[Clang] Fix the for statement disappearing in AST when an error occurs in the conditional expression of the for statement (#65381)

Consider:
```
constexpr int f() {
    int sum = 0;
    for (int i = 0; undefined_var; ++i) {
        sum += i;
    }
    return sum;
}

static_assert(f());
```

The AST before this patch:
```
|-FunctionDecl <line:1:1, line:7:1> line:1:15 used constexpr f 'int ()' implicit-inline
| `-CompoundStmt <col:19, line:7:1>
|   |-DeclStmt <line:2:5, col:16>
|   | `-VarDecl <col:5, col:15> col:9 used sum 'int' cinit
|   |   `-IntegerLiteral <col:15> 'int' 0
|   `-ReturnStmt <line:6:5, col:12>
|     `-ImplicitCastExpr <col:12> 'int' <LValueToRValue>
|       `-DeclRefExpr <col:12> 'int' lvalue Var 0xb870518 'sum' 'int'
```

The AST after this patch:
```
|-FunctionDecl 0x11d0f63f8 <./main.cpp:1:1, line:7:1> line:1:15 used constexpr f 'int ()' implicit-inline
| `-CompoundStmt 0x11d110880 <col:19, line:7:1>
|   |-DeclStmt 0x11d0f65c8 <line:2:5, col:16>
|   | `-VarDecl 0x11d0f6528 <col:5, col:15> col:9 used sum 'int' cinit
|   |   `-IntegerLiteral 0x11d0f6590 <col:15> 'int' 0
|   |-ForStmt 0x11d110800 <line:3:5, line:5:5>
|   | |-DeclStmt 0x11d0f66a0 <line:3:10, col:19>
|   | | `-VarDecl 0x11d0f6600 <col:10, col:18> col:14 used i 'int' cinit
|   | |   `-IntegerLiteral 0x11d0f6668 <col:18> 'int' 0
|   | |-<<<NULL>>>
|   | |-RecoveryExpr 0x11d0f66e8 <col:21> 'bool' contains-errors
|   | |-UnaryOperator 0x11d0f6728 <col:36, col:38> 'int' lvalue prefix '++'
|   | | `-DeclRefExpr 0x11d0f6708 <col:38> 'int' lvalue Var 0x11d0f6600 'i' 'int'
|   | `-CompoundStmt 0x11d0f67c8 <col:41, line:5:5>
|   |   `-CompoundAssignOperator 0x11d0f6798 <line:4:9, col:16> 'int' lvalue '+=' ComputeLHSTy='int' ComputeResultTy='int'
|   |     |-DeclRefExpr 0x11d0f6740 <col:9> 'int' lvalue Var 0x11d0f6528 'sum' 'int'
|   |     `-ImplicitCastExpr 0x11d0f6780 <col:16> 'int' <LValueToRValue>
|   |       `-DeclRefExpr 0x11d0f6760 <col:16> 'int' lvalue Var 0x11d0f6600 'i' 'int'
|   `-ReturnStmt 0x11d110870 <line:6:5, col:12>
|     `-ImplicitCastExpr 0x11d110858 <col:12> 'int' <LValueToRValue>
|       `-DeclRefExpr 0x11d110838 <col:12> 'int' lvalue Var 0x11d0f6528 'sum' 'int'
```

---------

Co-authored-by: Shafik Yaghmour <shafik@users.noreply.github.com>

1 files changed, 17 insertions, 2 deletions

diff --git a/clang/lib/Parse/ParseStmt.cpp b/clang/lib/Parse/ParseStmt.cpp
index 110806e..fb883c0 100644
--- a/clang/lib/Parse/ParseStmt.cpp
+++ b/clang/lib/Parse/ParseStmt.cpp
@@ -2158,11 +2158,13 @@ StmtResult Parser::ParseForStatement(SourceLocation *TrailingElseLoc) {
         // for-range-declaration next.
         bool MightBeForRangeStmt = !ForRangeInfo.ParsedForRangeDecl();
         ColonProtectionRAIIObject ColonProtection(*this, MightBeForRangeStmt);
+        SourceLocation SecondPartStart = Tok.getLocation();
+        Sema::ConditionKind CK = Sema::ConditionKind::Boolean;
         SecondPart = ParseCXXCondition(
-            nullptr, ForLoc, Sema::ConditionKind::Boolean,
+            /*InitStmt=*/nullptr, ForLoc, CK,
             // FIXME: recovery if we don't see another semi!
             /*MissingOK=*/true, MightBeForRangeStmt ? &ForRangeInfo : nullptr,
-            /*EnterForConditionScope*/ true);
+            /*EnterForConditionScope=*/true);
 
         if (ForRangeInfo.ParsedForRangeDecl()) {
           Diag(FirstPart.get() ? FirstPart.get()->getBeginLoc()
@@ -2178,6 +2180,19 @@ StmtResult Parser::ParseForStatement(SourceLocation *TrailingElseLoc) {
                 << FixItHint::CreateRemoval(EmptyInitStmtSemiLoc);
           }
         }
+
+        if (SecondPart.isInvalid()) {
+          ExprResult CondExpr = Actions.CreateRecoveryExpr(
+              SecondPartStart,
+              Tok.getLocation() == SecondPartStart ? SecondPartStart
+                                                   : PrevTokLocation,
+              {}, Actions.PreferredConditionType(CK));
+          if (!CondExpr.isInvalid())
+            SecondPart = Actions.ActOnCondition(getCurScope(), ForLoc,
+                                                CondExpr.get(), CK,
+                                                /*MissingOK=*/false);
+        }
+
       } else {
         // We permit 'continue' and 'break' in the condition of a for loop.
         getCurScope()->AddFlags(Scope::BreakScope | Scope::ContinueScope);