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# operator<<(std::basic_ostream)

From cppreference.com
< cpp‎ | io‎ | basic ostream

| (1) |
template< class CharT, class Traits> basic_ostream<CharT,Traits>& operator<<( basic_ostream<CharT,Traits>& os, CharT ch ); |  |
template< class CharT, class Traits> basic_ostream<CharT,Traits>& operator<<( basic_ostream<CharT,Traits>& os, char ch ); |  |
template< class Traits > basic_ostream<char,Traits>& operator<<( basic_ostream<char,Traits>& os, char ch ); |  |
template< class Traits > basic_ostream<char,Traits>& operator<<( basic_ostream<char,Traits>& os, signed char ch ); |  |
template< class Traits > basic_ostream<char,Traits>& operator<<( basic_ostream<char,Traits>& os, unsigned char ch ); |  |
| (2) |
template< class CharT, class Traits > basic_ostream<CharT,Traits>& operator<<( basic_ostream<CharT,Traits>& os, const CharT* s ); |  |
template< class CharT, class Traits > basic_ostream<CharT,Traits>& operator<<( basic_ostream<CharT,Traits>& os, const char* s ); |  |
template< class Traits > basic_ostream<char,Traits>& operator<<( basic_ostream<char,Traits>& os, const char* s ); |  |
template< class Traits > basic_ostream<char,Traits>& operator<<( basic_ostream<char,Traits>& os, const signed char* s ); |  |
template< class Traits > basic_ostream<char,Traits>& operator<<( basic_ostream<char,Traits>& os, const unsigned char* s ); |  |
template< class CharT, class Traits, class T > basic_ostream< CharT, Traits >& operator<<( basic_ostream<CharT,Traits>&& os, const T& value ); | (3) | (since C++11)

Inserts a character or a character string.

1) Behaves as an `FormattedOutputFunction`. After constructing and checking the sentry object, inserts the character `ch`. If the type of the character is not `CharT`, it is first converted with os.widen(ch). Padding is determined as follows: if `os.width()>1`, then `os.width()-1` copies of `os.fill()` are added to the output character to form the output character sequence. If (out.flags()&std::ios_base::adjustfield) == std::ios_base::left, the fill characters are placed after the output character, otherwise before. After insertion, os.width(0) is called to cancel the effects of std::setw, if any.
2) Behaves as an `FormattedOutputFunction`. After constructing and checking the sentry object, inserts successive characters from the character array whose first element is pointed to by `s`.

- for the first and third overloads (where `CharT` matches the type of `ch`), exactly `traits::length(s)` characters are inserted.
- for the second overload, exactly std::char_traits<char>::length(s) characters are inserted.
- for the last two overloads, exactly traits::length(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(s)) are inserted.

Before insertion, first, all characters are widened using os.widen(), then padding is determined as follows: if the number of characters to insert is less than `os.width()`, then enough copies of `os.fill()` are added to the character sequence to make its length equal `os.width()`. If (out.flags()&std::ios_base::adjustfield) == std::ios_base::left, the fill characters are added at the end of the output sequence, otherwise they are added before the output sequence. After insertion, width(0) is called to cancel the effects of std::setw, if any.

The behavior is undefined if `s` is a null pointer.
3) Calls the appropriate insertion operator, given an rvalue reference to an output stream object (equivalent to os << value). This function template does not participate in overload resolution unless the expression os << value is well-formed. (since C++17)

### [edit] Parameters

os | - | output stream to insert data to
ch | - | reference to a character to insert
s | - | pointer to a character string to insert

### [edit] Return value

`os`

### [edit] Notes

Overload (3) in LLVM libc++ implements LWG#1203 and returns a stream of the same type as the argument, so that code such as (std::ostringstream() << 1.2).str() compiles.

### [edit] Example

Run this code

    #include <iostream>
    #include <fstream>

    int main()
    {
        std::cout << "Hello, world" // the const char* overload
                  << '\n';          // the char overload
        std::ofstream("test.txt") << 1.2; // rvalue overload
    }

Output:

    Hello, world

### [edit] See also

operator<< | inserts formatted data (public member function) [edit]
widen | widens characters (public member function of `std::basic_ios`) [edit]

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