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authorNick Clifton <nickc@redhat.com>2003-07-07 10:24:08 +0000
committerNick Clifton <nickc@redhat.com>2003-07-07 10:24:08 +0000
commit9f7598c1567932922c600e20fd55c8189a3d16d5 (patch)
treebfec027a8bfda57a6245375fc9c6287bbaa1542b /gas/doc
parente0a868d17962da3892005029c9518216d0d25c75 (diff)
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Add documentation of M32R .high, .shigh and .low directives.
Diffstat (limited to 'gas/doc')
-rw-r--r--gas/doc/c-m32r.texi86
1 files changed, 84 insertions, 2 deletions
diff --git a/gas/doc/c-m32r.texi b/gas/doc/c-m32r.texi
index 45f1663..a1c414c 100644
--- a/gas/doc/c-m32r.texi
+++ b/gas/doc/c-m32r.texi
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-@c Copyright 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2000
+@c Copyright 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2000, 2003
@c Free Software Foundation, Inc.
@c This is part of the GAS manual.
@c For copying conditions, see the file as.texinfo.
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
@cindex M32R support
@menu
* M32R-Opts:: M32R Options
+* M32R-Directives:: M32R Directives
* M32R-Warnings:: M32R Warnings
@end menu
@@ -76,6 +77,87 @@ option.
@end table
+@node M32R-Directives
+@section M32R Directives
+@cindex directives, M32R
+@cindex M32R directives
+
+The Renease M32R version of @code{@value{AS}} has a few architecture
+specific directives:
+
+@table @code
+@cindex @code{.low} directive, M32R
+@item .low @var{expression}
+The @code{.low} directive computes the value of its expression and
+places the lower 16-bits of the result into the immediate-field of the
+instruction. For example:
+
+@smallexample
+ or3 r0, r0, #low(0x12345678) ; compute r0 = r0 | 0x5678
+ add3, r0, r0, #low(fred) ; compute r0 = r0 + low 16-bits of address of fred
+@end smallexample
+
+@item .high @var{expression}
+@cindex @code{.high} directive, M32R
+The @code{.high} directive computes the value of its expression and
+places the upper 16-bits of the result into the immediate-field of the
+instruction. For example:
+
+@smallexample
+ seth r0, #high(0x12345678) ; compute r0 = 0x12340000
+ seth, r0, #high(fred) ; compute r0 = upper 16-bits of address of fred
+@end smallexample
+
+@item .shigh @var{expression}
+@cindex @code{.shigh} directive, M32R
+The @code{.shigh} directive is very similar to the @code{.high}
+directive. It also computes the value of its expression and places
+the upper 16-bits of the result into the immediate-field of the
+instruction. The difference is that @code{.shigh} also checks to see
+if the lower 16-bits could be interpreted as a signed number, and if
+so it assumes that a borrow will occur from the upper-16 bits. To
+compensate for this the @code{.shigh} directive pre-biases the upper
+16 bit value by adding one to it. For example:
+
+For example:
+
+@smallexample
+ seth r0, #shigh(0x12345678) ; compute r0 = 0x12340000
+ seth r0, #shigh(0x00008000) ; compute r0 = 0x00010000
+@end smallexample
+
+In the second example the lower 16-bits are 0x8000. If these are
+treated as a signed value and sign extended to 32-bits then the value
+becomes 0xffff8000. If this value is then added to 0x00010000 then
+the result is 0x00008000.
+
+This behaviour is to allow for the different semantics of the
+@code{or3} and @code{add3} instructions. The @code{or3} instruction
+treats its 16-bit immediate argument as unsigned whereas the
+@code{add3} treats its 16-bit immediate as a signed value. So for
+example:
+
+@smallexample
+ seth r0, #shigh(0x00008000)
+ add3 r0, r0, #low(0x00008000)
+@end smallexample
+
+Produces the correct result in r0, whereas:
+
+@smallexample
+ seth r0, #shigh(0x00008000)
+ or3 r0, r0, #low(0x00008000)
+@end smallexample
+
+Stores 0xffff8000 into r0.
+
+Note - the @code{shigh} directive does not know where in the assembly
+source code the lower 16-bits of the value are going set, so it cannot
+check to make sure that an @code{or3} instruction is being used rather
+than an @code{add3} instruction. It is up to the programmer to make
+sure that correct directives are used.
+@end table
+
@node M32R-Warnings
@section M32R Warnings
@@ -113,7 +195,7 @@ instructions.
@item unknown instruction @samp{...}
This message is produced when the assembler encounters an instruction
-which it doe snot recognise.
+which it does not recognise.
@item only the NOP instruction can be issued in parallel on the m32r
This message is produced when the assembler encounters a parallel