aboutsummaryrefslogtreecommitdiff
path: root/bfd/ihex.c
blob: 4c8c249032abef789ed3e7e456532dc8cf6f552d (plain)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
/* BFD back-end for Intel Hex objects.
   Copyright (C) 1995-2020 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
   Written by Ian Lance Taylor of Cygnus Support <ian@cygnus.com>.

   This file is part of BFD, the Binary File Descriptor library.

   This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
   it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
   the Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or
   (at your option) any later version.

   This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
   but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
   MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
   GNU General Public License for more details.

   You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
   along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
   Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street - Fifth Floor, Boston,
   MA 02110-1301, USA.  */


/* This is what Intel Hex files look like:

1. INTEL FORMATS

A. Intel 1

   16-bit address-field format, for files 64k bytes in length or less.

   DATA RECORD
   Byte 1	Header = colon(:)
   2..3		The number of data bytes in hex notation
   4..5		High byte of the record load address
   6..7		Low byte of the record load address
   8..9		Record type, must be "00"
   10..x	Data bytes in hex notation:
	x = (number of bytes - 1) * 2 + 11
   x+1..x+2	Checksum in hex notation
   x+3..x+4	Carriage return, line feed

   END RECORD
   Byte 1	Header = colon (:)
   2..3		The byte count, must be "00"
   4..7		Transfer-address (usually "0000")
		the jump-to address, execution start address
   8..9		Record type, must be "01"
   10..11	Checksum, in hex notation
   12..13	Carriage return, line feed

B. INTEL 2

   MCS-86 format, using a 20-bit address for files larger than 64K bytes.

   DATA RECORD
   Byte 1	Header = colon (:)
   2..3		The byte count of this record, hex notation
   4..5		High byte of the record load address
   6..7		Low byte of the record load address
   8..9		Record type, must be "00"
   10..x	The data bytes in hex notation:
	x = (number of data bytes - 1) * 2 + 11
   x+1..x+2	Checksum in hex notation
   x+3..x+4	Carriage return, line feed

   EXTENDED ADDRESS RECORD
   Byte 1	Header = colon(:)
   2..3		The byte count, must be "02"
   4..7		Load address, must be "0000"
   8..9		Record type, must be "02"
   10..11	High byte of the offset address
   12..13	Low byte of the offset address
   14..15	Checksum in hex notation
   16..17	Carriage return, line feed

   The checksums are the two's complement of the 8-bit sum
   without carry of the byte count, offset address, and the
   record type.

   START ADDRESS RECORD
   Byte 1	Header = colon (:)
   2..3		The byte count, must be "04"
   4..7		Load address, must be "0000"
   8..9		Record type, must be "03"
   10..13	8086 CS value
   14..17	8086 IP value
   18..19	Checksum in hex notation
   20..21	Carriage return, line feed

Another document reports these additional types:

   EXTENDED LINEAR ADDRESS RECORD
   Byte 1	Header = colon (:)
   2..3		The byte count, must be "02"
   4..7		Load address, must be "0000"
   8..9		Record type, must be "04"
   10..13	Upper 16 bits of address of subsequent records
   14..15	Checksum in hex notation
   16..17	Carriage return, line feed

   START LINEAR ADDRESS RECORD
   Byte 1	Header = colon (:)
   2..3		The byte count, must be "02"
   4..7		Load address, must be "0000"
   8..9		Record type, must be "05"
   10..13	Upper 16 bits of start address
   14..15	Checksum in hex notation
   16..17	Carriage return, line feed

The MRI compiler uses this, which is a repeat of type 5:

  EXTENDED START RECORD
   Byte 1	Header = colon (:)
   2..3		The byte count, must be "04"
   4..7		Load address, must be "0000"
   8..9		Record type, must be "05"
   10..13	Upper 16 bits of start address
   14..17	Lower 16 bits of start address
   18..19	Checksum in hex notation
   20..21	Carriage return, line feed.  */

#include "sysdep.h"
#include "bfd.h"
#include "libbfd.h"
#include "libiberty.h"
#include "safe-ctype.h"

/* The number of bytes we put on one line during output.  */

#define CHUNK 16

/* Macros for converting between hex and binary.  */

#define NIBBLE(x)    (hex_value (x))
#define HEX2(buffer) ((NIBBLE ((buffer)[0]) << 4) + NIBBLE ((buffer)[1]))
#define HEX4(buffer) ((HEX2 (buffer) << 8) + HEX2 ((buffer) + 2))
#define ISHEX(x)     (hex_p (x))

/* When we write out an ihex value, the values can not be output as
   they are seen.  Instead, we hold them in memory in this structure.  */

struct ihex_data_list
{
  struct ihex_data_list *next;
  bfd_byte *data;
  bfd_vma where;
  bfd_size_type size;
};

/* The ihex tdata information.  */

struct ihex_data_struct
{
  struct ihex_data_list *head;
  struct ihex_data_list *tail;
};

/* Initialize by filling in the hex conversion array.  */

static void
ihex_init (void)
{
  static bfd_boolean inited;

  if (! inited)
    {
      inited = TRUE;
      hex_init ();
    }
}

/* Create an ihex object.  */

static bfd_boolean
ihex_mkobject (bfd *abfd)
{
  struct ihex_data_struct *tdata;

  tdata = (struct ihex_data_struct *) bfd_alloc (abfd, sizeof (* tdata));
  if (tdata == NULL)
    return FALSE;

  abfd->tdata.ihex_data = tdata;
  tdata->head = NULL;
  tdata->tail = NULL;
  return TRUE;
}

/* Read a byte from a BFD.  Set *ERRORPTR if an error occurred.
   Return EOF on error or end of file.  */

static INLINE int
ihex_get_byte (bfd *abfd, bfd_boolean *errorptr)
{
  bfd_byte c;

  if (bfd_bread (&c, (bfd_size_type) 1, abfd) != 1)
    {
      if (bfd_get_error () != bfd_error_file_truncated)
	*errorptr = TRUE;
      return EOF;
    }

  return (int) (c & 0xff);
}

/* Report a problem in an Intel Hex file.  */

static void
ihex_bad_byte (bfd *abfd, unsigned int lineno, int c, bfd_boolean error)
{
  if (c == EOF)
    {
      if (! error)
	bfd_set_error (bfd_error_file_truncated);
    }
  else
    {
      char buf[10];

      if (! ISPRINT (c))
	sprintf (buf, "\\%03o", (unsigned int) c & 0xff);
      else
	{
	  buf[0] = c;
	  buf[1] = '\0';
	}
      _bfd_error_handler
	/* xgettext:c-format */
	(_("%pB:%d: unexpected character `%s' in Intel Hex file"),
	 abfd, lineno, buf);
      bfd_set_error (bfd_error_bad_value);
    }
}

/* Read an Intel hex file and turn it into sections.  We create a new
   section for each contiguous set of bytes.  */

static bfd_boolean
ihex_scan (bfd *abfd)
{
  bfd_vma segbase;
  bfd_vma extbase;
  asection *sec;
  unsigned int lineno;
  bfd_boolean error;
  bfd_byte *buf = NULL;
  size_t bufsize;
  int c;

  if (bfd_seek (abfd, (file_ptr) 0, SEEK_SET) != 0)
    goto error_return;

  abfd->start_address = 0;

  segbase = 0;
  extbase = 0;
  sec = NULL;
  lineno = 1;
  error = FALSE;
  bufsize = 0;

  while ((c = ihex_get_byte (abfd, &error)) != EOF)
    {
      if (c == '\r')
	continue;
      else if (c == '\n')
	{
	  ++lineno;
	  continue;
	}
      else if (c != ':')
	{
	  ihex_bad_byte (abfd, lineno, c, error);
	  goto error_return;
	}
      else
	{
	  file_ptr pos;
	  unsigned char hdr[8];
	  unsigned int i;
	  unsigned int len;
	  bfd_vma addr;
	  unsigned int type;
	  unsigned int chars;
	  unsigned int chksum;

	  /* This is a data record.  */
	  pos = bfd_tell (abfd) - 1;

	  /* Read the header bytes.  */
	  if (bfd_bread (hdr, (bfd_size_type) 8, abfd) != 8)
	    goto error_return;

	  for (i = 0; i < 8; i++)
	    {
	      if (! ISHEX (hdr[i]))
		{
		  ihex_bad_byte (abfd, lineno, hdr[i], error);
		  goto error_return;
		}
	    }

	  len = HEX2 (hdr);
	  addr = HEX4 (hdr + 2);
	  type = HEX2 (hdr + 6);

	  /* Read the data bytes.  */
	  chars = len * 2 + 2;
	  if (chars >= bufsize)
	    {
	      buf = (bfd_byte *) bfd_realloc (buf, (bfd_size_type) chars);
	      if (buf == NULL)
		goto error_return;
	      bufsize = chars;
	    }

	  if (bfd_bread (buf, (bfd_size_type) chars, abfd) != chars)
	    goto error_return;

	  for (i = 0; i < chars; i++)
	    {
	      if (! ISHEX (buf[i]))
		{
		  ihex_bad_byte (abfd, lineno, buf[i], error);
		  goto error_return;
		}
	    }

	  /* Check the checksum.  */
	  chksum = len + addr + (addr >> 8) + type;
	  for (i = 0; i < len; i++)
	    chksum += HEX2 (buf + 2 * i);
	  if (((- chksum) & 0xff) != (unsigned int) HEX2 (buf + 2 * i))
	    {
	      _bfd_error_handler
		/* xgettext:c-format */
		(_("%pB:%u: bad checksum in Intel Hex file (expected %u, found %u)"),
		 abfd, lineno,
		 (- chksum) & 0xff, (unsigned int) HEX2 (buf + 2 * i));
	      bfd_set_error (bfd_error_bad_value);
	      goto error_return;
	    }

	  switch (type)
	    {
	    case 0:
	      /* This is a data record.  */
	      if (sec != NULL
		  && sec->vma + sec->size == extbase + segbase + addr)
		{
		  /* This data goes at the end of the section we are
		     currently building.  */
		  sec->size += len;
		}
	      else if (len > 0)
		{
		  char secbuf[20];
		  char *secname;
		  bfd_size_type amt;
		  flagword flags;

		  sprintf (secbuf, ".sec%d", bfd_count_sections (abfd) + 1);
		  amt = strlen (secbuf) + 1;
		  secname = (char *) bfd_alloc (abfd, amt);
		  if (secname == NULL)
		    goto error_return;
		  strcpy (secname, secbuf);
		  flags = SEC_HAS_CONTENTS | SEC_LOAD | SEC_ALLOC;
		  sec = bfd_make_section_with_flags (abfd, secname, flags);
		  if (sec == NULL)
		    goto error_return;
		  sec->vma = extbase + segbase + addr;
		  sec->lma = extbase + segbase + addr;
		  sec->size = len;
		  sec->filepos = pos;
		}
	      break;

	    case 1:
	      /* An end record.  */
	      if (abfd->start_address == 0)
		abfd->start_address = addr;
	      if (buf != NULL)
		free (buf);
	      return TRUE;

	    case 2:
	      /* An extended address record.  */
	      if (len != 2)
		{
		  _bfd_error_handler
		    /* xgettext:c-format */
		    (_("%pB:%u: bad extended address record length in Intel Hex file"),
		     abfd, lineno);
		  bfd_set_error (bfd_error_bad_value);
		  goto error_return;
		}

	      segbase = HEX4 (buf) << 4;

	      sec = NULL;

	      break;

	    case 3:
	      /* An extended start address record.  */
	      if (len != 4)
		{
		  _bfd_error_handler
		    /* xgettext:c-format */
		    (_("%pB:%u: bad extended start address length in Intel Hex file"),
		     abfd, lineno);
		  bfd_set_error (bfd_error_bad_value);
		  goto error_return;
		}

	      abfd->start_address += (HEX4 (buf) << 4) + HEX4 (buf + 4);

	      sec = NULL;

	      break;

	    case 4:
	      /* An extended linear address record.  */
	      if (len != 2)
		{
		  _bfd_error_handler
		    /* xgettext:c-format */
		    (_("%pB:%u: bad extended linear address record length in Intel Hex file"),
		     abfd, lineno);
		  bfd_set_error (bfd_error_bad_value);
		  goto error_return;
		}

	      extbase = HEX4 (buf) << 16;

	      sec = NULL;

	      break;

	    case 5:
	      /* An extended linear start address record.  */
	      if (len != 2 && len != 4)
		{
		  _bfd_error_handler
		    /* xgettext:c-format */
		    (_("%pB:%u: bad extended linear start address length in Intel Hex file"),
		     abfd, lineno);
		  bfd_set_error (bfd_error_bad_value);
		  goto error_return;
		}

	      if (len == 2)
		abfd->start_address += HEX4 (buf) << 16;
	      else
		abfd->start_address = (HEX4 (buf) << 16) + HEX4 (buf + 4);

	      sec = NULL;

	      break;

	    default:
	      _bfd_error_handler
		/* xgettext:c-format */
		(_("%pB:%u: unrecognized ihex type %u in Intel Hex file"),
		 abfd, lineno, type);
	      bfd_set_error (bfd_error_bad_value);
	      goto error_return;
	    }
	}
    }

  if (error)
    goto error_return;

  if (buf != NULL)
    free (buf);

  return TRUE;

 error_return:
  if (buf != NULL)
    free (buf);
  return FALSE;
}

/* Try to recognize an Intel Hex file.  */

static const bfd_target *
ihex_object_p (bfd *abfd)
{
  void * tdata_save;
  bfd_byte b[9];
  unsigned int i;
  unsigned int type;

  ihex_init ();

  if (bfd_seek (abfd, (file_ptr) 0, SEEK_SET) != 0)
    return NULL;
  if (bfd_bread (b, (bfd_size_type) 9, abfd) != 9)
    {
      if (bfd_get_error () == bfd_error_file_truncated)
	bfd_set_error (bfd_error_wrong_format);
      return NULL;
    }

  if (b[0] != ':')
    {
      bfd_set_error (bfd_error_wrong_format);
      return NULL;
    }

  for (i = 1; i < 9; i++)
    {
      if (! ISHEX (b[i]))
	{
	  bfd_set_error (bfd_error_wrong_format);
	  return NULL;
	}
    }

  type = HEX2 (b + 7);
  if (type > 5)
    {
      bfd_set_error (bfd_error_wrong_format);
      return NULL;
    }

  /* OK, it looks like it really is an Intel Hex file.  */
  tdata_save = abfd->tdata.any;
  if (! ihex_mkobject (abfd) || ! ihex_scan (abfd))
    {
      if (abfd->tdata.any != tdata_save && abfd->tdata.any != NULL)
	bfd_release (abfd, abfd->tdata.any);
      abfd->tdata.any = tdata_save;
      return NULL;
    }

  return abfd->xvec;
}

/* Read the contents of a section in an Intel Hex file.  */

static bfd_boolean
ihex_read_section (bfd *abfd, asection *section, bfd_byte *contents)
{
  int c;
  bfd_byte *p;
  bfd_byte *buf = NULL;
  size_t bufsize;
  bfd_boolean error;

  if (bfd_seek (abfd, section->filepos, SEEK_SET) != 0)
    goto error_return;

  p = contents;
  bufsize = 0;
  error = FALSE;
  while ((c = ihex_get_byte (abfd, &error)) != EOF)
    {
      unsigned char hdr[8];
      unsigned int len;
      unsigned int type;
      unsigned int i;

      if (c == '\r' || c == '\n')
	continue;

      /* This is called after ihex_scan has succeeded, so we ought to
	 know the exact format.  */
      BFD_ASSERT (c == ':');

      if (bfd_bread (hdr, (bfd_size_type) 8, abfd) != 8)
	goto error_return;

      len = HEX2 (hdr);
      type = HEX2 (hdr + 6);

      /* We should only see type 0 records here.  */
      if (type != 0)
	{
	  _bfd_error_handler
	    (_("%pB: internal error in ihex_read_section"), abfd);
	  bfd_set_error (bfd_error_bad_value);
	  goto error_return;
	}

      if (len * 2 > bufsize)
	{
	  buf = (bfd_byte *) bfd_realloc (buf, (bfd_size_type) len * 2);
	  if (buf == NULL)
	    goto error_return;
	  bufsize = len * 2;
	}

      if (bfd_bread (buf, (bfd_size_type) len * 2, abfd) != len * 2)
	goto error_return;

      for (i = 0; i < len; i++)
	*p++ = HEX2 (buf + 2 * i);
      if ((bfd_size_type) (p - contents) >= section->size)
	{
	  /* We've read everything in the section.  */
	  if (buf != NULL)
	    free (buf);
	  return TRUE;
	}

      /* Skip the checksum.  */
      if (bfd_bread (buf, (bfd_size_type) 2, abfd) != 2)
	goto error_return;
    }

  if ((bfd_size_type) (p - contents) < section->size)
    {
      _bfd_error_handler
	(_("%pB: bad section length in ihex_read_section"), abfd);
      bfd_set_error (bfd_error_bad_value);
      goto error_return;
    }

  if (buf != NULL)
    free (buf);

  return TRUE;

 error_return:
  if (buf != NULL)
    free (buf);
  return FALSE;
}

/* Get the contents of a section in an Intel Hex file.  */

static bfd_boolean
ihex_get_section_contents (bfd *abfd,
			   asection *section,
			   void * location,
			   file_ptr offset,
			   bfd_size_type count)
{
  if (section->used_by_bfd == NULL)
    {
      section->used_by_bfd = bfd_alloc (abfd, section->size);
      if (section->used_by_bfd == NULL)
	return FALSE;
      if (! ihex_read_section (abfd, section,
			       (bfd_byte *) section->used_by_bfd))
	return FALSE;
    }

  memcpy (location, (bfd_byte *) section->used_by_bfd + offset,
	  (size_t) count);

  return TRUE;
}

/* Set the contents of a section in an Intel Hex file.  */

static bfd_boolean
ihex_set_section_contents (bfd *abfd,
			   asection *section,
			   const void * location,
			   file_ptr offset,
			   bfd_size_type count)
{
  struct ihex_data_list *n;
  bfd_byte *data;
  struct ihex_data_struct *tdata;

  if (count == 0
      || (section->flags & SEC_ALLOC) == 0
      || (section->flags & SEC_LOAD) == 0)
    return TRUE;

  n = (struct ihex_data_list *) bfd_alloc (abfd, sizeof (* n));
  if (n == NULL)
    return FALSE;

  data = (bfd_byte *) bfd_alloc (abfd, count);
  if (data == NULL)
    return FALSE;
  memcpy (data, location, (size_t) count);

  n->data = data;
  n->where = section->lma + offset;
  n->size = count;

  /* Sort the records by address.  Optimize for the common case of
     adding a record to the end of the list.  */
  tdata = abfd->tdata.ihex_data;
  if (tdata->tail != NULL
      && n->where >= tdata->tail->where)
    {
      tdata->tail->next = n;
      n->next = NULL;
      tdata->tail = n;
    }
  else
    {
      struct ihex_data_list **pp;

      for (pp = &tdata->head;
	   *pp != NULL && (*pp)->where < n->where;
	   pp = &(*pp)->next)
	;
      n->next = *pp;
      *pp = n;
      if (n->next == NULL)
	tdata->tail = n;
    }

  return TRUE;
}

/* Write a record out to an Intel Hex file.  */

static bfd_boolean
ihex_write_record (bfd *abfd,
		   size_t count,
		   unsigned int addr,
		   unsigned int type,
		   bfd_byte *data)
{
  static const char digs[] = "0123456789ABCDEF";
  char buf[9 + CHUNK * 2 + 4];
  char *p;
  unsigned int chksum;
  unsigned int i;
  size_t total;

#define TOHEX(buf, v) \
  ((buf)[0] = digs[((v) >> 4) & 0xf], (buf)[1] = digs[(v) & 0xf])

  buf[0] = ':';
  TOHEX (buf + 1, count);
  TOHEX (buf + 3, (addr >> 8) & 0xff);
  TOHEX (buf + 5, addr & 0xff);
  TOHEX (buf + 7, type);

  chksum = count + addr + (addr >> 8) + type;

  for (i = 0, p = buf + 9; i < count; i++, p += 2, data++)
    {
      TOHEX (p, *data);
      chksum += *data;
    }

  TOHEX (p, (- chksum) & 0xff);
  p[2] = '\r';
  p[3] = '\n';

  total = 9 + count * 2 + 4;
  if (bfd_bwrite (buf, (bfd_size_type) total, abfd) != total)
    return FALSE;

  return TRUE;
}

/* Write out an Intel Hex file.  */

static bfd_boolean
ihex_write_object_contents (bfd *abfd)
{
  bfd_vma segbase;
  bfd_vma extbase;
  struct ihex_data_list *l;

  segbase = 0;
  extbase = 0;
  for (l = abfd->tdata.ihex_data->head; l != NULL; l = l->next)
    {
      bfd_vma where;
      bfd_byte *p;
      bfd_size_type count;

      where = l->where;

#ifdef BFD64
      /* IHex only supports 32-bit addresses, and we want to check
	 that 64-bit addresses are in range.  This isn't quite as
	 obvious as it may seem, since some targets have 32-bit
	 addresses that are sign extended to 64 bits.  So complain
	 only if addresses overflow both unsigned and signed 32-bit
	 integers.  */
      if (where > 0xffffffff
	  && where + 0x80000000 > 0xffffffff)
	{
	  _bfd_error_handler
	    /* xgettext:c-format */
	    (_("%pB 64-bit address %#" PRIx64
	       " out of range for Intel Hex file"),
	     abfd, (uint64_t) where);
	  bfd_set_error (bfd_error_bad_value);
	  return FALSE;
	}
      where &= 0xffffffff;
#endif

      p = l->data;
      count = l->size;

      while (count > 0)
	{
	  size_t now;
	  unsigned int rec_addr;

	  now = count;
	  if (count > CHUNK)
	    now = CHUNK;

	  if (where > segbase + extbase + 0xffff)
	    {
	      bfd_byte addr[2];

	      /* We need a new base address.  */
	      if (where <= 0xfffff)
		{
		  /* The addresses should be sorted.  */
		  BFD_ASSERT (extbase == 0);

		  segbase = where & 0xf0000;
		  addr[0] = (bfd_byte)(segbase >> 12) & 0xff;
		  addr[1] = (bfd_byte)(segbase >> 4) & 0xff;
		  if (! ihex_write_record (abfd, 2, 0, 2, addr))
		    return FALSE;
		}
	      else
		{
		  /* The extended address record and the extended
		     linear address record are combined, at least by
		     some readers.  We need an extended linear address
		     record here, so if we've already written out an
		     extended address record, zero it out to avoid
		     confusion.  */
		  if (segbase != 0)
		    {
		      addr[0] = 0;
		      addr[1] = 0;
		      if (! ihex_write_record (abfd, 2, 0, 2, addr))
			return FALSE;
		      segbase = 0;
		    }

		  extbase = where & 0xffff0000;
		  if (where > extbase + 0xffff)
		    {
		      _bfd_error_handler
			/* xgettext:c-format */
			(_("%pB: address %#" PRIx64
			   " out of range for Intel Hex file"),
			 abfd, (uint64_t) where);
		      bfd_set_error (bfd_error_bad_value);
		      return FALSE;
		    }
		  addr[0] = (bfd_byte)(extbase >> 24) & 0xff;
		  addr[1] = (bfd_byte)(extbase >> 16) & 0xff;
		  if (! ihex_write_record (abfd, 2, 0, 4, addr))
		    return FALSE;
		}
	    }

	  rec_addr = where - (extbase + segbase);

	  /* Output records shouldn't cross 64K boundaries.  */
	  if (rec_addr + now > 0xffff)
	    now = 0x10000 - rec_addr;

	  if (! ihex_write_record (abfd, now, rec_addr, 0, p))
	    return FALSE;

	  where += now;
	  p += now;
	  count -= now;
	}
    }

  if (abfd->start_address != 0)
    {
      bfd_vma start;
      bfd_byte startbuf[4];

      start = abfd->start_address;

      if (start <= 0xfffff)
	{
	  startbuf[0] = (bfd_byte)((start & 0xf0000) >> 12) & 0xff;
	  startbuf[1] = 0;
	  startbuf[2] = (bfd_byte)(start >> 8) & 0xff;
	  startbuf[3] = (bfd_byte)start & 0xff;
	  if (! ihex_write_record (abfd, 4, 0, 3, startbuf))
	    return FALSE;
	}
      else
	{
	  startbuf[0] = (bfd_byte)(start >> 24) & 0xff;
	  startbuf[1] = (bfd_byte)(start >> 16) & 0xff;
	  startbuf[2] = (bfd_byte)(start >> 8) & 0xff;
	  startbuf[3] = (bfd_byte)start & 0xff;
	  if (! ihex_write_record (abfd, 4, 0, 5, startbuf))
	    return FALSE;
	}
    }

  if (! ihex_write_record (abfd, 0, 0, 1, NULL))
    return FALSE;

  return TRUE;
}

/* Set the architecture for the output file.  The architecture is
   irrelevant, so we ignore errors about unknown architectures.  */

static bfd_boolean
ihex_set_arch_mach (bfd *abfd,
		    enum bfd_architecture arch,
		    unsigned long mach)
{
  if (! bfd_default_set_arch_mach (abfd, arch, mach))
    {
      if (arch != bfd_arch_unknown)
	return FALSE;
    }
  return TRUE;
}

/* Get the size of the headers, for the linker.  */

static int
ihex_sizeof_headers (bfd *abfd ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED,
		     struct bfd_link_info *info ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED)
{
  return 0;
}

/* Some random definitions for the target vector.  */

#define	ihex_close_and_cleanup			  _bfd_generic_close_and_cleanup
#define ihex_bfd_free_cached_info		  _bfd_generic_bfd_free_cached_info
#define ihex_new_section_hook			  _bfd_generic_new_section_hook
#define ihex_get_section_contents_in_window	  _bfd_generic_get_section_contents_in_window
#define ihex_get_symtab_upper_bound		  _bfd_long_bfd_0
#define ihex_canonicalize_symtab		  _bfd_nosymbols_canonicalize_symtab
#define ihex_make_empty_symbol			  _bfd_generic_make_empty_symbol
#define ihex_print_symbol			  _bfd_nosymbols_print_symbol
#define ihex_get_symbol_info			  _bfd_nosymbols_get_symbol_info
#define ihex_get_symbol_version_string		  _bfd_nosymbols_get_symbol_version_string
#define ihex_bfd_is_target_special_symbol	  _bfd_bool_bfd_asymbol_false
#define ihex_bfd_is_local_label_name		  _bfd_nosymbols_bfd_is_local_label_name
#define ihex_get_lineno				  _bfd_nosymbols_get_lineno
#define ihex_find_nearest_line			  _bfd_nosymbols_find_nearest_line
#define ihex_find_line				  _bfd_nosymbols_find_line
#define ihex_find_inliner_info			  _bfd_nosymbols_find_inliner_info
#define ihex_bfd_make_debug_symbol		  _bfd_nosymbols_bfd_make_debug_symbol
#define ihex_read_minisymbols			  _bfd_nosymbols_read_minisymbols
#define ihex_minisymbol_to_symbol		  _bfd_nosymbols_minisymbol_to_symbol
#define ihex_bfd_get_relocated_section_contents	  bfd_generic_get_relocated_section_contents
#define ihex_bfd_relax_section			  bfd_generic_relax_section
#define ihex_bfd_gc_sections			  bfd_generic_gc_sections
#define ihex_bfd_lookup_section_flags		  bfd_generic_lookup_section_flags
#define ihex_bfd_merge_sections			  bfd_generic_merge_sections
#define ihex_bfd_is_group_section		  bfd_generic_is_group_section
#define ihex_bfd_group_name			  bfd_generic_group_name
#define ihex_bfd_discard_group			  bfd_generic_discard_group
#define ihex_section_already_linked		  _bfd_generic_section_already_linked
#define ihex_bfd_define_common_symbol		  bfd_generic_define_common_symbol
#define ihex_bfd_link_hide_symbol		  _bfd_generic_link_hide_symbol
#define ihex_bfd_define_start_stop		  bfd_generic_define_start_stop
#define ihex_bfd_link_hash_table_create		  _bfd_generic_link_hash_table_create
#define ihex_bfd_link_add_symbols		  _bfd_generic_link_add_symbols
#define ihex_bfd_link_just_syms			  _bfd_generic_link_just_syms
#define ihex_bfd_copy_link_hash_symbol_type	  _bfd_generic_copy_link_hash_symbol_type
#define ihex_bfd_final_link			  _bfd_generic_final_link
#define ihex_bfd_link_split_section		  _bfd_generic_link_split_section
#define ihex_bfd_link_check_relocs		  _bfd_generic_link_check_relocs

/* The Intel Hex target vector.  */

const bfd_target ihex_vec =
{
  "ihex",			/* Name.  */
  bfd_target_ihex_flavour,
  BFD_ENDIAN_UNKNOWN,		/* Target byte order.  */
  BFD_ENDIAN_UNKNOWN,		/* Target headers byte order.  */
  0,				/* Object flags.  */
  (SEC_HAS_CONTENTS | SEC_ALLOC | SEC_LOAD),	/* Section flags.  */
  0,				/* Leading underscore.  */
  ' ',				/* AR_pad_char.  */
  16,				/* AR_max_namelen.  */
  0,				/* match priority.  */
  bfd_getb64, bfd_getb_signed_64, bfd_putb64,
  bfd_getb32, bfd_getb_signed_32, bfd_putb32,
  bfd_getb16, bfd_getb_signed_16, bfd_putb16,	/* Data.  */
  bfd_getb64, bfd_getb_signed_64, bfd_putb64,
  bfd_getb32, bfd_getb_signed_32, bfd_putb32,
  bfd_getb16, bfd_getb_signed_16, bfd_putb16,	/* Headers. */

  {
    _bfd_dummy_target,
    ihex_object_p,		/* bfd_check_format.  */
    _bfd_dummy_target,
    _bfd_dummy_target,
  },
  {
    _bfd_bool_bfd_false_error,
    ihex_mkobject,
    _bfd_generic_mkarchive,
    _bfd_bool_bfd_false_error,
  },
  {				/* bfd_write_contents.  */
    _bfd_bool_bfd_false_error,
    ihex_write_object_contents,
    _bfd_write_archive_contents,
    _bfd_bool_bfd_false_error,
  },

  BFD_JUMP_TABLE_GENERIC (ihex),
  BFD_JUMP_TABLE_COPY (_bfd_generic),
  BFD_JUMP_TABLE_CORE (_bfd_nocore),
  BFD_JUMP_TABLE_ARCHIVE (_bfd_noarchive),
  BFD_JUMP_TABLE_SYMBOLS (ihex),
  BFD_JUMP_TABLE_RELOCS (_bfd_norelocs),
  BFD_JUMP_TABLE_WRITE (ihex),
  BFD_JUMP_TABLE_LINK (ihex),
  BFD_JUMP_TABLE_DYNAMIC (_bfd_nodynamic),

  NULL,

  NULL
};