment</title> <programlisting> # Look for a local version of &dj;, otherwise use one in the path RUNTEST = `if test -f $(top_srcdir)/../dejagnu/runtest; then \ echo $(top_srcdir) ../dejagnu/runtest; \ else \ echo runtest; \ fi` # The flags to pass to runtest RUNTESTFLAGS = # Execute the tests check: site.exp all $(RUNTEST) $(RUNTESTFLAGS) \ --tool <symbol>${example}</symbol> --srcdir $(srcdir) # Make the local config file site.exp: ./config.status Makefile @echo "Making a new config file..." -@rm -f ./tmp? @touch site.exp -@mv site.exp site.bak @echo "## these variables are automatically\ generated by make ##" > ./tmp0 @echo "# Do not edit here. If you wish to\ override these values" >> ./tmp0 @echo "# add them to the last section" >> ./tmp0 @echo "set host_os ${host_os}" >> ./tmp0 @echo "set host_alias ${host_alias}" >> ./tmp0 @echo "set host_cpu ${host_cpu}" >> ./tmp0 @echo "set host_vendor ${host_vendor}" >> ./tmp0 @echo "set target_os ${target_os}" >> ./tmp0 @echo "set target_alias ${target_alias}" >> ./tmp0 @echo "set target_cpu ${target_cpu}" >> ./tmp0 @echo "set target_vendor ${target_vendor}" >> ./tmp0 @echo "set host_triplet ${host_canonical}" >> ./tmp0 @echo "set target_triplet ${target_canonical}">>./tmp0 @echo "set tool binutils" >> ./tmp0 @echo "set srcdir ${srcdir}" >> ./tmp0 @echo "set objdir `pwd`" >> ./tmp0 @echo "set <symbol>${examplename}</symbol> <symbol>${example}</symbol>" >> ./tmp0 @echo "## All variables above are generated by\ configure. Do Not Edit ##" >> ./tmp0 @cat ./tmp0 > site.exp @sed < site.bak \ -e '1,/^## All variables above are.*##/ d' \ >> site.exp -@rm -f ./tmp? </programlisting> </example> </listitem> <listitem><para>Create a directory (in <filename>testsuite</filename>) called <filename>config</filename>. Make a <emphasis>Tool Init File</emphasis> in this directory. Its name must start with the <symbol>target_abbrev</symbol> value, or be named <filename>default.exp</filename> so call it <filename>config/unix.exp</filename> for our Unix based example. This is the file that contains the target-dependent procedures. Fortunately, on Unix, most of them do not have to do very much in order for <command>runtest</command> to run.</para> <para>If the program being tested is not interactive, you can get away with this minimal <filename>unix.exp</filename> to begin with:</para> <example> <title>Simple Batch Program Tool Init File</title> <programlisting> proc foo_exit {} {} proc foo_version {} {} </programlisting> </example> <para>If the program being tested is interactive, however, you might as well define a <emphasis>start</emphasis> routine and invoke it by using an init file like this:</para> <example> <title>Simple Interactive Program Tool Init File</title> <programlisting> proc foo_exit {} {} proc foo_version {} {} proc foo_start {} { global ${examplename} spawn ${examplename} expect { -re "" {} } } # Start the program running we want to test foo_start </programlisting> </example> </listitem> <listitem><para>Create a directory whose name begins with your tool's name, to contain tests. For example, if your tool's name is <emphasis>gcc</emphasis>, then the directories all need to start with <emphasis>"gcc."</emphasis>.</para></listitem> <listitem><para>Create a sample test file. Its name must end with <filename>.exp</filename>. You can use <filename>first-try.exp</filename>. To begin with, just write there a line of Tcl code to issue a message.</para> <example> <title>Testing A New Tool Config</title> <programlisting> send_user "Testing: one, two...\n" </programlisting> </example> </listitem> <listitem><para>Back in the <filename>testsuite</filename> (top level) directory, run <command>configure</command>. Typically you do this while in the build directory. You may have to specify more of a path, if a suitable configure is not available in your execution path.</para></listitem> <listitem><para>You are now ready to triumphantly type <command>make check</command> or <command>runtest</command>. You should see something like this:</para> <example> <title>Example Test Case Run</title> <screen> Test Run By rhl on Fri Jan 29 16:25:44 EST 1993 === example tests === Running ./example.0/first-try.exp ... Testing: one, two... === example Summary === </screen> </example> <para>There is no output in the summary, because so far the example does not call any of the procedures that establish a test outcome.</para></listitem> <listitem><para>Write some real tests. For an interactive tool, you should probably write a real exit routine in fairly short order. In any case, you should also write a real version routine soon. </para></listitem> </itemizedlist> </sect2> <sect2 id="addtarget" xreflabel="Adding A New Target"> <title>Adding A New Target</title> <para>&dj; has some additional requirements for target support, beyond the general-purpose provisions of configure. &dj; must actively communicate with the target, rather than simply generating or managing code for the target architecture. Therefore, each tool requires an initialization module for each target. For new targets, you must supply a few Tcl procedures to adapt &dj; to the target. This permits &dj; itself to remain target independent.</para> <para>Usually the best way to write a new initialization module is to edit an existing initialization module; some trial and error will be required. If necessary, you can use the @samp{--debug} option to see what is really going on.</para> <para>When you code an initialization module, be generous in printing information controlled by the <function>verbose</function> procedure.</para> <para>For cross targets, most of the work is in getting the communications right. Communications code (for several situations involving IP networks or serial lines) is available in a &dj; library file.</para> <para>If you suspect a communication problem, try running the connection interactively from <productname>Expect</productname>. (There are three ways of running <productname>Expect</productname> as an interactive interpreter. You can run <productname>Expect</productname> with no arguments, and control it completely interactively; or you can use <command>expect -i</command> together with other command-line options and arguments; or you can run the command <command>interpreter</command> from any <productname>Expect</productname> procedure. Use <command>return</command> to get back to the calling procedure (if any), or <command>return -tcl</command> to make the calling procedure itself return to its caller; use <command>exit</command> or end-of-file to leave Expect altogether.) Run the program whose name is recorded in <symbol>$connectmode</symbol>, with the arguments in <symbol>$targetname</symbol>, to establish a connection. You should at least be able to get a prompt from any target that is physically connected.</para> </sect2> <sect2 id="addboard" xreflabel="Adding A New Board"> <title>Adding A New Board</title> <para>Adding a new board consists of creating a new board config file. Examples are in <filename>dejagnu/baseboards</filename>. Usually to make a new board file, it's easiest to copy an existing one. It is also possible to have your file be based on a <emphasis>baseboard</emphasis> file with only one or two changes needed. Typically, this can be as simple as just changing the linker script. Once the new baseboard file is done, add it to the <symbol>boards_DATA</symbol> list in the <filename>dejagnu/baseboards/Makefile.am</filename>, and regenerate the Makefile.in using automake. Then just rebuild and install &dj;. You can test it by:</para> <para>There is a crude inheritance scheme going on with board files, so you can include one board file into another, The two main procedures used to do this are <function>load_generic_config</function> and <function>load_base_board_description</function>. The generic config file contains other procedures used for a certain class of target. The board description file is where the board specific settings go. Commonly there are similar target environments with just different processors.</para> <example> <title>Testing a New Board Config File</title> <screen> make check RUNTESTFLAGS="--target_board=<emphasis>newboardfile</emphasis>". </screen> </example> <para>Here's an example of a board config file. There are several <emphasis>helper procedures</emphasis> used in this example. A helper procedure is one that look for a tool of files in commonly installed locations. These are mostly used when testing in the build tree, because the executables to be tested are in the same tree as the new dejagnu files. The helper procedures are the ones in square braces <emphasis>[]</emphasis>, which is the Tcl execution characters.</para> <example> <title>Example Board Config File</title> <programlisting> # Load the generic configuration for this board. This will define a basic # set of routines needed by the tool to communicate with the board. load_generic_config "sim" # basic-sim.exp is a basic description for the standard Cygnus simulator. load_base_board_description "basic-sim" # The compiler used to build for this board. This has *nothing* to do # with what compiler is tested if we're testing gcc. set_board_info compiler "[find_gcc]" # We only support newlib on this target. # However, we include libgloss so we can find the linker scripts. set_board_info cflags "[newlib_include_flags] [libgloss_include_flags]" set_board_info ldflags "[newlib_link_flags]" # No linker script for this board. set_board_info ldscript "-Tsim.ld"; # The simulator doesn't return exit statuses and we need to indicate this. set_board_info needs_status_wrapper 1 # Can't pass arguments to this target. set_board_info noargs 1 # No signals. set_board_info gdb,nosignals 1 # And it can't call functions. set_board_info gdb,cannot_call_functions 1 </programlisting> </example> </sect2> <sect2 id="boarddefs" xreflabel="Board File Values"> <title>Board Config File Values</title> <para>These fields are all in the <symbol>board_info</symbol> These are all set by using the <function>set_board_info</function> procedure. The parameters are the field name, followed by the value to set the field to.</para> <table frame="all" rowsep="0" colsep="0"> <title>Common Board Info Fields</title> <tgroup cols="3" align="char" rowsep="1" colsep="0"> <thead><row> <entry>Field</entry> <entry>Sample Value</entry> <entry>Description</entry> </row></thead> <tbody> <row> <entry>compiler</entry> <entry>"[find_gcc]"</entry> <entry>The path to the compiler to use.</entry> </row> <row> <entry>cflags</entry> <entry>"-mca"</entry> <entry>Compilation flags for the compiler.</entry> </row> <row> <entry>ldflags</entry> <entry>"[libgloss_link_flags] [newlib_link_flags]"</entry> <entry>Linking flags for the compiler.</entry> </row> <row> <entry>ldscript</entry> <entry>"-Wl,-Tidt.ld"</entry> <entry>The linker script to use when cross compiling.</entry> </row> <row> <entry>libs</entry> <entry>"-lgcc"</entry> <entry>Any additional libraries to link in.</entry> </row> <row> <entry>shell_prompt</entry> <entry>"cygmon>"</entry> <entry>The command prompt of the remote shell.</entry> </row> <row> <entry>hex_startaddr</entry> <entry>"0xa0020000"</entry> <entry>The Starting address as a string.</entry> </row> <row> <entry>start_addr</entry> <entry>0xa0008000</entry> <entry>The starting address as a value.</entry> </row> <row> <entry>startaddr</entry> <entry>"a0020000"</entry> <entry></entry> </row> <row> <entry>exit_statuses_bad</entry> <entry>1</entry> <entry>Whether there is an accurate exit status.</entry> </row> <row> <entry>reboot_delay</entry> <entry>10</entry> <entry>The delay between power off and power on.</entry> </row> <row> <entry>unreliable</entry> <entry>1</entry> <entry>Whether communication with the board is unreliable.</entry> </row> <row> <entry>sim</entry> <entry>[find_sim]</entry> <entry>The path to the simulator to use.</entry> </row> <row> <entry>objcopy</entry> <entry>$tempfil</entry> <entry>The path to the <command>objcopy</command> program.</entry> </row> <row> <entry>support_libs</entry> <entry>"${prefix_dir}/i386-coff/"</entry> <entry>Support libraries needed for cross compiling.</entry> </row> <row> <entry>addl_link_flags</entry> <entry>"-N"</entry> <entry>Additional link flags, rarely used.</entry> </row> </tbody> </tgroup> </table> <para>These fields are used by the GCC and GDB tests, and are mostly only useful to somewhat trying to debug a new board file for one of these tools. Many of these are used only by a few testcases, and their purpose is esoteric. These are listed with sample values as a guide to better guessing if you need to change any of these.</para> <table frame="all" rowsep="0" colsep="0"> <title>Board Info Fields For GCC & GDB</title> <tgroup cols="3" align="char" rowsep="1" colsep="0"> <thead><row> <entry>Field</entry> <entry>Sample Value</entry> <entry>Description</entry> </row></thead> <tbody> <row> <entry>strip</entry> <entry>$tempfile</entry> <entry>Strip the executable of symbols.</entry> </row> <row> <entry>gdb_load_offset</entry> <entry>"0x40050000"</entry> </row> <row> <entry>gdb_protocol</entry> <entry>"remote"</entry> <entry>The GDB debugging protocol to use.</entry> </row> <row> <entry>gdb_sect_offset</entry> <entry>"0x41000000";</entry> </row> <row> <entry>gdb_stub_ldscript</entry> <entry>"-Wl,-Teva-stub.ld"</entry> <entry>The linker script to use with a GDB stub.</entry> </row> <row> <entry>gdb_init_command</entry> <entry>"set mipsfpu none"</entry> </row> <row> <entry>gdb,cannot_call_functions</entry> <entry>1</entry> <entry>Whether GDB can call functions on the target,</entry> </row> <row> <entry>gdb,noargs</entry> <entry>1</entry> <entry>Whether the target can take command line arguments.</entry> </row> <row> <entry>gdb,nosignals</entry> <entry>1</entry> <entry>Whether there are signals on the target.</entry> </row> <row> <entry>gdb,short_int</entry> <entry>1</entry> </row> <row> <entry>gdb,start_symbol</entry> <entry>"_start";</entry> <entry>The starting symbol in the executable.</entry> </row> <row> <entry>gdb,target_sim_options</entry> <entry>"-sparclite"</entry> <entry>Special options to pass to the simulator.</entry> </row> <row> <entry>gdb,timeout</entry> <entry>540</entry> <entry>Timeout value to use for remote communication.</entry> </row> <row> <entry>gdb_init_command</entry> <entry>"print/x \$fsr = 0x0"</entry> </row> <row> <entry>gdb_load_offset</entry> <entry>"0x12020000"</entry> </row> <row> <entry>gdb_opts</entry> <entry>"--command gdbinit"</entry> </row> <row> <entry>gdb_prompt</entry> <entry>"\$gdb960\$"</entry> <entry>The prompt GDB is using.</entry> </row> <row> <entry>gdb_run_command</entry> <entry>"jump start"</entry> </row> <row> <entry>gdb_stub_offset</entry> <entry>"0x12010000"</entry> </row> <row> <entry>use_gdb_stub</entry> <entry>1</entry> <entry>Whether to use a GDB stub.</entry> </row> <row> <entry>use_vma_offset</entry> <entry>1</entry> </row> <row> <entry>wrap_m68k_aout</entry> <entry>1</entry> </row> <row> <entry>gcc,no_label_values</entry> <entry>1</entry> </row> <row> <entry>gcc,no_trampolines</entry> <entry>1</entry> </row> <row> <entry>gcc,no_varargs</entry> <entry>1</entry> </row> <row> <entry>gcc,stack_size</entry> <entry>16384</entry> <entry>Stack size to use with some GCC testcases.</entry> </row> <row> <entry>ieee_multilib_flags</entry> <entry>"-mieee";</entry> </row> <row> <entry>is_simulator</entry> <entry>1</entry> </row> <row> <entry>needs_status_wrapper</entry> <entry>1</entry> </row> <row> <entry>no_double</entry> <entry>1</entry> </row> <row> <entry>no_long_long</entry> <entry>1</entry> </row> <row> <entry>noargs</entry> <entry>1</entry> </row> <row> <entry>nullstone,lib</entry> <entry>"mips-clock.c"</entry> </row> <row> <entry>nullstone,ticks_per_sec</entry> <entry>3782018</entry> </row> <row> <entry>sys_speed_value</entry> <entry>200</entry> </row> <row> <entry>target_install</entry> <entry>{sh-hms}</entry> </row> </tbody> </tgroup> </table> </sect2> <sect2 id="writing" xreflabel="Writing A Test Case"> <title>Writing A Test Case</title> <para>The easiest way to prepare a new test case is to base it on an existing one for a similar situation. There are two major categories of tests: batch or interactive. Batch oriented tests are usually easier to write.</para> <para>The GCC tests are a good example of batch oriented tests. All GCC tests consist primarily of a call to a single common procedure, since all the tests either have no output, or only have a few warning messages when successfully compiled. Any non-warning output is a test failure. All the C code needed is kept in the test directory. The test driver, written in Tcl, need only get a listing of all the C files in the directory, and compile them all using a generic procedure. This procedure and a few others supporting for these tests are kept in the library module <filename>lib/c-torture.exp</filename> in the GCC test suite. Most tests of this kind use very few <productname>expect</productname> features, and are coded almost purely in Tcl.</para> <para>Writing the complete suite of C tests, then, consisted of these steps:</para> <itemizedlist mark="bullet"> <listitem><para>Copying all the C code into the test directory. These tests were based on the C-torture test created by Torbjorn Granlund (on behalf of the Free Software Foundation) for GCC development.</para></listitem> <listitem><para>Writing (and debugging) the generic Tcl procedures for compilation.</para></listitem> <listitem><para>Writing the simple test driver: its main task is to search the directory (using the Tcl procedure <emphasis>glob</emphasis> for filename expansion with wildcards) and call a Tcl procedure with each filename. It also checks for a few errors from the testing procedure.</para></listitem> </itemizedlist> <para>Testing interactive programs is intrinsically more complex. Tests for most interactive programs require some trial and error before they are complete.</para> <para>However, some interactive programs can be tested in a simple fashion reminiscent of batch tests. For example, prior to the creation of &dj;, the GDB distribution already included a wide-ranging testing procedure. This procedure was very robust, and had already undergone much more debugging and error checking than many recent &dj; test cases. Accordingly, the best approach was simply to encapsulate the existing GDB tests, for reporting purposes. Thereafter, new GDB tests built up a family of Tcl procedures specialized for GDB testing.</para> </sect2> <sect2 id="debugging" xreflabel="Debugging A Test Case"> <title>Debugging A Test Case</title> <para>These are the kinds of debugging information available from &dj;:</para> <itemizedlist mark="bullet"> <listitem><para>Output controlled by test scripts themselves, explicitly allowed for by the test author. This kind of debugging output appears in the detailed output recorded in the &dj; log file. To do the same for new tests, use the <command>verbose</command> procedure (which in turn uses the variable also called <emphasis>verbose</emphasis>) to control how much output to generate. This will make it easier for other people running the test to debug it if necessary. Whenever possible, if <emphasis>$verbose</emphasis> is <emphasis>0</emphasis>, there should be no output other than the output from <emphasis>pass</emphasis>, <emphasis>fail</emphasis>, <emphasis>error</emphasis>, and <emphasis>warning</emphasis>. Then, to whatever extent is appropriate for the particular test, allow successively higher values of <emphasis>$verbose</emphasis> to generate more information. Be kind to other programmers who use your tests: provide for a lot of debugging information.</para></listitem> <listitem><para>Output from the internal debugging functions of Tcl and <productname>Expect</productname>. There is a command line options for each; both forms of debugging output are recorded in the file <filename>dbg.log</filename> in the current directory.</para> <para>Use <option>--debug</option> for information from the expect level; it generates displays of the expect attempts to match the tool output with the patterns specified. This output can be very helpful while developing test scripts, since it shows precisely the characters received. Iterating between the latest attempt at a new test script and the corresponding <filename>dbg.log</filename> can allow you to create the final patterns by ``cut and paste''. This is sometimes the best way to write a test case.</para></listitem> <listitem><para>Use <option>--strace</option> to see more detail at the Tcl level; this shows how Tcl procedure definitions expand, as they execute. The associated number controls the depth of definitions expanded.</para></listitem> <listitem><para>Finally, if the value of <emphasis>verbose</emphasis> is 3 or greater, &dj; turns on the expect command <command>log_user</command>. This command prints all expect actions to the expect standard output, to the detailed log file, and (if <option>--debug</option> is on) to <filename>dbg.log</filename>.</para></listitem> </itemizedlist> </sect2> <sect2 id="adding" xreflabel="Adding A Test Case To A Testsuite"> <title>Adding A Test Case To A Testsuite.</title> <para>There are two slightly different ways to add a test case. One is to add the test case to an existing directory. The other is to create a new directory to hold your test. The existing test directories represent several styles of testing, all of which are slightly different; examine the directories for the tool of interest to see which (if any) is most suitable.</para> <para>Adding a GCC test can be very simple: just add the C code to any directory beginning with <filename>gcc</filename> and it runs on the next: </para> <programlisting>runtest --tool gcc</programlisting> <para>To add a test to GDB, first add any source code you will need to the test directory. Then you can either create a new expect file, or add your test to an existing one (any file with a <emphasis>.exp</emphasis> suffix). Creating a new .exp file is probably a better idea if the test is significantly different from existing tests. Adding it as a separate file also makes upgrading easier. If the C code has to be already compiled before the test will run, then you'll have to add it to the <filename>Makefile.in</filename> file for that test directory, then run <command>configure</command> and <command>make</command>.</para> <para>Adding a test by creating a new directory is very similar:</para> <itemizedlist mark="bullet"> <listitem><para>Create the new directory. All subdirectory names begin with the name of the tool to test; e.g. G++ tests might be in a directory called <filename>g++.other</filename>. There can be multiple test directories that start with the same tool name (such as <emphasis>g++</emphasis>).</para></listitem> <listitem><para>Add the new directory name to the <symbol>configdirs</symbol> definition in the <filename>configure.in</filename> file for the testsuite directory. This way when <command>make</command> and <command>configure</command> next run, they include the new directory.</para></listitem> <listitem><para>Add the new test case to the directory, as above. </para></listitem> <listitem><para>To add support in the new directory for configure and make, you must also create a <filename>Makefile.in</filename> and a <filename>configure.in</filename>.</para></listitem> </itemizedlist> </sect2> <sect2 id="hints" xreflabel="Hints On Writing A Test Case"> <title>Hints On Writing A Test Case</title> <para>It is safest to write patterns that match all the output generated by the tested program; this is called closure. If a pattern does not match the entire output, any output that remains will be examined by the next <command>expect</command> command. In this situation, the precise boundary that determines which <command>expect</command> command sees what is very sensitive to timing between the Expect task and the task running the tested tool. As a result, the test may sometimes appear to work, but is likely to have unpredictable results. (This problem is particularly likely for interactive tools, but can also affect batch tools---especially for tests that take a long time to finish.) The best way to ensure closure is to use the <option>-re</option> option for the <command>expect</command> command to write the pattern as a full regular expressions; then you can match the end of output using a <emphasis>$</emphasis>. It is also a good idea to write patterns that match all available output by using <emphasis>.*\</emphasis> after the text of interest; this will also match any intervening blank lines. Sometimes an alternative is to match end of line using <emphasis>\r</emphasis> or <emphasis>\n</emphasis>, but this is usually too dependent on terminal settings.</para> <para>Always escape punctuation, such as <emphasis>(</emphasis> or <emphasis>"</emphasis>, in your patterns; for example, write <emphasis>\(</emphasis>. If you forget to escape punctuation, you will usually see an error message like:</para> <programlisting>extra characters after close-quote</programlisting> <para>If you have trouble understanding why a pattern does not match the program output, try using the <option>--debug</option> option to <command>runtest</command>, and examine the debug log carefully.</para> <para>Be careful not to neglect output generated by setup rather than by the interesting parts of a test case. For example, while testing GDB, I issue a send <emphasis>set height 0\n</emphasis> command. The purpose is simply to make sure GDB never calls a paging program. The <emphasis>set height</emphasis> command in GDB does not generate any output; but running any command makes GDB issue a new <emphasis>(gdb) </emphasis> prompt. If there were no <command>expect</command> command to match this prompt, the output <emphasis>(gdb) </emphasis> begins the text seen by the next <command>expect</command> command---which might make that pattern fail to match.</para> <para>To preserve basic sanity, I also recommended that no test ever pass if there was any kind of problem in the test case. To take an extreme case, tests that pass even when the tool will not spawn are misleading. Ideally, a test in this sort of situation should not fail either. Instead, print an error message by calling one of the &dj; procedures <command>error</command> or <command>warning</command>.</para> </sect2> <sect2 id="tvariables" xreflabel="Test Case Variables"> <title>Special variables used by test cases.</title> <para>There are special variables used by test cases. These contain other information from &dj;. Your test cases can use these variables, with conventional meanings (as well as the variables saved in <filename>site.exp</filename>. You can use the value of these variables, but they should never be changed.</para> <variablelist> <varlistentry> <term>$prms_id</term> <listitem><para>The tracking system (e.g. GNATS) number identifying a corresponding bugreport. (<emphasis>0</emphasis>} if you do not specify it in the test script.)</para></listitem> </varlistentry> <varlistentry> <term>$item bug_id</term> <listitem><para>An optional bug id; may reflect a bug identification from another organization. (<emphasis>0</emphasis> if you do not specify it.)</para></listitem> </varlistentry> <varlistentry> <term>$subdir</term> <listitem><para>The subdirectory for the current test case.</para></listitem> </varlistentry> <varlistentry> <term>$expect_out(buffer)</term> <listitem><para>The output from the last command. This is an internal variable set by Expect. More information can be found in the Expect manual.</para></listitem> </varlistentry> <varlistentry> <term>$exec_output</term> <listitem><para>This is the output from a <function>${tool}_load</function> command. This only applies to tools like GCC and GAS which produce an object file that must in turn be executed to complete a test.</para></listitem> </varlistentry> <varlistentry> <term>$comp_output</term> <listitem><para>This is the output from a <function>${tool}_start</function> command. This is conventionally used for batch oriented programs, like GCC and GAS, that may produce interesting output (warnings, errors) without further interaction.</para></listitem> </varlistentry> </variablelist> </sect2> </sect1> <sect1 id="unit" xreflabel="Unit Testing"> <title>Unit Testing</title> <sect2 id="unittest" xreflabel="What Is Unit Testing ?"> <title>What Is Unit Testing ?</title> <para>Most regression testing as done by &dj; is system testing. This is the complete application is tested all at once. Unit testing is for testing single files, or small libraries. In this case, each file is linked with a test case in C or C++, and each function or class and method is tested in series, with the test case having to check private data or global variables to see if the function or method worked.</para> <para>This works particularly well for testing APIs and at level where it is easier to debug them, than by needing to trace through the entire application. Also if there is a specification for the API to be tested, the testcase can also function as a compliance test.</para> </sect2> <sect2 id="djh" xreflabel="The dejagnu.h Header File"> <title>The dejagnu.h Header File</title> <para>&dj; uses a single header file to assist in unit testing. As this file also produces its one test state output, it can be run stand-alone, which is very useful for testing on embedded systems. This header file has a C and C++ API for the test states, with simple totals, and standardized output. Because the output has been standardized, &dj; can be made to work with this test case, without writing almost any Tcl. The library module, dejagnu.exp, will look for the output messages, and then merge them into &dj;'s.</para> </sect2> </sect1>


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