libctf, include: support an alternative encoding for nonrepresentable types

Before now, types that could not be encoded in CTF were represented as
references to type ID 0, which does not itself appear in the
dictionary. This choice is annoying in several ways, principally that it
forces generators and consumers of CTF to grow special cases for types
that are referenced in valid dicts but don't appear.

Allow an alternative representation (which will become the only
representation in format v4) whereby nonrepresentable types are encoded
as actual types with kind CTF_K_UNKNOWN (an already-existing kind
theoretically but not in practice used for padding, with value 0).
This is backward-compatible, because CTF_K_UNKNOWN was not used anywhere
before now: it was used in old-format function symtypetabs, but these
were never emitted by any compiler and the code to handle them in libctf
likely never worked and was removed last year, in favour of new-format
symtypetabs that contain only type IDs, not type kinds.

In order to link this type, we need an API addition to let us add types
of unknown kind to the dict: we let them optionally have names so that
GCC can emit many different unknown types and those types with identical
names will be deduplicated together.  There are also small tweaks to the
deduplicator to actually dedup such types, to let opening of dicts with
unknown types with names work, to return the ECTF_NONREPRESENTABLE error
on resolution of such types (like ID 0), and to print their names as
something useful but not a valid C identifier, mostly for the sake of
the dumper.

Tests added in the next commit.

include/ChangeLog
2021-05-06  Nick Alcock  <nick.alcock@oracle.com>

	* ctf.h (CTF_K_UNKNOWN): Document that it can be used for
	nonrepresentable types, not just padding.
	* ctf-api.h (ctf_add_unknown): New.

libctf/ChangeLog
2021-05-06  Nick Alcock  <nick.alcock@oracle.com>

	* ctf-open.c (init_types): Unknown types may have names.
	* ctf-types.c (ctf_type_resolve): CTF_K_UNKNOWN is as
	non-representable as type ID 0.
	(ctf_type_aname): Print unknown types.
	* ctf-dedup.c (ctf_dedup_hash_type): Do not early-exit for
	CTF_K_UNKNOWN types: they have real hash values now.
	(ctf_dedup_rwalk_one_output_mapping): Treat CTF_K_UNKNOWN types
	like other types with no referents: call the callback and do not
	skip them.
	(ctf_dedup_emit_type): Emit via...
	* ctf-create.c (ctf_add_unknown): ... this new function.
	* libctf.ver (LIBCTF_1.2): Add it.

7 files changed, 69 insertions, 10 deletions

diff --git a/libctf/ChangeLog b/libctf/ChangeLog
index e66224a..51ecc85 100644
--- a/libctf/ChangeLog
+++ b/libctf/ChangeLog
@@ -1,3 +1,18 @@
+2021-05-06  Nick Alcock  <nick.alcock@oracle.com>
+
+	* ctf-open.c (init_types): Unknown types may have names.
+	* ctf-types.c (ctf_type_resolve): CTF_K_UNKNOWN is as
+	non-representable as type ID 0.
+	(ctf_type_aname): Print unknown types.
+	* ctf-dedup.c (ctf_dedup_hash_type): Do not early-exit for
+	CTF_K_UNKNOWN types: they have real hash values now.
+	(ctf_dedup_rwalk_one_output_mapping): Treat CTF_K_UNKNOWN types
+	like other types with no referents: call the callback and do not
+	skip them.
+	(ctf_dedup_emit_type): Emit via...
+	* ctf-create.c (ctf_add_unknown): ... this new function.
+	* libctf.ver (LIBCTF_1.2): Add it.
+
 2021-03-25  Nick Alcock  <nick.alcock@oracle.com>
 
 	* configure.ac: Check for dlsym, not dlopen.
diff --git a/libctf/NEWS b/libctf/NEWS
index c0aef3b..956cca8 100644
--- a/libctf/NEWS
+++ b/libctf/NEWS
@@ -10,6 +10,9 @@ Changes in 2.37:
    symbol number is known, like in object files and dynamic dicts created by
    ctf_create.
 
+** libctf supports compilers that encode unrepresentable types via a special
+   kind (CTF_K_UNKNOWN) as well as via type ID 0.
+
 * Bugfixes
 
 ** Avoid duplicating or losing types of data object symbols when
diff --git a/libctf/ctf-create.c b/libctf/ctf-create.c
index e87b91e..2d232d4 100644
--- a/libctf/ctf-create.c
+++ b/libctf/ctf-create.c
@@ -966,6 +966,39 @@ ctf_add_forward (ctf_dict_t *fp, uint32_t flag, const char *name,
 }
 
 ctf_id_t
+ctf_add_unknown (ctf_dict_t *fp, uint32_t flag, const char *name)
+{
+  ctf_dtdef_t *dtd;
+  ctf_id_t type = 0;
+
+  /* If a type is already defined with this name, error (if not CTF_K_UNKNOWN)
+     or just return it.  */
+
+  if (name != NULL && name[0] != '\0' && flag == CTF_ADD_ROOT
+      && (type = ctf_lookup_by_rawname (fp, CTF_K_UNKNOWN, name)))
+    {
+      if (ctf_type_kind (fp, type) == CTF_K_UNKNOWN)
+	return type;
+      else
+	{
+	  ctf_err_warn (fp, 1, ECTF_CONFLICT,
+			_("ctf_add_unknown: cannot add unknown type "
+			  "named %s: type of this name already defined"),
+			name ? name : _("(unnamed type)"));
+	  return (ctf_set_errno (fp, ECTF_CONFLICT));
+	}
+    }
+
+  if ((type = ctf_add_generic (fp, flag, name, CTF_K_UNKNOWN, 0, &dtd)) == CTF_ERR)
+    return CTF_ERR;		/* errno is set for us.  */
+
+  dtd->dtd_data.ctt_info = CTF_TYPE_INFO (CTF_K_UNKNOWN, flag, 0);
+  dtd->dtd_data.ctt_type = 0;
+
+  return type;
+}
+
+ctf_id_t
 ctf_add_typedef (ctf_dict_t *fp, uint32_t flag, const char *name,
 		 ctf_id_t ref)
 {
diff --git a/libctf/ctf-dedup.c b/libctf/ctf-dedup.c
index 572a68d..649a76a 100644
--- a/libctf/ctf-dedup.c
+++ b/libctf/ctf-dedup.c
@@ -1064,10 +1064,6 @@ ctf_dedup_hash_type (ctf_dict_t *fp, ctf_dict_t *input,
   if (tp->ctt_name == 0 || !name || name[0] == '\0')
     name = NULL;
 
-  /* Treat the unknown kind just like the unimplemented type.  */
-  if (kind == CTF_K_UNKNOWN)
-    return "00000000000000000000";
-
   /* Decorate the name appropriately for the namespace it appears in: forwards
      appear in the namespace of their referent.  */
 
@@ -2075,8 +2071,6 @@ ctf_dedup_rwalk_one_output_mapping (ctf_dict_t *output,
   switch (ctf_type_kind_unsliced (fp, type))
     {
     case CTF_K_UNKNOWN:
-      /* Just skip things of unknown kind.  */
-      return 0;
     case CTF_K_FORWARD:
     case CTF_K_INTEGER:
     case CTF_K_FLOAT:
@@ -2702,9 +2696,11 @@ ctf_dedup_emit_type (const char *hval, ctf_dict_t *output, ctf_dict_t **inputs,
   switch (kind)
     {
     case CTF_K_UNKNOWN:
-      /* These are types that CTF cannot encode, marked as such by the compile.
-	 We intentionally do not re-emit these.  */
-      new_type = 0;
+      /* These are types that CTF cannot encode, marked as such by the
+	 compiler.  */
+      errtype = _("unknown type");
+      if ((new_type = ctf_add_unknown (target, isroot, name)) == CTF_ERR)
+	goto err_target;
       break;
     case CTF_K_FORWARD:
       /* This will do nothing if the type to which this forwards already exists,
diff --git a/libctf/ctf-open.c b/libctf/ctf-open.c
index 8d11134..1c69dc8 100644
--- a/libctf/ctf-open.c
+++ b/libctf/ctf-open.c
@@ -756,7 +756,8 @@ init_types (ctf_dict_t *fp, ctf_header_t *cth)
     return ENOMEM;
 
   if ((fp->ctf_names.ctn_readonly
-       = ctf_hash_create (pop[CTF_K_INTEGER] +
+       = ctf_hash_create (pop[CTF_K_UNKNOWN] +
+			  pop[CTF_K_INTEGER] +
 			  pop[CTF_K_FLOAT] +
 			  pop[CTF_K_FUNCTION] +
 			  pop[CTF_K_TYPEDEF] +
@@ -800,6 +801,7 @@ init_types (ctf_dict_t *fp, ctf_header_t *cth)
 
       switch (kind)
 	{
+	case CTF_K_UNKNOWN:
 	case CTF_K_INTEGER:
 	case CTF_K_FLOAT:
 	  /* Names are reused by bit-fields, which are differentiated by their
diff --git a/libctf/ctf-types.c b/libctf/ctf-types.c
index 9afe06b..243de93 100644
--- a/libctf/ctf-types.c
+++ b/libctf/ctf-types.c
@@ -579,6 +579,8 @@ ctf_type_resolve (ctf_dict_t *fp, ctf_id_t type)
 	  prev = type;
 	  type = tp->ctt_type;
 	  break;
+	case CTF_K_UNKNOWN:
+	  return (ctf_set_errno (ofp, ECTF_NONREPRESENTABLE));
 	default:
 	  return type;
 	}
@@ -808,6 +810,13 @@ ctf_type_aname (ctf_dict_t *fp, ctf_id_t type)
 	    case CTF_K_RESTRICT:
 	      ctf_decl_sprintf (&cd, "restrict");
 	      break;
+	    case CTF_K_UNKNOWN:
+	      if (name[0] == '\0')
+		ctf_decl_sprintf (&cd, _("(nonrepresentable type)"));
+	      else
+		ctf_decl_sprintf (&cd, _("(nonrepresentable type %s)"),
+				  name);
+	      break;
 	    }
 
 	  k = cdp->cd_kind;
diff --git a/libctf/libctf.ver b/libctf/libctf.ver
index 8c362f3..0b182f3 100644
--- a/libctf/libctf.ver
+++ b/libctf/libctf.ver
@@ -201,4 +201,5 @@ LIBCTF_1.2 {
     global:
 	ctf_lookup_by_symbol_name;
 	ctf_arc_lookup_symbol_name;
+	ctf_add_unknown;
 } LIBCTF_1.1;