package firrtl

import firrtl.ir._
import firrtl.PrimOps._
import firrtl.Utils._
import firrtl.WrappedExpression._
import firrtl.traversals.Foreachers._
import firrtl.annotations.{
  CircuitTarget,
  MemoryLoadFileType,
  MemoryNoSynthInit,
  MemorySynthInit,
  ReferenceTarget,
  SingleTargetAnnotation
}
import firrtl.passes.LowerTypes
import firrtl.passes.MemPortUtils._
import firrtl.stage.TransformManager
import firrtl.transforms.FixAddingNegativeLiterals

import scala.collection.mutable
import scala.collection.mutable.ArrayBuffer

object VerilogEmitter {
  private val unaryOps: Set[PrimOp] = Set(Andr, Orr, Xorr, Neg, Not)

  // To make uses more self-documenting
  private val isUnaryOp: PrimOp => Boolean = unaryOps

  /** Maps a [[PrimOp]] to a precedence number, lower number means higher precedence
    *
    * Only the [[PrimOp]]s contained in this map will be inlined. [[PrimOp]]s
    * like [[Neg]] are not in this map because inlining them may result
    * in illegal verilog like '--2sh1'
    */
  private val precedenceMap: Map[PrimOp, Int] = {
    val precedenceSeq = Seq(
      Set(Head, Tail, Bits, Shr, Pad), // Shr and Pad emit as bit select
      unaryOps,
      Set(Mul, Div, Rem),
      Set(Add, Sub, Addw, Subw),
      Set(Dshl, Dshlw, Dshr),
      Set(Lt, Leq, Gt, Geq),
      Set(Eq, Neq),
      Set(And),
      Set(Xor),
      Set(Or)
    )
    precedenceSeq.zipWithIndex.foldLeft(Map.empty[PrimOp, Int]) {
      case (map, (ops, idx)) => map ++ ops.map(_ -> idx)
    }
  }

  /** true if op1 has equal precendence to op2
    */
  private def precedenceEq(op1: PrimOp, op2: PrimOp): Boolean = {
    precedenceMap(op1) == precedenceMap(op2)
  }

  /** true if op1 has greater precendence than op2
    */
  private def precedenceGt(op1: PrimOp, op2: PrimOp): Boolean = {
    precedenceMap(op1) < precedenceMap(op2)
  }

  /** Identifies PrimOps that never need parentheses
    *
    * These PrimOps emit either {..., a0, ...} or a0 so they never need parentheses
    */
  private val neverParens: PrimOp => Boolean =
    Set(Shl, Cat, Cvt, AsUInt, AsSInt, AsClock, AsAsyncReset, Pad)
}

class VerilogEmitter extends SeqTransform with Emitter {
  import VerilogEmitter._

  def inputForm = LowForm
  def outputForm = LowForm

  override def prerequisites = firrtl.stage.Forms.AssertsRemoved ++
    firrtl.stage.Forms.LowFormOptimized

  override def optionalPrerequisiteOf = Seq.empty

  val outputSuffix = ".v"
  val tab = "  "
  def AND(e1: WrappedExpression, e2: WrappedExpression): Expression = {
    if (e1 == e2) e1.e1
    else if ((e1 == we(zero)) | (e2 == we(zero))) zero
    else if (e1 == we(one)) e2.e1
    else if (e2 == we(one)) e1.e1
    else DoPrim(And, Seq(e1.e1, e2.e1), Nil, UIntType(IntWidth(1)))
  }
  def wref(n:         String, t: Type) = WRef(n, t, ExpKind, UnknownFlow)
  def remove_root(ex: Expression): Expression = ex match {
    case ex: WSubField =>
      ex.expr match {
        case (e: WSubField) => remove_root(e)
        case (_: WRef)      => WRef(ex.name, ex.tpe, InstanceKind, UnknownFlow)
      }
    case _ => throwInternalError(s"shouldn't be here: remove_root($ex)")
  }

  /** Turn Params into Verilog Strings */
  def stringify(param: Param): String = param match {
    case IntParam(name, value) =>
      val lit =
        if (value.isValidInt) {
          s"$value"
        } else {
          val blen = value.bitLength
          if (value > 0) s"$blen'd$value" else s"-${blen + 1}'sd${value.abs}"
        }
      s".$name($lit)"
    case DoubleParam(name, value)    => s".$name($value)"
    case StringParam(name, value)    => s".${name}(${value.verilogEscape})"
    case RawStringParam(name, value) => s".$name($value)"
  }
  def stringify(tpe: GroundType): String = tpe match {
    case (_: UIntType | _: SIntType | _: AnalogType) =>
      val wx = bitWidth(tpe) - 1
      if (wx > 0) s"[$wx:0]" else ""
    case ClockType | AsyncResetType => ""
    case _                          => throwInternalError(s"trying to write unsupported type in the Verilog Emitter: $tpe")
  }
  private def getLeadingTabs(x: Any): String = {
    x match {
      case seq: Seq[_] =>
        val head = seq.takeWhile(_ == tab).mkString
        val tail = seq.dropWhile(_ == tab).lift(0).map(getLeadingTabs).getOrElse(tab)
        head + tail
      case _ => tab
    }
  }
  // @todo deprecate java.io
  def emit(x: Any)(implicit w: java.io.Writer): Unit = {
    emitCol(x, 0, getLeadingTabs(x), 0)
  }
  private def emitCast(e: Expression): Any = e.tpe match {
    case (t: UIntType) => e
    case (t: SIntType) => Seq("$signed(", e, ")")
    case ClockType     => e
    case AnalogType(_) => e
    case _             => throwInternalError(s"unrecognized cast: $e")
  }
  // @todo deprecate java.io
  def emit(x: Any, top: Int)(implicit w: java.io.Writer): Unit = {
    emitCol(x, top, "", 0)
  }
  private val maxCol = 120
  // @todo deprecate java.io
  private def emitCol(x: Any, top: Int, tabs: String, colNum: Int)(implicit w: java.io.Writer): Int = {
    def writeCol(contents: String): Int = {
      if ((contents.size + colNum) > maxCol) {
        w.write("\n")
        w.write(tabs)
        w.write(contents)
        tabs.size + contents.size
      } else {
        w.write(contents)
        colNum + contents.size
      }
    }

    def cast(e: Expression): Any = e.tpe match {
      case (t: UIntType) => e
      case (t: SIntType) => Seq("$signed(", e, ")")
      case ClockType     => e
      case AnalogType(_) => e
      case _             => throwInternalError(s"unrecognized cast: $e")
    }
    x match {
      case (e: DoPrim) => emitCol(op_stream(e), top + 1, tabs, colNum)
      case (e: Mux) => {
        if (e.tpe == ClockType) {
          throw EmitterException("Cannot emit clock muxes directly")
        }
        if (e.tpe == AsyncResetType) {
          throw EmitterException("Cannot emit async reset muxes directly")
        }
        emitCol(Seq(e.cond, " ? ", cast(e.tval), " : ", cast(e.fval)), top + 1, tabs, colNum)
      }
      case (e: ValidIf)    => emitCol(Seq(cast(e.value)), top + 1, tabs, colNum)
      case (e: WRef)       => writeCol(e.serialize)
      case (e: WSubField)  => writeCol(LowerTypes.loweredName(e))
      case (e: WSubAccess) => writeCol(s"${LowerTypes.loweredName(e.expr)}[${LowerTypes.loweredName(e.index)}]")
      case (e: WSubIndex)  => writeCol(e.serialize)
      case (e: Literal)    => v_print(e, colNum)
      case (e: VRandom)    => writeCol(s"{${e.nWords}{`RANDOM}}")
      case (t: GroundType) => writeCol(stringify(t))
      case (t: VectorType) =>
        emit(t.tpe, top + 1)
        writeCol(s"[${t.size - 1}:0]")
      case (s: String) => writeCol(s)
      case (i: Int)    => writeCol(i.toString)
      case (i: Long)   => writeCol(i.toString)
      case (i: BigInt) => writeCol(i.toString)
      case (i: Info) =>
        i match {
          case NoInfo => colNum // Do nothing
          case f: FileInfo =>
            val escaped = FileInfo.escapedToVerilog(f.escaped)
            w.write(s" // @[$escaped]")
            colNum
          case m: MultiInfo =>
            val escaped = FileInfo.escapedToVerilog(m.flatten.map(_.escaped).mkString(" "))
            w.write(s" // @[$escaped]")
            colNum
        }
      case (s: Seq[Any]) =>
        val nextColNum = s.foldLeft(colNum) {
          case (colNum, e) => emitCol(e, top + 1, tabs, colNum)
        }
        if (top == 0) {
          w.write("\n")
          0
        } else {
          nextColNum
        }
      case x => throwInternalError(s"trying to emit unsupported operator: $x")
    }
  }

  //;------------- PASS -----------------
  // @todo deprecate java.io
  def v_print(e: Expression, colNum: Int)(implicit w: java.io.Writer) = e match {
    case UIntLiteral(value, IntWidth(width)) =>
      val contents = s"$width'h${value.toString(16)}"
      w.write(contents)
      colNum + contents.size
    case SIntLiteral(value, IntWidth(width)) =>
      val stringLiteral = value.toString(16)
      val contents = stringLiteral.head match {
        case '-' if value == FixAddingNegativeLiterals.minNegValue(width) => s"$width'sh${stringLiteral.tail}"
        case '-'                                                          => s"-$width'sh${stringLiteral.tail}"
        case _                                                            => s"$width'sh${stringLiteral}"
      }
      w.write(contents)
      colNum + contents.size
    case _ => throwInternalError(s"attempt to print unrecognized expression: $e")
  }

  // NOTE: We emit SInts as regular Verilog unsigned wires/regs so the real type of any SInt
  // reference is actually unsigned in the emitted Verilog. Thus we must cast refs as necessary
  // to ensure Verilog operations are signed.
  def op_stream(doprim: DoPrim): Seq[Any] = {
    def parenthesize(e: Expression, isFirst: Boolean): Any = doprim.op match {
      case op if neverParens(op) => e
      case _ =>
        e match {
          case e: DoPrim =>
            op_stream(e) match {
              /** DoPrims like AsUInt simply emit Seq(a0), so we need to
                * recursively check whether a0 needs to be parenthesized
                */
              case Seq(passthrough: Expression) => parenthesize(passthrough, isFirst)

              /* Parentheses are never needed if precedence is greater
               * Otherwise, the first expression does not need parentheses if
               * - it's precedence is equal AND
               * - the ops are not unary operations (which all have equal precedence)
               */
              case other =>
                val noParens =
                  neverParens(e.op) ||
                    precedenceGt(e.op, doprim.op) ||
                    (isFirst && precedenceEq(e.op, doprim.op) && !isUnaryOp(e.op))
                if (noParens) other else Seq("(", other, ")")
            }

          /** Mux args should always have parens because Mux has the lowest precedence
            */
          case _: Mux => Seq("(", e, ")")
          case _ => e
        }
    }

    // Cast to SInt, don't cast multiple times
    def doCast(e: Expression): Any = e match {
      case DoPrim(AsSInt, Seq(arg), _, _) => doCast(arg)
      case slit: SIntLiteral => slit
      case other => Seq("$signed(", other, ")")
    }
    def castIf(e: Expression, isFirst: Boolean = false): Any = {
      if (doprim.args.exists(_.tpe.isInstanceOf[SIntType])) {
        e.tpe match {
          case _: SIntType => doCast(e)
          case _ => throwInternalError(s"Unexpected non-SInt type for $e in $doprim")
        }
      } else {
        parenthesize(e, isFirst)
      }
    }
    def cast(e: Expression, isFirst: Boolean = false): Any = doprim.tpe match {
      case _: UIntType => parenthesize(e, isFirst)
      case _: SIntType => doCast(e)
      case _ => throwInternalError(s"Unexpected type for $e in $doprim")
    }
    def castAs(e: Expression, isFirst: Boolean = false): Any = e.tpe match {
      case _: UIntType => parenthesize(e, isFirst)
      case _: SIntType => doCast(e)
      case _ => throwInternalError(s"Unexpected type for $e in $doprim")
    }
    def a0: Expression = doprim.args.head
    def a1: Expression = doprim.args(1)
    def c0: Int = doprim.consts.head.toInt
    def c1: Int = doprim.consts(1).toInt

    def castCatArgs(a0: Expression, a1: Expression): Seq[Any] = {
      val a0Seq = a0 match {
        case cat @ DoPrim(PrimOps.Cat, args, _, _) => castCatArgs(args.head, args(1))
        case _                                     => Seq(cast(a0))
      }
      val a1Seq = a1 match {
        case cat @ DoPrim(PrimOps.Cat, args, _, _) => castCatArgs(args.head, args(1))
        case _                                     => Seq(cast(a1))
      }
      a0Seq ++ Seq(",") ++ a1Seq
    }

    doprim.op match {
      case Add  => Seq(castIf(a0, true), " + ", castIf(a1))
      case Addw => Seq(castIf(a0, true), " + ", castIf(a1))
      case Sub  => Seq(castIf(a0, true), " - ", castIf(a1))
      case Subw => Seq(castIf(a0, true), " - ", castIf(a1))
      case Mul  => Seq(castIf(a0, true), " * ", castIf(a1))
      case Div  => Seq(castIf(a0, true), " / ", castIf(a1))
      case Rem  => Seq(castIf(a0, true), " % ", castIf(a1))
      case Lt   => Seq(castIf(a0, true), " < ", castIf(a1))
      case Leq  => Seq(castIf(a0, true), " <= ", castIf(a1))
      case Gt   => Seq(castIf(a0, true), " > ", castIf(a1))
      case Geq  => Seq(castIf(a0, true), " >= ", castIf(a1))
      case Eq   => Seq(castIf(a0, true), " == ", castIf(a1))
      case Neq  => Seq(castIf(a0, true), " != ", castIf(a1))
      case Pad =>
        val w = bitWidth(a0.tpe)
        val diff = c0 - w
        if (w == BigInt(0) || diff <= 0) Seq(a0)
        else
          doprim.tpe match {
            // Either sign extend or zero extend.
            // If width == BigInt(1), don't extract bit
            case (_: SIntType) if w == BigInt(1) => Seq("{", c0, "{", a0, "}}")
            case (_: SIntType)                   => Seq("{{", diff, "{", parenthesize(a0, true), "[", w - 1, "]}},", a0, "}")
            case (_) => Seq("{{", diff, "'d0}, ", a0, "}")
          }
      // Because we don't support complex Expressions, all casts are ignored
      // This simplifies handling of assignment of a signed expression to an unsigned LHS value
      //   which does not require a cast in Verilog
      case AsUInt | AsSInt | AsClock | AsAsyncReset => Seq(a0)
      case Dshlw                                    => Seq(cast(a0), " << ", parenthesize(a1, false))
      case Dshl                                     => Seq(cast(a0), " << ", parenthesize(a1, false))
      case Dshr =>
        doprim.tpe match {
          case (_: SIntType) => Seq(cast(a0), " >>> ", parenthesize(a1, false))
          case (_) => Seq(cast(a0), " >> ", parenthesize(a1, false))
        }
      case Shl => if (c0 > 0) Seq("{", cast(a0), s", $c0'h0}") else Seq(cast(a0))
      case Shr if c0 >= bitWidth(a0.tpe) =>
        error("Verilog emitter does not support SHIFT_RIGHT >= arg width")
      case Shr if c0 == (bitWidth(a0.tpe) - 1) => Seq(parenthesize(a0, true), "[", bitWidth(a0.tpe) - 1, "]")
      case Shr                                 => Seq(parenthesize(a0, true), "[", bitWidth(a0.tpe) - 1, ":", c0, "]")
      case Neg                                 => Seq("-", cast(a0, true))
      case Cvt =>
        a0.tpe match {
          case (_: UIntType) => Seq("{1'b0,", cast(a0), "}")
          case (_: SIntType) => Seq(cast(a0))
        }
      case Not  => Seq("~", parenthesize(a0, true))
      case And  => Seq(castAs(a0, true), " & ", castAs(a1))
      case Or   => Seq(castAs(a0, true), " | ", castAs(a1))
      case Xor  => Seq(castAs(a0, true), " ^ ", castAs(a1))
      case Andr => Seq("&", cast(a0, true))
      case Orr  => Seq("|", cast(a0, true))
      case Xorr => Seq("^", cast(a0, true))
      case Cat  => "{" +: (castCatArgs(a0, a1) :+ "}")
      // If selecting zeroth bit and single-bit wire, just emit the wire
      case Bits if c0 == 0 && c1 == 0 && bitWidth(a0.tpe) == BigInt(1) => Seq(a0)
      case Bits if c0 == c1                                            => Seq(parenthesize(a0, true), "[", c0, "]")
      case Bits                                                        => Seq(parenthesize(a0, true), "[", c0, ":", c1, "]")
      // If selecting zeroth bit and single-bit wire, just emit the wire
      case Head if c0 == 1 && bitWidth(a0.tpe) == BigInt(1) => Seq(a0)
      case Head if c0 == 1                                  => Seq(parenthesize(a0, true), "[", bitWidth(a0.tpe) - 1, "]")
      case Head =>
        val msb = bitWidth(a0.tpe) - 1
        val lsb = bitWidth(a0.tpe) - c0
        Seq(parenthesize(a0, true), "[", msb, ":", lsb, "]")
      case Tail if c0 == (bitWidth(a0.tpe) - 1) => Seq(parenthesize(a0, true), "[0]")
      case Tail                                 => Seq(parenthesize(a0, true), "[", bitWidth(a0.tpe) - c0 - 1, ":0]")
    }
  }

  /**
    * Gets a reference to a verilog renderer. This is used by the current standard verilog emission process
    * but allows access to individual portions, in particular, this function can be used to generate
    * the header for a verilog file without generating anything else.
    *
    * @param m         the start module
    * @param moduleMap a way of finding other modules
    * @param writer    where rendering will be placed
    * @return          the render reference
    */
  // @todo deprecate java.io
  def getRenderer(m: Module, moduleMap: Map[String, DefModule])(implicit writer: java.io.Writer): VerilogRender = {
    new VerilogRender(m, moduleMap)(writer)
  }

  /**
    * Gets a reference to a verilog renderer. This is used by the current standard verilog emission process
    * but allows access to individual portions, in particular, this function can be used to generate
    * the header for a verilog file without generating anything else.
    *
    * @param descriptions comments to be emitted
    * @param m            the start module
    * @param moduleMap    a way of finding other modules
    * @param writer       where rendering will be placed
    * @return             the render reference
    */
  def getRenderer(
    descriptions: Seq[DescriptionAnnotation],
    m:            Module,
    moduleMap:    Map[String, DefModule]
  )(// @todo deprecate java.io
    implicit writer: java.io.Writer
  ): VerilogRender = {
    val newMod = new AddDescriptionNodes().executeModule(m, descriptions)

    newMod match {
      case DescribedMod(d, pds, m: Module) =>
        new VerilogRender(d, pds, m, moduleMap, "", new EmissionOptions(Seq.empty))(writer)
      case m: Module => new VerilogRender(m, moduleMap)(writer)
    }
  }

  def addFormalStatement(
    formals: mutable.Map[Expression, ArrayBuffer[Seq[Any]]],
    clk:     Expression,
    en:      Expression,
    stmt:    Seq[Any],
    info:    Info,
    msg:     StringLit
  ): Unit = {
    throw EmitterException(
      "Cannot emit verification statements in Verilog" +
        "(2001). Use the SystemVerilog emitter instead."
    )
  }

  /**
    * Store Emission option per Target
    * Guarantee only one emission option per Target
    */
  private[firrtl] class EmissionOptionMap[V <: EmissionOption](val df: V) {
    private val m = collection.mutable.HashMap[ReferenceTarget, V]().withDefaultValue(df)
    def +=(elem: (ReferenceTarget, V)): EmissionOptionMap.this.type = {
      if (m.contains(elem._1))
        throw EmitterException(s"Multiple EmissionOption for the target ${elem._1} (${m(elem._1)} ; ${elem._2})")
      m += (elem)
      this
    }
    def apply(key: ReferenceTarget): V = m.apply(key)
  }

  /** Provide API to retrieve EmissionOptions based on the provided [[AnnotationSeq]]
    *
    * @param annotations : AnnotationSeq to be searched for EmissionOptions
    */
  private[firrtl] class EmissionOptions(annotations: AnnotationSeq) {
    // Private so that we can present an immutable API
    private val memoryEmissionOption = new EmissionOptionMap[MemoryEmissionOption](MemoryEmissionOptionDefault)
    private val registerEmissionOption = new EmissionOptionMap[RegisterEmissionOption](RegisterEmissionOptionDefault)
    private val wireEmissionOption = new EmissionOptionMap[WireEmissionOption](WireEmissionOptionDefault)
    private val portEmissionOption = new EmissionOptionMap[PortEmissionOption](PortEmissionOptionDefault)
    private val nodeEmissionOption = new EmissionOptionMap[NodeEmissionOption](NodeEmissionOptionDefault)
    private val connectEmissionOption = new EmissionOptionMap[ConnectEmissionOption](ConnectEmissionOptionDefault)

    def getMemoryEmissionOption(target: ReferenceTarget): MemoryEmissionOption =
      memoryEmissionOption(target)

    def getRegisterEmissionOption(target: ReferenceTarget): RegisterEmissionOption =
      registerEmissionOption(target)

    def getWireEmissionOption(target: ReferenceTarget): WireEmissionOption =
      wireEmissionOption(target)

    def getPortEmissionOption(target: ReferenceTarget): PortEmissionOption =
      portEmissionOption(target)

    def getNodeEmissionOption(target: ReferenceTarget): NodeEmissionOption =
      nodeEmissionOption(target)

    def getConnectEmissionOption(target: ReferenceTarget): ConnectEmissionOption =
      connectEmissionOption(target)

    // Defines the memory initialization based on the annotation
    // Defaults to having the memories inside the `ifndef SYNTHESIS` block
    def emitMemoryInitAsNoSynth: Boolean = {
      val annos = annotations.collect { case a @ (MemoryNoSynthInit | MemorySynthInit) => a }
      annos match {
        case Seq()                  => true
        case Seq(MemoryNoSynthInit) => true
        case Seq(MemorySynthInit)   => false
        case other =>
          throw new FirrtlUserException(
            "There should only be at most one memory initialization option annotation, got $other"
          )
      }
    }

    private val emissionAnnos = annotations.collect {
      case m: SingleTargetAnnotation[ReferenceTarget] @unchecked with EmissionOption => m
    }
    // using multiple foreach instead of a single partial function as an Annotation can gather multiple EmissionOptions for simplicity
    emissionAnnos.foreach {
      case a: MemoryEmissionOption => memoryEmissionOption += ((a.target, a))
      case _ =>
    }
    emissionAnnos.foreach {
      case a: RegisterEmissionOption => registerEmissionOption += ((a.target, a))
      case _ =>
    }
    emissionAnnos.foreach {
      case a: WireEmissionOption => wireEmissionOption += ((a.target, a))
      case _ =>
    }
    emissionAnnos.foreach {
      case a: PortEmissionOption => portEmissionOption += ((a.target, a))
      case _ =>
    }
    emissionAnnos.foreach {
      case a: NodeEmissionOption => nodeEmissionOption += ((a.target, a))
      case _ =>
    }
    emissionAnnos.foreach {
      case a: ConnectEmissionOption => connectEmissionOption += ((a.target, a))
      case _ =>
    }
  }

  /**
    * Used by getRenderer, it has machinery to produce verilog from IR.
    * Making this a class allows access to particular parts of the verilog emission.
    *
    * @param description      a description of the start module
    * @param portDescriptions a map of port name to description
    * @param m                the start module
    * @param moduleMap        a map of modules so submodules can be discovered
    * @param writer           where rendered information is placed.
    */
  class VerilogRender(
    description:      Seq[Description],
    portDescriptions: Map[String, Seq[Description]],
    m:                Module,
    moduleMap:        Map[String, DefModule],
    circuitName:      String,
    emissionOptions:  EmissionOptions
  )(// @todo deprecate java.io
    implicit writer: java.io.Writer) {

    def this(
      m:               Module,
      moduleMap:       Map[String, DefModule],
      circuitName:     String,
      emissionOptions: EmissionOptions
    )(// @todo deprecate java.io
      implicit writer: java.io.Writer
    ) = {
      this(Seq(), Map.empty, m, moduleMap, circuitName, emissionOptions)(writer)
    }
    // @todo deprecate java.io
    def this(m: Module, moduleMap: Map[String, DefModule])(implicit writer: java.io.Writer) = {
      this(Seq(), Map.empty, m, moduleMap, "", new EmissionOptions(Seq.empty))(writer)
    }

    val netlist = mutable.LinkedHashMap[WrappedExpression, InfoExpr]()
    val namespace = Namespace(m)
    namespace.newName("_RAND") // Start rand names at _RAND_0
    def build_netlist(s: Statement): Unit = {
      s.foreach(build_netlist)
      s match {
        case sx: Connect   => netlist(sx.loc) = InfoExpr(sx.info, sx.expr)
        case sx: IsInvalid => error("Should have removed these!")
        // TODO Since only register update and memories use the netlist anymore, I think nodes are
        // unnecessary
        case sx: DefNode =>
          val e = WRef(sx.name, sx.value.tpe, NodeKind, SourceFlow)
          netlist(e) = InfoExpr(sx.info, sx.value)
        case _ =>
      }
    }

    val portdefs = ArrayBuffer[Seq[Any]]()
    // maps ifdef guard to declaration blocks
    val ifdefDeclares: mutable.Map[String, ArrayBuffer[Seq[Any]]] = mutable.Map().withDefault { key =>
      val value = ArrayBuffer[Seq[Any]]()
      ifdefDeclares(key) = value
      value
    }
    val declares = ArrayBuffer[Seq[Any]]()
    val instdeclares = ArrayBuffer[Seq[Any]]()
    val assigns = ArrayBuffer[Seq[Any]]()
    val attachSynAssigns = ArrayBuffer.empty[Seq[Any]]
    val attachAliases = ArrayBuffer.empty[Seq[Any]]
    // No (aka synchronous) always blocks, keyed by clock
    val noResetAlwaysBlocks = mutable.LinkedHashMap[Expression, ArrayBuffer[Seq[Any]]]()
    // One always block per async reset register, (Clock, Reset, Content)
    // An alternative approach is to have one always block per combination of clock and async reset,
    // but Formality doesn't allow more than 1 statement inside async reset always blocks
    val asyncResetAlwaysBlocks = mutable.ArrayBuffer[(Expression, Expression, Seq[Any])]()
    // Used to determine type of initvar for initializing memories
    var maxMemSize: BigInt = BigInt(0)
    // maps ifdef guard to initial blocks
    val ifdefInitials: mutable.Map[String, ArrayBuffer[Seq[Any]]] = mutable.Map().withDefault { key =>
      val value = ArrayBuffer[Seq[Any]]()
      ifdefInitials(key) = value
      value
    }
    val initials = ArrayBuffer[Seq[Any]]()
    // In Verilog, async reset registers are expressed using always blocks of the form:
    // always @(posedge clock or posedge reset) begin
    //   if (reset) ...
    // There is a fundamental mismatch between this representation which treats async reset
    // registers as edge-triggered when in reality they are level-triggered.
    // When not randomized, there is no mismatch because the async reset transition at the start
    // of simulation from X to 1 triggers the posedge block for async reset.
    // When randomized, this can result in silicon-simulation mismatch when async reset is held high
    // upon power on with no clock, then async reset is dropped before the clock starts. In this
    // circumstance, the async reset register will be randomized in simulation instead of being
    // reset. To fix this, we need extra initial block logic to reset async reset registers again
    // post-randomize.
    val asyncInitials = ArrayBuffer[Seq[Any]]()
    // memories need to be initialized even when randomization is disabled
    val memoryInitials = ArrayBuffer[Seq[Any]]()
    val simulates = ArrayBuffer[Seq[Any]]()
    val formals = mutable.LinkedHashMap[Expression, ArrayBuffer[Seq[Any]]]()

    def bigIntToVLit(bi: BigInt): String =
      if (bi.isValidInt) bi.toString else s"${bi.bitLength}'d$bi"

    // declare vector type with no preset and optionally with an ifdef guard
    private def declareVectorType(
      b:        String,
      n:        String,
      tpe:      Type,
      size:     BigInt,
      info:     Info,
      ifdefOpt: Option[String]
    ): Unit = {
      val decl = Seq(b, " ", tpe, " ", n, " [0:", bigIntToVLit(size - 1), "];", info)
      if (ifdefOpt.isDefined) {
        ifdefDeclares(ifdefOpt.get) += decl
      } else {
        declares += decl
      }
    }

    // original vector type declare without initial value
    def declareVectorType(b: String, n: String, tpe: Type, size: BigInt, info: Info): Unit =
      declareVectorType(b, n, tpe, size, info, None)

    // declare vector type with initial value
    def declareVectorType(b: String, n: String, tpe: Type, size: BigInt, info: Info, preset: Expression): Unit = {
      declares += Seq(b, " ", tpe, " ", n, " [0:", bigIntToVLit(size - 1), "] = ", preset, ";", info)
    }

    val moduleTarget = CircuitTarget(circuitName).module(m.name)

    // declare with initial value
    def declare(b: String, n: String, t: Type, info: Info, preset: Expression) = t match {
      case tx: VectorType =>
        declareVectorType(b, n, tx.tpe, tx.size, info, preset)
      case tx =>
        declares += Seq(b, " ", tx, " ", n, " = ", preset, ";", info)
    }

    // original declare without initial value and optinally with an ifdef guard
    private def declare(b: String, n: String, t: Type, info: Info, ifdefOpt: Option[String]): Unit = t match {
      case tx: VectorType =>
        declareVectorType(b, n, tx.tpe, tx.size, info, ifdefOpt)
      case tx =>
        val decl = Seq(b, " ", tx, " ", n, ";", info)
        if (ifdefOpt.isDefined) {
          ifdefDeclares(ifdefOpt.get) += decl
        } else {
          declares += decl
        }
    }

    // original declare without initial value and with an ifdef guard
    private def declare(b: String, n: String, t: Type, info: Info, ifdef: String): Unit =
      declare(b, n, t, info, Some(ifdef))

    // original declare without initial value
    def declare(b: String, n: String, t: Type, info: Info): Unit =
      declare(b, n, t, info, None)

    def assign(e: Expression, infoExpr: InfoExpr): Unit =
      assign(e, infoExpr.expr, infoExpr.info)

    def assign(e: Expression, value: Expression, info: Info): Unit = {
      assigns += Seq("assign ", e, " = ", value, ";", info)
    }

    // In simulation, assign garbage under a predicate
    def garbageAssign(e: Expression, syn: Expression, garbageCond: Expression, info: Info) = {
      assigns += Seq("`ifndef RANDOMIZE_GARBAGE_ASSIGN")
      assigns += Seq("assign ", e, " = ", syn, ";", info)
      assigns += Seq("`else")
      assigns += Seq(
        "assign ",
        e,
        " = ",
        garbageCond,
        " ? ",
        rand_string(syn.tpe, "RANDOMIZE_GARBAGE_ASSIGN"),
        " : ",
        syn,
        ";",
        info
      )
      assigns += Seq("`endif // RANDOMIZE_GARBAGE_ASSIGN")
    }

    def invalidAssign(e: Expression) = {
      assigns += Seq("`ifdef RANDOMIZE_INVALID_ASSIGN")
      assigns += Seq("assign ", e, " = ", rand_string(e.tpe, "RANDOMIZE_INVALID_ASSIGN"), ";")
      assigns += Seq("`endif // RANDOMIZE_INVALID_ASSIGN")
    }

    def regUpdate(r: Expression, clk: Expression, reset: Expression, init: Expression) = {
      def addUpdate(info: Info, expr: Expression, tabs: Seq[String]): Seq[Seq[Any]] = expr match {
        case m: Mux =>
          if (m.tpe == ClockType) throw EmitterException("Cannot emit clock muxes directly")
          if (m.tpe == AsyncResetType) throw EmitterException("Cannot emit async reset muxes directly")

          val (eninfo, tinfo, finfo) = MultiInfo.demux(info)
          lazy val _if = Seq(tabs, "if (", m.cond, ") begin", eninfo)
          lazy val _else = Seq(tabs, "end else begin")
          lazy val _ifNot = Seq(tabs, "if (!(", m.cond, ")) begin", eninfo)
          lazy val _end = Seq(tabs, "end")
          lazy val _true = addUpdate(tinfo, m.tval, tab +: tabs)
          lazy val _false = addUpdate(finfo, m.fval, tab +: tabs)
          lazy val _elseIfFalse = {
            val _falsex = addUpdate(finfo, m.fval, tabs) // _false, but without an additional tab
            Seq(tabs, "end else ", _falsex.head.tail) +: _falsex.tail
          }

          /* For a Mux assignment, there are five possibilities, with one subcase for asynchronous reset:
           *   1. Both the true and false condition are self-assignments; do nothing
           *   2. The true condition is a self-assignment; invert the false condition and use that only
           *   3. The false condition is a self-assignment
           *      a) The reset is asynchronous; emit both 'if' and a trivial 'else' to avoid latches
           *      b) The reset is synchronous; skip the false condition
           *   4. The false condition is a Mux; use the true condition and use 'else if' for the false condition
           *   5. Default; use both the true and false conditions
           */
          (m.tval, m.fval) match {
            case (t, f) if weq(t, r) && weq(f, r) => Nil
            case (t, _) if weq(t, r)              => _ifNot +: _false :+ _end
            case (_, f) if weq(f, r) =>
              m.cond.tpe match {
                case AsyncResetType => (_if +: _true :+ _else) ++ _true :+ _end
                case _              => _if +: _true :+ _end
              }
            case (_, _: Mux) => (_if +: _true) ++ _elseIfFalse
            case _ => (_if +: _true :+ _else) ++ _false :+ _end
          }
        case e => Seq(Seq(tabs, r, " <= ", e, ";", info))
      }
      if (weq(init, r)) { // Synchronous Reset
        val InfoExpr(info, e) = netlist(r)
        noResetAlwaysBlocks.getOrElseUpdate(clk, ArrayBuffer[Seq[Any]]()) ++= addUpdate(info, e, Seq.empty)
      } else { // Asynchronous Reset
        assert(reset.tpe == AsyncResetType, "Error! Synchronous reset should have been removed!")
        val tv = init
        val InfoExpr(finfo, fv) = netlist(r)
        // TODO add register info argument and build a MultiInfo to pass
        asyncResetAlwaysBlocks += (
          (
            clk,
            reset,
            addUpdate(NoInfo, Mux(reset, tv, fv, mux_type_and_widths(tv, fv)), Seq.empty)
          )
        )
      }
    }

    def update(e: Expression, value: Expression, clk: Expression, en: Expression, info: Info) = {
      val lines = noResetAlwaysBlocks.getOrElseUpdate(clk, ArrayBuffer[Seq[Any]]())
      if (weq(en, one)) lines += Seq(e, " <= ", value, ";")
      else {
        lines += Seq("if (", en, ") begin")
        lines += Seq(tab, e, " <= ", value, ";", info)
        lines += Seq("end")
      }
    }

    // Declares an intermediate wire to hold a large enough random number.
    // Then, return the correct number of bits selected from the random value
    def rand_string(t: Type, ifdefOpt: Option[String]): Seq[Any] = {
      val nx = namespace.newName("_RAND")
      val rand = VRandom(bitWidth(t))
      val tx = SIntType(IntWidth(rand.realWidth))
      declare("reg", nx, tx, NoInfo, ifdefOpt)
      val initial = Seq(wref(nx, tx), " = ", VRandom(bitWidth(t)), ";")
      if (ifdefOpt.isDefined) {
        ifdefInitials(ifdefOpt.get) += initial
      } else {
        initials += initial
      }
      Seq(nx, "[", bitWidth(t) - 1, ":0]")
    }

    def rand_string(t: Type, ifdef: String): Seq[Any] = rand_string(t, Some(ifdef))

    def rand_string(t: Type): Seq[Any] = rand_string(t, None)

    def initialize(e: Expression, reset: Expression, init: Expression) = {
      val randString = rand_string(e.tpe, "RANDOMIZE_REG_INIT")
      ifdefInitials("RANDOMIZE_REG_INIT") += Seq(e, " = ", randString, ";")
      reset.tpe match {
        case AsyncResetType =>
          asyncInitials += Seq("if (", reset, ") begin")
          asyncInitials += Seq(tab, e, " = ", init, ";")
          asyncInitials += Seq("end")
        case _ => // do nothing
      }
    }

    def initialize_mem(s: DefMemory, opt: MemoryEmissionOption): Unit = {
      if (s.depth > maxMemSize) {
        maxMemSize = s.depth
      }

      val dataWidth = bitWidth(s.dataType)
      val maxDataValue = (BigInt(1) << dataWidth.toInt) - 1

      def checkValueRange(value: BigInt, at: String): Unit = {
        if (value < 0) throw EmitterException(s"Memory ${at} cannot be initialized with negative value: $value")
        if (value > maxDataValue)
          throw EmitterException(s"Memory ${at} cannot be initialized with value: $value. Too large (> $maxDataValue)!")
      }

      opt.initValue match {
        case MemoryArrayInit(values) =>
          if (values.length != s.depth)
            throw EmitterException(
              s"Memory ${s.name} of depth ${s.depth} cannot be initialized with an array of length ${values.length}!"
            )
          val memName = LowerTypes.loweredName(wref(s.name, s.dataType))
          values.zipWithIndex.foreach {
            case (value, addr) =>
              checkValueRange(value, s"${s.name}[$addr]")
              val access = s"$memName[${bigIntToVLit(addr)}]"
              memoryInitials += Seq(access, " = ", bigIntToVLit(value), ";")
          }
        case MemoryScalarInit(value) =>
          checkValueRange(value, s.name)
          // note: s.dataType is the incorrect type for initvar, but it is ignored in the serialization
          val index = wref("initvar", s.dataType)
          memoryInitials += Seq("for (initvar = 0; initvar < ", bigIntToVLit(s.depth), "; initvar = initvar+1)")
          memoryInitials += Seq(
            tab,
            WSubAccess(wref(s.name, s.dataType), index, s.dataType, SinkFlow),
            " = ",
            bigIntToVLit(value),
            ";"
          )
        case MemoryRandomInit =>
          // note: s.dataType is the incorrect type for initvar, but it is ignored in the serialization
          val index = wref("initvar", s.dataType)
          val rstring = rand_string(s.dataType, "RANDOMIZE_MEM_INIT")
          ifdefInitials("RANDOMIZE_MEM_INIT") += Seq(
            "for (initvar = 0; initvar < ",
            bigIntToVLit(s.depth),
            "; initvar = initvar+1)"
          )
          ifdefInitials("RANDOMIZE_MEM_INIT") += Seq(
            tab,
            WSubAccess(wref(s.name, s.dataType), index, s.dataType, SinkFlow),
            " = ",
            rstring,
            ";"
          )
        case MemoryFileInlineInit(filename, hexOrBinary) =>
          val readmem = hexOrBinary match {
            case MemoryLoadFileType.Binary => "$readmemb"
            case MemoryLoadFileType.Hex    => "$readmemh"
          }
          if (emissionOptions.emitMemoryInitAsNoSynth) {
            memoryInitials += Seq(s"""$readmem("$filename", ${s.name});""")
          } else {
            val inlineLoad = s"""initial begin
                                |    $readmem("$filename", ${s.name});
                                |  end""".stripMargin
            memoryInitials += Seq(inlineLoad)
          }
      }
    }

    def simulate(clk: Expression, en: Expression, s: Seq[Any], cond: Option[String], info: Info) = {
      val lines = noResetAlwaysBlocks.getOrElseUpdate(clk, ArrayBuffer[Seq[Any]]())
      lines += Seq("`ifndef SYNTHESIS")
      if (cond.nonEmpty) {
        lines += Seq(s"`ifdef ${cond.get}")
        lines += Seq(tab, s"if (`${cond.get}) begin")
        lines += Seq("`endif")
      }
      lines += Seq(tab, tab, "if (", en, ") begin")
      lines += Seq(tab, tab, tab, s, info)
      lines += Seq(tab, tab, "end")
      if (cond.nonEmpty) {
        lines += Seq(s"`ifdef ${cond.get}")
        lines += Seq(tab, "end")
        lines += Seq("`endif")
      }
      lines += Seq("`endif // SYNTHESIS")
    }

    def addFormal(clk: Expression, en: Expression, stmt: Seq[Any], info: Info, msg: StringLit): Unit = {
      addFormalStatement(formals, clk, en, stmt, info, msg)
    }

    def formalStatement(op: Formal.Value, cond: Expression): Seq[Any] = {
      Seq(op.toString, "(", cond, ");")
    }

    def stop(ret: Int): Seq[Any] = Seq(if (ret == 0) "$finish;" else "$fatal;")

    def printf(str: StringLit, args: Seq[Expression]): Seq[Any] = {
      val strx = str.verilogEscape +: args.flatMap(Seq(",", _))
      Seq("$fwrite(32'h80000002,", strx, ");")
    }

    // turn strings into Seq[String] verilog comments
    def build_comment(desc: String): Seq[Seq[String]] = {
      val lines = desc.split("\n").toSeq

      if (lines.size > 1) {
        val lineSeqs = lines.tail.map {
          case ""       => Seq(" *")
          case nonEmpty => Seq(" * ", nonEmpty)
        }
        Seq("/* ", lines.head) +: lineSeqs :+ Seq(" */")
      } else {
        Seq(Seq("// ", lines(0)))
      }
    }

    def build_attribute(attrs: String): Seq[Seq[String]] = {
      Seq(Seq("(* ") ++ Seq(attrs) ++ Seq(" *)"))
    }

    // Turn ports into Seq[String] and add to portdefs
    def build_ports(): Unit = {
      def padToMax(strs: Seq[String]): Seq[String] = {
        val len = if (strs.nonEmpty) strs.map(_.length).max else 0
        strs.map(_.padTo(len, ' '))
      }

      // Turn directions into strings (and AnalogType into inout)
      val dirs = m.ports.map {
        case Port(_, name, dir, tpe) =>
          (dir, tpe) match {
            case (_, AnalogType(_)) => "inout " // padded to length of output
            case (Input, _)         => "input "
            case (Output, _)        => "output"
          }
      }
      // Turn types into strings, all ports must be GroundTypes
      val tpes = m.ports.map {
        case Port(_, _, _, tpe: GroundType) => stringify(tpe)
        case port: Port => error(s"Trying to emit non-GroundType Port $port")
      }

      // dirs are already padded
      (dirs, padToMax(tpes), m.ports).zipped.toSeq.zipWithIndex.foreach {
        case ((dir, tpe, Port(info, name, _, _)), i) =>
          portDescriptions.get(name).map {
            case d =>
              portdefs += Seq("")
              portdefs ++= build_description(d)
          }

          if (i != m.ports.size - 1) {
            portdefs += Seq(dir, " ", tpe, " ", name, ",", info)
          } else {
            portdefs += Seq(dir, " ", tpe, " ", name, info)
          }
      }
    }

    def build_description(d: Seq[Description]): Seq[Seq[String]] = d.flatMap {
      case DocString(desc) => build_comment(desc.string)
      case Attribute(attr) => build_attribute(attr.string)
    }

    def build_streams(s: Statement): Unit = {
      val withoutDescription = s match {
        case DescribedStmt(d, stmt) =>
          stmt match {
            case sx: IsDeclaration =>
              declares ++= build_description(d)
            case _ =>
          }
          stmt
        case stmt => stmt
      }
      withoutDescription.foreach(build_streams)
      withoutDescription match {
        case sx @ Connect(info, loc @ WRef(_, _, PortKind | WireKind | InstanceKind, _), expr) =>
          assign(loc, expr, info)
        case sx: DefWire =>
          declare("wire", sx.name, sx.tpe, sx.info)
        case sx: DefRegister =>
          val options = emissionOptions.getRegisterEmissionOption(moduleTarget.ref(sx.name))
          val e = wref(sx.name, sx.tpe)
          if (options.useInitAsPreset) {
            declare("reg", sx.name, sx.tpe, sx.info, sx.init)
            regUpdate(e, sx.clock, sx.reset, e)
          } else {
            declare("reg", sx.name, sx.tpe, sx.info)
            regUpdate(e, sx.clock, sx.reset, sx.init)
          }
          if (!options.disableRandomization)
            initialize(e, sx.reset, sx.init)
        case sx: DefNode =>
          declare("wire", sx.name, sx.value.tpe, sx.info, sx.value)
        case sx: Stop =>
          simulate(sx.clk, sx.en, stop(sx.ret), Some("STOP_COND"), sx.info)
        case sx: Print =>
          simulate(sx.clk, sx.en, printf(sx.string, sx.args), Some("PRINTF_COND"), sx.info)
        case sx: Verification =>
          addFormal(sx.clk, sx.en, formalStatement(sx.op, sx.pred), sx.info, sx.msg)
        // If we are emitting an Attach, it must not have been removable in VerilogPrep
        case sx: Attach =>
          // For Synthesis
          // Note that this is quadratic in the number of things attached
          for (set <- sx.exprs.toSet.subsets(2)) {
            val (a, b) = set.toSeq match {
              case Seq(x, y) => (x, y)
            }
            // Synthesizable ones as well
            attachSynAssigns += Seq("assign ", a, " = ", b, ";", sx.info)
            attachSynAssigns += Seq("assign ", b, " = ", a, ";", sx.info)
          }
          // alias implementation for everything else
          attachAliases += Seq("alias ", sx.exprs.flatMap(e => Seq(e, " = ")).init, ";", sx.info)
        case sx: WDefInstanceConnector =>
          val (module, params) = moduleMap(sx.module) match {
            case DescribedMod(_, _, ExtModule(_, _, _, extname, params)) => (extname, params)
            case DescribedMod(_, _, Module(_, name, _, _))               => (name, Seq.empty)
            case ExtModule(_, _, _, extname, params)                     => (extname, params)
            case Module(_, name, _, _)                                   => (name, Seq.empty)
          }
          val ps = if (params.nonEmpty) params.map(stringify).mkString("#(", ", ", ") ") else ""
          instdeclares += Seq(module, " ", ps, sx.name, " (", sx.info)
          for (((port, ref), i) <- sx.portCons.zipWithIndex) {
            val line = Seq(tab, ".", remove_root(port), "(", ref, ")")
            if (i != sx.portCons.size - 1) instdeclares += Seq(line, ",")
            else instdeclares += line
          }
          instdeclares += Seq(");")
        case sx: DefMemory =>
          val options = emissionOptions.getMemoryEmissionOption(moduleTarget.ref(sx.name))
          val fullSize = sx.depth * (sx.dataType match {
            case GroundType(IntWidth(width)) => width
          })
          val decl = if (fullSize > (1 << 29)) "reg /* sparse */" else "reg"
          declareVectorType(decl, sx.name, sx.dataType, sx.depth, sx.info)
          initialize_mem(sx, options)
          // Currently, no idiomatic way to directly emit write-first RW ports
          val hasComplexRW = (sx.readwriters.nonEmpty &&
            (sx.readLatency != 1 || sx.readUnderWrite == ReadUnderWrite.New))
          if (sx.readLatency > 1 || sx.writeLatency != 1 || hasComplexRW)
            throw EmitterException(
              Seq(
                s"Memory ${sx.name} is too complex to emit directly.",
                "Consider running VerilogMemDelays to simplify complex memories.",
                "Alternatively, add the --repl-seq-mem flag to replace memories with blackboxes."
              ).mkString(" ")
            )
          def createMemWire(firrtlRef: Expression, rhs: InfoExpr): Unit = {
            // Don't use declaration-assignment, since this assignment might be emitted earlier than the
            // actual connection to the memory port field in the source FIRRTL
            declare("wire", LowerTypes.loweredName(firrtlRef), firrtlRef.tpe, MultiInfo(sx.info, rhs.info))
            assign(firrtlRef, rhs)
          }

          for (r <- sx.readers) {
            val data = memPortField(sx, r, "data")
            val addr = memPortField(sx, r, "addr")
            val en = memPortField(sx, r, "en")
            val memPort = WSubAccess(WRef(sx), addr, sx.dataType, UnknownFlow)
            val depthValue = UIntLiteral(sx.depth, IntWidth(sx.depth.bitLength))
            val garbageGuard = DoPrim(Geq, Seq(addr, depthValue), Seq(), UnknownType)

            val clkSource = netlist(memPortField(sx, r, "clk")).expr

            createMemWire(en, netlist(en))

            if (sx.readLatency == 1 && sx.readUnderWrite != ReadUnderWrite.Old) {
              val InfoExpr(addrInfo, addrDriver) = netlist(addr)
              declare("reg", LowerTypes.loweredName(addr), addr.tpe, sx.info)
              initialize(WRef(LowerTypes.loweredName(addr), addr.tpe), zero, zero)
              update(addr, addrDriver, clkSource, en, addrInfo)
            } else {
              createMemWire(addr, netlist(addr))
            }

            if (sx.readLatency == 1 && sx.readUnderWrite == ReadUnderWrite.Old) {
              declare("reg", LowerTypes.loweredName(data), data.tpe, sx.info)
              initialize(WRef(LowerTypes.loweredName(data), data.tpe), zero, zero)
              update(data, memPort, clkSource, en, sx.info)
            } else {
              declare("wire", LowerTypes.loweredName(data), data.tpe, sx.info)
              if ((sx.depth & (sx.depth - 1)) == 0)
                assign(data, memPort, sx.info)
              else
                garbageAssign(data, memPort, garbageGuard, sx.info)
            }
          }

          for (w <- sx.writers) {
            val data = memPortField(sx, w, "data")
            val addr = memPortField(sx, w, "addr")
            val mask = memPortField(sx, w, "mask")
            val en = memPortField(sx, w, "en")

            val clkSource = netlist(memPortField(sx, w, "clk")).expr

            createMemWire(data, netlist(data))
            createMemWire(addr, netlist(addr))
            createMemWire(mask, netlist(mask))
            createMemWire(en, netlist(en))

            val memPort = WSubAccess(WRef(sx), addr, sx.dataType, UnknownFlow)
            update(memPort, data, clkSource, AND(en, mask), sx.info)
          }

          for (rw <- sx.readwriters) {
            val rdata = memPortField(sx, rw, "rdata")
            val wdata = memPortField(sx, rw, "wdata")
            val addr = memPortField(sx, rw, "addr")
            val en = memPortField(sx, rw, "en")
            val wmode = memPortField(sx, rw, "wmode")
            val wmask = memPortField(sx, rw, "wmask")
            val memPort = WSubAccess(WRef(sx), addr, sx.dataType, UnknownFlow)

            val clkSource = netlist(memPortField(sx, rw, "clk")).expr

            createMemWire(wdata, netlist(wdata))
            createMemWire(addr, netlist(addr))
            createMemWire(wmode, netlist(wmode))
            createMemWire(wmask, netlist(wmask))
            createMemWire(en, netlist(en))

            declare("reg", LowerTypes.loweredName(rdata), rdata.tpe, sx.info)
            initialize(WRef(LowerTypes.loweredName(rdata), rdata.tpe), zero, zero)
            update(rdata, memPort, clkSource, en, sx.info)
            update(memPort, wdata, clkSource, AND(en, AND(wmode, wmask)), sx.info)
          }

        case _ =>
      }
    }

    def emit_streams(): Unit = {
      build_description(description).foreach(emit(_))
      emit(Seq("module ", m.name, "(", m.info))
      for (x <- portdefs) emit(Seq(tab, x))
      emit(Seq(");"))

      ifdefDeclares.toSeq.sortWith(_._1 < _._1).foreach {
        case (ifdef, declares) =>
          emit(Seq("`ifdef " + ifdef))
          for (x <- declares) emit(Seq(tab, x))
          emit(Seq("`endif // " + ifdef))
      }
      for (x <- declares) emit(Seq(tab, x))
      for (x <- instdeclares) emit(Seq(tab, x))
      for (x <- assigns) emit(Seq(tab, x))
      if (attachAliases.nonEmpty) {
        emit(Seq("`ifdef SYNTHESIS"))
        for (x <- attachSynAssigns) emit(Seq(tab, x))
        emit(Seq("`elsif verilator"))
        emit(
          Seq(
            tab,
            "`error \"Verilator does not support alias and thus cannot arbirarily connect bidirectional wires and ports\""
          )
        )
        emit(Seq("`else"))
        for (x <- attachAliases) emit(Seq(tab, x))
        emit(Seq("`endif"))
      }

      for ((clk, content) <- noResetAlwaysBlocks if content.nonEmpty) {
        emit(Seq(tab, "always @(posedge ", clk, ") begin"))
        for (line <- content) emit(Seq(tab, tab, line))
        emit(Seq(tab, "end"))
      }

      for ((clk, reset, content) <- asyncResetAlwaysBlocks if content.nonEmpty) {
        emit(Seq(tab, "always @(posedge ", clk, " or posedge ", reset, ") begin"))
        for (line <- content) emit(Seq(tab, tab, line))
        emit(Seq(tab, "end"))
      }

      if (initials.nonEmpty || ifdefInitials.nonEmpty || memoryInitials.nonEmpty) {
        emit(Seq("// Register and memory initialization"))
        emit(Seq("`ifdef RANDOMIZE_GARBAGE_ASSIGN"))
        emit(Seq("`define RANDOMIZE"))
        emit(Seq("`endif"))
        emit(Seq("`ifdef RANDOMIZE_INVALID_ASSIGN"))
        emit(Seq("`define RANDOMIZE"))
        emit(Seq("`endif"))
        emit(Seq("`ifdef RANDOMIZE_REG_INIT"))
        emit(Seq("`define RANDOMIZE"))
        emit(Seq("`endif"))
        emit(Seq("`ifdef RANDOMIZE_MEM_INIT"))
        emit(Seq("`define RANDOMIZE"))
        emit(Seq("`endif"))
        emit(Seq("`ifndef RANDOM"))
        emit(Seq("`define RANDOM $random"))
        emit(Seq("`endif"))
        // the initvar is also used to initialize memories to constants
        if (memoryInitials.isEmpty) emit(Seq("`ifdef RANDOMIZE_MEM_INIT"))
        // Since simulators don't actually support memories larger than 2^31 - 1, there is no reason
        // to change Verilog emission in the common case. Instead, we only emit a larger initvar
        // where necessary
        if (maxMemSize.isValidInt) {
          emit(Seq("  integer initvar;"))
        } else {
          // Width must be able to represent maxMemSize because that's the upper bound in init loop
          val width = maxMemSize.bitLength - 1 // minus one because [width-1:0] has a width of "width"
          emit(Seq(s"  reg [$width:0] initvar;"))
        }
        if (memoryInitials.isEmpty) emit(Seq("`endif"))
        emit(Seq("`ifndef SYNTHESIS"))
        // User-defined macro of code to run before an initial block
        emit(Seq("`ifdef FIRRTL_BEFORE_INITIAL"))
        emit(Seq("`FIRRTL_BEFORE_INITIAL"))
        emit(Seq("`endif"))
        emit(Seq("initial begin"))
        emit(Seq("  `ifdef RANDOMIZE"))
        emit(Seq("    `ifdef INIT_RANDOM"))
        emit(Seq("      `INIT_RANDOM"))
        emit(Seq("    `endif"))
        // This enables testbenches to seed the random values at some time
        // before `RANDOMIZE_DELAY (or the legacy value 0.002 if
        // `RANDOMIZE_DELAY is not defined).
        // Verilator does not support delay statements, so they are omitted.
        emit(Seq("    `ifndef VERILATOR"))
        emit(Seq("      `ifdef RANDOMIZE_DELAY"))
        emit(Seq("        #`RANDOMIZE_DELAY begin end"))
        emit(Seq("      `else"))
        emit(Seq("        #0.002 begin end"))
        emit(Seq("      `endif"))
        emit(Seq("    `endif"))
        ifdefInitials.toSeq.sortWith(_._1 < _._1).foreach {
          case (ifdef, initials) =>
            emit(Seq("`ifdef " + ifdef))
            for (x <- initials) emit(Seq(tab, x))
            emit(Seq("`endif // " + ifdef))
        }
        for (x <- initials) emit(Seq(tab, x))
        for (x <- asyncInitials) emit(Seq(tab, x))
        emit(Seq("  `endif // RANDOMIZE"))

        if (emissionOptions.emitMemoryInitAsNoSynth) {
          for (x <- memoryInitials) emit(Seq(tab, x))
        }
        emit(Seq("end // initial"))
        // User-defined macro of code to run after an initial block
        emit(Seq("`ifdef FIRRTL_AFTER_INITIAL"))
        emit(Seq("`FIRRTL_AFTER_INITIAL"))
        emit(Seq("`endif"))
        emit(Seq("`endif // SYNTHESIS"))
        if (!emissionOptions.emitMemoryInitAsNoSynth) {
          for (x <- memoryInitials) emit(Seq(tab, x))
        }
      }

      if (formals.keys.nonEmpty) {
        for ((clk, content) <- formals if content.nonEmpty) {
          emit(Seq(tab, "always @(posedge ", clk, ") begin"))
          for (line <- content) emit(Seq(tab, tab, line))
          emit(Seq(tab, "end"))
        }
      }

      emit(Seq("endmodule"))
    }

    /**
      * The standard verilog emitter, wraps up everything into the
      * verilog
      * @return
      */
    def emit_verilog(): DefModule = {

      build_netlist(m.body)
      build_ports()
      build_streams(m.body)
      emit_streams()
      m
    }

    /**
      * This emits a verilog module that can be bound to a module defined in chisel.
      * It uses the same machinery as the general emitter in order to insure that
      * parameters signature is exactly the same as the module being bound to
      * @param overrideName Override the module name
      * @param body the body of the bind module
      * @return A module constructed from the body
      */
    def emitVerilogBind(overrideName: String, body: String): DefModule = {
      build_netlist(m.body)
      build_ports()

      build_description(description).foreach(emit(_))

      emit(Seq("module ", overrideName, "(", m.info))
      for (x <- portdefs) emit(Seq(tab, x))

      emit(Seq(");"))
      emit(body)
      emit(Seq("endmodule"), top = 0)
      m
    }
  }

  /** Preamble for every emitted Verilog file */
  def transforms = new TransformManager(firrtl.stage.Forms.VerilogOptimized, prerequisites).flattenedTransformOrder

  // @todo deprecate java.io
  def emit(state: CircuitState, writer: java.io.Writer): Unit = {
    val cs = runTransforms(state)
    val emissionOptions = new EmissionOptions(cs.annotations)
    val moduleMap = cs.circuit.modules.map(m => m.name -> m).toMap
    cs.circuit.modules.foreach {
      case dm @ DescribedMod(d, pds, m: Module) =>
        val renderer = new VerilogRender(d, pds, m, moduleMap, cs.circuit.main, emissionOptions)(writer)
        renderer.emit_verilog()
      case m: Module =>
        val renderer = new VerilogRender(m, moduleMap, cs.circuit.main, emissionOptions)(writer)
        renderer.emit_verilog()
      case _ => // do nothing
    }
  }

  override def execute(state: CircuitState): CircuitState = {
    val writerToString =
      (writer: java.io.StringWriter) => writer.toString.replaceAll("""(?m) +$""", "") // trim trailing whitespace

    val newAnnos = state.annotations.flatMap {
      case EmitCircuitAnnotation(a) if this.getClass == a =>
        val writer = new java.io.StringWriter
        emit(state, writer)
        Seq(
          EmittedVerilogCircuitAnnotation(
            EmittedVerilogCircuit(state.circuit.main, writerToString(writer), outputSuffix)
          )
        )

      case EmitAllModulesAnnotation(a) if this.getClass == a =>
        val cs = runTransforms(state)
        val emissionOptions = new EmissionOptions(cs.annotations)
        val moduleMap = cs.circuit.modules.map(m => m.name -> m).toMap

        cs.circuit.modules.flatMap {
          case dm @ DescribedMod(d, pds, module: Module) =>
            val writer = new java.io.StringWriter
            val renderer = new VerilogRender(d, pds, module, moduleMap, cs.circuit.main, emissionOptions)(writer)
            renderer.emit_verilog()
            Some(
              EmittedVerilogModuleAnnotation(EmittedVerilogModule(module.name, writerToString(writer), outputSuffix))
            )
          case module: Module =>
            val writer = new java.io.StringWriter
            val renderer = new VerilogRender(module, moduleMap, cs.circuit.main, emissionOptions)(writer)
            renderer.emit_verilog()
            Some(
              EmittedVerilogModuleAnnotation(EmittedVerilogModule(module.name, writerToString(writer), outputSuffix))
            )
          case _ => None
        }
      case _ => Seq()
    }
    state.copy(annotations = newAnnos ++ state.annotations)
  }
}

case class VRandom(width: BigInt) extends Expression {
  def tpe = UIntType(IntWidth(width))
  def nWords = (width + 31) / 32
  def realWidth = nWords * 32
  override def serialize: String = "RANDOM"
  def mapExpr(f:      Expression => Expression): Expression = this
  def mapType(f:      Type => Type):             Expression = this
  def mapWidth(f:     Width => Width):           Expression = this
  def foreachExpr(f:  Expression => Unit):       Unit = ()
  def foreachType(f:  Type => Unit):             Unit = ()
  def foreachWidth(f: Width => Unit):            Unit = ()
}
