// See LICENSE for license details.

#ifndef _RISCV_DECODE_H
#define _RISCV_DECODE_H

#if (-1 != ~0) || ((-1 >> 1) != -1)
# error spike requires a two''s-complement c++ implementation
#endif

#include <algorithm>
#include <cstdint>
#include <string.h>
#include <strings.h>
#include "encoding.h"
#include "config.h"
#include "common.h"
#include "softfloat_types.h"
#include "specialize.h"
#include <cinttypes>

typedef int64_t sreg_t;
typedef uint64_t reg_t;

#ifdef __SIZEOF_INT128__
typedef __int128 int128_t;
typedef unsigned __int128 uint128_t;
#endif

const int NXPR = 32;
const int NFPR = 32;
const int NVPR = 32;
const int NCSR = 4096;

#define X_RA 1
#define X_SP 2

#define VCSR_VXRM_SHIFT 1
#define VCSR_VXRM  (0x3 << VCSR_VXRM_SHIFT)

#define VCSR_VXSAT_SHIFT 0
#define VCSR_VXSAT  (0x1 << VCSR_VXSAT_SHIFT)

#define FP_RD_NE  0
#define FP_RD_0   1
#define FP_RD_DN  2
#define FP_RD_UP  3
#define FP_RD_NMM 4

#define FSR_RD_SHIFT 5
#define FSR_RD   (0x7 << FSR_RD_SHIFT)

#define FPEXC_NX 0x01
#define FPEXC_UF 0x02
#define FPEXC_OF 0x04
#define FPEXC_DZ 0x08
#define FPEXC_NV 0x10

#define FSR_AEXC_SHIFT 0
#define FSR_NVA  (FPEXC_NV << FSR_AEXC_SHIFT)
#define FSR_OFA  (FPEXC_OF << FSR_AEXC_SHIFT)
#define FSR_UFA  (FPEXC_UF << FSR_AEXC_SHIFT)
#define FSR_DZA  (FPEXC_DZ << FSR_AEXC_SHIFT)
#define FSR_NXA  (FPEXC_NX << FSR_AEXC_SHIFT)
#define FSR_AEXC (FSR_NVA | FSR_OFA | FSR_UFA | FSR_DZA | FSR_NXA)

#define insn_length(x) \
  (((x) & 0x03) < 0x03 ? 2 : \
   ((x) & 0x1f) < 0x1f ? 4 : \
   ((x) & 0x3f) < 0x3f ? 6 : \
   ((x) & 0x7f) == 0x7f ? 4 : \
   8)
#define MAX_INSN_LENGTH 8
#define PC_ALIGN 2

typedef uint64_t insn_bits_t;
class insn_t
{
public:
  insn_t() = default;
  insn_t(insn_bits_t bits) : b(bits) {}
  insn_bits_t bits() { return b & ~((UINT64_MAX) << (length() * 8)); }
  int length() { return insn_length(b); }
  int64_t i_imm() { return int64_t(b) >> 20; }
  int64_t shamt() { return x(20, 6); }
  int64_t s_imm() { return x(7, 5) + (xs(25, 7) << 5); }
  int64_t sb_imm() { return (x(8, 4) << 1) + (x(25,6) << 5) + (x(7,1) << 11) + (imm_sign() << 12); }
  int64_t u_imm() { return int64_t(b) >> 12 << 12; }
  int64_t uj_imm() { return (x(21, 10) << 1) + (x(20, 1) << 11) + (x(12, 8) << 12) + (imm_sign() << 20); }
  uint64_t rd() { return x(7, 5); }
  uint64_t rs1() { return x(15, 5); }
  uint64_t rs2() { return x(20, 5); }
  uint64_t rs3() { return x(27, 5); }
  uint64_t rm() { return x(12, 3); }
  uint64_t csr() { return x(20, 12); }
  uint64_t iorw() { return x(20, 8); }
  uint64_t bs  () {return x(30,2);} // Crypto ISE - SM4/AES32 byte select.
  uint64_t rcon() {return x(20,4);} // Crypto ISE - AES64 round const.

  int64_t rvc_imm() { return x(2, 5) + (xs(12, 1) << 5); }
  int64_t rvc_zimm() { return x(2, 5) + (x(12, 1) << 5); }
  int64_t rvc_addi4spn_imm() { return (x(6, 1) << 2) + (x(5, 1) << 3) + (x(11, 2) << 4) + (x(7, 4) << 6); }
  int64_t rvc_addi16sp_imm() { return (x(6, 1) << 4) + (x(2, 1) << 5) + (x(5, 1) << 6) + (x(3, 2) << 7) + (xs(12, 1) << 9); }
  int64_t rvc_lwsp_imm() { return (x(4, 3) << 2) + (x(12, 1) << 5) + (x(2, 2) << 6); }
  int64_t rvc_ldsp_imm() { return (x(5, 2) << 3) + (x(12, 1) << 5) + (x(2, 3) << 6); }
  int64_t rvc_swsp_imm() { return (x(9, 4) << 2) + (x(7, 2) << 6); }
  int64_t rvc_sdsp_imm() { return (x(10, 3) << 3) + (x(7, 3) << 6); }
  int64_t rvc_lw_imm() { return (x(6, 1) << 2) + (x(10, 3) << 3) + (x(5, 1) << 6); }
  int64_t rvc_ld_imm() { return (x(10, 3) << 3) + (x(5, 2) << 6); }
  int64_t rvc_j_imm() { return (x(3, 3) << 1) + (x(11, 1) << 4) + (x(2, 1) << 5) + (x(7, 1) << 6) + (x(6, 1) << 7) + (x(9, 2) << 8) + (x(8, 1) << 10) + (xs(12, 1) << 11); }
  int64_t rvc_b_imm() { return (x(3, 2) << 1) + (x(10, 2) << 3) + (x(2, 1) << 5) + (x(5, 2) << 6) + (xs(12, 1) << 8); }
  int64_t rvc_simm3() { return x(10, 3); }
  uint64_t rvc_rd() { return rd(); }
  uint64_t rvc_rs1() { return rd(); }
  uint64_t rvc_rs2() { return x(2, 5); }
  uint64_t rvc_rs1s() { return 8 + x(7, 3); }
  uint64_t rvc_rs2s() { return 8 + x(2, 3); }

  uint64_t v_vm() { return x(25, 1); }
  uint64_t v_wd() { return x(26, 1); }
  uint64_t v_nf() { return x(29, 3); }
  uint64_t v_simm5() { return xs(15, 5); }
  uint64_t v_zimm5() { return x(15, 5); }
  uint64_t v_zimm10() { return x(20, 10); }
  uint64_t v_zimm11() { return x(20, 11); }
  uint64_t v_lmul() { return x(20, 2); }
  uint64_t v_frac_lmul() { return x(22, 1); }
  uint64_t v_sew() { return 1 << (x(23, 3) + 3); }
  uint64_t v_width() { return x(12, 3); }
  uint64_t v_mop() { return x(26, 2); }
  uint64_t v_lumop() { return x(20, 5); }
  uint64_t v_sumop() { return x(20, 5); }
  uint64_t v_vta() { return x(26, 1); }
  uint64_t v_vma() { return x(27, 1); }
  uint64_t v_mew() { return x(28, 1); }

  uint64_t p_imm2() { return x(20, 2); }
  uint64_t p_imm3() { return x(20, 3); }
  uint64_t p_imm4() { return x(20, 4); }
  uint64_t p_imm5() { return x(20, 5); }
  uint64_t p_imm6() { return x(20, 6); }

private:
  insn_bits_t b;
  uint64_t x(int lo, int len) { return (b >> lo) & ((insn_bits_t(1) << len)-1); }
  uint64_t xs(int lo, int len) { return int64_t(b) << (64-lo-len) >> (64-len); }
  uint64_t imm_sign() { return xs(63, 1); }
};

template <class T, size_t N, bool zero_reg>
class regfile_t
{
public:
  void write(size_t i, T value)
  {
    if (!zero_reg || i != 0)
      data[i] = value;
  }
  const T& operator [] (size_t i) const
  {
    return data[i];
  }
  regfile_t()
  {
    reset();
  }
  void reset()
  {
    memset(data, 0, sizeof(data));
  }
private:
  T data[N];
};

// helpful macros, etc
#define MMU (*p->get_mmu())
#define STATE (*p->get_state())
#define FLEN (p->get_flen())
#define CHECK_REG(reg) ((void) 0)
#define READ_REG(reg) ({ CHECK_REG(reg); STATE.XPR[reg]; })
#define READ_FREG(reg) STATE.FPR[reg]
#define RD READ_REG(insn.rd())
#define RS1 READ_REG(insn.rs1())
#define RS2 READ_REG(insn.rs2())
#define RS3 READ_REG(insn.rs3())
#define WRITE_RD(value) WRITE_REG(insn.rd(), value)

#ifndef RISCV_ENABLE_COMMITLOG
# define WRITE_REG(reg, value) ({ CHECK_REG(reg); STATE.XPR.write(reg, value); })
# define WRITE_FREG(reg, value) DO_WRITE_FREG(reg, freg(value))
# define WRITE_VSTATUS {}
#else
   /* 0 : int
    * 1 : floating
    * 2 : vector reg
    * 3 : vector hint
    * 4 : csr
    */
# define WRITE_REG(reg, value) ({ \
    reg_t wdata = (value); /* value may have side effects */ \
    STATE.log_reg_write[(reg) << 4] = {wdata, 0}; \
    CHECK_REG(reg); \
    STATE.XPR.write(reg, wdata); \
  })
# define WRITE_FREG(reg, value) ({ \
    freg_t wdata = freg(value); /* value may have side effects */ \
    STATE.log_reg_write[((reg) << 4) | 1] = wdata; \
    DO_WRITE_FREG(reg, wdata); \
  })
# define WRITE_VSTATUS STATE.log_reg_write[3] = {0, 0};
#endif

// RVC macros
#define WRITE_RVC_RS1S(value) WRITE_REG(insn.rvc_rs1s(), value)
#define WRITE_RVC_RS2S(value) WRITE_REG(insn.rvc_rs2s(), value)
#define WRITE_RVC_FRS2S(value) WRITE_FREG(insn.rvc_rs2s(), value)
#define RVC_RS1 READ_REG(insn.rvc_rs1())
#define RVC_RS2 READ_REG(insn.rvc_rs2())
#define RVC_RS1S READ_REG(insn.rvc_rs1s())
#define RVC_RS2S READ_REG(insn.rvc_rs2s())
#define RVC_FRS2 READ_FREG(insn.rvc_rs2())
#define RVC_FRS2S READ_FREG(insn.rvc_rs2s())
#define RVC_SP READ_REG(X_SP)

// FPU macros
#define FRS1 READ_FREG(insn.rs1())
#define FRS2 READ_FREG(insn.rs2())
#define FRS3 READ_FREG(insn.rs3())
#define dirty_fp_state  STATE.sstatus->dirty(SSTATUS_FS)
#define dirty_ext_state STATE.sstatus->dirty(SSTATUS_XS)
#define dirty_vs_state  STATE.sstatus->dirty(SSTATUS_VS)
#define DO_WRITE_FREG(reg, value) (STATE.FPR.write(reg, value), dirty_fp_state)
#define WRITE_FRD(value) WRITE_FREG(insn.rd(), value)
 
#define SHAMT (insn.i_imm() & 0x3F)
#define BRANCH_TARGET (pc + insn.sb_imm())
#define JUMP_TARGET (pc + insn.uj_imm())
#define RM ({ int rm = insn.rm(); \
              if(rm == 7) rm = STATE.frm->read(); \
              if(rm > 4) throw trap_illegal_instruction(insn.bits()); \
              rm; })

#define get_field(reg, mask) (((reg) & (decltype(reg))(mask)) / ((mask) & ~((mask) << 1)))
#define set_field(reg, mask, val) (((reg) & ~(decltype(reg))(mask)) | (((decltype(reg))(val) * ((mask) & ~((mask) << 1))) & (decltype(reg))(mask)))

#define require_privilege(p) require(STATE.prv >= (p))
#define require_novirt() if (unlikely(STATE.v)) throw trap_virtual_instruction(insn.bits())
#define require_rv64 require(xlen == 64)
#define require_rv32 require(xlen == 32)
#define require_extension(s) require(p->extension_enabled(s))
#define require_either_extension(A,B) require(p->extension_enabled(A) || p->extension_enabled(B));
#define require_impl(s) require(p->supports_impl(s))
#define require_fp          require(STATE.sstatus->enabled(SSTATUS_FS))
#define require_accelerator require(STATE.sstatus->enabled(SSTATUS_XS))
#define require_vector_vs   require(STATE.sstatus->enabled(SSTATUS_VS))
#define require_vector(alu) \
  do { \
    require_vector_vs; \
    require_extension('V'); \
    require(!P.VU.vill); \
    if (alu && !P.VU.vstart_alu) \
      require(P.VU.vstart->read() == 0);        \
    WRITE_VSTATUS; \
    dirty_vs_state; \
  } while (0);
#define require_vector_novtype(is_log, alu) \
  do {  \
    require_vector_vs; \
    require_extension('V'); \
    if (alu && !P.VU.vstart_alu) \
      require(P.VU.vstart->read() == 0);        \
    if (is_log) \
      WRITE_VSTATUS; \
    dirty_vs_state; \
  } while (0);
#define require_align(val, pos) require(is_aligned(val, pos))
#define require_noover(astart, asize, bstart, bsize) \
  require(!is_overlapped(astart, asize, bstart, bsize))
#define require_noover_widen(astart, asize, bstart, bsize) \
  require(!is_overlapped_widen(astart, asize, bstart, bsize))
#define require_vm do { if (insn.v_vm() == 0) require(insn.rd() != 0);} while(0);

#define set_fp_exceptions ({ if (softfloat_exceptionFlags) { \
                               STATE.fflags->write(STATE.fflags->read() | softfloat_exceptionFlags); \
                             } \
                             softfloat_exceptionFlags = 0; })

#define sext32(x) ((sreg_t)(int32_t)(x))
#define zext32(x) ((reg_t)(uint32_t)(x))
#define sext_xlen(x) (((sreg_t)(x) << (64-xlen)) >> (64-xlen))
#define zext(x, pos) (((reg_t)(x) << (64-(pos))) >> (64-(pos)))
#define zext_xlen(x) zext(x, xlen)

#define set_pc(x) \
  do { p->check_pc_alignment(x); \
       npc = sext_xlen(x); \
     } while(0)

#define set_pc_and_serialize(x) \
  do { reg_t __npc = (x) & p->pc_alignment_mask(); \
       npc = PC_SERIALIZE_AFTER; \
       STATE.pc = __npc; \
     } while(0)

class wait_for_interrupt_t {};

#define wfi() \
  do { set_pc_and_serialize(npc); \
       npc = PC_SERIALIZE_WFI; \
       throw wait_for_interrupt_t(); \
     } while(0)

#define serialize() set_pc_and_serialize(npc)

/* Sentinel PC values to serialize simulator pipeline */
#define PC_SERIALIZE_BEFORE 3
#define PC_SERIALIZE_AFTER 5
#define PC_SERIALIZE_WFI 7
#define invalid_pc(pc) ((pc) & 1)

/* Convenience wrappers to simplify softfloat code sequences */
#define isBoxedF16(r) (isBoxedF32(r) && ((uint64_t)((r.v[0] >> 16) + 1) == ((uint64_t)1 << 48)))
#define unboxF16(r) (isBoxedF16(r) ? (uint16_t)r.v[0] : defaultNaNF16UI)
#define isBoxedF32(r) (isBoxedF64(r) && ((uint32_t)((r.v[0] >> 32) + 1) == 0))
#define unboxF32(r) (isBoxedF32(r) ? (uint32_t)r.v[0] : defaultNaNF32UI)
#define isBoxedF64(r) ((r.v[1] + 1) == 0)
#define unboxF64(r) (isBoxedF64(r) ? r.v[0] : defaultNaNF64UI)
typedef float128_t freg_t;
inline float16_t f16(uint16_t v) { return { v }; }
inline float32_t f32(uint32_t v) { return { v }; }
inline float64_t f64(uint64_t v) { return { v }; }
inline float16_t f16(freg_t r) { return f16(unboxF16(r)); }
inline float32_t f32(freg_t r) { return f32(unboxF32(r)); }
inline float64_t f64(freg_t r) { return f64(unboxF64(r)); }
inline float128_t f128(freg_t r) { return r; }
inline freg_t freg(float16_t f) { return { ((uint64_t)-1 << 16) | f.v, (uint64_t)-1 }; }
inline freg_t freg(float32_t f) { return { ((uint64_t)-1 << 32) | f.v, (uint64_t)-1 }; }
inline freg_t freg(float64_t f) { return { f.v, (uint64_t)-1 }; }
inline freg_t freg(float128_t f) { return f; }
#define F16_SIGN ((uint16_t)1 << 15)
#define F32_SIGN ((uint32_t)1 << 31)
#define F64_SIGN ((uint64_t)1 << 63)
#define fsgnj16(a, b, n, x) \
  f16((f16(a).v & ~F16_SIGN) | ((((x) ? f16(a).v : (n) ? F16_SIGN : 0) ^ f16(b).v) & F16_SIGN))
#define fsgnj32(a, b, n, x) \
  f32((f32(a).v & ~F32_SIGN) | ((((x) ? f32(a).v : (n) ? F32_SIGN : 0) ^ f32(b).v) & F32_SIGN))
#define fsgnj64(a, b, n, x) \
  f64((f64(a).v & ~F64_SIGN) | ((((x) ? f64(a).v : (n) ? F64_SIGN : 0) ^ f64(b).v) & F64_SIGN))

#define isNaNF128(x) isNaNF128UI(x.v[1], x.v[0])
inline float128_t defaultNaNF128()
{
  float128_t nan;
  nan.v[1] = defaultNaNF128UI64;
  nan.v[0] = defaultNaNF128UI0;
  return nan;
}
inline freg_t fsgnj128(freg_t a, freg_t b, bool n, bool x)
{
  a.v[1] = (a.v[1] & ~F64_SIGN) | (((x ? a.v[1] : n ? F64_SIGN : 0) ^ b.v[1]) & F64_SIGN);
  return a;
}
inline freg_t f128_negate(freg_t a)
{
  a.v[1] ^= F64_SIGN;
  return a;
}

#define validate_csr(which, write) ({ \
  if (!STATE.serialized) return PC_SERIALIZE_BEFORE; \
  STATE.serialized = false; \
  /* permissions check occurs in get_csr */ \
  (which); })

/* For debug only. This will fail if the native machine's float types are not IEEE */
inline float to_f(float32_t f){float r; memcpy(&r, &f, sizeof(r)); return r;}
inline double to_f(float64_t f){double r; memcpy(&r, &f, sizeof(r)); return r;}
inline long double to_f(float128_t f){long double r; memcpy(&r, &f, sizeof(r)); return r;}

// Vector macros
#define e8 8      // 8b elements
#define e16 16    // 16b elements
#define e32 32    // 32b elements
#define e64 64    // 64b elements
#define e128 128  // 128b elements
#define e256 256  // 256b elements
#define e512 512  // 512b elements
#define e1024 1024  // 1024b elements

#define vsext(x, sew) (((sreg_t)(x) << (64-sew)) >> (64-sew))
#define vzext(x, sew) (((reg_t)(x) << (64-sew)) >> (64-sew))

#define DEBUG_RVV 0

#if DEBUG_RVV
#define DEBUG_RVV_FP_VV \
  printf("vfp(%lu) vd=%f vs1=%f vs2=%f\n", i, to_f(vd), to_f(vs1), to_f(vs2));
#define DEBUG_RVV_FP_VF \
  printf("vfp(%lu) vd=%f vs1=%f vs2=%f\n", i, to_f(vd), to_f(rs1), to_f(vs2));
#define DEBUG_RVV_FMA_VV \
  printf("vfma(%lu) vd=%f vs1=%f vs2=%f vd_old=%f\n", i, to_f(vd), to_f(vs1), to_f(vs2), to_f(vd_old));
#define DEBUG_RVV_FMA_VF \
  printf("vfma(%lu) vd=%f vs1=%f vs2=%f vd_old=%f\n", i, to_f(vd), to_f(rs1), to_f(vs2), to_f(vd_old));
#else
#define DEBUG_RVV_FP_VV 0
#define DEBUG_RVV_FP_VF 0
#define DEBUG_RVV_FMA_VV 0
#define DEBUG_RVV_FMA_VF 0
#endif

//
// vector: masking skip helper
//
#define VI_MASK_VARS \
  const int midx = i / 64; \
  const int mpos = i % 64;

#define VI_LOOP_ELEMENT_SKIP(BODY) \
  VI_MASK_VARS \
  if (insn.v_vm() == 0) { \
    BODY; \
    bool skip = ((P.VU.elt<uint64_t>(0, midx) >> mpos) & 0x1) == 0; \
    if (skip) {\
        continue; \
    }\
  }

#define VI_ELEMENT_SKIP(inx) \
  if (inx >= vl) { \
    continue; \
  } else if (inx < P.VU.vstart->read()) {       \
    continue; \
  } else { \
    VI_LOOP_ELEMENT_SKIP(); \
  }

//
// vector: operation and register acccess check helper
//
static inline bool is_overlapped(const int astart, int asize,
                                const int bstart, int bsize)
{
  asize = asize == 0 ? 1 : asize;
  bsize = bsize == 0 ? 1 : bsize;

  const int aend = astart + asize;
  const int bend = bstart + bsize;

  return std::max(aend, bend) - std::min(astart, bstart) < asize + bsize;
}

static inline bool is_overlapped_widen(const int astart, int asize,
                                       const int bstart, int bsize)
{
  asize = asize == 0 ? 1 : asize;
  bsize = bsize == 0 ? 1 : bsize;

  const int aend = astart + asize;
  const int bend = bstart + bsize;

  if (astart < bstart &&
      is_overlapped(astart, asize, bstart, bsize) &&
      !is_overlapped(astart, asize, bstart + bsize, bsize)) {
      return false;
  } else  {
    return std::max(aend, bend) - std::min(astart, bstart) < asize + bsize;
  }
}

static inline bool is_aligned(const unsigned val, const unsigned pos)
{
  return pos ? (val & (pos - 1)) == 0 : true;
}

#define VI_NARROW_CHECK_COMMON \
  require_vector(true);\
  require(P.VU.vflmul <= 4); \
  require(P.VU.vsew * 2 <= P.VU.ELEN); \
  require_align(insn.rs2(), P.VU.vflmul * 2); \
  require_align(insn.rd(), P.VU.vflmul); \
  require_vm; \

#define VI_WIDE_CHECK_COMMON \
  require_vector(true);\
  require(P.VU.vflmul <= 4); \
  require(P.VU.vsew * 2 <= P.VU.ELEN); \
  require_align(insn.rd(), P.VU.vflmul * 2); \
  require_vm; \

#define VI_CHECK_ST_INDEX(elt_width) \
  require_vector(false); \
  float vemul = ((float)elt_width / P.VU.vsew * P.VU.vflmul); \
  require(vemul >= 0.125 && vemul <= 8); \
  reg_t emul = vemul < 1 ? 1 : vemul; \
  reg_t flmul = P.VU.vflmul < 1 ? 1 : P.VU.vflmul; \
  require_align(insn.rd(), P.VU.vflmul); \
  require_align(insn.rs2(), vemul); \
  require((nf * flmul) <= (NVPR / 4) && \
          (insn.rd() + nf * flmul) <= NVPR); \

#define VI_CHECK_LD_INDEX(elt_width) \
  VI_CHECK_ST_INDEX(elt_width); \
  for (reg_t idx = 0; idx < nf; ++idx) { \
    reg_t flmul = P.VU.vflmul < 1 ? 1 : P.VU.vflmul; \
    reg_t seg_vd = insn.rd() + flmul * idx;  \
    if (elt_width > P.VU.vsew) { \
      if (seg_vd != insn.rs2()) \
        require_noover(seg_vd, P.VU.vflmul, insn.rs2(), vemul); \
    } else if (elt_width < P.VU.vsew) { \
      if (vemul < 1) {\
        require_noover(seg_vd, P.VU.vflmul, insn.rs2(), vemul); \
      } else {\
        require_noover_widen(seg_vd, P.VU.vflmul, insn.rs2(), vemul); \
      } \
    } \
    if (nf >= 2) { \
      require_noover(seg_vd, P.VU.vflmul, insn.rs2(), vemul); \
    } \
  } \
  require_vm; \

#define VI_CHECK_MSS(is_vs1) \
  if (insn.rd() != insn.rs2()) \
    require_noover(insn.rd(), 1, insn.rs2(), P.VU.vflmul); \
  require_align(insn.rs2(), P.VU.vflmul); \
  if (is_vs1) {\
    if (insn.rd() != insn.rs1()) \
      require_noover(insn.rd(), 1, insn.rs1(), P.VU.vflmul); \
    require_align(insn.rs1(), P.VU.vflmul); \
  } \

#define VI_CHECK_SSS(is_vs1) \
  require_vm; \
  if (P.VU.vflmul > 1) { \
    require_align(insn.rd(), P.VU.vflmul); \
    require_align(insn.rs2(), P.VU.vflmul); \
    if (is_vs1) { \
      require_align(insn.rs1(), P.VU.vflmul); \
    } \
  }

#define VI_CHECK_STORE(elt_width, is_mask_ldst) \
  require_vector(false); \
  reg_t veew = is_mask_ldst ? 1 : sizeof(elt_width##_t) * 8; \
  float vemul = is_mask_ldst ? 1 : ((float)veew / P.VU.vsew * P.VU.vflmul); \
  reg_t emul = vemul < 1 ? 1 : vemul; \
  require(vemul >= 0.125 && vemul <= 8); \
  require_align(insn.rd(), vemul); \
  require((nf * emul) <= (NVPR / 4) && \
          (insn.rd() + nf * emul) <= NVPR); \

#define VI_CHECK_LOAD(elt_width, is_mask_ldst) \
  VI_CHECK_STORE(elt_width, is_mask_ldst); \
  require_vm; \

#define VI_CHECK_DSS(is_vs1) \
  VI_WIDE_CHECK_COMMON; \
  require_align(insn.rs2(), P.VU.vflmul); \
  if (P.VU.vflmul < 1) {\
    require_noover(insn.rd(), P.VU.vflmul * 2, insn.rs2(), P.VU.vflmul); \
  } else {\
    require_noover_widen(insn.rd(), P.VU.vflmul * 2, insn.rs2(), P.VU.vflmul); \
  } \
  if (is_vs1) {\
    require_align(insn.rs1(), P.VU.vflmul); \
    if (P.VU.vflmul < 1) {\
      require_noover(insn.rd(), P.VU.vflmul * 2, insn.rs1(), P.VU.vflmul); \
    } else {\
      require_noover_widen(insn.rd(), P.VU.vflmul * 2, insn.rs1(), P.VU.vflmul); \
    } \
  }

#define VI_CHECK_DDS(is_rs) \
  VI_WIDE_CHECK_COMMON; \
  require_align(insn.rs2(), P.VU.vflmul * 2); \
  if (is_rs) { \
     require_align(insn.rs1(), P.VU.vflmul); \
    if (P.VU.vflmul < 1) {\
      require_noover(insn.rd(), P.VU.vflmul * 2, insn.rs1(), P.VU.vflmul); \
    } else {\
      require_noover_widen(insn.rd(), P.VU.vflmul * 2, insn.rs1(), P.VU.vflmul); \
    } \
  }

#define VI_CHECK_SDS(is_vs1) \
  VI_NARROW_CHECK_COMMON; \
  if (insn.rd() != insn.rs2()) \
    require_noover(insn.rd(), P.VU.vflmul, insn.rs2(), P.VU.vflmul * 2); \
  if (is_vs1) \
    require_align(insn.rs1(), P.VU.vflmul); \

#define VI_CHECK_REDUCTION(is_wide) \
  require_vector(true);\
  if (is_wide) {\
    require(P.VU.vsew * 2 <= P.VU.ELEN); \
  } \
  require_align(insn.rs2(), P.VU.vflmul); \
  require(P.VU.vstart->read() == 0);      \

#define VI_CHECK_SLIDE(is_over) \
  require_align(insn.rs2(), P.VU.vflmul); \
  require_align(insn.rd(), P.VU.vflmul); \
  require_vm; \
  if (is_over) \
    require(insn.rd() != insn.rs2()); \


//
// vector: loop header and end helper
//
#define VI_GENERAL_LOOP_BASE \
  require(P.VU.vsew >= e8 && P.VU.vsew <= e64); \
  require_vector(true);\
  reg_t vl = P.VU.vl->read();                   \
  reg_t sew = P.VU.vsew; \
  reg_t rd_num = insn.rd(); \
  reg_t rs1_num = insn.rs1(); \
  reg_t rs2_num = insn.rs2(); \
  for (reg_t i=P.VU.vstart->read(); i<vl; ++i){

#define VI_LOOP_BASE \
    VI_GENERAL_LOOP_BASE \
    VI_LOOP_ELEMENT_SKIP();

#define VI_LOOP_END \
  } \
  P.VU.vstart->write(0);

#define VI_LOOP_REDUCTION_END(x) \
  } \
  if (vl > 0) { \
    vd_0_des = vd_0_res; \
  } \
  P.VU.vstart->write(0);

#define VI_LOOP_CARRY_BASE \
  VI_GENERAL_LOOP_BASE \
  VI_MASK_VARS \
  auto v0 = P.VU.elt<uint64_t>(0, midx); \
  const uint64_t mmask = UINT64_C(1) << mpos; \
  const uint128_t op_mask = (UINT64_MAX >> (64 - sew)); \
  uint64_t carry = insn.v_vm() == 0 ? (v0 >> mpos) & 0x1 : 0; \
  uint128_t res = 0; \
  auto &vd = P.VU.elt<uint64_t>(rd_num, midx, true);

#define VI_LOOP_CARRY_END \
    vd = (vd & ~mmask) | (((res) << mpos) & mmask); \
  } \
  P.VU.vstart->write(0);
#define VI_LOOP_WITH_CARRY_BASE \
  VI_GENERAL_LOOP_BASE \
  VI_MASK_VARS \
  auto &v0 = P.VU.elt<uint64_t>(0, midx); \
  const uint128_t op_mask = (UINT64_MAX >> (64 - sew)); \
  uint64_t carry = (v0 >> mpos) & 0x1;

#define VI_LOOP_CMP_BASE \
  require(P.VU.vsew >= e8 && P.VU.vsew <= e64); \
  require_vector(true);\
  reg_t vl = P.VU.vl->read();                   \
  reg_t sew = P.VU.vsew; \
  reg_t rd_num = insn.rd(); \
  reg_t rs1_num = insn.rs1(); \
  reg_t rs2_num = insn.rs2(); \
  for (reg_t i=P.VU.vstart->read(); i<vl; ++i){ \
    VI_LOOP_ELEMENT_SKIP(); \
    uint64_t mmask = UINT64_C(1) << mpos; \
    uint64_t &vdi = P.VU.elt<uint64_t>(insn.rd(), midx, true); \
    uint64_t res = 0;

#define VI_LOOP_CMP_END \
    vdi = (vdi & ~mmask) | (((res) << mpos) & mmask); \
  } \
  P.VU.vstart->write(0);

#define VI_LOOP_MASK(op) \
  require(P.VU.vsew <= e64); \
  require_vector(true);\
  reg_t vl = P.VU.vl->read();                        \
  for (reg_t i = P.VU.vstart->read(); i < vl; ++i) { \
    int midx = i / 64; \
    int mpos = i % 64; \
    uint64_t mmask = UINT64_C(1) << mpos; \
    uint64_t vs2 = P.VU.elt<uint64_t>(insn.rs2(), midx); \
    uint64_t vs1 = P.VU.elt<uint64_t>(insn.rs1(), midx); \
    uint64_t &res = P.VU.elt<uint64_t>(insn.rd(), midx, true); \
    res = (res & ~mmask) | ((op) & (1ULL << mpos)); \
  } \
  P.VU.vstart->write(0);

#define VI_LOOP_NSHIFT_BASE \
  VI_GENERAL_LOOP_BASE; \
  VI_LOOP_ELEMENT_SKIP({\
    require(!(insn.rd() == 0 && P.VU.vflmul > 1));\
  });


#define INT_ROUNDING(result, xrm, gb) \
  do { \
    const uint64_t lsb = 1UL << (gb); \
    const uint64_t lsb_half = lsb >> 1; \
    switch (xrm) {\
      case VRM::RNU:\
        result += lsb_half; \
        break;\
      case VRM::RNE:\
        if ((result & lsb_half) && ((result & (lsb_half - 1)) || (result & lsb))) \
          result += lsb; \
        break;\
      case VRM::RDN:\
        break;\
      case VRM::ROD:\
        if (result & (lsb - 1)) \
          result |= lsb; \
        break;\
      case VRM::INVALID_RM:\
        assert(true);\
    } \
  } while (0)

//
// vector: integer and masking operand access helper
//
#define VXI_PARAMS(x) \
  type_sew_t<x>::type &vd = P.VU.elt<type_sew_t<x>::type>(rd_num, i, true); \
  type_sew_t<x>::type vs1 = P.VU.elt<type_sew_t<x>::type>(rs1_num, i); \
  type_sew_t<x>::type vs2 = P.VU.elt<type_sew_t<x>::type>(rs2_num, i); \
  type_sew_t<x>::type rs1 = (type_sew_t<x>::type)RS1; \
  type_sew_t<x>::type simm5 = (type_sew_t<x>::type)insn.v_simm5();

#define VV_U_PARAMS(x) \
  type_usew_t<x>::type &vd = P.VU.elt<type_usew_t<x>::type>(rd_num, i, true); \
  type_usew_t<x>::type vs1 = P.VU.elt<type_usew_t<x>::type>(rs1_num, i); \
  type_usew_t<x>::type vs2 = P.VU.elt<type_usew_t<x>::type>(rs2_num, i);

#define VX_U_PARAMS(x) \
  type_usew_t<x>::type &vd = P.VU.elt<type_usew_t<x>::type>(rd_num, i, true); \
  type_usew_t<x>::type rs1 = (type_usew_t<x>::type)RS1; \
  type_usew_t<x>::type vs2 = P.VU.elt<type_usew_t<x>::type>(rs2_num, i);

#define VI_U_PARAMS(x) \
  type_usew_t<x>::type &vd = P.VU.elt<type_usew_t<x>::type>(rd_num, i, true); \
  type_usew_t<x>::type zimm5 = (type_usew_t<x>::type)insn.v_zimm5(); \
  type_usew_t<x>::type vs2 = P.VU.elt<type_usew_t<x>::type>(rs2_num, i);

#define VV_PARAMS(x) \
  type_sew_t<x>::type &vd = P.VU.elt<type_sew_t<x>::type>(rd_num, i, true); \
  type_sew_t<x>::type vs1 = P.VU.elt<type_sew_t<x>::type>(rs1_num, i); \
  type_sew_t<x>::type vs2 = P.VU.elt<type_sew_t<x>::type>(rs2_num, i);

#define VX_PARAMS(x) \
  type_sew_t<x>::type &vd = P.VU.elt<type_sew_t<x>::type>(rd_num, i, true); \
  type_sew_t<x>::type rs1 = (type_sew_t<x>::type)RS1; \
  type_sew_t<x>::type vs2 = P.VU.elt<type_sew_t<x>::type>(rs2_num, i);

#define VI_PARAMS(x) \
  type_sew_t<x>::type &vd = P.VU.elt<type_sew_t<x>::type>(rd_num, i, true); \
  type_sew_t<x>::type simm5 = (type_sew_t<x>::type)insn.v_simm5(); \
  type_sew_t<x>::type vs2 = P.VU.elt<type_sew_t<x>::type>(rs2_num, i);

#define XV_PARAMS(x) \
  type_sew_t<x>::type &vd = P.VU.elt<type_sew_t<x>::type>(rd_num, i, true); \
  type_usew_t<x>::type vs2 = P.VU.elt<type_usew_t<x>::type>(rs2_num, RS1);

#define VV_SU_PARAMS(x) \
  type_sew_t<x>::type &vd = P.VU.elt<type_sew_t<x>::type>(rd_num, i, true); \
  type_usew_t<x>::type vs1 = P.VU.elt<type_usew_t<x>::type>(rs1_num, i); \
  type_sew_t<x>::type vs2 = P.VU.elt<type_sew_t<x>::type>(rs2_num, i);

#define VX_SU_PARAMS(x) \
  type_sew_t<x>::type &vd = P.VU.elt<type_sew_t<x>::type>(rd_num, i, true); \
  type_usew_t<x>::type rs1 = (type_usew_t<x>::type)RS1; \
  type_sew_t<x>::type vs2 = P.VU.elt<type_sew_t<x>::type>(rs2_num, i);

#define VV_UCMP_PARAMS(x) \
  type_usew_t<x>::type vs1 = P.VU.elt<type_usew_t<x>::type>(rs1_num, i); \
  type_usew_t<x>::type vs2 = P.VU.elt<type_usew_t<x>::type>(rs2_num, i);

#define VX_UCMP_PARAMS(x) \
  type_usew_t<x>::type rs1 = (type_usew_t<x>::type)RS1; \
  type_usew_t<x>::type vs2 = P.VU.elt<type_usew_t<x>::type>(rs2_num, i);

#define VI_UCMP_PARAMS(x) \
  type_usew_t<x>::type vs2 = P.VU.elt<type_usew_t<x>::type>(rs2_num, i);

#define VV_CMP_PARAMS(x) \
  type_sew_t<x>::type vs1 = P.VU.elt<type_sew_t<x>::type>(rs1_num, i); \
  type_sew_t<x>::type vs2 = P.VU.elt<type_sew_t<x>::type>(rs2_num, i);

#define VX_CMP_PARAMS(x) \
  type_sew_t<x>::type rs1 = (type_sew_t<x>::type)RS1; \
  type_sew_t<x>::type vs2 = P.VU.elt<type_sew_t<x>::type>(rs2_num, i);

#define VI_CMP_PARAMS(x) \
  type_sew_t<x>::type simm5 = (type_sew_t<x>::type)insn.v_simm5(); \
  type_sew_t<x>::type vs2 = P.VU.elt<type_sew_t<x>::type>(rs2_num, i);

#define VI_XI_SLIDEDOWN_PARAMS(x, off) \
  auto &vd = P.VU.elt<type_sew_t<x>::type>(rd_num, i, true); \
  auto vs2 = P.VU.elt<type_sew_t<x>::type>(rs2_num, i + off);

#define VI_XI_SLIDEUP_PARAMS(x, offset) \
  auto &vd = P.VU.elt<type_sew_t<x>::type>(rd_num, i, true); \
  auto vs2 = P.VU.elt<type_sew_t<x>::type>(rs2_num, i - offset);

#define VI_NARROW_PARAMS(sew1, sew2) \
  auto &vd = P.VU.elt<type_usew_t<sew1>::type>(rd_num, i, true); \
  auto vs2_u = P.VU.elt<type_usew_t<sew2>::type>(rs2_num, i); \
  auto vs2 = P.VU.elt<type_sew_t<sew2>::type>(rs2_num, i); \
  auto zimm5 = (type_usew_t<sew1>::type)insn.v_zimm5();

#define VX_NARROW_PARAMS(sew1, sew2) \
  auto &vd = P.VU.elt<type_usew_t<sew1>::type>(rd_num, i, true); \
  auto vs2_u = P.VU.elt<type_usew_t<sew2>::type>(rs2_num, i); \
  auto vs2 = P.VU.elt<type_sew_t<sew2>::type>(rs2_num, i); \
  auto rs1 = (type_sew_t<sew1>::type)RS1;

#define VV_NARROW_PARAMS(sew1, sew2) \
  auto &vd = P.VU.elt<type_usew_t<sew1>::type>(rd_num, i, true); \
  auto vs2_u = P.VU.elt<type_usew_t<sew2>::type>(rs2_num, i); \
  auto vs2 = P.VU.elt<type_sew_t<sew2>::type>(rs2_num, i); \
  auto vs1 = P.VU.elt<type_sew_t<sew1>::type>(rs1_num, i);

#define XI_CARRY_PARAMS(x) \
  auto vs2 = P.VU.elt<type_sew_t<x>::type>(rs2_num, i); \
  auto rs1 = (type_sew_t<x>::type)RS1; \
  auto simm5 = (type_sew_t<x>::type)insn.v_simm5(); \

#define VV_CARRY_PARAMS(x) \
  auto vs2 = P.VU.elt<type_sew_t<x>::type>(rs2_num, i); \
  auto vs1 = P.VU.elt<type_sew_t<x>::type>(rs1_num, i); \

#define XI_WITH_CARRY_PARAMS(x) \
  auto vs2 = P.VU.elt<type_sew_t<x>::type>(rs2_num, i); \
  auto rs1 = (type_sew_t<x>::type)RS1; \
  auto simm5 = (type_sew_t<x>::type)insn.v_simm5(); \
  auto &vd = P.VU.elt<type_sew_t<x>::type>(rd_num, i, true);

#define VV_WITH_CARRY_PARAMS(x) \
  auto vs2 = P.VU.elt<type_sew_t<x>::type>(rs2_num, i); \
  auto vs1 = P.VU.elt<type_sew_t<x>::type>(rs1_num, i); \
  auto &vd = P.VU.elt<type_sew_t<x>::type>(rd_num, i, true);

#define VFP_V_PARAMS(width) \
  float##width##_t &vd = P.VU.elt<float##width##_t>(rd_num, i, true); \
  float##width##_t vs2 = P.VU.elt<float##width##_t>(rs2_num, i);

#define VFP_VV_PARAMS(width) \
  float##width##_t &vd = P.VU.elt<float##width##_t>(rd_num, i, true); \
  float##width##_t vs1 = P.VU.elt<float##width##_t>(rs1_num, i); \
  float##width##_t vs2 = P.VU.elt<float##width##_t>(rs2_num, i);

#define VFP_VF_PARAMS(width) \
  float##width##_t &vd = P.VU.elt<float##width##_t>(rd_num, i, true); \
  float##width##_t rs1 = f##width(READ_FREG(rs1_num)); \
  float##width##_t vs2 = P.VU.elt<float##width##_t>(rs2_num, i);

#define CVT_FP_TO_FP_PARAMS(from_width, to_width) \
  auto vs2 = P.VU.elt<float##from_width##_t>(rs2_num, i); \
  auto &vd = P.VU.elt<float##to_width##_t>(rd_num, i, true);

#define CVT_INT_TO_FP_PARAMS(from_width, to_width, sign) \
  auto vs2 = P.VU.elt<sign##from_width##_t>(rs2_num, i); \
  auto &vd = P.VU.elt<float##to_width##_t>(rd_num, i, true);

#define CVT_FP_TO_INT_PARAMS(from_width, to_width, sign) \
  auto vs2 = P.VU.elt<float##from_width##_t>(rs2_num, i); \
  auto &vd = P.VU.elt<sign##to_width##_t>(rd_num, i, true);

//
// vector: integer and masking operation loop
//

// comparision result to masking register
#define VI_VV_LOOP_CMP(BODY) \
  VI_CHECK_MSS(true); \
  VI_LOOP_CMP_BASE \
  if (sew == e8){ \
    VV_CMP_PARAMS(e8); \
    BODY; \
  }else if(sew == e16){ \
    VV_CMP_PARAMS(e16); \
    BODY; \
  }else if(sew == e32){ \
    VV_CMP_PARAMS(e32); \
    BODY; \
  }else if(sew == e64){ \
    VV_CMP_PARAMS(e64); \
    BODY; \
  } \
  VI_LOOP_CMP_END

#define VI_VX_LOOP_CMP(BODY) \
  VI_CHECK_MSS(false); \
  VI_LOOP_CMP_BASE \
  if (sew == e8){ \
    VX_CMP_PARAMS(e8); \
    BODY; \
  }else if(sew == e16){ \
    VX_CMP_PARAMS(e16); \
    BODY; \
  }else if(sew == e32){ \
    VX_CMP_PARAMS(e32); \
    BODY; \
  }else if(sew == e64){ \
    VX_CMP_PARAMS(e64); \
    BODY; \
  } \
  VI_LOOP_CMP_END

#define VI_VI_LOOP_CMP(BODY) \
  VI_CHECK_MSS(false); \
  VI_LOOP_CMP_BASE \
  if (sew == e8){ \
    VI_CMP_PARAMS(e8); \
    BODY; \
  }else if(sew == e16){ \
    VI_CMP_PARAMS(e16); \
    BODY; \
  }else if(sew == e32){ \
    VI_CMP_PARAMS(e32); \
    BODY; \
  }else if(sew == e64){ \
    VI_CMP_PARAMS(e64); \
    BODY; \
  } \
  VI_LOOP_CMP_END

#define VI_VV_ULOOP_CMP(BODY) \
  VI_CHECK_MSS(true); \
  VI_LOOP_CMP_BASE \
  if (sew == e8){ \
    VV_UCMP_PARAMS(e8); \
    BODY; \
  }else if(sew == e16){ \
    VV_UCMP_PARAMS(e16); \
    BODY; \
  }else if(sew == e32){ \
    VV_UCMP_PARAMS(e32); \
    BODY; \
  }else if(sew == e64){ \
    VV_UCMP_PARAMS(e64); \
    BODY; \
  } \
  VI_LOOP_CMP_END

#define VI_VX_ULOOP_CMP(BODY) \
  VI_CHECK_MSS(false); \
  VI_LOOP_CMP_BASE \
  if (sew == e8){ \
    VX_UCMP_PARAMS(e8); \
    BODY; \
  }else if(sew == e16){ \
    VX_UCMP_PARAMS(e16); \
    BODY; \
  }else if(sew == e32){ \
    VX_UCMP_PARAMS(e32); \
    BODY; \
  }else if(sew == e64){ \
    VX_UCMP_PARAMS(e64); \
    BODY; \
  } \
  VI_LOOP_CMP_END

#define VI_VI_ULOOP_CMP(BODY) \
  VI_CHECK_MSS(false); \
  VI_LOOP_CMP_BASE \
  if (sew == e8){ \
    VI_UCMP_PARAMS(e8); \
    BODY; \
  }else if(sew == e16){ \
    VI_UCMP_PARAMS(e16); \
    BODY; \
  }else if(sew == e32){ \
    VI_UCMP_PARAMS(e32); \
    BODY; \
  }else if(sew == e64){ \
    VI_UCMP_PARAMS(e64); \
    BODY; \
  } \
  VI_LOOP_CMP_END

// merge and copy loop
#define VI_MERGE_VARS \
  VI_MASK_VARS \
  bool use_first = (P.VU.elt<uint64_t>(0, midx) >> mpos) & 0x1;

#define VI_MERGE_LOOP_BASE \
  require_vector(true); \
  VI_GENERAL_LOOP_BASE \
  VI_MERGE_VARS

#define VI_VV_MERGE_LOOP(BODY) \
  VI_CHECK_SSS(true); \
  VI_MERGE_LOOP_BASE \
  if (sew == e8){ \
    VV_PARAMS(e8); \
    BODY; \
  }else if(sew == e16){ \
    VV_PARAMS(e16); \
    BODY; \
  }else if(sew == e32){ \
    VV_PARAMS(e32); \
    BODY; \
  }else if(sew == e64){ \
    VV_PARAMS(e64); \
    BODY; \
  } \
  VI_LOOP_END

#define VI_VX_MERGE_LOOP(BODY) \
  VI_CHECK_SSS(false); \
  VI_MERGE_LOOP_BASE \
  if (sew == e8){ \
    VX_PARAMS(e8); \
    BODY; \
  }else if(sew == e16){ \
    VX_PARAMS(e16); \
    BODY; \
  }else if(sew == e32){ \
    VX_PARAMS(e32); \
    BODY; \
  }else if(sew == e64){ \
    VX_PARAMS(e64); \
    BODY; \
  } \
  VI_LOOP_END 

#define VI_VI_MERGE_LOOP(BODY) \
  VI_CHECK_SSS(false); \
  VI_MERGE_LOOP_BASE \
  if (sew == e8){ \
    VI_PARAMS(e8); \
    BODY; \
  }else if(sew == e16){ \
    VI_PARAMS(e16); \
    BODY; \
  }else if(sew == e32){ \
    VI_PARAMS(e32); \
    BODY; \
  }else if(sew == e64){ \
    VI_PARAMS(e64); \
    BODY; \
  } \
  VI_LOOP_END

#define VI_VF_MERGE_LOOP(BODY) \
  VI_CHECK_SSS(false); \
  VI_VFP_COMMON \
  for (reg_t i=P.VU.vstart->read(); i<vl; ++i){ \
  VI_MERGE_VARS \
  if(P.VU.vsew == e16){ \
    VFP_VF_PARAMS(16); \
    BODY; \
  }else if(P.VU.vsew == e32){ \
    VFP_VF_PARAMS(32); \
    BODY; \
  }else if(P.VU.vsew == e64){ \
    VFP_VF_PARAMS(64); \
    BODY; \
  } \
  VI_LOOP_END

// reduction loop - signed
#define VI_LOOP_REDUCTION_BASE(x) \
  require(x >= e8 && x <= e64); \
  reg_t vl = P.VU.vl->read();   \
  reg_t rd_num = insn.rd(); \
  reg_t rs1_num = insn.rs1(); \
  reg_t rs2_num = insn.rs2(); \
  auto &vd_0_des = P.VU.elt<type_sew_t<x>::type>(rd_num, 0, true); \
  auto vd_0_res = P.VU.elt<type_sew_t<x>::type>(rs1_num, 0); \
  for (reg_t i=P.VU.vstart->read(); i<vl; ++i){ \
    VI_LOOP_ELEMENT_SKIP(); \
    auto vs2 = P.VU.elt<type_sew_t<x>::type>(rs2_num, i); \

#define REDUCTION_LOOP(x, BODY) \
  VI_LOOP_REDUCTION_BASE(x) \
  BODY; \
  VI_LOOP_REDUCTION_END(x)

#define VI_VV_LOOP_REDUCTION(BODY) \
  VI_CHECK_REDUCTION(false); \
  reg_t sew = P.VU.vsew; \
  if (sew == e8) { \
    REDUCTION_LOOP(e8, BODY) \
  } else if(sew == e16) { \
    REDUCTION_LOOP(e16, BODY) \
  } else if(sew == e32) { \
    REDUCTION_LOOP(e32, BODY) \
  } else if(sew == e64) { \
    REDUCTION_LOOP(e64, BODY) \
  }

// reduction loop - unsigned
#define VI_ULOOP_REDUCTION_BASE(x) \
  require(x >= e8 && x <= e64); \
  reg_t vl = P.VU.vl->read();   \
  reg_t rd_num = insn.rd(); \
  reg_t rs1_num = insn.rs1(); \
  reg_t rs2_num = insn.rs2(); \
  auto &vd_0_des = P.VU.elt<type_usew_t<x>::type>(rd_num, 0, true); \
  auto vd_0_res = P.VU.elt<type_usew_t<x>::type>(rs1_num, 0); \
  for (reg_t i=P.VU.vstart->read(); i<vl; ++i){ \
    VI_LOOP_ELEMENT_SKIP(); \
    auto vs2 = P.VU.elt<type_usew_t<x>::type>(rs2_num, i);

#define REDUCTION_ULOOP(x, BODY) \
  VI_ULOOP_REDUCTION_BASE(x) \
  BODY; \
  VI_LOOP_REDUCTION_END(x)

#define VI_VV_ULOOP_REDUCTION(BODY) \
  VI_CHECK_REDUCTION(false); \
  reg_t sew = P.VU.vsew; \
  if (sew == e8){ \
    REDUCTION_ULOOP(e8, BODY) \
  } else if(sew == e16) { \
    REDUCTION_ULOOP(e16, BODY) \
  } else if(sew == e32) { \
    REDUCTION_ULOOP(e32, BODY) \
  } else if(sew == e64) { \
    REDUCTION_ULOOP(e64, BODY) \
  }


// genearl VXI signed/unsigned loop
#define VI_VV_ULOOP(BODY) \
  VI_CHECK_SSS(true) \
  VI_LOOP_BASE \
  if (sew == e8){ \
    VV_U_PARAMS(e8); \
    BODY; \
  }else if(sew == e16){ \
    VV_U_PARAMS(e16); \
    BODY; \
  }else if(sew == e32){ \
    VV_U_PARAMS(e32); \
    BODY; \
  }else if(sew == e64){ \
    VV_U_PARAMS(e64); \
    BODY; \
  } \
  VI_LOOP_END 

#define VI_VV_LOOP(BODY) \
  VI_CHECK_SSS(true) \
  VI_LOOP_BASE \
  if (sew == e8){ \
    VV_PARAMS(e8); \
    BODY; \
  }else if(sew == e16){ \
    VV_PARAMS(e16); \
    BODY; \
  }else if(sew == e32){ \
    VV_PARAMS(e32); \
    BODY; \
  }else if(sew == e64){ \
    VV_PARAMS(e64); \
    BODY; \
  } \
  VI_LOOP_END 

#define VI_VX_ULOOP(BODY) \
  VI_CHECK_SSS(false) \
  VI_LOOP_BASE \
  if (sew == e8){ \
    VX_U_PARAMS(e8); \
    BODY; \
  }else if(sew == e16){ \
    VX_U_PARAMS(e16); \
    BODY; \
  }else if(sew == e32){ \
    VX_U_PARAMS(e32); \
    BODY; \
  }else if(sew == e64){ \
    VX_U_PARAMS(e64); \
    BODY; \
  } \
  VI_LOOP_END 

#define VI_VX_LOOP(BODY) \
  VI_CHECK_SSS(false) \
  VI_LOOP_BASE \
  if (sew == e8){ \
    VX_PARAMS(e8); \
    BODY; \
  }else if(sew == e16){ \
    VX_PARAMS(e16); \
    BODY; \
  }else if(sew == e32){ \
    VX_PARAMS(e32); \
    BODY; \
  }else if(sew == e64){ \
    VX_PARAMS(e64); \
    BODY; \
  } \
  VI_LOOP_END 

#define VI_VI_ULOOP(BODY) \
  VI_CHECK_SSS(false) \
  VI_LOOP_BASE \
  if (sew == e8){ \
    VI_U_PARAMS(e8); \
    BODY; \
  }else if(sew == e16){ \
    VI_U_PARAMS(e16); \
    BODY; \
  }else if(sew == e32){ \
    VI_U_PARAMS(e32); \
    BODY; \
  }else if(sew == e64){ \
    VI_U_PARAMS(e64); \
    BODY; \
  } \
  VI_LOOP_END 

#define VI_VI_LOOP(BODY) \
  VI_CHECK_SSS(false) \
  VI_LOOP_BASE \
  if (sew == e8){ \
    VI_PARAMS(e8); \
    BODY; \
  }else if(sew == e16){ \
    VI_PARAMS(e16); \
    BODY; \
  }else if(sew == e32){ \
    VI_PARAMS(e32); \
    BODY; \
  }else if(sew == e64){ \
    VI_PARAMS(e64); \
    BODY; \
  } \
  VI_LOOP_END 

// signed unsigned operation loop (e.g. mulhsu)
#define VI_VV_SU_LOOP(BODY) \
  VI_CHECK_SSS(true) \
  VI_LOOP_BASE \
  if (sew == e8){ \
    VV_SU_PARAMS(e8); \
    BODY; \
  }else if(sew == e16){ \
    VV_SU_PARAMS(e16); \
    BODY; \
  }else if(sew == e32){ \
    VV_SU_PARAMS(e32); \
    BODY; \
  }else if(sew == e64){ \
    VV_SU_PARAMS(e64); \
    BODY; \
  } \
  VI_LOOP_END 

#define VI_VX_SU_LOOP(BODY) \
  VI_CHECK_SSS(false) \
  VI_LOOP_BASE \
  if (sew == e8){ \
    VX_SU_PARAMS(e8); \
    BODY; \
  }else if(sew == e16){ \
    VX_SU_PARAMS(e16); \
    BODY; \
  }else if(sew == e32){ \
    VX_SU_PARAMS(e32); \
    BODY; \
  }else if(sew == e64){ \
    VX_SU_PARAMS(e64); \
    BODY; \
  } \
  VI_LOOP_END 

// narrow operation loop
#define VI_VV_LOOP_NARROW(BODY) \
  VI_CHECK_SDS(true); \
  VI_LOOP_BASE \
  if (sew == e8){ \
    VV_NARROW_PARAMS(e8, e16) \
    BODY; \
  }else if(sew == e16){ \
    VV_NARROW_PARAMS(e16, e32) \
    BODY; \
  }else if(sew == e32){ \
    VV_NARROW_PARAMS(e32, e64) \
    BODY; \
  } \
  VI_LOOP_END

#define VI_VX_LOOP_NARROW(BODY) \
  VI_CHECK_SDS(false); \
  VI_LOOP_BASE \
  if (sew == e8){ \
    VX_NARROW_PARAMS(e8, e16) \
    BODY; \
  }else if(sew == e16){ \
    VX_NARROW_PARAMS(e16, e32) \
    BODY; \
  }else if(sew == e32){ \
    VX_NARROW_PARAMS(e32, e64) \
    BODY; \
  } \
  VI_LOOP_END

#define VI_VI_LOOP_NARROW(BODY) \
  VI_CHECK_SDS(false); \
  VI_LOOP_BASE \
  if (sew == e8){ \
    VI_NARROW_PARAMS(e8, e16) \
    BODY; \
  }else if(sew == e16){ \
    VI_NARROW_PARAMS(e16, e32) \
    BODY; \
  }else if(sew == e32){ \
    VI_NARROW_PARAMS(e32, e64) \
    BODY; \
  } \
  VI_LOOP_END

#define VI_VI_LOOP_NSHIFT(BODY) \
  VI_CHECK_SDS(false); \
  VI_LOOP_NSHIFT_BASE \
  if (sew == e8){ \
    VI_NARROW_PARAMS(e8, e16) \
    BODY; \
  } else if (sew == e16) { \
    VI_NARROW_PARAMS(e16, e32) \
    BODY; \
  } else if (sew == e32) { \
    VI_NARROW_PARAMS(e32, e64) \
    BODY; \
  } \
  VI_LOOP_END

#define VI_VX_LOOP_NSHIFT(BODY) \
  VI_CHECK_SDS(false); \
  VI_LOOP_NSHIFT_BASE \
  if (sew == e8){ \
    VX_NARROW_PARAMS(e8, e16) \
    BODY; \
  } else if (sew == e16) { \
    VX_NARROW_PARAMS(e16, e32) \
    BODY; \
  } else if (sew == e32) { \
    VX_NARROW_PARAMS(e32, e64) \
    BODY; \
  } \
  VI_LOOP_END

#define VI_VV_LOOP_NSHIFT(BODY) \
  VI_CHECK_SDS(true); \
  VI_LOOP_NSHIFT_BASE \
  if (sew == e8){ \
    VV_NARROW_PARAMS(e8, e16) \
    BODY; \
  } else if (sew == e16) { \
    VV_NARROW_PARAMS(e16, e32) \
    BODY; \
  } else if (sew == e32) { \
    VV_NARROW_PARAMS(e32, e64) \
    BODY; \
  } \
  VI_LOOP_END

// widen operation loop
#define VI_VV_LOOP_WIDEN(BODY) \
  VI_LOOP_BASE \
  if (sew == e8){ \
    VV_PARAMS(e8); \
    BODY; \
  }else if(sew == e16){ \
    VV_PARAMS(e16); \
    BODY; \
  }else if(sew == e32){ \
    VV_PARAMS(e32); \
    BODY; \
  } \
  VI_LOOP_END

#define VI_VX_LOOP_WIDEN(BODY) \
  VI_LOOP_BASE \
  if (sew == e8){ \
    VX_PARAMS(e8); \
    BODY; \
  }else if(sew == e16){ \
    VX_PARAMS(e16); \
    BODY; \
  }else if(sew == e32){ \
    VX_PARAMS(e32); \
    BODY; \
  } \
  VI_LOOP_END

#define VI_WIDE_OP_AND_ASSIGN(var0, var1, var2, op0, op1, sign) \
  switch(P.VU.vsew) { \
  case e8: { \
    sign##16_t vd_w = P.VU.elt<sign##16_t>(rd_num, i); \
    P.VU.elt<uint16_t>(rd_num, i, true) = \
      op1((sign##16_t)(sign##8_t)var0 op0 (sign##16_t)(sign##8_t)var1) + var2; \
    } \
    break; \
  case e16: { \
    sign##32_t vd_w = P.VU.elt<sign##32_t>(rd_num, i); \
    P.VU.elt<uint32_t>(rd_num, i, true) = \
      op1((sign##32_t)(sign##16_t)var0 op0 (sign##32_t)(sign##16_t)var1) + var2; \
    } \
    break; \
  default: { \
    sign##64_t vd_w = P.VU.elt<sign##64_t>(rd_num, i); \
    P.VU.elt<uint64_t>(rd_num, i, true) = \
      op1((sign##64_t)(sign##32_t)var0 op0 (sign##64_t)(sign##32_t)var1) + var2; \
    } \
    break; \
  }

#define VI_WIDE_OP_AND_ASSIGN_MIX(var0, var1, var2, op0, op1, sign_d, sign_1, sign_2) \
  switch(P.VU.vsew) { \
  case e8: { \
    sign_d##16_t vd_w = P.VU.elt<sign_d##16_t>(rd_num, i); \
    P.VU.elt<uint16_t>(rd_num, i, true) = \
      op1((sign_1##16_t)(sign_1##8_t)var0 op0 (sign_2##16_t)(sign_2##8_t)var1) + var2; \
    } \
    break; \
  case e16: { \
    sign_d##32_t vd_w = P.VU.elt<sign_d##32_t>(rd_num, i); \
    P.VU.elt<uint32_t>(rd_num, i, true) = \
      op1((sign_1##32_t)(sign_1##16_t)var0 op0 (sign_2##32_t)(sign_2##16_t)var1) + var2; \
    } \
    break; \
  default: { \
    sign_d##64_t vd_w = P.VU.elt<sign_d##64_t>(rd_num, i); \
    P.VU.elt<uint64_t>(rd_num, i, true) = \
      op1((sign_1##64_t)(sign_1##32_t)var0 op0 (sign_2##64_t)(sign_2##32_t)var1) + var2; \
    } \
    break; \
  }

#define VI_WIDE_WVX_OP(var0, op0, sign) \
  switch(P.VU.vsew) { \
  case e8: { \
    sign##16_t &vd_w = P.VU.elt<sign##16_t>(rd_num, i, true); \
    sign##16_t vs2_w = P.VU.elt<sign##16_t>(rs2_num, i); \
    vd_w = vs2_w op0 (sign##16_t)(sign##8_t)var0; \
    } \
    break; \
  case e16: { \
    sign##32_t &vd_w = P.VU.elt<sign##32_t>(rd_num, i, true); \
    sign##32_t vs2_w = P.VU.elt<sign##32_t>(rs2_num, i); \
    vd_w = vs2_w op0 (sign##32_t)(sign##16_t)var0; \
    } \
    break; \
  default: { \
    sign##64_t &vd_w = P.VU.elt<sign##64_t>(rd_num, i, true); \
    sign##64_t vs2_w = P.VU.elt<sign##64_t>(rs2_num, i); \
    vd_w = vs2_w op0 (sign##64_t)(sign##32_t)var0; \
    } \
    break; \
  }

// wide reduction loop - signed
#define VI_LOOP_WIDE_REDUCTION_BASE(sew1, sew2) \
  reg_t vl = P.VU.vl->read();                   \
  reg_t rd_num = insn.rd(); \
  reg_t rs1_num = insn.rs1(); \
  reg_t rs2_num = insn.rs2(); \
  auto &vd_0_des = P.VU.elt<type_sew_t<sew2>::type>(rd_num, 0, true); \
  auto vd_0_res = P.VU.elt<type_sew_t<sew2>::type>(rs1_num, 0); \
  for (reg_t i=P.VU.vstart->read(); i<vl; ++i){ \
    VI_LOOP_ELEMENT_SKIP(); \
    auto vs2 = P.VU.elt<type_sew_t<sew1>::type>(rs2_num, i);

#define WIDE_REDUCTION_LOOP(sew1, sew2, BODY) \
  VI_LOOP_WIDE_REDUCTION_BASE(sew1, sew2) \
  BODY; \
  VI_LOOP_REDUCTION_END(sew2)

#define VI_VV_LOOP_WIDE_REDUCTION(BODY) \
  VI_CHECK_REDUCTION(true); \
  reg_t sew = P.VU.vsew; \
  if (sew == e8){ \
    WIDE_REDUCTION_LOOP(e8, e16, BODY) \
  } else if(sew == e16){ \
    WIDE_REDUCTION_LOOP(e16, e32, BODY) \
  } else if(sew == e32){ \
    WIDE_REDUCTION_LOOP(e32, e64, BODY) \
  }

// wide reduction loop - unsigned
#define VI_ULOOP_WIDE_REDUCTION_BASE(sew1, sew2) \
  reg_t vl = P.VU.vl->read();                    \
  reg_t rd_num = insn.rd(); \
  reg_t rs1_num = insn.rs1(); \
  reg_t rs2_num = insn.rs2(); \
  auto &vd_0_des = P.VU.elt<type_usew_t<sew2>::type>(rd_num, 0, true); \
  auto vd_0_res = P.VU.elt<type_usew_t<sew2>::type>(rs1_num, 0); \
  for (reg_t i=P.VU.vstart->read(); i<vl; ++i) { \
    VI_LOOP_ELEMENT_SKIP(); \
    auto vs2 = P.VU.elt<type_usew_t<sew1>::type>(rs2_num, i);

#define WIDE_REDUCTION_ULOOP(sew1, sew2, BODY) \
  VI_ULOOP_WIDE_REDUCTION_BASE(sew1, sew2) \
  BODY; \
  VI_LOOP_REDUCTION_END(sew2)

#define VI_VV_ULOOP_WIDE_REDUCTION(BODY) \
  VI_CHECK_REDUCTION(true); \
  reg_t sew = P.VU.vsew; \
  if (sew == e8){ \
    WIDE_REDUCTION_ULOOP(e8, e16, BODY) \
  } else if(sew == e16){ \
    WIDE_REDUCTION_ULOOP(e16, e32, BODY) \
  } else if(sew == e32){ \
    WIDE_REDUCTION_ULOOP(e32, e64, BODY) \
  }

// carry/borrow bit loop
#define VI_VV_LOOP_CARRY(BODY) \
  VI_CHECK_MSS(true); \
  VI_LOOP_CARRY_BASE \
    if (sew == e8){ \
      VV_CARRY_PARAMS(e8) \
      BODY; \
    } else if (sew == e16) { \
      VV_CARRY_PARAMS(e16) \
      BODY; \
    } else if (sew == e32) { \
      VV_CARRY_PARAMS(e32) \
      BODY; \
    } else if (sew == e64) { \
      VV_CARRY_PARAMS(e64) \
      BODY; \
    } \
  VI_LOOP_CARRY_END

#define VI_XI_LOOP_CARRY(BODY) \
  VI_CHECK_MSS(false); \
  VI_LOOP_CARRY_BASE \
    if (sew == e8){ \
      XI_CARRY_PARAMS(e8) \
      BODY; \
    } else if (sew == e16) { \
      XI_CARRY_PARAMS(e16) \
      BODY; \
    } else if (sew == e32) { \
      XI_CARRY_PARAMS(e32) \
      BODY; \
    } else if (sew == e64) { \
      XI_CARRY_PARAMS(e64) \
      BODY; \
    } \
  VI_LOOP_CARRY_END

#define VI_VV_LOOP_WITH_CARRY(BODY) \
  require_vm; \
  VI_CHECK_SSS(true); \
  VI_LOOP_WITH_CARRY_BASE \
    if (sew == e8){ \
      VV_WITH_CARRY_PARAMS(e8) \
      BODY; \
    } else if (sew == e16) { \
      VV_WITH_CARRY_PARAMS(e16) \
      BODY; \
    } else if (sew == e32) { \
      VV_WITH_CARRY_PARAMS(e32) \
      BODY; \
    } else if (sew == e64) { \
      VV_WITH_CARRY_PARAMS(e64) \
      BODY; \
    } \
  VI_LOOP_END

#define VI_XI_LOOP_WITH_CARRY(BODY) \
  require_vm; \
  VI_CHECK_SSS(false); \
  VI_LOOP_WITH_CARRY_BASE \
    if (sew == e8){ \
      XI_WITH_CARRY_PARAMS(e8) \
      BODY; \
    } else if (sew == e16) { \
      XI_WITH_CARRY_PARAMS(e16) \
      BODY; \
    } else if (sew == e32) { \
      XI_WITH_CARRY_PARAMS(e32) \
      BODY; \
    } else if (sew == e64) { \
      XI_WITH_CARRY_PARAMS(e64) \
      BODY; \
    } \
  VI_LOOP_END

// average loop
#define VI_VV_LOOP_AVG(op) \
VRM xrm = p->VU.get_vround_mode(); \
VI_VV_LOOP({ \
  uint128_t res = ((uint128_t)vs2) op vs1; \
  INT_ROUNDING(res, xrm, 1); \
  vd = res >> 1; \
})

#define VI_VX_LOOP_AVG(op) \
VRM xrm = p->VU.get_vround_mode(); \
VI_VX_LOOP({ \
  uint128_t res = ((uint128_t)vs2) op rs1; \
  INT_ROUNDING(res, xrm, 1); \
  vd = res >> 1; \
})

#define VI_VV_ULOOP_AVG(op) \
VRM xrm = p->VU.get_vround_mode(); \
VI_VV_ULOOP({ \
  uint128_t res = ((uint128_t)vs2) op vs1; \
  INT_ROUNDING(res, xrm, 1); \
  vd = res >> 1; \
})

#define VI_VX_ULOOP_AVG(op) \
VRM xrm = p->VU.get_vround_mode(); \
VI_VX_ULOOP({ \
  uint128_t res = ((uint128_t)vs2) op rs1; \
  INT_ROUNDING(res, xrm, 1); \
  vd = res >> 1; \
})

//
// vector: load/store helper 
//
#define VI_STRIP(inx) \
  reg_t vreg_inx = inx;

#define VI_DUPLICATE_VREG(reg_num, idx_sew) \
reg_t index[P.VU.vlmax]; \
 for (reg_t i = 0; i < P.VU.vlmax && P.VU.vl->read() != 0; ++i) {       \
  switch(idx_sew) { \
    case e8: \
      index[i] = P.VU.elt<uint8_t>(reg_num, i); \
      break; \
    case e16: \
      index[i] = P.VU.elt<uint16_t>(reg_num, i); \
      break; \
    case e32: \
      index[i] = P.VU.elt<uint32_t>(reg_num, i); \
      break; \
    case e64: \
      index[i] = P.VU.elt<uint64_t>(reg_num, i); \
      break; \
  } \
}

#define VI_LD(stride, offset, elt_width, is_mask_ldst) \
  const reg_t nf = insn.v_nf() + 1; \
  const reg_t vl = is_mask_ldst ? ((P.VU.vl->read() + 7) / 8) : P.VU.vl->read(); \
  const reg_t baseAddr = RS1; \
  const reg_t vd = insn.rd(); \
  VI_CHECK_LOAD(elt_width, is_mask_ldst); \
  for (reg_t i = 0; i < vl; ++i) { \
    VI_ELEMENT_SKIP(i); \
    VI_STRIP(i); \
    P.VU.vstart->write(i); \
    for (reg_t fn = 0; fn < nf; ++fn) { \
      elt_width##_t val = MMU.load_##elt_width( \
        baseAddr + (stride) + (offset) * sizeof(elt_width##_t)); \
      P.VU.elt<elt_width##_t>(vd + fn * emul, vreg_inx, true) = val; \
    } \
  } \
  P.VU.vstart->write(0);

#define VI_LD_INDEX(elt_width, is_seg) \
  const reg_t nf = insn.v_nf() + 1; \
  const reg_t vl = P.VU.vl->read(); \
  const reg_t baseAddr = RS1; \
  const reg_t vd = insn.rd(); \
  if (!is_seg) \
    require(nf == 1); \
  VI_CHECK_LD_INDEX(elt_width); \
  VI_DUPLICATE_VREG(insn.rs2(), elt_width); \
  for (reg_t i = 0; i < vl; ++i) { \
    VI_ELEMENT_SKIP(i); \
    VI_STRIP(i); \
    P.VU.vstart->write(i); \
    for (reg_t fn = 0; fn < nf; ++fn) { \
      switch(P.VU.vsew){ \
        case e8: \
          P.VU.elt<uint8_t>(vd + fn * flmul, vreg_inx, true) = \
            MMU.load_uint8(baseAddr + index[i] + fn * 1); \
          break; \
        case e16: \
          P.VU.elt<uint16_t>(vd + fn * flmul, vreg_inx, true) = \
            MMU.load_uint16(baseAddr + index[i] + fn * 2); \
          break; \
        case e32: \
          P.VU.elt<uint32_t>(vd + fn * flmul, vreg_inx, true) = \
            MMU.load_uint32(baseAddr + index[i] + fn * 4); \
          break; \
        default: \
          P.VU.elt<uint64_t>(vd + fn * flmul, vreg_inx, true) = \
            MMU.load_uint64(baseAddr + index[i] + fn * 8); \
          break; \
      } \
    } \
  } \
  P.VU.vstart->write(0);

#define VI_ST(stride, offset, elt_width, is_mask_ldst) \
  const reg_t nf = insn.v_nf() + 1; \
  const reg_t vl = is_mask_ldst ? ((P.VU.vl->read() + 7) / 8) : P.VU.vl->read(); \
  const reg_t baseAddr = RS1; \
  const reg_t vs3 = insn.rd(); \
  VI_CHECK_STORE(elt_width, is_mask_ldst); \
  for (reg_t i = 0; i < vl; ++i) { \
    VI_STRIP(i) \
    VI_ELEMENT_SKIP(i); \
    P.VU.vstart->write(i); \
    for (reg_t fn = 0; fn < nf; ++fn) { \
      elt_width##_t val = P.VU.elt<elt_width##_t>(vs3 + fn * emul, vreg_inx); \
      MMU.store_##elt_width( \
        baseAddr + (stride) + (offset) * sizeof(elt_width##_t), val); \
    } \
  } \
  P.VU.vstart->write(0);

#define VI_ST_INDEX(elt_width, is_seg) \
  const reg_t nf = insn.v_nf() + 1; \
  const reg_t vl = P.VU.vl->read(); \
  const reg_t baseAddr = RS1; \
  const reg_t vs3 = insn.rd(); \
  if (!is_seg) \
    require(nf == 1); \
  VI_CHECK_ST_INDEX(elt_width); \
  VI_DUPLICATE_VREG(insn.rs2(), elt_width);   \
  for (reg_t i = 0; i < vl; ++i) { \
    VI_STRIP(i) \
    VI_ELEMENT_SKIP(i); \
    P.VU.vstart->write(i); \
    for (reg_t fn = 0; fn < nf; ++fn) { \
      switch (P.VU.vsew) { \
      case e8: \
        MMU.store_uint8(baseAddr + index[i] + fn * 1, \
          P.VU.elt<uint8_t>(vs3 + fn * flmul, vreg_inx)); \
        break; \
      case e16: \
        MMU.store_uint16(baseAddr + index[i] + fn * 2, \
          P.VU.elt<uint16_t>(vs3 + fn * flmul, vreg_inx)); \
        break; \
      case e32: \
        MMU.store_uint32(baseAddr + index[i] + fn * 4, \
          P.VU.elt<uint32_t>(vs3 + fn * flmul, vreg_inx)); \
        break; \
      default: \
        MMU.store_uint64(baseAddr + index[i] + fn * 8, \
          P.VU.elt<uint64_t>(vs3 + fn * flmul, vreg_inx)); \
        break; \
      } \
    } \
  } \
  P.VU.vstart->write(0);

#define VI_LDST_FF(elt_width) \
  const reg_t nf = insn.v_nf() + 1; \
  const reg_t sew = p->VU.vsew; \
  const reg_t vl = p->VU.vl->read(); \
  const reg_t baseAddr = RS1; \
  const reg_t rd_num = insn.rd(); \
  VI_CHECK_LOAD(elt_width, false); \
  bool early_stop = false; \
  for (reg_t i = p->VU.vstart->read(); i < vl; ++i) { \
    VI_STRIP(i); \
    VI_ELEMENT_SKIP(i); \
    \
    for (reg_t fn = 0; fn < nf; ++fn) { \
      uint64_t val; \
      try { \
        val = MMU.load_##elt_width( \
          baseAddr + (i * nf + fn) * sizeof(elt_width##_t)); \
      } catch (trap_t& t) { \
        if (i == 0) \
          throw; /* Only take exception on zeroth element */ \
        /* Reduce VL if an exception occurs on a later element */ \
        early_stop = true; \
        P.VU.vl->write_raw(i);                  \
        break; \
      } \
      p->VU.elt<elt_width##_t>(rd_num + fn * emul, vreg_inx, true) = val; \
    } \
    \
    if (early_stop) { \
      break; \
    } \
  } \
  p->VU.vstart->write(0);

#define VI_LD_WHOLE(elt_width) \
  require_vector_novtype(true, false); \
  const reg_t baseAddr = RS1; \
  const reg_t vd = insn.rd(); \
  const reg_t len = insn.v_nf() + 1; \
  require_align(vd, len); \
  const reg_t elt_per_reg = P.VU.vlenb / sizeof(elt_width ## _t); \
  const reg_t size = len * elt_per_reg; \
  if (P.VU.vstart->read() < size) { \
    reg_t i = P.VU.vstart->read() / elt_per_reg; \
    reg_t off = P.VU.vstart->read() % elt_per_reg; \
    if (off) { \
      for (reg_t pos = off; pos < elt_per_reg; ++pos) { \
        auto val = MMU.load_## elt_width(baseAddr + \
          P.VU.vstart->read() * sizeof(elt_width ## _t)); \
        P.VU.elt<elt_width ## _t>(vd + i, pos, true) = val; \
        P.VU.vstart->write(P.VU.vstart->read() + 1); \
      } \
      ++i; \
    } \
    for (; i < len; ++i) { \
      for (reg_t pos = 0; pos < elt_per_reg; ++pos) { \
        auto val = MMU.load_## elt_width(baseAddr + \
          P.VU.vstart->read() * sizeof(elt_width ## _t)); \
        P.VU.elt<elt_width ## _t>(vd + i, pos, true) = val; \
        P.VU.vstart->write(P.VU.vstart->read() + 1); \
      } \
    } \
  } \
  P.VU.vstart->write(0);

#define VI_ST_WHOLE \
  require_vector_novtype(true, false); \
  const reg_t baseAddr = RS1; \
  const reg_t vs3 = insn.rd(); \
  const reg_t len = insn.v_nf() + 1; \
  require_align(vs3, len); \
  const reg_t size = len * P.VU.vlenb; \
   \
  if (P.VU.vstart->read() < size) { \
    reg_t i = P.VU.vstart->read() / P.VU.vlenb; \
    reg_t off = P.VU.vstart->read() % P.VU.vlenb; \
    if (off) { \
      for (reg_t pos = off; pos < P.VU.vlenb; ++pos) { \
        auto val = P.VU.elt<uint8_t>(vs3 + i, pos); \
        MMU.store_uint8(baseAddr + P.VU.vstart->read(), val); \
        P.VU.vstart->write(P.VU.vstart->read() + 1); \
      } \
      i++; \
    } \
    for (; i < len; ++i) { \
      for (reg_t pos = 0; pos < P.VU.vlenb; ++pos) { \
        auto val = P.VU.elt<uint8_t>(vs3 + i, pos); \
        MMU.store_uint8(baseAddr + P.VU.vstart->read(), val); \
        P.VU.vstart->write(P.VU.vstart->read() + 1); \
      } \
    } \
  } \
  P.VU.vstart->write(0);

//
// vector: amo 
//
#define VI_AMO(op, type, idx_type) \
  require_vector(false); \
  require_align(insn.rd(), P.VU.vflmul); \
  require(P.VU.vsew <= P.get_xlen() && P.VU.vsew >= 32); \
  require_align(insn.rd(), P.VU.vflmul); \
  float vemul = ((float)idx_type / P.VU.vsew * P.VU.vflmul); \
  require(vemul >= 0.125 && vemul <= 8); \
  require_align(insn.rs2(), vemul); \
  if (insn.v_wd()) {\
    require_vm; \
    if (idx_type > P.VU.vsew) { \
      if (insn.rd() != insn.rs2()) \
        require_noover(insn.rd(), P.VU.vflmul, insn.rs2(), vemul); \
    } else if (idx_type < P.VU.vsew) { \
      if (vemul < 1) {\
        require_noover(insn.rd(), P.VU.vflmul, insn.rs2(), vemul); \
      } else {\
        require_noover_widen(insn.rd(), P.VU.vflmul, insn.rs2(), vemul); \
      } \
    } \
  } \
  VI_DUPLICATE_VREG(insn.rs2(), idx_type); \
  const reg_t vl = P.VU.vl->read(); \
  const reg_t baseAddr = RS1; \
  const reg_t vd = insn.rd(); \
  for (reg_t i = P.VU.vstart->read(); i < vl; ++i) { \
    VI_ELEMENT_SKIP(i); \
    VI_STRIP(i); \
    P.VU.vstart->write(i); \
    switch (P.VU.vsew) { \
    case e32: {\
      auto vs3 = P.VU.elt< type ## 32_t>(vd, vreg_inx); \
      auto val = MMU.amo_uint32(baseAddr + index[i], [&]( type ## 32_t lhs) { op }); \
      if (insn.v_wd()) \
        P.VU.elt< type ## 32_t>(vd, vreg_inx, true) = val; \
      } \
      break; \
    case e64: {\
      auto vs3 = P.VU.elt< type ## 64_t>(vd, vreg_inx); \
      auto val = MMU.amo_uint64(baseAddr + index[i], [&]( type ## 64_t lhs) { op }); \
      if (insn.v_wd()) \
        P.VU.elt< type ## 64_t>(vd, vreg_inx, true) = val; \
      } \
      break; \
    default: \
      require(0); \
      break; \
    } \
  } \
  P.VU.vstart->write(0);

// vector: sign/unsiged extension
#define VI_VV_EXT(div, type) \
  require(insn.rd() != insn.rs2()); \
  require_vm; \
  reg_t from = P.VU.vsew / div; \
  require(from >= e8 && from <= e64); \
  require(((float)P.VU.vflmul / div) >= 0.125 && ((float)P.VU.vflmul / div) <= 8 ); \
  require_align(insn.rd(), P.VU.vflmul); \
  require_align(insn.rs2(), P.VU.vflmul / div); \
  if ((P.VU.vflmul / div) < 1) { \
    require_noover(insn.rd(), P.VU.vflmul, insn.rs2(), P.VU.vflmul / div); \
  } else {\
    require_noover_widen(insn.rd(), P.VU.vflmul, insn.rs2(), P.VU.vflmul / div); \
  } \
  reg_t pat = (((P.VU.vsew >> 3) << 4) | from >> 3); \
  VI_GENERAL_LOOP_BASE \
  VI_LOOP_ELEMENT_SKIP(); \
    switch (pat) { \
      case 0x21: \
        P.VU.elt<type##16_t>(rd_num, i, true) = P.VU.elt<type##8_t>(rs2_num, i); \
        break; \
      case 0x41: \
        P.VU.elt<type##32_t>(rd_num, i, true) = P.VU.elt<type##8_t>(rs2_num, i); \
        break; \
      case 0x81: \
        P.VU.elt<type##64_t>(rd_num, i, true) = P.VU.elt<type##8_t>(rs2_num, i); \
        break; \
      case 0x42: \
        P.VU.elt<type##32_t>(rd_num, i, true) = P.VU.elt<type##16_t>(rs2_num, i); \
        break; \
      case 0x82: \
        P.VU.elt<type##64_t>(rd_num, i, true) = P.VU.elt<type##16_t>(rs2_num, i); \
        break; \
      case 0x84: \
        P.VU.elt<type##64_t>(rd_num, i, true) = P.VU.elt<type##32_t>(rs2_num, i); \
        break; \
      case 0x88: \
        P.VU.elt<type##64_t>(rd_num, i, true) = P.VU.elt<type##32_t>(rs2_num, i); \
        break; \
      default: \
        break; \
    } \
  VI_LOOP_END 

//
// vector: vfp helper
//
#define VI_VFP_COMMON \
  require_fp; \
  require((P.VU.vsew == e16 && p->extension_enabled(EXT_ZFH)) || \
          (P.VU.vsew == e32 && p->extension_enabled('F')) || \
          (P.VU.vsew == e64 && p->extension_enabled('D'))); \
  require_vector(true);\
  require(STATE.frm->read() < 0x5);\
  reg_t vl = P.VU.vl->read(); \
  reg_t rd_num = insn.rd(); \
  reg_t rs1_num = insn.rs1(); \
  reg_t rs2_num = insn.rs2(); \
  softfloat_roundingMode = STATE.frm->read();

#define VI_VFP_LOOP_BASE \
  VI_VFP_COMMON \
  for (reg_t i=P.VU.vstart->read(); i<vl; ++i){ \
    VI_LOOP_ELEMENT_SKIP();

#define VI_VFP_LOOP_CMP_BASE \
  VI_VFP_COMMON \
  for (reg_t i = P.VU.vstart->read(); i < vl; ++i) { \
    VI_LOOP_ELEMENT_SKIP(); \
    uint64_t mmask = UINT64_C(1) << mpos; \
    uint64_t &vd = P.VU.elt<uint64_t>(rd_num, midx, true); \
    uint64_t res = 0;

#define VI_VFP_LOOP_REDUCTION_BASE(width) \
  float##width##_t vd_0 = P.VU.elt<float##width##_t>(rd_num, 0); \
  float##width##_t vs1_0 = P.VU.elt<float##width##_t>(rs1_num, 0); \
  vd_0 = vs1_0; \
  bool is_active = false; \
  for (reg_t i=P.VU.vstart->read(); i<vl; ++i){ \
    VI_LOOP_ELEMENT_SKIP(); \
    float##width##_t vs2 = P.VU.elt<float##width##_t>(rs2_num, i); \
    is_active = true; \

#define VI_VFP_LOOP_WIDE_REDUCTION_BASE \
  VI_VFP_COMMON \
  float64_t vd_0 = f64(P.VU.elt<float64_t>(rs1_num, 0).v); \
  for (reg_t i=P.VU.vstart->read(); i<vl; ++i) { \
    VI_LOOP_ELEMENT_SKIP();

#define VI_VFP_LOOP_END \
  } \
  P.VU.vstart->write(0); \

#define VI_VFP_LOOP_REDUCTION_END(x) \
  } \
  P.VU.vstart->write(0); \
  if (vl > 0) { \
    if (is_propagate && !is_active) { \
      switch (x) { \
        case e16: {\
            auto ret = f16_classify(f16(vd_0.v)); \
            if (ret & 0x300) { \
              if (ret & 0x100) { \
                softfloat_exceptionFlags |= softfloat_flag_invalid; \
                set_fp_exceptions; \
              } \
              P.VU.elt<uint16_t>(rd_num, 0, true) = defaultNaNF16UI; \
            } else { \
              P.VU.elt<uint16_t>(rd_num, 0, true) = vd_0.v; \
            } \
          } \
          break; \
        case e32: { \
            auto ret = f32_classify(f32(vd_0.v)); \
            if (ret & 0x300) { \
              if (ret & 0x100) { \
                softfloat_exceptionFlags |= softfloat_flag_invalid; \
                set_fp_exceptions; \
              } \
              P.VU.elt<uint32_t>(rd_num, 0, true) = defaultNaNF32UI; \
            } else { \
              P.VU.elt<uint32_t>(rd_num, 0, true) = vd_0.v; \
            } \
          } \
          break; \
        case e64: {\
            auto ret = f64_classify(f64(vd_0.v)); \
            if (ret & 0x300) { \
              if (ret & 0x100) { \
                softfloat_exceptionFlags |= softfloat_flag_invalid; \
                set_fp_exceptions; \
              } \
              P.VU.elt<uint64_t>(rd_num, 0, true) = defaultNaNF64UI; \
            } else { \
              P.VU.elt<uint64_t>(rd_num, 0, true) = vd_0.v; \
            } \
          } \
          break; \
      } \
    } else { \
      P.VU.elt<type_sew_t<x>::type>(rd_num, 0, true) = vd_0.v; \
    } \
  }

#define VI_VFP_LOOP_CMP_END \
  switch(P.VU.vsew) { \
    case e16: \
    case e32: \
    case e64: { \
      vd = (vd & ~mmask) | (((res) << mpos) & mmask); \
      break; \
    } \
    default: \
      require(0); \
      break; \
    }; \
  } \
  P.VU.vstart->write(0);

#define VI_VFP_VV_LOOP(BODY16, BODY32, BODY64) \
  VI_CHECK_SSS(true); \
  VI_VFP_LOOP_BASE \
  switch(P.VU.vsew) { \
    case e16: {\
      VFP_VV_PARAMS(16); \
      BODY16; \
      set_fp_exceptions; \
      break; \
    }\
    case e32: {\
      VFP_VV_PARAMS(32); \
      BODY32; \
      set_fp_exceptions; \
      break; \
    }\
    case e64: {\
      VFP_VV_PARAMS(64); \
      BODY64; \
      set_fp_exceptions; \
      break; \
    }\
    default: \
      require(0); \
      break; \
  }; \
  DEBUG_RVV_FP_VV; \
  VI_VFP_LOOP_END

#define VI_VFP_V_LOOP(BODY16, BODY32, BODY64) \
  VI_CHECK_SSS(false); \
  VI_VFP_LOOP_BASE \
  switch(P.VU.vsew) { \
    case e16: {\
      VFP_V_PARAMS(16); \
      BODY16; \
      break; \
    }\
    case e32: {\
      VFP_V_PARAMS(32); \
      BODY32; \
      break; \
    }\
    case e64: {\
      VFP_V_PARAMS(64); \
      BODY64; \
      break; \
    }\
    default: \
      require(0); \
      break; \
  }; \
  set_fp_exceptions; \
  VI_VFP_LOOP_END

#define VI_VFP_VV_LOOP_REDUCTION(BODY16, BODY32, BODY64) \
  VI_CHECK_REDUCTION(false) \
  VI_VFP_COMMON \
  switch(P.VU.vsew) { \
    case e16: {\
      VI_VFP_LOOP_REDUCTION_BASE(16) \
        BODY16; \
        set_fp_exceptions; \
      VI_VFP_LOOP_REDUCTION_END(e16) \
      break; \
    }\
    case e32: {\
      VI_VFP_LOOP_REDUCTION_BASE(32) \
        BODY32; \
        set_fp_exceptions; \
      VI_VFP_LOOP_REDUCTION_END(e32) \
      break; \
    }\
    case e64: {\
      VI_VFP_LOOP_REDUCTION_BASE(64) \
        BODY64; \
        set_fp_exceptions; \
      VI_VFP_LOOP_REDUCTION_END(e64) \
      break; \
    }\
    default: \
      require(0); \
      break; \
  }; \

#define VI_VFP_VV_LOOP_WIDE_REDUCTION(BODY16, BODY32) \
  VI_CHECK_REDUCTION(true) \
  VI_VFP_COMMON \
  require((P.VU.vsew == e16 && p->extension_enabled('F')) || \
          (P.VU.vsew == e32 && p->extension_enabled('D'))); \
  bool is_active = false; \
  switch(P.VU.vsew) { \
    case e16: {\
      float32_t vd_0 = P.VU.elt<float32_t>(rs1_num, 0); \
      for (reg_t i=P.VU.vstart->read(); i<vl; ++i) { \
        VI_LOOP_ELEMENT_SKIP(); \
        is_active = true; \
        float32_t vs2 = f16_to_f32(P.VU.elt<float16_t>(rs2_num, i)); \
        BODY16; \
        set_fp_exceptions; \
      VI_VFP_LOOP_REDUCTION_END(e32) \
      break; \
    }\
    case e32: {\
      float64_t vd_0 = P.VU.elt<float64_t>(rs1_num, 0); \
      for (reg_t i=P.VU.vstart->read(); i<vl; ++i) { \
        VI_LOOP_ELEMENT_SKIP(); \
        is_active = true; \
        float64_t vs2 = f32_to_f64(P.VU.elt<float32_t>(rs2_num, i)); \
        BODY32; \
        set_fp_exceptions; \
      VI_VFP_LOOP_REDUCTION_END(e64) \
      break; \
    }\
    default: \
      require(0); \
      break; \
  }; \

#define VI_VFP_VF_LOOP(BODY16, BODY32, BODY64) \
  VI_CHECK_SSS(false); \
  VI_VFP_LOOP_BASE \
  switch(P.VU.vsew) { \
    case e16: {\
      VFP_VF_PARAMS(16); \
      BODY16; \
      set_fp_exceptions; \
      break; \
    }\
    case e32: {\
      VFP_VF_PARAMS(32); \
      BODY32; \
      set_fp_exceptions; \
      break; \
    }\
    case e64: {\
      VFP_VF_PARAMS(64); \
      BODY64; \
      set_fp_exceptions; \
      break; \
    }\
    default: \
      require(0); \
      break; \
  }; \
  DEBUG_RVV_FP_VF; \
  VI_VFP_LOOP_END

#define VI_VFP_VV_LOOP_CMP(BODY16, BODY32, BODY64) \
  VI_CHECK_MSS(true); \
  VI_VFP_LOOP_CMP_BASE \
  switch(P.VU.vsew) { \
    case e16: {\
      VFP_VV_PARAMS(16); \
      BODY16; \
      set_fp_exceptions; \
      break; \
    }\
    case e32: {\
      VFP_VV_PARAMS(32); \
      BODY32; \
      set_fp_exceptions; \
      break; \
    }\
    case e64: {\
      VFP_VV_PARAMS(64); \
      BODY64; \
      set_fp_exceptions; \
      break; \
    }\
    default: \
      require(0); \
      break; \
  }; \
  VI_VFP_LOOP_CMP_END \

#define VI_VFP_VF_LOOP_CMP(BODY16, BODY32, BODY64) \
  VI_CHECK_MSS(false); \
  VI_VFP_LOOP_CMP_BASE \
  switch(P.VU.vsew) { \
    case e16: {\
      VFP_VF_PARAMS(16); \
      BODY16; \
      set_fp_exceptions; \
      break; \
    }\
    case e32: {\
      VFP_VF_PARAMS(32); \
      BODY32; \
      set_fp_exceptions; \
      break; \
    }\
    case e64: {\
      VFP_VF_PARAMS(64); \
      BODY64; \
      set_fp_exceptions; \
      break; \
    }\
    default: \
      require(0); \
      break; \
  }; \
  VI_VFP_LOOP_CMP_END \

#define VI_VFP_VF_LOOP_WIDE(BODY16, BODY32) \
  VI_CHECK_DSS(false); \
  VI_VFP_LOOP_BASE \
  switch(P.VU.vsew) { \
    case e16: { \
      float32_t &vd = P.VU.elt<float32_t>(rd_num, i, true); \
      float32_t vs2 = f16_to_f32(P.VU.elt<float16_t>(rs2_num, i)); \
      float32_t rs1 = f16_to_f32(f16(READ_FREG(rs1_num))); \
      BODY16; \
      set_fp_exceptions; \
      break; \
    } \
    case e32: {\
      float64_t &vd = P.VU.elt<float64_t>(rd_num, i, true); \
      float64_t vs2 = f32_to_f64(P.VU.elt<float32_t>(rs2_num, i)); \
      float64_t rs1 = f32_to_f64(f32(READ_FREG(rs1_num))); \
      BODY32; \
      set_fp_exceptions; \
      break; \
    }\
    default: \
      require(0); \
      break; \
  }; \
  DEBUG_RVV_FP_VV; \
  VI_VFP_LOOP_END


#define VI_VFP_VV_LOOP_WIDE(BODY16, BODY32) \
  VI_CHECK_DSS(true); \
  VI_VFP_LOOP_BASE \
  switch(P.VU.vsew) { \
    case e16: {\
      float32_t &vd = P.VU.elt<float32_t>(rd_num, i, true); \
      float32_t vs2 = f16_to_f32(P.VU.elt<float16_t>(rs2_num, i)); \
      float32_t vs1 = f16_to_f32(P.VU.elt<float16_t>(rs1_num, i)); \
      BODY16; \
      set_fp_exceptions; \
      break; \
    }\
    case e32: {\
      float64_t &vd = P.VU.elt<float64_t>(rd_num, i, true); \
      float64_t vs2 = f32_to_f64(P.VU.elt<float32_t>(rs2_num, i)); \
      float64_t vs1 = f32_to_f64(P.VU.elt<float32_t>(rs1_num, i)); \
      BODY32; \
      set_fp_exceptions; \
      break; \
    }\
    default: \
      require(0); \
      break; \
  }; \
  DEBUG_RVV_FP_VV; \
  VI_VFP_LOOP_END

#define VI_VFP_WF_LOOP_WIDE(BODY16, BODY32) \
  VI_CHECK_DDS(false); \
  VI_VFP_LOOP_BASE \
  switch(P.VU.vsew) { \
    case e16: {\
      float32_t &vd = P.VU.elt<float32_t>(rd_num, i, true); \
      float32_t vs2 = P.VU.elt<float32_t>(rs2_num, i); \
      float32_t rs1 = f16_to_f32(f16(READ_FREG(rs1_num))); \
      BODY16; \
      set_fp_exceptions; \
      break; \
    }\
    case e32: {\
      float64_t &vd = P.VU.elt<float64_t>(rd_num, i, true); \
      float64_t vs2 = P.VU.elt<float64_t>(rs2_num, i); \
      float64_t rs1 = f32_to_f64(f32(READ_FREG(rs1_num))); \
      BODY32; \
      set_fp_exceptions; \
      break; \
    }\
    default: \
      require(0); \
  }; \
  DEBUG_RVV_FP_VV; \
  VI_VFP_LOOP_END

#define VI_VFP_WV_LOOP_WIDE(BODY16, BODY32) \
  VI_CHECK_DDS(true); \
  VI_VFP_LOOP_BASE \
  switch(P.VU.vsew) { \
    case e16: {\
      float32_t &vd = P.VU.elt<float32_t>(rd_num, i, true); \
      float32_t vs2 = P.VU.elt<float32_t>(rs2_num, i); \
      float32_t vs1 = f16_to_f32(P.VU.elt<float16_t>(rs1_num, i)); \
      BODY16; \
      set_fp_exceptions; \
      break; \
    }\
    case e32: {\
      float64_t &vd = P.VU.elt<float64_t>(rd_num, i, true); \
      float64_t vs2 = P.VU.elt<float64_t>(rs2_num, i); \
      float64_t vs1 = f32_to_f64(P.VU.elt<float32_t>(rs1_num, i)); \
      BODY32; \
      set_fp_exceptions; \
      break; \
    }\
    default: \
      require(0); \
  }; \
  DEBUG_RVV_FP_VV; \
  VI_VFP_LOOP_END

#define VI_VFP_LOOP_SCALE_BASE \
  require_fp; \
  require_vector(true);\
  require(STATE.frm->read() < 0x5);\
  reg_t vl = P.VU.vl->read(); \
  reg_t rd_num = insn.rd(); \
  reg_t rs1_num = insn.rs1(); \
  reg_t rs2_num = insn.rs2(); \
  softfloat_roundingMode = STATE.frm->read(); \
  for (reg_t i=P.VU.vstart->read(); i<vl; ++i){ \
    VI_LOOP_ELEMENT_SKIP();

#define VI_VFP_CVT_LOOP(CVT_PARAMS, CHECK, BODY) \
  CHECK \
  VI_VFP_LOOP_SCALE_BASE \
  CVT_PARAMS \
  BODY \
  set_fp_exceptions; \
  VI_VFP_LOOP_END

#define VI_VFP_CVT_INT_TO_FP(BODY16, BODY32, BODY64, sign) \
  VI_CHECK_SSS(false); \
  VI_VFP_COMMON \
  switch(P.VU.vsew) { \
    case e16: \
      { VI_VFP_CVT_LOOP(CVT_INT_TO_FP_PARAMS(16, 16, sign), \
        { p->extension_enabled(EXT_ZFH); }, \
        BODY16); } \
      break; \
    case e32: \
      { VI_VFP_CVT_LOOP(CVT_INT_TO_FP_PARAMS(32, 32, sign), \
        { p->extension_enabled('F'); }, \
        BODY32); } \
      break; \
    case e64: \
      { VI_VFP_CVT_LOOP(CVT_INT_TO_FP_PARAMS(64, 64, sign), \
        { p->extension_enabled('D'); }, \
        BODY64); } \
      break; \
    default: \
      require(0); \
      break; \
  }

#define VI_VFP_CVT_FP_TO_INT(BODY16, BODY32, BODY64, sign) \
  VI_CHECK_SSS(false); \
  VI_VFP_COMMON \
  switch(P.VU.vsew) { \
    case e16: \
      { VI_VFP_CVT_LOOP(CVT_FP_TO_INT_PARAMS(16, 16, sign), \
        { p->extension_enabled(EXT_ZFH); }, \
        BODY16); } \
      break; \
    case e32: \
      { VI_VFP_CVT_LOOP(CVT_FP_TO_INT_PARAMS(32, 32, sign), \
        { p->extension_enabled('F'); }, \
        BODY32); } \
      break; \
    case e64: \
      { VI_VFP_CVT_LOOP(CVT_FP_TO_INT_PARAMS(64, 64, sign), \
        { p->extension_enabled('D'); }, \
        BODY64); } \
      break; \
    default: \
      require(0); \
      break; \
  }

#define VI_VFP_WCVT_FP_TO_FP(BODY8, BODY16, BODY32, \
                             CHECK8, CHECK16, CHECK32) \
  VI_CHECK_DSS(false); \
  switch(P.VU.vsew) { \
    case e16: \
      { VI_VFP_CVT_LOOP(CVT_FP_TO_FP_PARAMS(16, 32), CHECK16, BODY16); } \
      break; \
    case e32: \
      { VI_VFP_CVT_LOOP(CVT_FP_TO_FP_PARAMS(32, 64), CHECK32, BODY32); } \
      break; \
    default: \
      require(0); \
      break; \
  }

#define VI_VFP_WCVT_INT_TO_FP(BODY8, BODY16, BODY32, \
                              CHECK8, CHECK16, CHECK32, \
                              sign) \
  VI_CHECK_DSS(false); \
  switch(P.VU.vsew) { \
    case e8: \
      { VI_VFP_CVT_LOOP(CVT_INT_TO_FP_PARAMS(8, 16, sign), CHECK8, BODY8); } \
      break; \
    case e16: \
      { VI_VFP_CVT_LOOP(CVT_INT_TO_FP_PARAMS(16, 32, sign), CHECK16, BODY16); } \
      break; \
    case e32: \
      { VI_VFP_CVT_LOOP(CVT_INT_TO_FP_PARAMS(32, 64, sign), CHECK32, BODY32); } \
      break; \
    default: \
      require(0); \
      break; \
  }

#define VI_VFP_WCVT_FP_TO_INT(BODY8, BODY16, BODY32, \
                              CHECK8, CHECK16, CHECK32, \
                              sign) \
  VI_CHECK_DSS(false); \
  switch(P.VU.vsew) { \
    case e16: \
      { VI_VFP_CVT_LOOP(CVT_FP_TO_INT_PARAMS(16, 32, sign), CHECK16, BODY16); } \
      break; \
    case e32: \
      { VI_VFP_CVT_LOOP(CVT_FP_TO_INT_PARAMS(32, 64, sign), CHECK32, BODY32); } \
      break; \
    default: \
      require(0); \
      break; \
  }

#define VI_VFP_NCVT_FP_TO_FP(BODY8, BODY16, BODY32, \
                            CHECK8, CHECK16, CHECK32) \
  VI_CHECK_SDS(false); \
  switch(P.VU.vsew) { \
    case e16: \
      { VI_VFP_CVT_LOOP(CVT_FP_TO_FP_PARAMS(32, 16), CHECK16, BODY16); } \
      break; \
    case e32: \
      { VI_VFP_CVT_LOOP(CVT_FP_TO_FP_PARAMS(64, 32), CHECK32, BODY32); } \
      break; \
    default: \
      require(0); \
      break; \
  }

#define VI_VFP_NCVT_INT_TO_FP(BODY8, BODY16, BODY32, \
                             CHECK8, CHECK16, CHECK32, \
                             sign) \
  VI_CHECK_SDS(false); \
  switch(P.VU.vsew) { \
    case e16: \
      { VI_VFP_CVT_LOOP(CVT_INT_TO_FP_PARAMS(32, 16, sign), CHECK16, BODY16); } \
      break; \
    case e32: \
      { VI_VFP_CVT_LOOP(CVT_INT_TO_FP_PARAMS(64, 32, sign), CHECK32, BODY32); } \
      break; \
    default: \
      require(0); \
      break; \
  }

#define VI_VFP_NCVT_FP_TO_INT(BODY8, BODY16, BODY32, \
                             CHECK8, CHECK16, CHECK32, \
                             sign) \
  VI_CHECK_SDS(false); \
  switch(P.VU.vsew) { \
    case e8: \
      { VI_VFP_CVT_LOOP(CVT_FP_TO_INT_PARAMS(16, 8, sign), CHECK8, BODY8); } \
      break; \
    case e16: \
      { VI_VFP_CVT_LOOP(CVT_FP_TO_INT_PARAMS(32, 16, sign), CHECK16, BODY16); } \
      break; \
    case e32: \
      { VI_VFP_CVT_LOOP(CVT_FP_TO_INT_PARAMS(64, 32, sign), CHECK32, BODY32); } \
      break; \
    default: \
      require(0); \
      break; \
  }

// The p-extension support is contributed by
// Programming Langauge Lab, Department of Computer Science, National Tsing-Hua University, Taiwan

#define P_FIELD(R, INDEX, SIZE) \
  (type_sew_t<SIZE>::type)get_field(R, make_mask64(((INDEX) * SIZE), SIZE))

#define P_UFIELD(R, INDEX, SIZE) \
  (type_usew_t<SIZE>::type)get_field(R, make_mask64(((INDEX) * SIZE), SIZE))

#define P_B(R, INDEX) P_UFIELD(R, INDEX, 8)
#define P_H(R, INDEX) P_UFIELD(R, INDEX, 16)
#define P_W(R, INDEX) P_UFIELD(R, INDEX, 32)
#define P_SB(R, INDEX) P_FIELD(R, INDEX, 8)
#define P_SH(R, INDEX) P_FIELD(R, INDEX, 16)
#define P_SW(R, INDEX) P_FIELD(R, INDEX, 32)

#define READ_REG_PAIR(reg) ({ \
  require((reg) % 2 == 0); \
  (reg) == 0 ? reg_t(0) : \
  (READ_REG((reg) + 1) << 32) + zext32(READ_REG(reg)); })

#define RS1_PAIR READ_REG_PAIR(insn.rs1())
#define RS2_PAIR READ_REG_PAIR(insn.rs2())
#define RD_PAIR READ_REG_PAIR(insn.rd())

#define WRITE_PD() \
  rd_tmp = set_field(rd_tmp, make_mask64((i * sizeof(pd) * 8), sizeof(pd) * 8), pd);

#define WRITE_RD_PAIR(value) \
  if (insn.rd() != 0) { \
    require(insn.rd() % 2 == 0); \
    WRITE_REG(insn.rd(), sext32(value)); \
    WRITE_REG(insn.rd() + 1, (sreg_t(value)) >> 32); \
  }

#define P_SET_OV(ov) \
  if (ov) P.VU.vxsat->write(1);

#define P_SAT(R, BIT) \
  if (R > INT##BIT##_MAX) { \
    R = INT##BIT##_MAX; \
    P_SET_OV(1); \
  } else if (R < INT##BIT##_MIN) { \
    R = INT##BIT##_MIN; \
    P_SET_OV(1); \
  }

#define P_SATU(R, BIT) \
  if (R > UINT##BIT##_MAX) { \
    R = UINT##BIT##_MAX; \
    P_SET_OV(1); \
  } else if (R < 0) { \
    P_SET_OV(1); \
    R = 0; \
  }

#define P_LOOP_BASE(BIT) \
  require_extension(EXT_ZPN); \
  require(BIT == e8 || BIT == e16 || BIT == e32); \
  reg_t rd_tmp = RD; \
  reg_t rs1 = RS1; \
  reg_t rs2 = RS2; \
  sreg_t len = xlen / BIT; \
  for (sreg_t i = len - 1; i >= 0; --i) {

#define P_ONE_LOOP_BASE(BIT) \
  require_extension(EXT_ZPN); \
  require(BIT == e8 || BIT == e16 || BIT == e32); \
  reg_t rd_tmp = RD; \
  reg_t rs1 = RS1; \
  sreg_t len = xlen / BIT; \
  for (sreg_t i = len - 1; i >= 0; --i) {

#define P_I_LOOP_BASE(BIT, IMMBIT) \
  require_extension(EXT_ZPN); \
  require(BIT == e8 || BIT == e16 || BIT == e32); \
  reg_t rd_tmp = RD; \
  reg_t rs1 = RS1; \
  type_usew_t<BIT>::type imm##IMMBIT##u = insn.p_imm##IMMBIT(); \
  sreg_t len = xlen / BIT; \
  for (sreg_t i = len - 1; i >= 0; --i) {

#define P_X_LOOP_BASE(BIT, LOWBIT) \
  require_extension(EXT_ZPN); \
  require(BIT == e8 || BIT == e16 || BIT == e32); \
  reg_t rd_tmp = RD; \
  reg_t rs1 = RS1; \
  type_usew_t<BIT>::type sa = RS2 & ((uint64_t(1) << LOWBIT) - 1); \
  type_sew_t<BIT>::type ssa = int64_t(RS2) << (64 - LOWBIT) >> (64 - LOWBIT); \
  sreg_t len = xlen / BIT; \
  for (sreg_t i = len - 1; i >= 0; --i) {

#define P_MUL_LOOP_BASE(BIT) \
  require_extension(EXT_ZPN); \
  require(BIT == e8 || BIT == e16 || BIT == e32); \
  reg_t rd_tmp = RD; \
  reg_t rs1 = RS1; \
  reg_t rs2 = RS2; \
  sreg_t len = 32 / BIT; \
  for (sreg_t i = len - 1; i >= 0; --i) {

#define P_REDUCTION_LOOP_BASE(BIT, BIT_INNER, USE_RD) \
  require_extension(EXT_ZPN); \
  require(BIT == e16 || BIT == e32 || BIT == e64); \
  reg_t rd_tmp = USE_RD ? zext_xlen(RD) : 0; \
  reg_t rs1 = zext_xlen(RS1); \
  reg_t rs2 = zext_xlen(RS2); \
  sreg_t len = 64 / BIT; \
  sreg_t len_inner = BIT / BIT_INNER; \
  for (sreg_t i = len - 1; i >= 0; --i) { \
    sreg_t pd_res = P_FIELD(rd_tmp, i, BIT); \
    for (sreg_t j = i * len_inner; j < (i + 1) * len_inner; ++j) {

#define P_REDUCTION_ULOOP_BASE(BIT, BIT_INNER, USE_RD) \
  require_extension(EXT_ZPN); \
  require(BIT == e16 || BIT == e32 || BIT == e64); \
  reg_t rd_tmp = USE_RD ? zext_xlen(RD) : 0; \
  reg_t rs1 = zext_xlen(RS1); \
  reg_t rs2 = zext_xlen(RS2); \
  sreg_t len = 64 / BIT; \
  sreg_t len_inner = BIT / BIT_INNER; \
  for (sreg_t i = len - 1; i >=0; --i) { \
    reg_t pd_res = P_UFIELD(rd_tmp, i, BIT); \
    for (sreg_t j = i * len_inner; j < (i + 1) * len_inner; ++j) {

#define P_PARAMS(BIT) \
  auto pd = P_FIELD(rd_tmp, i, BIT); \
  auto ps1 = P_FIELD(rs1, i, BIT); \
  auto ps2 = P_FIELD(rs2, i, BIT);

#define P_UPARAMS(BIT) \
  auto pd = P_UFIELD(rd_tmp, i, BIT); \
  auto ps1 = P_UFIELD(rs1, i, BIT); \
  auto ps2 = P_UFIELD(rs2, i, BIT);

#define P_CORSS_PARAMS(BIT) \
  auto pd = P_FIELD(rd_tmp, i, BIT); \
  auto ps1 = P_FIELD(rs1, i, BIT); \
  auto ps2 = P_FIELD(rs2, (i ^ 1), BIT);

#define P_CORSS_UPARAMS(BIT) \
  auto pd = P_UFIELD(rd_tmp, i, BIT); \
  auto ps1 = P_UFIELD(rs1, i, BIT); \
  auto ps2 = P_UFIELD(rs2, (i ^ 1), BIT);

#define P_ONE_PARAMS(BIT) \
  auto pd = P_FIELD(rd_tmp, i, BIT); \
  auto ps1 = P_FIELD(rs1, i, BIT);

#define P_ONE_UPARAMS(BIT) \
  auto pd = P_UFIELD(rd_tmp, i, BIT); \
  auto ps1 = P_UFIELD(rs1, i, BIT);

#define P_ONE_SUPARAMS(BIT) \
  auto pd = P_UFIELD(rd_tmp, i, BIT); \
  auto ps1 = P_FIELD(rs1, i, BIT);

#define P_MUL_PARAMS(BIT) \
  auto pd = P_FIELD(rd_tmp, i, BIT * 2); \
  auto ps1 = P_FIELD(rs1, i, BIT); \
  auto ps2 = P_FIELD(rs2, i, BIT);

#define P_MUL_UPARAMS(BIT) \
  auto pd = P_UFIELD(rd_tmp, i, BIT * 2); \
  auto ps1 = P_UFIELD(rs1, i, BIT); \
  auto ps2 = P_UFIELD(rs2, i, BIT);

#define P_MUL_CROSS_PARAMS(BIT) \
  auto pd = P_FIELD(rd_tmp, i, BIT * 2); \
  auto ps1 = P_FIELD(rs1, i, BIT); \
  auto ps2 = P_FIELD(rs2, (i ^ 1), BIT);

#define P_MUL_CROSS_UPARAMS(BIT) \
  auto pd = P_UFIELD(rd_tmp, i, BIT*2); \
  auto ps1 = P_UFIELD(rs1, i, BIT); \
  auto ps2 = P_UFIELD(rs2, (i ^ 1), BIT);

#define P_REDUCTION_PARAMS(BIT_INNER) \
  auto ps1 = P_FIELD(rs1, j, BIT_INNER); \
  auto ps2 = P_FIELD(rs2, j, BIT_INNER);

#define P_REDUCTION_UPARAMS(BIT_INNER) \
  auto ps1 = P_UFIELD(rs1, j, BIT_INNER); \
  auto ps2 = P_UFIELD(rs2, j, BIT_INNER);

#define P_REDUCTION_SUPARAMS(BIT_INNER) \
  auto ps1 = P_FIELD(rs1, j, BIT_INNER); \
  auto ps2 = P_UFIELD(rs2, j, BIT_INNER);

#define P_REDUCTION_CROSS_PARAMS(BIT_INNER) \
  auto ps1 = P_FIELD(rs1, j, BIT_INNER); \
  auto ps2 = P_FIELD(rs2, (j ^ 1), BIT_INNER);

#define P_LOOP_BODY(BIT, BODY) { \
  P_PARAMS(BIT) \
  BODY \
  WRITE_PD(); \
}

#define P_ULOOP_BODY(BIT, BODY) { \
  P_UPARAMS(BIT) \
  BODY \
  WRITE_PD(); \
}

#define P_ONE_LOOP_BODY(BIT, BODY) { \
  P_ONE_PARAMS(BIT) \
  BODY \
  WRITE_PD(); \
}

#define P_CROSS_LOOP_BODY(BIT, BODY) { \
  P_CORSS_PARAMS(BIT) \
  BODY \
  WRITE_PD(); \
}

#define P_CROSS_ULOOP_BODY(BIT, BODY) { \
  P_CORSS_UPARAMS(BIT) \
  BODY \
  WRITE_PD(); \
}

#define P_ONE_ULOOP_BODY(BIT, BODY) { \
  P_ONE_UPARAMS(BIT) \
  BODY \
  WRITE_PD(); \
}

#define P_MUL_LOOP_BODY(BIT, BODY) { \
  P_MUL_PARAMS(BIT) \
  BODY \
  WRITE_PD(); \
}

#define P_MUL_ULOOP_BODY(BIT, BODY) { \
  P_MUL_UPARAMS(BIT) \
  BODY \
  WRITE_PD(); \
}

#define P_MUL_CROSS_LOOP_BODY(BIT, BODY) { \
  P_MUL_CROSS_PARAMS(BIT) \
  BODY \
  WRITE_PD(); \
}

#define P_MUL_CROSS_ULOOP_BODY(BIT, BODY) { \
  P_MUL_CROSS_UPARAMS(BIT) \
  BODY \
  WRITE_PD(); \
}

#define P_LOOP(BIT, BODY) \
  P_LOOP_BASE(BIT) \
  P_LOOP_BODY(BIT, BODY) \
  P_LOOP_END()

#define P_ONE_LOOP(BIT, BODY) \
  P_ONE_LOOP_BASE(BIT) \
  P_ONE_LOOP_BODY(BIT, BODY) \
  P_LOOP_END()

#define P_ULOOP(BIT, BODY) \
  P_LOOP_BASE(BIT) \
  P_ULOOP_BODY(BIT, BODY) \
  P_LOOP_END()

#define P_CROSS_LOOP(BIT, BODY1, BODY2) \
  P_LOOP_BASE(BIT) \
  P_CROSS_LOOP_BODY(BIT, BODY1) \
  --i; \
  if (sizeof(#BODY2) == 1) { \
    P_CROSS_LOOP_BODY(BIT, BODY1) \
  } \
  else { \
    P_CROSS_LOOP_BODY(BIT, BODY2) \
  } \
  P_LOOP_END()

#define P_CROSS_ULOOP(BIT, BODY1, BODY2) \
  P_LOOP_BASE(BIT) \
  P_CROSS_ULOOP_BODY(BIT, BODY1) \
  --i; \
  P_CROSS_ULOOP_BODY(BIT, BODY2) \
  P_LOOP_END()

#define P_STRAIGHT_LOOP(BIT, BODY1, BODY2) \
  P_LOOP_BASE(BIT) \
  P_LOOP_BODY(BIT, BODY1) \
  --i; \
  P_LOOP_BODY(BIT, BODY2) \
  P_LOOP_END()

#define P_STRAIGHT_ULOOP(BIT, BODY1, BODY2) \
  P_LOOP_BASE(BIT) \
  P_ULOOP_BODY(BIT, BODY1) \
  --i; \
  P_ULOOP_BODY(BIT, BODY2) \
  P_LOOP_END()

#define P_X_LOOP(BIT, RS2_LOW_BIT, BODY) \
  P_X_LOOP_BASE(BIT, RS2_LOW_BIT) \
  P_ONE_LOOP_BODY(BIT, BODY) \
  P_LOOP_END()

#define P_X_ULOOP(BIT, RS2_LOW_BIT, BODY) \
  P_X_LOOP_BASE(BIT, RS2_LOW_BIT) \
  P_ONE_ULOOP_BODY(BIT, BODY) \
  P_LOOP_END()

#define P_I_LOOP(BIT, IMMBIT, BODY) \
  P_I_LOOP_BASE(BIT, IMMBIT) \
  P_ONE_LOOP_BODY(BIT, BODY) \
  P_LOOP_END()

#define P_I_ULOOP(BIT, IMMBIT, BODY) \
  P_I_LOOP_BASE(BIT, IMMBIT) \
  P_ONE_ULOOP_BODY(BIT, BODY) \
  P_LOOP_END()

#define P_MUL_LOOP(BIT, BODY) \
  P_MUL_LOOP_BASE(BIT) \
  P_MUL_LOOP_BODY(BIT, BODY) \
  P_PAIR_LOOP_END()

#define P_MUL_ULOOP(BIT, BODY) \
  P_MUL_LOOP_BASE(BIT) \
  P_MUL_ULOOP_BODY(BIT, BODY) \
  P_PAIR_LOOP_END()

#define P_MUL_CROSS_LOOP(BIT, BODY) \
  P_MUL_LOOP_BASE(BIT) \
  P_MUL_CROSS_LOOP_BODY(BIT, BODY) \
  P_PAIR_LOOP_END()

#define P_MUL_CROSS_ULOOP(BIT, BODY) \
  P_MUL_LOOP_BASE(BIT) \
  P_MUL_CROSS_ULOOP_BODY(BIT, BODY) \
  P_PAIR_LOOP_END()

#define P_REDUCTION_LOOP(BIT, BIT_INNER, USE_RD, IS_SAT, BODY) \
  P_REDUCTION_LOOP_BASE(BIT, BIT_INNER, USE_RD) \
  P_REDUCTION_PARAMS(BIT_INNER) \
  BODY \
  P_REDUCTION_LOOP_END(BIT, IS_SAT)

#define P_REDUCTION_ULOOP(BIT, BIT_INNER, USE_RD, IS_SAT, BODY) \
  P_REDUCTION_ULOOP_BASE(BIT, BIT_INNER, USE_RD) \
  P_REDUCTION_UPARAMS(BIT_INNER) \
  BODY \
  P_REDUCTION_ULOOP_END(BIT, IS_SAT)

#define P_REDUCTION_SULOOP(BIT, BIT_INNER, USE_RD, IS_SAT, BODY) \
  P_REDUCTION_LOOP_BASE(BIT, BIT_INNER, USE_RD) \
  P_REDUCTION_SUPARAMS(BIT_INNER) \
  BODY \
  P_REDUCTION_LOOP_END(BIT, IS_SAT)

#define P_REDUCTION_CROSS_LOOP(BIT, BIT_INNER, USE_RD, IS_SAT, BODY) \
  P_REDUCTION_LOOP_BASE(BIT, BIT_INNER, USE_RD) \
  P_REDUCTION_CROSS_PARAMS(BIT_INNER) \
  BODY \
  P_REDUCTION_LOOP_END(BIT, IS_SAT)

#define P_LOOP_END() \
  } \
  WRITE_RD(sext_xlen(rd_tmp));

#define P_PAIR_LOOP_END() \
  } \
  if (xlen == 32) { \
    WRITE_RD_PAIR(rd_tmp); \
  } \
  else { \
    WRITE_RD(sext_xlen(rd_tmp)); \
  }

#define P_REDUCTION_LOOP_END(BIT, IS_SAT) \
    } \
    if (IS_SAT) { \
      P_SAT(pd_res, BIT); \
    } \
    type_usew_t<BIT>::type pd = pd_res; \
    WRITE_PD(); \
  } \
  WRITE_RD(sext_xlen(rd_tmp));

#define P_REDUCTION_ULOOP_END(BIT, IS_SAT) \
    } \
    if (IS_SAT) { \
      P_SATU(pd_res, BIT); \
    } \
    type_usew_t<BIT>::type pd = pd_res; \
    WRITE_PD(); \
  } \
  WRITE_RD(sext_xlen(rd_tmp));

#define P_SUNPKD8(X, Y) \
  require_extension(EXT_ZPN); \
  reg_t rd_tmp = 0; \
  int16_t pd[4] = { \
    P_SB(RS1, Y), \
    P_SB(RS1, X), \
    P_SB(RS1, Y + 4), \
    P_SB(RS1, X + 4), \
  }; \
  if (xlen == 64) { \
    memcpy(&rd_tmp, pd, 8); \
  } else { \
    memcpy(&rd_tmp, pd, 4); \
  } \
  WRITE_RD(sext_xlen(rd_tmp));

#define P_ZUNPKD8(X, Y) \
  require_extension(EXT_ZPN); \
  reg_t rd_tmp = 0; \
  uint16_t pd[4] = { \
    P_B(RS1, Y), \
    P_B(RS1, X), \
    P_B(RS1, Y + 4), \
    P_B(RS1, X + 4), \
  }; \
  if (xlen == 64) { \
    memcpy(&rd_tmp, pd, 8); \
  } else { \
    memcpy(&rd_tmp, pd, 4); \
  } \
  WRITE_RD(sext_xlen(rd_tmp));

#define P_PK(BIT, X, Y) \
  require_extension(EXT_ZPN); \
  require(BIT == e16 || BIT == e32); \
  reg_t rd_tmp = 0, rs1 = RS1, rs2 = RS2; \
  for (sreg_t i = 0; i < xlen / BIT / 2; i++) { \
    rd_tmp = set_field(rd_tmp, make_mask64(i * 2 * BIT, BIT), \
      P_UFIELD(RS2, i * 2 + Y, BIT)); \
    rd_tmp = set_field(rd_tmp, make_mask64((i * 2 + 1) * BIT, BIT), \
      P_UFIELD(RS1, i * 2 + X, BIT)); \
  } \
  WRITE_RD(sext_xlen(rd_tmp));

#define P_64_PROFILE_BASE() \
  require_extension(EXT_ZPSFOPERAND); \
  sreg_t rd, rs1, rs2;

#define P_64_UPROFILE_BASE() \
  require_extension(EXT_ZPSFOPERAND); \
  reg_t rd, rs1, rs2;

#define P_64_PROFILE_PARAM(USE_RD, INPUT_PAIR) \
  if (xlen == 32) { \
    rs1 = INPUT_PAIR ? RS1_PAIR : RS1; \
    rs2 = INPUT_PAIR ? RS2_PAIR : RS2; \
    rd = USE_RD ? RD_PAIR : 0; \
  } else { \
    rs1 = RS1; \
    rs2 = RS2; \
    rd = USE_RD ? RD : 0; \
  }

#define P_64_PROFILE(BODY) \
  P_64_PROFILE_BASE() \
  P_64_PROFILE_PARAM(false, true) \
  BODY \
  P_64_PROFILE_END() \

#define P_64_UPROFILE(BODY) \
  P_64_UPROFILE_BASE() \
  P_64_PROFILE_PARAM(false, true) \
  BODY \
  P_64_PROFILE_END() \

#define P_64_PROFILE_REDUCTION(BIT, BODY) \
  P_64_PROFILE_BASE() \
  P_64_PROFILE_PARAM(true, false) \
  for (sreg_t i = 0; i < xlen / BIT; i++) { \
    sreg_t ps1 = P_FIELD(rs1, i, BIT); \
    sreg_t ps2 = P_FIELD(rs2, i, BIT); \
    BODY \
  } \
  P_64_PROFILE_END() \

#define P_64_UPROFILE_REDUCTION(BIT, BODY) \
  P_64_UPROFILE_BASE() \
  P_64_PROFILE_PARAM(true, false) \
  for (sreg_t i = 0; i < xlen / BIT; i++) { \
    reg_t ps1 = P_UFIELD(rs1, i, BIT); \
    reg_t ps2 = P_UFIELD(rs2, i, BIT); \
    BODY \
  } \
  P_64_PROFILE_END() \

#define P_64_PROFILE_END() \
  if (xlen == 32) { \
    WRITE_RD_PAIR(rd); \
  } else { \
    WRITE_RD(sext_xlen(rd)); \
  }

#define DEBUG_START             0x0
#define DEBUG_END               (0x1000 - 1)

#endif