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@@ -0,0 +1,832 @@ +Library Maintenance +******************* + +How to Install the GNU C Library +================================ + + Installation of the GNU C library is relatively simple. + + You need the latest version of GNU `make'. Modifying the GNU C +Library to work with other `make' programs would be so hard that we +recommend you port GNU `make' instead. *Really.* + + To configure the GNU C library for your system, run the shell script +`configure' with `sh'. Use an argument which is the conventional GNU +name for your system configuration--for example, `sparc-sun-sunos4.1', +for a Sun 4 running Sunos 4.1. *Note Installation: +(gcc.info)Installation, for a full description of standard GNU +configuration names. If you omit the configuration name, `configure' +will try to guess one for you by inspecting the system it is running +on. It may or may not be able to come up with a guess, and the its +guess might be wrong. `configure' will tell you the canonical name of +the chosen configuration before proceeding. + + The GNU C Library currently supports configurations that match the +following patterns: + + alpha-dec-osf1 + i386-ANYTHING-bsd4.3 + i386-ANYTHING-gnu + i386-ANYTHING-isc2.2 + i386-ANYTHING-isc3.N + i386-ANYTHING-sco3.2 + i386-ANYTHING-sco3.2v4 + i386-ANYTHING-sysv + i386-ANYTHING-sysv4 + i386-force_cpu386-none + i386-sequent-bsd + i960-nindy960-none + m68k-hp-bsd4.3 + m68k-mvme135-none + m68k-mvme136-none + m68k-sony-newsos3 + m68k-sony-newsos4 + m68k-sun-sunos4.N + mips-dec-ultrix4.N + mips-sgi-irix4.N + sparc-sun-solaris2.N + sparc-sun-sunos4.N + + While no other configurations are supported, there are handy aliases +for these few. (These aliases work in other GNU software as well.) + + decstation + hp320-bsd4.3 hp300bsd + i386-sco + i386-sco3.2v4 + i386-sequent-dynix + i386-svr4 + news + sun3-sunos4.N sun3 + sun4-solaris2.N sun4-sunos5.N + sun4-sunos4.N sun4 + + Here are some options that you should specify (if appropriate) when +you run `configure': + +`--with-gnu-ld' + Use this option if you plan to use GNU `ld' to link programs with + the GNU C Library. (We strongly recommend that you do.) This + option enables use of features that exist only in GNU `ld'; so if + you configure for GNU `ld' you must use GNU `ld' *every time* you + link with the GNU C Library, and when building it. + +`--with-gnu-as' + Use this option if you plan to use the GNU assembler, `gas', when + building the GNU C Library. On some systems, the library may not + build properly if you do *not* use `gas'. + +`--nfp' + Use this option if your computer lacks hardware floating point + support. + +`--prefix=DIRECTORY' + Install machine-independent data files in subdirectories of + `DIRECTORY'. (You can also set this in `configparms'; see below.) + +`--exec-prefix=DIRECTORY' + Install the library and other machine-dependent files in + subdirectories of `DIRECTORY'. (You can also set this in + `configparms'; see below.) + + The simplest way to run `configure' is to do it in the directory +that contains the library sources. This prepares to build the library +in that very directory. + + You can prepare to build the library in some other directory by going +to that other directory to run `configure'. In order to run configure, +you will have to specify a directory for it, like this: + + mkdir sun4 + cd sun4 + ../configure sparc-sun-sunos4.1 + +`configure' looks for the sources in whatever directory you specified +for finding `configure' itself. It does not matter where in the file +system the source and build directories are--as long as you specify the +source directory when you run `configure', you will get the proper +results. + + This feature lets you keep sources and binaries in different +directories, and that makes it easy to build the library for several +different machines from the same set of sources. Simply create a build +directory for each target machine, and run `configure' in that +directory specifying the target machine's configuration name. + + The library has a number of special-purpose configuration parameters. +These are defined in the file `Makeconfig'; see the comments in that +file for the details. + + But don't edit the file `Makeconfig' yourself--instead, create a +file `configparms' in the directory where you are building the library, +and define in that file the parameters you want to specify. +`configparms' should *not* be an edited copy of `Makeconfig'; specify +only the parameters that you want to override. To see how to set these +parameters, find the section of `Makeconfig' that says "These are the +configuration variables." Then for each parameter that you want to +change, copy the definition from `Makeconfig' to your new `configparms' +file, and change the value as appropriate for your system. + + It is easy to configure the GNU C library for cross-compilation by +setting a few variables in `configparms'. Set `CC' to the +cross-compiler for the target you configured the library for; it is +important to use this same `CC' value when running `configure', like +this: `CC=TARGET-gcc configure TARGET'. Set `BUILD_CC' to the compiler +to use for for programs run on the build system as part of compiling +the library. You may need to set `AR' and `RANLIB' to cross-compiling +versions of `ar' and `ranlib' if the native tools are not configured to +work with object files for the target you configured for. + + Some of the machine-dependent code for some machines uses extensions +in the GNU C compiler, so you may need to compile the library with GCC. +(In fact, all of the existing complete ports require GCC.) + + The current release of the C library contains some header files that +the compiler normally provides: `stddef.h', `stdarg.h', and several +files with names of the form `va-MACHINE.h'. The versions of these +files that came with older releases of GCC do not work properly with +the GNU C library. The `stddef.h' file in release 2.2 and later of GCC +is correct. If you have release 2.2 or later of GCC, use its version +of `stddef.h' instead of the C library's. To do this, put the line +`override stddef.h =' in `configparms'. The other files are corrected +in release 2.3 and later of GCC. `configure' will automatically detect +whether the installed `stdarg.h' and `va-MACHINE.h' files are +compatible with the C library, and use its own if not. + + There is a potential problem with the `size_t' type and versions of +GCC prior to release 2.4. ANSI C requires that `size_t' always be an +unsigned type. For compatibility with existing systems' header files, +GCC defines `size_t' in `stddef.h' to be whatever type the system's +`sys/types.h' defines it to be. Most Unix systems that define `size_t' +in `sys/types.h', define it to be a signed type. Some code in the +library depends on `size_t' being an unsigned type, and will not work +correctly if it is signed. + + The GNU C library code which expects `size_t' to be unsigned is +correct. The definition of `size_t' as a signed type is incorrect. +Versions 2.4 and later of GCC always define `size_t' as an unsigned +type, and GCC's `fixincludes' script massages the system's +`sys/types.h' so as not to conflict with this. + + In the meantime, we work around this problem by telling GCC +explicitly to use an unsigned type for `size_t' when compiling the GNU C +library. `configure' will automatically detect what type GCC uses for +`size_t' arrange to override it if necessary. + + To build the library, type `make lib'. This will produce a lot of +output, some of which looks like errors from `make' (but isn't). Look +for error messages from `make' containing `***'. Those indicate that +something is really wrong. + + To build and run some test programs which exercise some of the +library facilities, type `make tests'. This will produce several files +with names like `PROGRAM.out'. + + To format the `GNU C Library Reference Manual' for printing, type +`make dvi'. To format the Info version of the manual for on line +reading with `C-h i' in Emacs or with the `info' program, type +`make info'. + + To install the library and its header files, and the Info files of +the manual, type `make install', after setting the installation +directories in `configparms'. This will build things if necessary, +before installing them. + +Reporting Bugs +============== + + There are probably bugs in the GNU C library. There are certainly +errors and omissions in this manual. If you report them, they will get +fixed. If you don't, no one will ever know about them and they will +remain unfixed for all eternity, if not longer. + + To report a bug, first you must find it. Hopefully, this will be the +hard part. Once you've found a bug, make sure it's really a bug. A +good way to do this is to see if the GNU C library behaves the same way +some other C library does. If so, probably you are wrong and the +libraries are right (but not necessarily). If not, one of the libraries +is probably wrong. + + Once you're sure you've found a bug, try to narrow it down to the +smallest test case that reproduces the problem. In the case of a C +library, you really only need to narrow it down to one library function +call, if possible. This should not be too difficult. + + The final step when you have a simple test case is to report the bug. +When reporting a bug, send your test case, the results you got, the +results you expected, what you think the problem might be (if you've +thought of anything), your system type, and the version of the GNU C +library which you are using. Also include the files `config.status' +and `config.make' which are created by running `configure'; they will +be in whatever directory was current when you ran `configure'. + + If you think you have found some way in which the GNU C library does +not conform to the ANSI and POSIX standards (*note Standards and +Portability::.), that is definitely a bug. Report it! + + Send bug reports to the Internet address `bug-glibc@prep.ai.mit.edu' +or the UUCP path `mit-eddie!prep.ai.mit.edu!bug-glibc'. If you have +other problems with installation or use, please report those as well. + + If you are not sure how a function should behave, and this manual +doesn't tell you, that's a bug in the manual. Report that too! If the +function's behavior disagrees with the manual, then either the library +or the manual has a bug, so report the disagreement. If you find any +errors or omissions in this manual, please report them to the Internet +address `bug-glibc-manual@prep.ai.mit.edu' or the UUCP path +`mit-eddie!prep.ai.mit.edu!bug-glibc-manual'. + +Adding New Functions +==================== + + The process of building the library is driven by the makefiles, which +make heavy use of special features of GNU `make'. The makefiles are +very complex, and you probably don't want to try to understand them. +But what they do is fairly straightforward, and only requires that you +define a few variables in the right places. + + The library sources are divided into subdirectories, grouped by +topic. The `string' subdirectory has all the string-manipulation +functions, `stdio' has all the standard I/O functions, etc. + + Each subdirectory contains a simple makefile, called `Makefile', +which defines a few `make' variables and then includes the global +makefile `Rules' with a line like: + + include ../Rules + +The basic variables that a subdirectory makefile defines are: + +`subdir' + The name of the subdirectory, for example `stdio'. This variable + *must* be defined. + +`headers' + The names of the header files in this section of the library, such + as `stdio.h'. + +`routines' +`aux' + The names of the modules (source files) in this section of the + library. These should be simple names, such as `strlen' (rather + than complete file names, such as `strlen.c'). Use `routines' for + modules that define functions in the library, and `aux' for + auxiliary modules containing things like data definitions. But the + values of `routines' and `aux' are just concatenated, so there + really is no practical difference. + +`tests' + The names of test programs for this section of the library. These + should be simple names, such as `tester' (rather than complete file + names, such as `tester.c'). `make tests' will build and run all + the test programs. If a test program needs input, put the test + data in a file called `TEST-PROGRAM.input'; it will be given to + the test program on its standard input. If a test program wants + to be run with arguments, put the arguments (all on a single line) + in a file called `TEST-PROGRAM.args'. + +`others' + The names of "other" programs associated with this section of the + library. These are programs which are not tests per se, but are + other small programs included with the library. They are built by + `make others'. + +`install-lib' +`install-data' +`install' + Files to be installed by `make install'. Files listed in + `install-lib' are installed in the directory specified by `libdir' + in `configparms' or `Makeconfig' (*note Installation::.). Files + listed in `install-data' are installed in the directory specified + by `datadir' in `configparms' or `Makeconfig'. Files listed in + `install' are installed in the directory specified by `bindir' in + `configparms' or `Makeconfig'. + +`distribute' + Other files from this subdirectory which should be put into a + distribution tar file. You need not list here the makefile itself + or the source and header files listed in the other standard + variables. Only define `distribute' if there are files used in an + unusual way that should go into the distribution. + +`generated' + Files which are generated by `Makefile' in this subdirectory. + These files will be removed by `make clean', and they will never + go into a distribution. + +`extra-objs' + Extra object files which are built by `Makefile' in this + subdirectory. This should be a list of file names like `foo.o'; + the files will actually be found in whatever directory object + files are being built in. These files will be removed by + `make clean'. This variable is used for secondary object files + needed to build `others' or `tests'. + +Porting the GNU C Library +========================= + + The GNU C library is written to be easily portable to a variety of +machines and operating systems. Machine- and operating system-dependent +functions are well separated to make it easy to add implementations for +new machines or operating systems. This section describes the layout of +the library source tree and explains the mechanisms used to select +machine-dependent code to use. + + All the machine-dependent and operating system-dependent files in the +library are in the subdirectory `sysdeps' under the top-level library +source directory. This directory contains a hierarchy of +subdirectories (*note Hierarchy Conventions::.). + + Each subdirectory of `sysdeps' contains source files for a +particular machine or operating system, or for a class of machine or +operating system (for example, systems by a particular vendor, or all +machines that use IEEE 754 floating-point format). A configuration +specifies an ordered list of these subdirectories. Each subdirectory +implicitly appends its parent directory to the list. For example, +specifying the list `unix/bsd/vax' is equivalent to specifying the list +`unix/bsd/vax unix/bsd unix'. A subdirectory can also specify that it +implies other subdirectories which are not directly above it in the +directory hierarchy. If the file `Implies' exists in a subdirectory, +it lists other subdirectories of `sysdeps' which are appended to the +list, appearing after the subdirectory containing the `Implies' file. +Lines in an `Implies' file that begin with a `#' character are ignored +as comments. For example, `unix/bsd/Implies' contains: + # BSD has Internet-related things. + unix/inet + +and `unix/Implies' contains: + posix + +So the final list is `unix/bsd/vax unix/bsd unix/inet unix posix'. + + `sysdeps' has two "special" subdirectories, called `generic' and +`stub'. These two are always implicitly appended to the list of +subdirectories (in that order), so you needn't put them in an `Implies' +file, and you should not create any subdirectories under them. +`generic' is for things that can be implemented in machine-independent +C, using only other machine-independent functions in the C library. +`stub' is for "stub" versions of functions which cannot be implemented +on a particular machine or operating system. The stub functions always +return an error, and set `errno' to `ENOSYS' (Function not +implemented). *Note Error Reporting::. + + A source file is known to be system-dependent by its having a +version in `generic' or `stub'; every system-dependent function should +have either a generic or stub implementation (there is no point in +having both). + + If you come across a file that is in one of the main source +directories (`string', `stdio', etc.), and you want to write a machine- +or operating system-dependent version of it, move the file into +`sysdeps/generic' and write your new implementation in the appropriate +system-specific subdirectory. Note that if a file is to be +system-dependent, it *must not* appear in one of the main source +directories. + + There are a few special files that may exist in each subdirectory of +`sysdeps': + +`Makefile' + A makefile for this machine or operating system, or class of + machine or operating system. This file is included by the library + makefile `Makerules', which is used by the top-level makefile and + the subdirectory makefiles. It can change the variables set in the + including makefile or add new rules. It can use GNU `make' + conditional directives based on the variable `subdir' (see above) + to select different sets of variables and rules for different + sections of the library. It can also set the `make' variable + `sysdep-routines', to specify extra modules to be included in the + library. You should use `sysdep-routines' rather than adding + modules to `routines' because the latter is used in determining + what to distribute for each subdirectory of the main source tree. + + Each makefile in a subdirectory in the ordered list of + subdirectories to be searched is included in order. Since several + system-dependent makefiles may be included, each should append to + `sysdep-routines' rather than simply setting it: + + sysdep-routines := $(sysdep-routines) foo bar + +`Subdirs' + This file contains the names of new whole subdirectories under the + top-level library source tree that should be included for this + system. These subdirectories are treated just like the + system-independent subdirectories in the library source tree, such + as `stdio' and `math'. + + Use this when there are completely new sets of functions and header + files that should go into the library for the system this + subdirectory of `sysdeps' implements. For example, + `sysdeps/unix/inet/Subdirs' contains `inet'; the `inet' directory + contains various network-oriented operations which only make sense + to put in the library on systems that support the Internet. + +`Dist' + This file contains the names of files (relative to the + subdirectory of `sysdeps' in which it appears) which should be + included in the distribution. List any new files used by rules in + the `Makefile' in the same directory, or header files used by the + source files in that directory. You don't need to list files that + are implementations (either C or assembly source) of routines + whose names are given in the machine-independent makefiles in the + main source tree. + +`configure' + This file is a shell script fragment to be run at configuration + time. The top-level `configure' script uses the shell `.' command + to read the `configure' file in each system-dependent directory + chosen, in order. The `configure' files are often generated from + `configure.in' files using Autoconf. + + A system-dependent `configure' script will usually add things to + the shell variables `DEFS' and `config_vars'; see the top-level + `configure' script for details. The script can check for + `--with-PACKAGE' options that were passed to the top-level + `configure'. For an option `--with-PACKAGE=VALUE' `configure' + sets the shell variable `with_PACKAGE' (with any dashes in PACKAGE + converted to underscores) to VALUE; if the option is just + `--with-PACKAGE' (no argument), then it sets `with_PACKAGE' to + `yes'. + +`configure.in' + This file is an Autoconf input fragment to be processed into the + file `configure' in this subdirectory. *Note Introduction: + (autoconf.info)Introduction, for a description of Autoconf. You + should write either `configure' or `configure.in', but not both. + The first line of `configure.in' should invoke the `m4' macro + `GLIBC_PROVIDES'. This macro does several `AC_PROVIDE' calls for + Autoconf macros which are used by the top-level `configure' + script; without this, those macros might be invoked again + unnecessarily by Autoconf. + + That is the general system for how system-dependencies are isolated. + +Layout of the `sysdeps' Directory Hierarchy +------------------------------------------- + + A GNU configuration name has three parts: the CPU type, the +manufacturer's name, and the operating system. `configure' uses these +to pick the list of system-dependent directories to look for. If the +`--nfp' option is *not* passed to `configure', the directory +`MACHINE/fpu' is also used. The operating system often has a "base +operating system"; for example, if the operating system is `sunos4.1', +the base operating system is `unix/bsd'. The algorithm used to pick +the list of directories is simple: `configure' makes a list of the base +operating system, manufacturer, CPU type, and operating system, in that +order. It then concatenates all these together with slashes in +between, to produce a directory name; for example, the configuration +`sparc-sun-sunos4.1' results in `unix/bsd/sun/sparc/sunos4.1'. +`configure' then tries removing each element of the list in turn, so +`unix/bsd/sparc' and `sun/sparc' are also tried, among others. Since +the precise version number of the operating system is often not +important, and it would be very inconvenient, for example, to have +identical `sunos4.1.1' and `sunos4.1.2' directories, `configure' tries +successively less specific operating system names by removing trailing +suffixes starting with a period. + + As an example, here is the complete list of directories that would be +tried for the configuration `sparc-sun-sunos4.1' (without the `--nfp' +option): + + sparc/fpu + unix/bsd/sun/sunos4.1/sparc + unix/bsd/sun/sunos4.1 + unix/bsd/sun/sunos4/sparc + unix/bsd/sun/sunos4 + unix/bsd/sun/sunos/sparc + unix/bsd/sun/sunos + unix/bsd/sun/sparc + unix/bsd/sun + unix/bsd/sunos4.1/sparc + unix/bsd/sunos4.1 + unix/bsd/sunos4/sparc + unix/bsd/sunos4 + unix/bsd/sunos/sparc + unix/bsd/sunos + unix/bsd/sparc + unix/bsd + unix/sun/sunos4.1/sparc + unix/sun/sunos4.1 + unix/sun/sunos4/sparc + unix/sun/sunos4 + unix/sun/sunos/sparc + unix/sun/sunos + unix/sun/sparc + unix/sun + unix/sunos4.1/sparc + unix/sunos4.1 + unix/sunos4/sparc + unix/sunos4 + unix/sunos/sparc + unix/sunos + unix/sparc + unix + sun/sunos4.1/sparc + sun/sunos4.1 + sun/sunos4/sparc + sun/sunos4 + sun/sunos/sparc + sun/sunos + sun/sparc + sun + sunos4.1/sparc + sunos4.1 + sunos4/sparc + sunos4 + sunos/sparc + sunos + sparc + + Different machine architectures are conventionally subdirectories at +the top level of the `sysdeps' directory tree. For example, +`sysdeps/sparc' and `sysdeps/m68k'. These contain files specific to +those machine architectures, but not specific to any particular +operating system. There might be subdirectories for specializations of +those architectures, such as `sysdeps/m68k/68020'. Code which is +specific to the floating-point coprocessor used with a particular +machine should go in `sysdeps/MACHINE/fpu'. + + There are a few directories at the top level of the `sysdeps' +hierarchy that are not for particular machine architectures. + +`generic' +`stub' + As described above (*note Porting::.), these are the two + subdirectories that every configuration implicitly uses after all + others. + +`ieee754' + This directory is for code using the IEEE 754 floating-point + format, where the C type `float' is IEEE 754 single-precision + format, and `double' is IEEE 754 double-precision format. Usually + this directory is referred to in the `Implies' file in a machine + architecture-specific directory, such as `m68k/Implies'. + +`posix' + This directory contains implementations of things in the library in + terms of POSIX.1 functions. This includes some of the POSIX.1 + functions themselves. Of course, POSIX.1 cannot be completely + implemented in terms of itself, so a configuration using just + `posix' cannot be complete. + +`unix' + This is the directory for Unix-like things. *Note Porting to + Unix::. `unix' implies `posix'. There are some special-purpose + subdirectories of `unix': + + `unix/common' + This directory is for things common to both BSD and System V + release 4. Both `unix/bsd' and `unix/sysv/sysv4' imply + `unix/common'. + + `unix/inet' + This directory is for `socket' and related functions on Unix + systems. The `inet' top-level subdirectory is enabled by + `unix/inet/Subdirs'. `unix/common' implies `unix/inet'. + +`mach' + This is the directory for things based on the Mach microkernel + from CMU (including the GNU operating system). Other basic + operating systems (VMS, for example) would have their own + directories at the top level of the `sysdeps' hierarchy, parallel + to `unix' and `mach'. + +Porting the GNU C Library to Unix Systems +----------------------------------------- + + Most Unix systems are fundamentally very similar. There are +variations between different machines, and variations in what +facilities are provided by the kernel. But the interface to the +operating system facilities is, for the most part, pretty uniform and +simple. + + The code for Unix systems is in the directory `unix', at the top +level of the `sysdeps' hierarchy. This directory contains +subdirectories (and subdirectory trees) for various Unix variants. + + The functions which are system calls in most Unix systems are +implemented in assembly code in files in `sysdeps/unix'. These files +are named with a suffix of `.S'; for example, `__open.S'. Files ending +in `.S' are run through the C preprocessor before being fed to the +assembler. + + These files all use a set of macros that should be defined in +`sysdep.h'. The `sysdep.h' file in `sysdeps/unix' partially defines +them; a `sysdep.h' file in another directory must finish defining them +for the particular machine and operating system variant. See +`sysdeps/unix/sysdep.h' and the machine-specific `sysdep.h' +implementations to see what these macros are and what they should do. + + The system-specific makefile for the `unix' directory (that is, the +file `sysdeps/unix/Makefile') gives rules to generate several files +from the Unix system you are building the library on (which is assumed +to be the target system you are building the library *for*). All the +generated files are put in the directory where the object files are +kept; they should not affect the source tree itself. The files +generated are `ioctls.h', `errnos.h', `sys/param.h', and `errlist.c' +(for the `stdio' section of the library). + +Contributors to the GNU C Library +================================= + + The GNU C library was written almost entirely by Roland McGrath, who +now maintains it. Some parts of the library were contributed or worked +on by other people. + + * The `getopt' function and related code were written by Richard + Stallman, David J. MacKenzie, and Roland McGrath. + + * Most of the math functions are taken from 4.4 BSD; they have been + modified only slightly to work with the GNU C library. The + Internet-related code (most of the `inet' subdirectory) and several + other miscellaneous functions and header files have been included + with little or no modification. + + All code incorporated from 4.4 BSD is under the following + copyright: + + Copyright (C) 1991 Regents of the University of California. + All rights reserved. + + Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or + without modification, are permitted provided that the + following conditions are met: + + 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above + copyright notice, this list of conditions and the + following disclaimer. + + 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above + copyright notice, this list of conditions and the + following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other + materials provided with the distribution. + + 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of + this software must display the following acknowledgement: + This product includes software developed by the + University of California, Berkeley and its + contributors. + + 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its + contributors may be used to endorse or promote products + derived from this software without specific prior + written permission. + + THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS + IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT + LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND + FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT + SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, + INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL + DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF + SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; + OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF + LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT + (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF + THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY + OF SUCH DAMAGE. + + * The random number generation functions `random', `srandom', + `setstate' and `initstate', which are also the basis for the + `rand' and `srand' functions, were written by Earl T. Cohen for + the University of California at Berkeley and are copyrighted by the + Regents of the University of California. They have undergone minor + changes to fit into the GNU C library and to fit the ANSI C + standard, but the functional code is Berkeley's. + + * The merge sort function `qsort' was written by Michael J. Haertel. + + * The quick sort function used as a fallback by `qsort' was written + by Douglas C. Schmidt. + + * The memory allocation functions `malloc', `realloc' and `free' and + related code were written by Michael J. Haertel. + + * Fast implementations of many of the string functions (`memcpy', + `strlen', etc.) were written by Torbjorn Granlund. + + * Some of the support code for Mach is taken from Mach 3.0 by CMU, + and is under the following copyright terms: + + Mach Operating System + Copyright (C) 1991,1990,1989 Carnegie Mellon University + All Rights Reserved. + + Permission to use, copy, modify and distribute this software + and its documentation is hereby granted, provided that both + the copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all + copies of the software, derivative works or modified + versions, and any portions thereof, and that both notices + appear in supporting documentation. + + CARNEGIE MELLON ALLOWS FREE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE IN ITS "AS + IS" CONDITION. CARNEGIE MELLON DISCLAIMS ANY LIABILITY OF + ANY KIND FOR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM THE USE OF + THIS SOFTWARE. + + Carnegie Mellon requests users of this software to return to + + Software Distribution Coordinator + School of Computer Science + Carnegie Mellon University + Pittsburgh PA 15213-3890 + + or `Software.Distribution@CS.CMU.EDU' any improvements or + extensions that they make and grant Carnegie Mellon the + rights to redistribute these changes. + + * The `tar.h' header file was written by David J. MacKenzie. + + * The port to the MIPS DECStation running Ultrix 4 + (`mips-dec-ultrix4') was contributed by Brendan Kehoe and Ian + Lance Taylor. + + * The DES encryption function `crypt' and related functions were + contributed by Michael Glad. + + * The `ftw' function was contributed by Ian Lance Taylor. + + * The code to support SunOS shared libraries was contributed by Tom + Quinn. + + * The `mktime' function was contributed by Noel Cragg. + + * The port to the Sequent Symmetry running Dynix version 3 + (`i386-sequent-bsd') was contributed by Jason Merrill. + + * The timezone support code is derived from the public-domain + timezone package by Arthur David Olson. + + * The Internet resolver code is taken directly from BIND 4.9.1, + which is under both the Berkeley copyright above and also: + + Portions Copyright (C) 1993 by Digital Equipment Corporation. + + Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software + for any purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, + provided that the above copyright notice and this permission + notice appear in all copies, and that the name of Digital + Equipment Corporation not be used in advertising or publicity + pertaining to distribution of the document or software + without specific, written prior permission. + + THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND DIGITAL EQUIPMENT CORP. + DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, + INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND + FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL DIGITAL EQUIPMENT CORPORATION BE + LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL + DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, + DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE + OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION + WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. + + * The port to the DEC Alpha running OSF/1 (`alpha-dec-osf1') was + contributed by Brendan Kehoe, using some code written by Roland + McGrath. + + * The floating-point printing function used by `printf' and friends + was written by Roland McGrath and Torbjorn Granlund. The + multi-precision integer functions used in that function are taken + from GNU MP, which was contributed by Torbjorn Granlund. + + * The code to support Sun RPC is taken verbatim from Sun's + RPCSRC-4.0 distribution, and is covered by this copyright: + + Copyright (C) 1984, Sun Microsystems, Inc. + + Sun RPC is a product of Sun Microsystems, Inc. and is + provided for unrestricted use provided that this legend is + included on all tape media and as a part of the software + program in whole or part. Users may copy or modify Sun RPC + without charge, but are not authorized to license or + distribute it to anyone else except as part of a product or + program developed by the user. + + SUN RPC IS PROVIDED AS IS WITH NO WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND + INCLUDING THE WARRANTIES OF DESIGN, MERCHANTIBILITY AND + FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, OR ARISING FROM A COURSE OF + DEALING, USAGE OR TRADE PRACTICE. + + Sun RPC is provided with no support and without any + obligation on the part of Sun Microsystems, Inc. to assist in + its use, correction, modification or enhancement. + + SUN MICROSYSTEMS, INC. SHALL HAVE NO LIABILITY WITH RESPECT + TO THE INFRINGEMENT OF COPYRIGHTS, TRADE SECRETS OR ANY + PATENTS BY SUN RPC OR ANY PART THEREOF. + + In no event will Sun Microsystems, Inc. be liable for any + lost revenue or profits or other special, indirect and + consequential damages, even if Sun has been advised of the + possibility of such damages. + + Sun Microsystems, Inc. + 2550 Garcia Avenue + Mountain View, California 94043 + + * The port to SGI machines running Irix 4 (`mips-sgi-irix4') was + contributed by Tom Quinn. + + * The port of the Mach and Hurd code to the MIPS architecture + (`mips-ANYTHING-gnu') was contribued by Kazumoto Kojima. + |