// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0

package chiselTests

import org.scalatest._
import chisel3._
import chisel3.experimental.Analog
import chisel3.experimental.BundleLiterals._
import chisel3.experimental.VecLiterals._
import chisel3.testers.BasicTester
import chisel3.experimental.OpaqueType
import chisel3.reflect.DataMirror

import scala.annotation.nowarn
import circt.stage.ChiselStage
import scala.collection.immutable.SeqMap

object ConnectableSpec {
  class ConnectionTest[T <: Data, S <: Data](
    outType:     S,
    inType:      T,
    inDrivesOut: Boolean,
    op:          (Data, Data) => Unit,
    monitorOp:   Option[(Data, Data) => Unit],
    nTmps:       Int)
      extends Module {
    val io = IO(new Bundle {
      val in = Flipped(inType)
      val out = Flipped(Flipped(outType)) // no clonetype, no Aligned (yet)
      val monitor = monitorOp.map(mop => {
        Output(inType)
      })
    })
    monitorOp.map(mop => {
      mop(io.monitor.get, io.in)
    })

    val wiresIn = Seq.fill(nTmps)(Wire(inType))
    val wiresOut = Seq.fill(nTmps)(Wire(outType))
    (Seq(io.out) ++ wiresOut ++ wiresIn).zip(wiresOut ++ wiresIn :+ io.in).foreach {
      case (l, r) => if (inDrivesOut) op(l, r) else op(r, l)
    }
  }

  def vec[T <: Data](tpe:                 T, n: Int = 3) = Vec(n, tpe)
  def alignedBundle[T <: Data](fieldType: T) = new Bundle {
    val foo = Flipped(Flipped(fieldType))
    val bar = Flipped(Flipped(fieldType))
  }
  def mixedBundle[T <: Data](fieldType: T) = new Bundle {
    val foo = Flipped(Flipped(fieldType))
    val bar = Flipped(fieldType)
  }

  def alignedFooBundle[T <: Data](fieldType: T) = new Bundle {
    val foo = Flipped(Flipped(fieldType))
  }
  def flippedBarBundle[T <: Data](fieldType: T) = new Bundle {
    val bar = Flipped(fieldType)
  }
  def opaqueType[T <: Data](fieldType: T) = new Record with OpaqueType {
    lazy val elements = SeqMap("" -> Flipped(Flipped(fieldType)))
  }

  def allElementTypes(): Seq[() => Data] = Seq(() => UInt(3.W))
  def allFieldModifiers(fieldType: () => Data): Seq[() => Data] = {
    Seq(
      fieldType,
      () => Flipped(fieldType()),
      () => Input(fieldType()),
      () => Output(fieldType())
    )
  }
  def mixedFieldModifiers(fieldType: () => Data): Seq[() => Data] = {
    allFieldModifiers(fieldType).flatMap(x => allFieldModifiers(x))
  }
  class MyBundle(f: () => Data) extends Bundle {
    val baz = f()
  }
  def allBundles(fieldType: () => Data): Seq[() => Data] = {
    mixedFieldModifiers(fieldType).flatMap { f =>
      Seq(() => new MyBundle(f))
    }
  }
  def allVecs(element: () => Data): Seq[() => Data] = {
    mixedFieldModifiers(element).flatMap(x => Seq(() => Vec(1, x())))
  }
  // 2353 types, takes a few seconds to run all of them, but it's worth it
  def allTypes(): Seq[() => Data] = {
    val elements = allElementTypes()
    val allAggs = elements.flatMap { e =>
      allVecs(e) ++ allBundles(e)
    }
    val allNestedAgg = allAggs.flatMap { e =>
      allVecs(e) ++ allBundles(e)
    }
    elements ++ allAggs ++ allNestedAgg
  }
  def getInfo(t: Data): Seq[Any] = DataMirror
    .collectMembers(t) {
      case x => (x, DataMirror.specifiedDirectionOf(x))
    }
    .toSeq

}

class ConnectableSpec extends ChiselFunSpec with Utils {
  import ConnectableSpec._

  def testCheck(firrtl: String, matches: Seq[String], nonMatches: Seq[String]): String = {
    val unmatched = matches.collect {
      case m if !firrtl.contains(m) => m
    }.toList
    val badMatches = nonMatches.collect {
      case m if firrtl.contains(m) => m
    }
    assert(unmatched.isEmpty, s"Unmatched in output:\n$firrtl")
    assert(badMatches.isEmpty, s"Matched in output when shouldn't:\n$firrtl")
    firrtl
  }
  def testBuild[T <: Data, S <: Data](
    outType: S,
    inType:  T
  )(
    implicit inDrivesOut: Boolean,
    nTmps:                Int,
    op:                   (Data, Data) => Unit,
    monitorOp:            Option[(Data, Data) => Unit]
  ): String = {
    ChiselStage.emitCHIRRTL(
      gen = new ConnectionTest(outType, inType, inDrivesOut, op, monitorOp, nTmps),
      args = Array("--full-stacktrace", "--throw-on-first-error")
    )
  }
  def testException[T <: Data, S <: Data](
    outType:        S,
    inType:         T,
    messageMatches: String*
  )(
    implicit inDrivesOut: Boolean,
    nTmps:                Int,
    op:                   (Data, Data) => Unit,
    monitorOp:            Option[(Data, Data) => Unit]
  ): String = {
    val x = intercept[ChiselException] {
      testBuild(outType, inType)
    }
    val message = x.getMessage()
    messageMatches.foreach { m =>
      assert(message.contains(m), "Exception has wrong error message")
    }
    message
  }
  def testDistinctTypes(
    tpeOut:     Data,
    tpeIn:      Data,
    matches:    Seq[String] = Seq("io.out <= io.in"),
    nonMatches: Seq[String] = Nil
  )(
    implicit inDrivesOut: Boolean,
    nTmps:                Int,
    op:                   (Data, Data) => Unit,
    monitorOp:            Option[(Data, Data) => Unit]
  ): String = testCheck(testBuild(tpeOut, tpeIn), matches, nonMatches)
  def test(
    tpeIn:      Data,
    matches:    Seq[String] = Seq("io.out <= io.in"),
    nonMatches: Seq[String] = Nil
  )(
    implicit inDrivesOut: Boolean,
    nTmps:                Int,
    op:                   (Data, Data) => Unit,
    monitorOp:            Option[(Data, Data) => Unit]
  ): String = testDistinctTypes(tpeIn, tpeIn, matches, nonMatches)

  // (D)irectional Bulk Connect tests
  describe("(0): :<>=") {
    implicit val op: (Data, Data) => Unit = { _ :<>= _ }
    implicit val monitorOp: Option[(Data, Data) => Unit] = None
    implicit val inDrivesOut = true
    implicit val nTmps = 0

    it("(0.a): Emit '<=' between identical non-Analog ground types") {
      test(Bool())
      test(UInt(16.W))
      test(SInt(16.W))
      test(Clock())
      testDistinctTypes(UInt(16.W), Bool())
      test(UInt())
      testDistinctTypes(UInt(), UInt(16.W))
      testException(UInt(16.W), UInt(), "mismatched widths")
      testException(UInt(1.W), UInt(16.W), "mismatched widths")
    }
    it("(0.b): Emit '<=' between identical aligned aggregate types") {
      test(vec(Bool()))
      test(vec(UInt(16.W)))
      test(vec(SInt(16.W)))
      test(vec(Clock()))

      test(alignedBundle(Bool()))
      test(alignedBundle(UInt(16.W)))
      test(alignedBundle(SInt(16.W)))
      test(alignedBundle(Clock()))
    }
    it("(0.c): Emit '<=' between identical aligned aggregate types, hierarchically") {
      test(vec(vec(Bool())))
      test(vec(vec(UInt(16.W))))
      test(vec(vec(SInt(16.W))))
      test(vec(vec(Clock())))

      test(vec(alignedBundle(Bool())))
      test(vec(alignedBundle(UInt(16.W))))
      test(vec(alignedBundle(SInt(16.W))))
      test(vec(alignedBundle(Clock())))

      test(alignedBundle(vec(Bool())))
      test(alignedBundle(vec(UInt(16.W))))
      test(alignedBundle(vec(SInt(16.W))))
      test(alignedBundle(vec(Clock())))

      test(alignedBundle(alignedBundle(Bool())))
      test(alignedBundle(alignedBundle(UInt(16.W))))
      test(alignedBundle(alignedBundle(SInt(16.W))))
      test(alignedBundle(alignedBundle(Clock())))
    }
    it("(0.d): Emit '<=' between identical aggregate types with mixed flipped/aligned fields") {
      test(mixedBundle(Bool()))
      test(mixedBundle(UInt(16.W)))
      test(mixedBundle(SInt(16.W)))
      test(mixedBundle(Clock()))
    }
    it("(0.e): Emit '<=' between identical aggregate types with mixed flipped/aligned fields, hierarchically") {
      test(vec(mixedBundle(Bool())))
      test(vec(mixedBundle(UInt(16.W))))
      test(vec(mixedBundle(SInt(16.W))))
      test(vec(mixedBundle(Clock())))

      test(mixedBundle(vec(Bool())))
      test(mixedBundle(vec(UInt(16.W))))
      test(mixedBundle(vec(SInt(16.W))))
      test(mixedBundle(vec(Clock())))

      test(mixedBundle(mixedBundle(Bool())))
      test(mixedBundle(mixedBundle(UInt(16.W))))
      test(mixedBundle(mixedBundle(SInt(16.W))))
      test(mixedBundle(mixedBundle(Clock())))
    }
    it("(0.f): Throw exception between differing ground types") {
      testException(UInt(1.W), SInt(1.W), "have different types")
      testException(UInt(1.W), Clock(), "have different types")
      testException(SInt(1.W), Clock(), "have different types")
    }
    it("(0.g): Emit 'attach' between Analog types or Aggregates with Analog types") {
      test(Analog(3.W), Seq("attach (io.out, io.in)"))
      test(mixedBundle(Analog(3.W)), Seq("attach (io.out.foo, io.in.foo)", "attach (io.out.bar, io.in.bar"))
      test(vec(Analog(3.W), 2), Seq("attach (io.out[0], io.in[0])", "attach (io.out[1], io.in[1]"))
    }
    it("(0.h): Error on missing subfield/subindex from either right-hand-side or left-hand-side") {
      // Missing flip bar
      testException(mixedBundle(Bool()), alignedFooBundle(Bool()), "dangling consumer field")
      testException(alignedFooBundle(Bool()), mixedBundle(Bool()), "unconnected producer field")

      // Missing foo
      testException(mixedBundle(Bool()), flippedBarBundle(Bool()), "unconnected consumer field")
      testException(flippedBarBundle(Bool()), mixedBundle(Bool()), "dangling producer field")

      // Vec sizes don't match
      testException(vec(alignedFooBundle(Bool())), vec(alignedFooBundle(Bool()), 4), "dangling producer field")
      testException(vec(alignedFooBundle(Bool()), 4), vec(alignedFooBundle(Bool())), "unconnected consumer field")
      testException(vec(flippedBarBundle(Bool())), vec(flippedBarBundle(Bool()), 4), "dangling producer field")
      testException(vec(flippedBarBundle(Bool()), 4), vec(flippedBarBundle(Bool())), "unconnected consumer field")

      // Correct dangling/unconnected consumer/producer if vec has a bundle who has a flip field
      testException(vec(alignedFooBundle(Bool())), vec(mixedBundle(Bool()), 4), "dangling producer field")
      testException(vec(mixedBundle(Bool()), 4), vec(alignedFooBundle(Bool())), "unconnected consumer field")
    }
    it("(0.i): Error if different root-relative flippedness on leaf fields between right-hand-side or left-hand-side") {
      testException(mixedBundle(Bool()), alignedBundle(Bool()), "inversely oriented fields")
      testException(alignedBundle(Bool()), mixedBundle(Bool()), "inversely oriented fields")
    }
    it(
      "(0.k): When connecting FROM DontCare, emit for aligned aggregate fields and error for flipped aggregate fields"
    ) {
      implicit val op: (Data, Data) => Unit = { (x, y) => x :<>= DontCare }
      test(UInt(3.W), Seq("io.out is invalid"))
      test(SInt(3.W), Seq("io.out is invalid"))
      test(Clock(), Seq("io.out is invalid"))
      test(Analog(3.W), Seq("io.out is invalid"))
      test(vec(Bool()), Seq("io.out[0] is invalid", "io.out[1] is invalid", "io.out[2] is invalid"))
      test(alignedBundle(Bool()), Seq("io.out.foo is invalid", "io.out.bar is invalid"))
      testException(mixedBundle(Bool()), mixedBundle(Bool()), "DontCare cannot be a connection sink")
    }
    it("(0.l): Compile without 'sink cannot be driven errors' for mixed compatibility Bundles") {
      allTypes().foreach { t => test(t(), Seq("<=")) }
    }
    it("(0.m): Error if different non-aggregate types") {
      testException(UInt(), SInt(), "Sink (UInt) and Source (SInt) have different types")
    }
    it("(0.n): Emit '<=' between wires") {
      implicit val nTmps = 1
      test(Bool(), Seq("wiresOut_0 <= wiresIn_0"))
      test(UInt(16.W), Seq("wiresOut_0 <= wiresIn_0"))
      test(SInt(16.W), Seq("wiresOut_0 <= wiresIn_0"))
      test(Clock(), Seq("wiresOut_0 <= wiresIn_0"))
    }
    it("(0.o): Error with 'cannot be written' if driving module input") {
      implicit val op: (Data, Data) => Unit = (x: Data, y: Data) => { y :<>= x }
      testException(Bool(), Bool(), "cannot be written")
      testException(mixedBundle(Bool()), mixedBundle(Bool()), "cannot be written")
    }
    it("(0.p): Emit '<=' between wires of OpaqueTypes") {
      implicit val nTmps = 1
      test(opaqueType(UInt(8.W)), Seq("io.out <= wiresOut_0", "wiresOut_0 <= wiresIn_0", "wiresIn_0 <= io.in"))
      // Note that this test inverts Wires
      test(opaqueType(Flipped(UInt(8.W))), Seq("wiresOut_0 <= io.out", "wiresIn_0 <= wiresOut_0", "io.in <= wiresIn_0"))
    }
    // TODO Write test that demonstrates multiple evaluation of producer: => T
  }
  describe("(1): :<= ") {
    implicit val op: (Data, Data) => Unit = { _ :<= _ }
    implicit val monitorOp: Option[(Data, Data) => Unit] = None
    implicit val inDrivesOut = true
    implicit val nTmps = 0

    it("(1.a): Emit '<=' between identical non-Analog ground types") {
      test(Bool())
      test(UInt(16.W))
      test(SInt(16.W))
      test(Clock())
      testDistinctTypes(UInt(16.W), Bool())
      test(UInt())
      testDistinctTypes(UInt(), UInt(16.W))
      testException(UInt(16.W), UInt(), "mismatched widths")
      testException(UInt(1.W), UInt(16.W), "mismatched widths")
    }
    it("(1.b): Emit multiple '<=' between identical aligned aggregate types") {
      val vecMatches = Seq(
        "io.out[0] <= io.in[0]",
        "io.out[1] <= io.in[1]",
        "io.out[2] <= io.in[2]"
      )
      test(vec(Bool()), vecMatches)
      test(vec(UInt(16.W)), vecMatches)
      test(vec(SInt(16.W)), vecMatches)
      test(vec(Clock()), vecMatches)

      val bundleMatches = Seq(
        "io.out.bar <= io.in.bar",
        "io.out.foo <= io.in.foo"
      )
      test(alignedBundle(Bool()), bundleMatches)
      test(alignedBundle(UInt(16.W)), bundleMatches)
      test(alignedBundle(SInt(16.W)), bundleMatches)
      test(alignedBundle(Clock()), bundleMatches)
    }
    it("(1.c): Emit multiple '<=' between identical aligned aggregate types, hierarchically") {
      val vecVecMatches = Seq(
        "io.out[0][0] <= io.in[0][0]",
        "io.out[0][1] <= io.in[0][1]",
        "io.out[0][2] <= io.in[0][2]",
        "io.out[1][0] <= io.in[1][0]",
        "io.out[1][1] <= io.in[1][1]",
        "io.out[1][2] <= io.in[1][2]",
        "io.out[2][0] <= io.in[2][0]",
        "io.out[2][1] <= io.in[2][1]",
        "io.out[2][2] <= io.in[2][2]"
      )
      test(vec(vec(Bool())), vecVecMatches)
      test(vec(vec(UInt(16.W))), vecVecMatches)
      test(vec(vec(SInt(16.W))), vecVecMatches)
      test(vec(vec(Clock())), vecVecMatches)

      val vecBundleMatches = Seq(
        "io.out[0].bar <= io.in[0].bar",
        "io.out[0].foo <= io.in[0].foo",
        "io.out[1].bar <= io.in[1].bar",
        "io.out[1].foo <= io.in[1].foo",
        "io.out[2].bar <= io.in[2].bar",
        "io.out[2].foo <= io.in[2].foo"
      )
      test(vec(alignedBundle(Bool())), vecBundleMatches)
      test(vec(alignedBundle(UInt(16.W))), vecBundleMatches)
      test(vec(alignedBundle(SInt(16.W))), vecBundleMatches)
      test(vec(alignedBundle(Clock())), vecBundleMatches)

      val bundleVecMatches = Seq(
        "io.out.bar[0] <= io.in.bar[0]",
        "io.out.bar[1] <= io.in.bar[1]",
        "io.out.bar[2] <= io.in.bar[2]",
        "io.out.foo[0] <= io.in.foo[0]",
        "io.out.foo[1] <= io.in.foo[1]",
        "io.out.foo[2] <= io.in.foo[2]"
      )
      test(alignedBundle(vec(Bool())), bundleVecMatches)
      test(alignedBundle(vec(UInt(16.W))), bundleVecMatches)
      test(alignedBundle(vec(SInt(16.W))), bundleVecMatches)
      test(alignedBundle(vec(Clock())), bundleVecMatches)

      val bundleBundleMatches = Seq(
        "io.out.bar.bar <= io.in.bar.bar",
        "io.out.bar.foo <= io.in.bar.foo",
        "io.out.foo.bar <= io.in.foo.bar",
        "io.out.foo.foo <= io.in.foo.foo"
      )
      test(alignedBundle(alignedBundle(Bool())), bundleBundleMatches)
      test(alignedBundle(alignedBundle(UInt(16.W))), bundleBundleMatches)
      test(alignedBundle(alignedBundle(SInt(16.W))), bundleBundleMatches)
      test(alignedBundle(alignedBundle(Clock())), bundleBundleMatches)
    }
    it("(1.d): Emit '<=' between identical aggregate types with mixed flipped/aligned fields") {
      val bundleMatches = Seq("io.out.foo <= io.in.foo")
      val nonBundleMatches = Seq("io.in.bar <= io.out.bar")
      test(mixedBundle(Bool()), bundleMatches, nonBundleMatches)
      test(mixedBundle(UInt(16.W)), bundleMatches, nonBundleMatches)
      test(mixedBundle(SInt(16.W)), bundleMatches, nonBundleMatches)
      test(mixedBundle(Clock()), bundleMatches, nonBundleMatches)
    }
    it("(1.e): Emit '<=' between identical aggregate types with mixed flipped/aligned fields, hierarchically") {
      val vecBundleMatches = Seq(
        "io.out[0].foo <= io.in[0].foo",
        "io.out[1].foo <= io.in[1].foo",
        "io.out[2].foo <= io.in[2].foo"
      )
      val nonVecBundleMatches = Seq(
        "io.in[0].bar <= io.out[0].bar",
        "io.in[1].bar <= io.out[1].bar",
        "io.in[2].bar <= io.out[2].bar"
      )
      test(vec(mixedBundle(Bool())), vecBundleMatches, nonVecBundleMatches)
      test(vec(mixedBundle(UInt(16.W))), vecBundleMatches, nonVecBundleMatches)
      test(vec(mixedBundle(SInt(16.W))), vecBundleMatches, nonVecBundleMatches)
      test(vec(mixedBundle(Clock())), vecBundleMatches, nonVecBundleMatches)

      val bundleVecMatches = Seq(
        "io.out.foo[0] <= io.in.foo[0]",
        "io.out.foo[1] <= io.in.foo[1]",
        "io.out.foo[2] <= io.in.foo[2]"
      )
      val nonBundleVecMatches = Seq(
        "io.in.bar[0] <= io.out.bar[0]",
        "io.in.bar[1] <= io.out.bar[1]",
        "io.in.bar[2] <= io.out.bar[2]"
      )
      test(mixedBundle(vec(Bool())), bundleVecMatches, nonBundleVecMatches)
      test(mixedBundle(vec(UInt(16.W))), bundleVecMatches, nonBundleVecMatches)
      test(mixedBundle(vec(SInt(16.W))), bundleVecMatches, nonBundleVecMatches)
      test(mixedBundle(vec(Clock())), bundleVecMatches, nonBundleVecMatches)

      val bundleBundleMatches = Seq(
        "io.out.bar.bar <= io.in.bar.bar",
        "io.out.foo.foo <= io.in.foo.foo"
      )
      val nonBundleBundleMatches = Seq(
        "io.in.bar.foo <= io.out.bar.foo",
        "io.in.foo.bar <= io.out.foo.bar"
      )
      test(mixedBundle(mixedBundle(Bool())), bundleBundleMatches, nonBundleBundleMatches)
      test(mixedBundle(mixedBundle(UInt(16.W))), bundleBundleMatches, nonBundleBundleMatches)
      test(mixedBundle(mixedBundle(SInt(16.W))), bundleBundleMatches, nonBundleBundleMatches)
      test(mixedBundle(mixedBundle(Clock())), bundleBundleMatches, nonBundleBundleMatches)
    }
    it("(1.f): Throw exception between differing ground types") {
      testException(UInt(1.W), SInt(1.W), "have different types")
      testException(UInt(1.W), Clock(), "have different types")
      testException(SInt(1.W), Clock(), "have different types")
    }
    it("(1.g): Emit 'attach' between Analog types or Aggregates with Analog types") {
      test(Analog(3.W), Seq("attach (io.out, io.in)"))
      test(mixedBundle(Analog(3.W)), Seq("attach (io.out.foo, io.in.foo)", "attach (io.out.bar, io.in.bar"))
      test(vec(Analog(3.W), 2), Seq("attach (io.out[0], io.in[0])", "attach (io.out[1], io.in[1]"))
    }
    it(
      "(1.h): Error on unconnected subfield/subindex from either side, but do not throw exception for dangling fields"
    ) {
      // Missing flip bar
      testException(mixedBundle(Bool()), alignedFooBundle(Bool()), "unmatched consumer field")
      testException(alignedFooBundle(Bool()), mixedBundle(Bool()), "unmatched producer field")

      // Missing foo
      testException(mixedBundle(Bool()), flippedBarBundle(Bool()), "unconnected consumer field")
      testException(flippedBarBundle(Bool()), mixedBundle(Bool()), "dangling producer field")

      // Vec sizes don't match
      testException(vec(alignedFooBundle(Bool())), vec(alignedFooBundle(Bool()), 4), "dangling producer field")
      testException(vec(alignedFooBundle(Bool()), 4), vec(alignedFooBundle(Bool())), "unconnected consumer field")
      testException(vec(flippedBarBundle(Bool())), vec(flippedBarBundle(Bool()), 4), "dangling producer field")
      testException(vec(flippedBarBundle(Bool()), 4), vec(flippedBarBundle(Bool())), "unconnected consumer field")

      // Correct dangling/unconnected consumer/producer if vec has a bundle who has a flip field
      testException(vec(alignedFooBundle(Bool())), vec(mixedBundle(Bool()), 4), "dangling producer field")
      testException(vec(mixedBundle(Bool()), 4), vec(alignedFooBundle(Bool())), "unconnected consumer field")
    }
    it("(1.i): Error if different root-relative flippedness on fields between right-hand-side or left-hand-side") {
      testException(mixedBundle(Bool()), alignedBundle(Bool()), "inversely oriented fields")
      testException(alignedBundle(Bool()), mixedBundle(Bool()), "inversely oriented fields")
    }
    it(
      "(1.k): When connecting FROM DontCare, emit for aligned aggregate fields and skip for flipped aggregate fields"
    ) {
      implicit val op: (Data, Data) => Unit = { (x, y) => x :<= DontCare }
      test(UInt(3.W), Seq("io.out is invalid"))
      test(SInt(3.W), Seq("io.out is invalid"))
      test(Clock(), Seq("io.out is invalid"))
      test(Analog(3.W), Seq("io.out is invalid"))
      test(vec(Bool()), Seq("io.out[0] is invalid", "io.out[1] is invalid", "io.out[2] is invalid"))
      test(alignedBundle(Bool()), Seq("io.out.foo is invalid", "io.out.bar is invalid"))
      test(mixedBundle(Bool()), Seq("io.out.foo is invalid"))
    }
    it("(1.l): Compile without 'sink cannot be driven errors' for mixed compatibility Bundles") {
      allTypes().foreach { t => test(t(), Nil) }
    }
    it("(1.m): Error if different non-aggregate types") {
      testException(UInt(), SInt(), "Sink (UInt) and Source (SInt) have different types")
    }
    it("(1.n): Emit '<=' between wires") {
      implicit val nTmps = 1
      test(Bool(), Seq("wiresOut_0 <= wiresIn_0"))
      test(UInt(16.W), Seq("wiresOut_0 <= wiresIn_0"))
      test(SInt(16.W), Seq("wiresOut_0 <= wiresIn_0"))
      test(Clock(), Seq("wiresOut_0 <= wiresIn_0"))
    }
    it("(1.o): Error with 'cannot be written' if driving module input") {
      implicit val op: (Data, Data) => Unit = (x: Data, y: Data) => { y :<= x }
      testException(Bool(), Bool(), "cannot be written")
      testException(mixedBundle(Bool()), mixedBundle(Bool()), "cannot be written")
    }
    it("(1.p): Emit '<=' for wires of OpaqueTypes with aligned elements") {
      implicit val nTmps = 1
      test(opaqueType(UInt(8.W)), Seq("io.out <= wiresOut_0", "wiresOut_0 <= wiresIn_0", "wiresIn_0 <= io.in"))
    }
    it("(1.q): Emit nothing between wires of OpaqueTypes with flipped elements") {
      implicit val nTmps = 1
      test(opaqueType(Flipped(UInt(8.W))), Nil, Seq("<="))
    }
  }
  describe("(2): :>= ") {
    implicit val op: (Data, Data) => Unit = { _ :>= _ }
    implicit val monitorOp: Option[(Data, Data) => Unit] = None
    implicit val inDrivesOut = true
    implicit val nTmps = 0

    it("(2.a): Emit 'skip' between identical non-Analog ground types") {
      val skip = Seq("skip")
      test(Bool(), skip)
      test(UInt(16.W), skip)
      test(SInt(16.W), skip)
      test(Clock(), skip)
      testDistinctTypes(UInt(16.W), Bool(), skip)
      test(UInt(), skip)
      testDistinctTypes(UInt(), UInt(16.W), skip)
      testDistinctTypes(UInt(16.W), UInt(), skip)
      testDistinctTypes(UInt(1.W), UInt(16.W), skip)
    }
    it("(2.b): Emit 'skip' between identical aligned aggregate types") {
      val skip = Seq("skip")
      test(vec(Bool()), skip)
      test(vec(UInt(16.W)), skip)
      test(vec(SInt(16.W)), skip)
      test(vec(Clock()), skip)

      test(alignedBundle(Bool()), skip)
      test(alignedBundle(UInt(16.W)), skip)
      test(alignedBundle(SInt(16.W)), skip)
      test(alignedBundle(Clock()), skip)
    }
    it("(2.c): Emit 'skip' between identical aligned aggregate types, hierarchically") {
      val skip = Seq("skip")

      test(vec(vec(Bool())), skip)
      test(vec(vec(UInt(16.W))), skip)
      test(vec(vec(SInt(16.W))), skip)
      test(vec(vec(Clock())), skip)

      test(vec(alignedBundle(Bool())), skip)
      test(vec(alignedBundle(UInt(16.W))), skip)
      test(vec(alignedBundle(SInt(16.W))), skip)
      test(vec(alignedBundle(Clock())), skip)

      test(alignedBundle(vec(Bool())), skip)
      test(alignedBundle(vec(UInt(16.W))), skip)
      test(alignedBundle(vec(SInt(16.W))), skip)
      test(alignedBundle(vec(Clock())), skip)

      test(alignedBundle(alignedBundle(Bool())), skip)
      test(alignedBundle(alignedBundle(UInt(16.W))), skip)
      test(alignedBundle(alignedBundle(SInt(16.W))), skip)
      test(alignedBundle(alignedBundle(Clock())), skip)
    }
    it("(2.d): Emit '<=' between identical aggregate types with mixed flipped/aligned fields") {
      val bundleMatches = Seq("io.in.bar <= io.out.bar")
      val nonBundleMatches = Seq("io.out.foo <= io.in.foo")
      test(mixedBundle(Bool()), bundleMatches, nonBundleMatches)
      test(mixedBundle(UInt(16.W)), bundleMatches, nonBundleMatches)
      test(mixedBundle(SInt(16.W)), bundleMatches, nonBundleMatches)
      test(mixedBundle(Clock()), bundleMatches, nonBundleMatches)
    }
    it("(2.e): Emit '<=' between identical aggregate types with mixed flipped/aligned fields, hierarchically") {
      val vecBundleMatches = Seq(
        "io.in[0].bar <= io.out[0].bar",
        "io.in[1].bar <= io.out[1].bar",
        "io.in[2].bar <= io.out[2].bar"
      )
      val nonVecBundleMatches = Seq(
        "io.out[0].foo <= io.in[0].foo",
        "io.out[1].foo <= io.in[1].foo",
        "io.out[2].foo <= io.in[2].foo"
      )
      test(vec(mixedBundle(Bool())), vecBundleMatches, nonVecBundleMatches)
      test(vec(mixedBundle(UInt(16.W))), vecBundleMatches, nonVecBundleMatches)
      test(vec(mixedBundle(SInt(16.W))), vecBundleMatches, nonVecBundleMatches)
      test(vec(mixedBundle(Clock())), vecBundleMatches, nonVecBundleMatches)

      val bundleVecMatches = Seq(
        "io.in.bar[0] <= io.out.bar[0]",
        "io.in.bar[1] <= io.out.bar[1]",
        "io.in.bar[2] <= io.out.bar[2]"
      )
      val nonBundleVecMatches = Seq(
        "io.out.foo[0] <= io.in.foo[0]",
        "io.out.foo[1] <= io.in.foo[1]",
        "io.out.foo[2] <= io.in.foo[2]"
      )
      test(mixedBundle(vec(Bool())), bundleVecMatches, nonBundleVecMatches)
      test(mixedBundle(vec(UInt(16.W))), bundleVecMatches, nonBundleVecMatches)
      test(mixedBundle(vec(SInt(16.W))), bundleVecMatches, nonBundleVecMatches)
      test(mixedBundle(vec(Clock())), bundleVecMatches, nonBundleVecMatches)

      val bundleBundleMatches = Seq(
        "io.in.bar.foo <= io.out.bar.foo",
        "io.in.foo.bar <= io.out.foo.bar"
      )
      val nonBundleBundleMatches = Seq(
        "io.out.bar.bar <= io.in.bar.bar",
        "io.out.foo.foo <= io.in.foo.foo"
      )
      test(mixedBundle(mixedBundle(Bool())), bundleBundleMatches, nonBundleBundleMatches)
      test(mixedBundle(mixedBundle(UInt(16.W))), bundleBundleMatches, nonBundleBundleMatches)
      test(mixedBundle(mixedBundle(SInt(16.W))), bundleBundleMatches, nonBundleBundleMatches)
      test(mixedBundle(mixedBundle(Clock())), bundleBundleMatches, nonBundleBundleMatches)
    }
    it("(2.f): Throw exception between differing ground types") {
      testDistinctTypes(UInt(3.W), SInt(3.W), Seq("skip"), Seq("<="))
      testDistinctTypes(UInt(3.W), Clock(), Seq("skip"), Seq("<="))
      testDistinctTypes(SInt(3.W), Clock(), Seq("skip"), Seq("<="))
    }
    it("(2.g): Emit 'attach' between Analog types or Aggregates with Analog types") {
      test(Analog(3.W), Seq("attach (io.out, io.in)"))
      test(mixedBundle(Analog(3.W)), Seq("attach (io.out.foo, io.in.foo)", "attach (io.out.bar, io.in.bar"))
      test(vec(Analog(3.W), 2), Seq("attach (io.out[0], io.in[0])", "attach (io.out[1], io.in[1]"))
    }
    it("(2.h): Error on unconnected subfield/subindex from either side, and throw exception for dangling fields") {
      // Missing flip bar
      testException(mixedBundle(Bool()), alignedFooBundle(Bool()), "dangling consumer field")
      testException(alignedFooBundle(Bool()), mixedBundle(Bool()), "unconnected producer field")

      // Missing foo
      testException(mixedBundle(Bool()), flippedBarBundle(Bool()), "unmatched consumer field")
      testException(flippedBarBundle(Bool()), mixedBundle(Bool()), "unmatched producer field")

      // Vec sizes don't match
      testException(vec(alignedFooBundle(Bool())), vec(alignedFooBundle(Bool()), 4), "unmatched producer field")
      testException(vec(alignedFooBundle(Bool()), 4), vec(alignedFooBundle(Bool())), "unmatched consumer field")
      testException(vec(flippedBarBundle(Bool())), vec(flippedBarBundle(Bool()), 4), "unmatched producer field")
      testException(vec(flippedBarBundle(Bool()), 4), vec(flippedBarBundle(Bool())), "unmatched consumer field")

      // Correct dangling/unconnected consumer/producer if vec has a bundle who has a flip field
      testException(vec(flippedBarBundle(Bool())), vec(mixedBundle(Bool()), 4), "unmatched producer field")
      testException(vec(mixedBundle(Bool()), 4), vec(flippedBarBundle(Bool())), "unmatched consumer field")
    }
    it("(2.i): Error if different root-relative flippedness on fields between right-hand-side or left-hand-side") {
      testException(mixedBundle(Bool()), alignedBundle(Bool()), "inversely oriented fields")
      testException(alignedBundle(Bool()), mixedBundle(Bool()), "inversely oriented fields")
    }
    it(
      "(2.k): When connecting TO DontCare, error for aligned aggregate fields and error for flipped aggregate fields"
    ) {
      implicit val op: (Data, Data) => Unit = { (x, y) => DontCare :>= y }
      test(UInt(3.W), Seq("skip"))
      test(SInt(3.W), Seq("skip"))
      test(Clock(), Seq("skip"))
      test(Analog(3.W), Seq("skip"))
      test(vec(Bool()), Seq("skip"))
      test(alignedBundle(Bool()), Seq("skip"))
      test(mixedBundle(Bool()), Seq("io.in.bar is invalid"))
    }
    it("(2.l): Compile without 'sink cannot be driven errors' for mixed compatibility Bundles") {
      allTypes().foreach { t => test(t(), Nil) }
    }
    it("(2.m): Error if different non-aggregate types") {
      testException(mixedBundle(UInt()), mixedBundle(SInt()), "Sink (SInt) and Source (UInt) have different types")
    }
    it("(2.n): Emit '<=' between wires") {
      implicit val nTmps = 1
      test(mixedBundle(Bool()), Seq("wiresIn_0.bar <= wiresOut_0.bar"))
    }
    it("(2.o): Error with 'cannot be written' if driving module input") {
      implicit val op: (Data, Data) => Unit = (x: Data, y: Data) => { y :<= x }
      testException(mixedBundle(Bool()), mixedBundle(Bool()), "cannot be written")
    }
    it("(2.p): Emit nothing for wires of OpaqueTypes with aligned elements") {
      implicit val nTmps = 1
      test(opaqueType(UInt(8.W)), Nil, Seq("<="))
    }
    it("(2.q): Emit '<=' between wires of OpaqueTypes with flipped elements") {
      implicit val nTmps = 1
      test(opaqueType(Flipped(UInt(8.W))), Seq("wiresOut_0 <= io.out", "wiresIn_0 <= wiresOut_0", "io.in <= wiresIn_0"))
    }
  }
  describe("(3): :#= ") {
    implicit val op: (Data, Data) => Unit = { _ :<>= _ }
    implicit val monitorOp: Option[(Data, Data) => Unit] = Some({ _ :#= _ })
    implicit val inDrivesOut = true
    implicit val nTmps = 0

    it("(3.a): Emit '<=' between identical non-Analog ground types") {
      test(Bool())
      test(UInt(16.W))
      test(SInt(16.W))
      test(Clock())
      testDistinctTypes(UInt(16.W), Bool())
      testException(Bool(), UInt(16.W), "mismatched widths")
      test(UInt())
      testDistinctTypes(UInt(), UInt(16.W))
      testException(UInt(16.W), UInt(), "mismatched widths")
      testException(UInt(1.W), UInt(16.W), "mismatched widths")
    }
    it("(3.b): Emit multiple '<=' between identical aligned aggregate types") {
      val vecMatches = Seq(
        "io.monitor[0] <= io.in[0]",
        "io.monitor[1] <= io.in[1]",
        "io.monitor[2] <= io.in[2]"
      )
      test(vec(Bool()), vecMatches)
      test(vec(UInt(16.W)), vecMatches)
      test(vec(SInt(16.W)), vecMatches)
      test(vec(Clock()), vecMatches)

      val bundleMatches = Seq(
        "io.monitor.bar <= io.in.bar",
        "io.monitor.foo <= io.in.foo"
      )
      test(alignedBundle(Bool()), bundleMatches)
      test(alignedBundle(UInt(16.W)), bundleMatches)
      test(alignedBundle(SInt(16.W)), bundleMatches)
      test(alignedBundle(Clock()), bundleMatches)
    }
    it("(3.c): Emit multiple '<=' between identical aligned aggregate types, hierarchically") {
      val vecVecMatches = Seq(
        "io.monitor[0][0] <= io.in[0][0]",
        "io.monitor[0][1] <= io.in[0][1]",
        "io.monitor[0][2] <= io.in[0][2]",
        "io.monitor[1][0] <= io.in[1][0]",
        "io.monitor[1][1] <= io.in[1][1]",
        "io.monitor[1][2] <= io.in[1][2]",
        "io.monitor[2][0] <= io.in[2][0]",
        "io.monitor[2][1] <= io.in[2][1]",
        "io.monitor[2][2] <= io.in[2][2]"
      )
      test(vec(vec(Bool())), vecVecMatches)
      test(vec(vec(UInt(16.W))), vecVecMatches)
      test(vec(vec(SInt(16.W))), vecVecMatches)
      test(vec(vec(Clock())), vecVecMatches)

      val vecBundleMatches = Seq(
        "io.monitor[0].bar <= io.in[0].bar",
        "io.monitor[0].foo <= io.in[0].foo",
        "io.monitor[1].bar <= io.in[1].bar",
        "io.monitor[1].foo <= io.in[1].foo",
        "io.monitor[2].bar <= io.in[2].bar",
        "io.monitor[2].foo <= io.in[2].foo"
      )
      test(vec(alignedBundle(Bool())), vecBundleMatches)
      test(vec(alignedBundle(UInt(16.W))), vecBundleMatches)
      test(vec(alignedBundle(SInt(16.W))), vecBundleMatches)
      test(vec(alignedBundle(Clock())), vecBundleMatches)

      val bundleVecMatches = Seq(
        "io.monitor.bar[0] <= io.in.bar[0]",
        "io.monitor.bar[1] <= io.in.bar[1]",
        "io.monitor.bar[2] <= io.in.bar[2]",
        "io.monitor.foo[0] <= io.in.foo[0]",
        "io.monitor.foo[1] <= io.in.foo[1]",
        "io.monitor.foo[2] <= io.in.foo[2]"
      )
      test(alignedBundle(vec(Bool())), bundleVecMatches)
      test(alignedBundle(vec(UInt(16.W))), bundleVecMatches)
      test(alignedBundle(vec(SInt(16.W))), bundleVecMatches)
      test(alignedBundle(vec(Clock())), bundleVecMatches)

      val bundleBundleMatches = Seq(
        "io.monitor.bar.bar <= io.in.bar.bar",
        "io.monitor.bar.foo <= io.in.bar.foo",
        "io.monitor.foo.bar <= io.in.foo.bar",
        "io.monitor.foo.foo <= io.in.foo.foo"
      )
      test(alignedBundle(alignedBundle(Bool())), bundleBundleMatches)
      test(alignedBundle(alignedBundle(UInt(16.W))), bundleBundleMatches)
      test(alignedBundle(alignedBundle(SInt(16.W))), bundleBundleMatches)
      test(alignedBundle(alignedBundle(Clock())), bundleBundleMatches)
    }
    it("(3.d): Emit '<=' between identical aggregate types with mixed flipped/aligned fields") {
      val bundleMatches = Seq("io.monitor.foo <= io.in.foo", "io.monitor.bar <= io.in.bar")
      test(mixedBundle(Bool()), bundleMatches)
      test(mixedBundle(UInt(16.W)), bundleMatches)
      test(mixedBundle(SInt(16.W)), bundleMatches)
      test(mixedBundle(Clock()), bundleMatches)
    }
    it("(3.e): Emit '<=' between identical aggregate types with mixed flipped/aligned fields, hierarchically") {
      val vecBundleMatches = Seq(
        "io.monitor[0].foo <= io.in[0].foo",
        "io.monitor[1].foo <= io.in[1].foo",
        "io.monitor[2].foo <= io.in[2].foo",
        "io.monitor[0].bar <= io.in[0].bar",
        "io.monitor[1].bar <= io.in[1].bar",
        "io.monitor[2].bar <= io.in[2].bar"
      )
      test(vec(mixedBundle(Bool())), vecBundleMatches)
      test(vec(mixedBundle(UInt(16.W))), vecBundleMatches)
      test(vec(mixedBundle(SInt(16.W))), vecBundleMatches)
      test(vec(mixedBundle(Clock())), vecBundleMatches)

      val bundleVecMatches = Seq(
        "io.monitor.foo[0] <= io.in.foo[0]",
        "io.monitor.foo[1] <= io.in.foo[1]",
        "io.monitor.foo[2] <= io.in.foo[2]",
        "io.monitor.bar[0] <= io.in.bar[0]",
        "io.monitor.bar[1] <= io.in.bar[1]",
        "io.monitor.bar[2] <= io.in.bar[2]"
      )
      test(mixedBundle(vec(Bool())), bundleVecMatches)
      test(mixedBundle(vec(UInt(16.W))), bundleVecMatches)
      test(mixedBundle(vec(SInt(16.W))), bundleVecMatches)
      test(mixedBundle(vec(Clock())), bundleVecMatches)

      val bundleBundleMatches = Seq(
        "io.monitor.bar.bar <= io.in.bar.bar",
        "io.monitor.foo.foo <= io.in.foo.foo",
        "io.monitor.bar.foo <= io.in.bar.foo",
        "io.monitor.foo.bar <= io.in.foo.bar"
      )
      test(mixedBundle(mixedBundle(Bool())), bundleBundleMatches)
      test(mixedBundle(mixedBundle(UInt(16.W))), bundleBundleMatches)
      test(mixedBundle(mixedBundle(SInt(16.W))), bundleBundleMatches)
      test(mixedBundle(mixedBundle(Clock())), bundleBundleMatches)
    }
    it("(3.f): Throw exception between differing ground types") {
      testException(UInt(1.W), SInt(1.W), "have different types")
      testException(UInt(1.W), Clock(), "have different types")
      testException(SInt(1.W), Clock(), "have different types")
    }
    it("(3.g): Emit 'attach' between Analog types or Aggregates with Analog types") {
      implicit val op: (Data, Data) => Unit = { _ :#= _ }
      implicit val monitorOp: Option[(Data, Data) => Unit] = None
      test(Analog(3.W), Seq("attach (io.out, io.in)"))
      test(mixedBundle(Analog(3.W)), Seq("attach (io.out.foo, io.in.foo)", "attach (io.out.bar, io.in.bar"))
      test(vec(Analog(3.W), 2), Seq("attach (io.out[0], io.in[0])", "attach (io.out[1], io.in[1]"))
    }
    it("(3.h): Error on unconnected or dangling subfield/subindex from either side") {
      // Missing flip bar
      implicit val op: (Data, Data) => Unit = { _ :#= _ }
      implicit val monitorOp: Option[(Data, Data) => Unit] = None
      testException(mixedBundle(Bool()), alignedFooBundle(Bool()), "unmatched consumer field")
      testException(alignedFooBundle(Bool()), mixedBundle(Bool()), "unmatched producer field")

      // Missing foo
      testException(mixedBundle(Bool()), flippedBarBundle(Bool()), "cannot be written from module")
      testException(flippedBarBundle(Bool()), mixedBundle(Bool()), "cannot be written from module")

      // Vec sizes don't match
      testException(vec(alignedFooBundle(Bool())), vec(alignedFooBundle(Bool()), 4), "dangling producer field")
      testException(vec(alignedFooBundle(Bool()), 4), vec(alignedFooBundle(Bool())), "unconnected consumer field")
      testException(vec(flippedBarBundle(Bool())), vec(flippedBarBundle(Bool()), 4), "cannot be written from module")
      testException(vec(flippedBarBundle(Bool()), 4), vec(flippedBarBundle(Bool())), "cannot be written from module")

      // Correct dangling/unconnected consumer/producer if vec has a bundle who has a flip field
      testException(
        vec(alignedFooBundle(Bool())),
        vec(mixedBundle(Bool()), 4),
        "unmatched producer field",
        "dangling producer field"
      )
      testException(
        vec(mixedBundle(Bool()), 4),
        vec(alignedFooBundle(Bool())),
        "unmatched consumer field",
        "unconnected consumer field"
      )
    }
    it("(3.i): Always connect to consumer regardless of orientation") {
      implicit val op: (Data, Data) => Unit = { _ :#= _ }
      implicit val monitorOp: Option[(Data, Data) => Unit] = None
      testException(mixedBundle(Bool()), alignedBundle(Bool()), "cannot be written from module")
      testDistinctTypes(
        alignedBundle(Bool()),
        mixedBundle(Bool()),
        Seq(
          "io.out.foo <= io.in.foo",
          "io.out.bar <= io.in.bar"
        )
      )
    }
    it(
      "(3.k): When connecting FROM DontCare, emit for aligned aggregate fields and emit for flipped aggregate fields"
    ) {
      implicit val op: (Data, Data) => Unit = { (x, y) => x :#= DontCare }
      implicit val monitorOp: Option[(Data, Data) => Unit] = None
      test(UInt(3.W), Seq("io.out is invalid"))
      test(SInt(3.W), Seq("io.out is invalid"))
      test(Clock(), Seq("io.out is invalid"))
      test(Analog(3.W), Seq("io.out is invalid"))
      test(vec(Bool()), Seq("io.out[0] is invalid", "io.out[1] is invalid", "io.out[2] is invalid"))
      test(alignedBundle(Bool()), Seq("io.out.foo is invalid", "io.out.bar is invalid"))
      test(mixedBundle(Bool()), Seq("io.out.foo is invalid", "io.out.bar is invalid"))
    }
    it("(3.l): Compile without 'sink cannot be driven errors' for mixed compatibility Bundles") {
      allTypes().foreach { t => test(t(), Seq("<=")) }
    }
    it("(3.m): Error if different non-aggregate types") {
      testException(UInt(), SInt(), "Sink (UInt) and Source (SInt) have different types")
    }
    it("(3.n): Emit '<=' between wires") {
      implicit val monitorOp: Option[(Data, Data) => Unit] = Some((x: Data, y: Data) => {
        val temp0 = Wire(chiselTypeOf(y))
        temp0 :#= y
        val temp1 = Wire(chiselTypeOf(y))
        temp1 :#= temp0
        x :#= temp1
      })
      test(
        mixedBundle(Bool()),
        Seq(
          "temp1.bar <= temp0.bar",
          "temp1.foo <= temp0.foo"
        )
      )
    }
    it("(3.o): Error with 'cannot be written' if driving module input") {
      implicit val op: (Data, Data) => Unit = (x: Data, y: Data) => { y :#= x }
      testException(mixedBundle(Bool()), mixedBundle(Bool()), "cannot be written")
    }
  }

  describe("(4): Connectable waived") {
    import scala.collection.immutable.SeqMap
    class Decoupled(val hasData: Boolean) extends Bundle {
      val valid = Bool()
      val ready = Flipped(Bool())
      val data = if (hasData) Some(UInt(32.W)) else None
    }
    class BundleMap(fields: SeqMap[String, () => Data]) extends Record {
      val elements = fields.map { case (name, gen) => name -> gen() }
    }
    object BundleMap {
      def waive[T <: Data](d: T): Connectable[T] = {
        val bundleMapElements = DataMirror.collectMembers(d) { case b: BundleMap => b.getElements }
        Connectable(d, bundleMapElements.flatten.toSet, Set.empty)
      }
    }
    class DecoupledGen[T <: Data](val gen: () => T) extends Bundle {
      val valid = Bool()
      val ready = Flipped(Bool())
      val data = gen()
    }
    it("(4.a) Using waive works for nested field") {
      class NestedDecoupled(val hasData: Boolean) extends Bundle {
        val foo = new Decoupled(hasData)
      }
      class MyModule extends Module {
        val in = IO(Flipped(new NestedDecoupled(true)))
        val out = IO(new NestedDecoupled(false))
        out :<>= in.waiveEach { case d: Decoupled if d.data.nonEmpty => d.data.toSeq }
      }
      testCheck(
        ChiselStage.emitCHIRRTL({ new MyModule() }, args = Array("--full-stacktrace", "--throw-on-first-error")),
        Seq(
          "out.foo.valid <= in.foo.valid",
          "in.foo.ready <= out.foo.ready"
        ),
        Seq("out.foo.data <= in.foo.data")
      )
    }
    it("(4.b) Inline waiver things") {
      class MyModule extends Module {
        val in = IO(Flipped(new Decoupled(true)))
        val out = IO(new Decoupled(false))
        out :<>= in.waive(_.data.get)
      }
      testCheck(
        ChiselStage.emitCHIRRTL({ new MyModule() }, args = Array("--full-stacktrace", "--throw-on-first-error")),
        Seq(
          "out.valid <= in.valid",
          "in.ready <= out.ready"
        ),
        Seq("out.data <= in.data")
      )
    }
    it("(4.c) BundleMap example can use programmatic waiving") {
      class MyModule extends Module {
        def ab = new BundleMap(
          SeqMap(
            "a" -> (() => UInt(2.W)),
            "b" -> (() => UInt(2.W))
          )
        )
        def bc = new BundleMap(
          SeqMap(
            "b" -> (() => UInt(2.W)),
            "c" -> (() => UInt(2.W))
          )
        )
        val in = IO(Flipped(new DecoupledGen(() => ab)))
        val out = IO(new DecoupledGen(() => bc))
        //Programmatic
        BundleMap.waive(out) :<>= BundleMap.waive(in)
      }
      testCheck(
        ChiselStage.emitCHIRRTL({ new MyModule() }, args = Array("--full-stacktrace", "--throw-on-first-error")),
        Seq(
          "out.valid <= in.valid",
          "in.ready <= out.ready",
          "out.data.b <= in.data.b"
        ),
        Nil
      )
    }
    it("(4.d) Connect defaults, then create Connectable to connect to") {
      class MyModule extends Module {
        def ab = new BundleMap(
          SeqMap(
            "a" -> (() => UInt(2.W)),
            "b" -> (() => UInt(2.W))
          )
        )
        def bc = new BundleMap(
          SeqMap(
            "b" -> (() => UInt(2.W)),
            "c" -> (() => UInt(2.W))
          )
        )
        val in = IO(Flipped(new DecoupledGen(() => ab)))
        val out = IO(new DecoupledGen(() => bc))
        out :<= (chiselTypeOf(out).Lit(_.data.elements("b") -> 1.U, _.data.elements("c") -> 1.U))
        //Programmatic
        BundleMap.waive(out) :<>= BundleMap.waive(in)
      }
      testCheck(
        ChiselStage.emitCHIRRTL({ new MyModule() }, args = Array("--full-stacktrace", "--throw-on-first-error")),
        Seq(
          "out.valid <= in.valid",
          "in.ready <= out.ready",
          "out.data.b <= in.data.b",
          "out.data.c <= UInt<1>(\"h1\")"
        ),
        Nil
      )
    }
    it("(4.e) (Good or bad?) Mismatched aggregate containing backpressure must be waived for :<=") {
      // My concern with this use-case is if you have an unmatched aggregate field, but it only contains fields that your operator would ignore anyways, should you error?
      //  - For the simplicity of reasoning about the operator semantics, I think the answer is yes because erroring is now a local decision during recursion (does not depend on the child field type)
      //  - I just want to make sure, so this example kind of demonstrates that I think the behavior is sensible
      //  - In addition, with the 'waive' feature, it's very straightforward to make the operator do what you want it to do, in this case, and the explicitness is good.
      class OnlyBackPressure extends Bundle {
        val ready = Flipped(UInt(3.W))
      }
      class MyModule extends Module {
        // Have to nest in bundle because it calls the connecting-to-seq version
        val in3 = IO(Flipped(new Bundle { val v = Vec(3, new OnlyBackPressure) }))
        val out3 = IO(new Bundle { val v = Vec(3, new OnlyBackPressure) })
        val in2 = IO(Flipped(new Bundle { val v = Vec(2, new OnlyBackPressure) }))
        val out2 = IO(new Bundle { val v = Vec(2, new OnlyBackPressure) })
        // Should do nothing, but also doesn't error, which is good
        out3 :<= in3
        // Should error, unless waived
        out3.waive(_.v(2)) :>= in2
        // Should error, unless waived
        out2 :<= in3.waive(_.v(2))
        DataMirror.collectAlignedDeep(in3) { case x => x }.toSet should be(
          Set(in3, in3.v, in3.v(0), in3.v(1), in3.v(2))
        )
        DataMirror.collectFlippedDeep(in3) { case x => x }.toSet should be(
          Set(in3.v(0).ready, in3.v(1).ready, in3.v(2).ready)
        )
      }
      testCheck(
        ChiselStage.emitCHIRRTL({ new MyModule() }, args = Array("--full-stacktrace", "--throw-on-first-error")),
        Seq(
          "in2.v[0].ready <= out3.v[0].ready",
          "in2.v[1].ready <= out3.v[1].ready"
        ),
        Nil
      )
    }
  }
  describe("(5): Connectable squeezing") {
    import scala.collection.immutable.SeqMap
    class Decoupled(val hasBigData: Boolean) extends Bundle {
      val valid = Bool()
      val ready = Flipped(Bool())
      val data = if (hasBigData) UInt(32.W) else UInt(8.W)
    }
    class BundleMap(fields: SeqMap[String, () => Data]) extends Record {
      val elements = fields.map { case (name, gen) => name -> gen() }
    }
    object BundleMap {
      def waive[T <: Data](d: T): Connectable[T] = {
        val bundleMapElements = DataMirror.collectMembers(d) { case b: BundleMap => b.getElements }
        Connectable(d, bundleMapElements.flatten.toSet, Set.empty)
      }
    }
    class DecoupledGen[T <: Data](val gen: () => T) extends Bundle {
      val valid = Bool()
      val ready = Flipped(Bool())
      val data = gen()
    }
    it("(5.a) Using squeeze works for nested field") {
      class NestedDecoupled(val hasBigData: Boolean) extends Bundle {
        val foo = new Decoupled(hasBigData)
      }
      class MyModule extends Module {
        val in = IO(Flipped(new NestedDecoupled(true)))
        val out = IO(new NestedDecoupled(false))
        out :<>= in.squeezeEach { case d: Decoupled => Seq(d.data) }
      }
      testCheck(
        ChiselStage.emitCHIRRTL({ new MyModule() }, args = Array("--full-stacktrace", "--throw-on-first-error")),
        Seq(
          "out.foo.valid <= in.foo.valid",
          "in.foo.ready <= out.foo.ready",
          "out.foo.data <= in.foo.data"
        ),
        Nil
      )
    }
    it("(5.b) Squeeze works on UInt") {
      class MyModule extends Module {
        val in = IO(Flipped(UInt(3.W)))
        val out = IO(UInt(1.W))
        out :<>= in.squeeze
      }
      testCheck(
        ChiselStage.emitCHIRRTL({ new MyModule() }, args = Array("--full-stacktrace", "--throw-on-first-error")),
        Seq(
          "out <= in"
        ),
        Nil
      )
    }
    it("(5.c) BundleMap example can use programmatic squeezing") {
      class MyModule extends Module {
        def ab = new BundleMap(
          SeqMap(
            "a" -> (() => UInt(2.W)),
            "b" -> (() => UInt(3.W))
          )
        )
        def bc = new BundleMap(
          SeqMap(
            "b" -> (() => UInt(2.W)),
            "c" -> (() => UInt(2.W))
          )
        )
        val in = IO(Flipped(new DecoupledGen(() => ab)))
        val out = IO(new DecoupledGen(() => bc))
        //Programmatic
        BundleMap.waive(out) :<>= BundleMap.waive(in).squeezeAll
      }
      testCheck(
        ChiselStage.emitCHIRRTL({ new MyModule() }, args = Array("--full-stacktrace", "--throw-on-first-error")),
        Seq(
          "out.valid <= in.valid",
          "in.ready <= out.ready",
          "out.data.b <= in.data.b"
        ),
        Nil
      )
    }
    it(
      "(5.e) Mismatched aggregate containing backpressure must be squeezed only if actually connecting and requiring implicit truncation"
    ) {
      class OnlyBackPressure(width: Int) extends Bundle {
        val ready = Flipped(UInt(width.W))
      }
      class MyModule extends Module {
        // Have to nest in bundle because it calls the connecting-to-seq version
        val in3 = IO(Flipped(new Bundle { val v = Vec(3, new OnlyBackPressure(1)) }))
        val out3 = IO(new Bundle { val v = Vec(3, new OnlyBackPressure(2)) })
        val in2 = IO(Flipped(new Bundle { val v = Vec(2, new OnlyBackPressure(1)) }))
        val out2 = IO(new Bundle { val v = Vec(2, new OnlyBackPressure(2)) })
        // Should do nothing, but also doesn't error, which is good
        out3 :<= in3
        // Should error, unless waived
        out3.squeezeAll :>= in3
      }
      testCheck(
        ChiselStage.emitCHIRRTL({ new MyModule() }, args = Array("--full-stacktrace", "--throw-on-first-error")),
        Seq(
          "in3.v[0].ready <= out3.v[0].ready",
          "in3.v[1].ready <= out3.v[1].ready",
          "in3.v[2].ready <= out3.v[2].ready"
        ),
        Nil
      )
    }
    it("(5.f) Squeeze works on OpaqueType") {
      class OpaqueRecord(width: Int) extends Record with OpaqueType {
        private val underlying = UInt(width.W)
        val elements = SeqMap("" -> underlying)
      }
      class MyModule extends Module {
        val in = IO(Input(new OpaqueRecord(4)))
        val out = IO(Output(new OpaqueRecord(2)))
        out :<>= in.squeeze
      }
      testCheck(
        ChiselStage.emitCHIRRTL({ new MyModule() }, args = Array("--full-stacktrace", "--throw-on-first-error")),
        Seq(
          "out <= in"
        ),
        Nil
      )
    }
    it("(5.g) Squeeze works on nested OpaqueType fields") {
      class OpaqueRecord(width: Int) extends Record with OpaqueType {
        private val underlying = UInt(width.W)
        val elements = SeqMap("" -> underlying)
      }
      class MyModule extends Module {
        val inA = IO(Flipped(new Bundle {
          val opaque = new OpaqueRecord(4)
        }))
        val inB = IO(Flipped(new Bundle {
          val opaque = new OpaqueRecord(5)
        }))
        val out = IO(new Bundle {
          val opaque = new OpaqueRecord(2)
        })
        // Test both `squeeze` and `squeezeEach`
        out :<>= inA.squeeze(_.opaque)
        out :<>= inB.squeezeEach { case d: OpaqueRecord => Seq(d) }
      }
      testCheck(
        ChiselStage.emitCHIRRTL({ new MyModule() }, args = Array("--full-stacktrace", "--throw-on-first-error")),
        Seq(
          "out.opaque <= inA.opaque",
          "out.opaque <= inB.opaque"
        ),
        Nil
      )
    }
    it("(5.h) Squeeze all as") {
      class NestedDecoupled1 extends Bundle { val foo = new Decoupled(true) }
      class NestedDecoupled2 extends Bundle { val foo = new Decoupled(true) }
      class MyModule extends Module {
        val in = IO(Flipped(new NestedDecoupled1()))
        val out = IO(new NestedDecoupled2())
        out.squeezeAllAs[Data] :<>= in.squeezeAllAs[Data]
      }
      testCheck(
        ChiselStage.emitCHIRRTL({ new MyModule() }, args = Array("--full-stacktrace", "--throw-on-first-error")),
        Seq(
          "out.foo.valid <= in.foo.valid",
          "in.foo.ready <= out.foo.ready",
          "out.foo.data <= in.foo.data"
        ),
        Nil
      )
    }
  }
  describe("(E): Connectable excluding") {
    import scala.collection.immutable.SeqMap
    class Decoupled(val hasBigData: Boolean) extends Bundle {
      val valid = Bool()
      val ready = Flipped(Bool())
      val data = if (hasBigData) UInt(32.W) else UInt(8.W)
    }
    class BundleMap(fields: SeqMap[String, () => Data]) extends Record {
      val elements = fields.map { case (name, gen) => name -> gen() }
    }
    object BundleMap {
      def onlyIncludeUnion[T <: Data](x: T, y: T): (Connectable[T], Connectable[T]) = {
        val xFields = collection.mutable.ArrayBuffer[Data]()
        val yFields = collection.mutable.ArrayBuffer[Data]()
        DataMirror.collectMembersOverAll(x.asInstanceOf[Data], y.asInstanceOf[Data]) {
          case (Some(a), None) => xFields += a
          case (None, Some(a)) => yFields += a
        }
        (Connectable(x, Set.empty, Set.empty, xFields.toSet), Connectable(y, Set.empty, Set.empty, yFields.toSet))
      }
    }
    class DecoupledGen[T <: Data](val gen: () => T) extends Bundle {
      val valid = Bool()
      val ready = Flipped(Bool())
      val data = gen()
    }
    it("(E.a) Using exclude works for nested field") {
      class NestedDecoupled(val hasBigData: Boolean) extends Bundle {
        val foo = new Decoupled(hasBigData)
      }
      class MyModule extends Module {
        val in = IO(Flipped(new NestedDecoupled(true)))
        val out = IO(new NestedDecoupled(false))
        out.excludeEach { case d: Decoupled => Seq(d.data) } :<>= in.excludeEach { case d: Decoupled => Seq(d.data) }
      }
      testCheck(
        ChiselStage.emitCHIRRTL({ new MyModule() }, args = Array("--full-stacktrace", "--throw-on-first-error")),
        Seq(
          "out.foo.valid <= in.foo.valid",
          "in.foo.ready <= out.foo.ready"
        ),
        Seq(
          "out.foo.data <= in.foo.data"
        )
      )
    }
    it("(E.b) exclude works on UInt") {
      class MyModule extends Module {
        val in = IO(Flipped(UInt(3.W)))
        val out = IO(UInt(1.W))
        out.exclude :<>= in.exclude
      }
      testCheck(
        ChiselStage.emitCHIRRTL({ new MyModule() }),
        Nil,
        Seq(
          "out <= in"
        )
      )
    }
    it("(E.c) BundleMap example can use programmatic excluding") {
      class MyModule extends Module {
        def ab = new BundleMap(
          SeqMap(
            "a" -> (() => UInt(2.W)),
            "b" -> (() => UInt(2.W))
          )
        )
        def bc = new BundleMap(
          SeqMap(
            "b" -> (() => UInt(2.W)),
            "c" -> (() => UInt(2.W))
          )
        )
        val in = IO(Flipped(new DecoupledGen(() => ab)))
        val out = IO(new DecoupledGen(() => bc))
        //Programmatic
        val (cout, cin) = BundleMap.onlyIncludeUnion(out, in)
        cout :<>= cin
      }
      testCheck(
        ChiselStage.emitCHIRRTL({ new MyModule() }),
        Seq(
          "out.valid <= in.valid",
          "in.ready <= out.ready",
          "out.data.b <= in.data.b"
        ),
        Nil
      )
    }
    it("(E.e) Mismatched aggregate containing backpressure can be excluded only if actually connecting") {
      class OnlyBackPressure(width: Int) extends Bundle {
        val ready = Flipped(UInt(width.W))
      }
      class MyModule extends Module {
        // Have to nest in bundle because it calls the connecting-to-seq version
        val in2 = IO(Flipped(new Bundle { val v = Vec(2, new OnlyBackPressure(2)) }))
        val out3 = IO(new Bundle { val v = Vec(3, new OnlyBackPressure(2)) })
        // Should do nothing, but also doesn't error, which is good
        out3.exclude(_.v(2)) :<= in2
        out3.exclude(_.v(2)) :>= in2
      }
      testCheck(
        ChiselStage.emitCHIRRTL({ new MyModule() }),
        Seq(
          "in2.v[0].ready <= out3.v[0].ready",
          "in2.v[1].ready <= out3.v[1].ready"
        ),
        Nil
      )
    }
    it("(E.f) exclude works on OpaqueType") {
      class OpaqueRecord(width: Int) extends Record with OpaqueType {
        private val underlying = UInt(width.W)
        val elements = SeqMap("" -> underlying)
      }
      class MyModule extends Module {
        val in = IO(Input(new OpaqueRecord(4)))
        val out = IO(Output(new OpaqueRecord(2)))
        out.exclude :<>= in.exclude
      }
      testCheck(
        ChiselStage.emitCHIRRTL({ new MyModule() }),
        Nil,
        Seq(
          "out <= in"
        )
      )
    }
    it("(E.g) matched fields with one side excluded errors") {
      class MyModule extends Module {
        val in = IO(Flipped(new Decoupled(true)))
        val out = IO(new Decoupled(true))
        out.exclude(_.data) :<>= in
      }
      val e = intercept[ChiselException] {
        ChiselStage.emitCHIRRTL({ new MyModule() }, args = Array("--full-stacktrace", "--throw-on-first-error"))
      }
      assert(
        e.getMessage.contains(
          "excluded field MyModule.out.data: IO[UInt<32>] has matching non-excluded field MyModule.in.data: IO[UInt<32>]"
        )
      )
    }
  }
  describe("(6): Connectable and DataView") {
    it("(6.o) :<>= works with DataView to connect a bundle that is a subtype") {
      import chisel3.experimental.dataview._

      class SmallBundle extends Bundle {
        val f1 = UInt(4.W)
        val f2 = UInt(5.W)
      }
      class BigBundle extends SmallBundle {
        val f3 = UInt(6.W)
      }

      class ConnectSupertype extends Module {
        val io = IO(new Bundle {
          val in = Input((new SmallBundle))
          val out = Output((new BigBundle))

          val foo = Input((new BigBundle))
          val bar = Output(new SmallBundle)
        })
        io.out := DontCare
        io.out.viewAsSupertype(Output(new SmallBundle)) :<>= io.in

        io.bar := DontCare
        io.bar :<>= io.foo.viewAsSupertype(Input((new SmallBundle)))
      }
      val out = ChiselStage.emitCHIRRTL(gen = new ConnectSupertype(), args = Array("--full-stacktrace"))
      assert(out.contains("io.out.f1 <= io.in.f1"))
      assert(out.contains("io.out.f2 <= io.in.f2"))
      assert(!out.contains("io.out.f3 <= io.in.f3"))
      assert(!out.contains("io.out <= io.in"))
      assert(!out.contains("io.out <- io.in"))

      assert(out.contains("io.bar.f1 <= io.foo.f1"))
      assert(out.contains("io.bar.f2 <= io.foo.f2"))
      assert(!out.contains("io.bar.f3 <= io.foo.f3"))
      assert(!out.contains("io.bar <= io.foo"))
      assert(!out.contains("io.bar <- io.foo"))
    }
    it("(6.p) :<>= works with DataView to connect a two Bundles with a common trait") {
      import chisel3.experimental.dataview._

      class SmallBundle extends Bundle {
        val common = Output(UInt(4.W))
        val commonFlipped = Input(UInt(4.W))
      }
      class BigA extends SmallBundle {
        val a = Input(UInt(6.W))
      }
      class BigB extends SmallBundle {
        val b = Output(UInt(6.W))
      }

      class ConnectCommonTrait extends Module {
        val io = IO(new Bundle {
          val in = Flipped(new BigA)
          val out = (new BigB)
        })
        io.in := DontCare
        io.out := DontCare
        io.out.viewAsSupertype(new SmallBundle) :<>= io.in.viewAsSupertype(Flipped(new SmallBundle))
      }
      val out = ChiselStage.emitCHIRRTL { new ConnectCommonTrait() }
      assert(!out.contains("io.out <= io.in"))
      assert(!out.contains("io.out <- io.in"))
      assert(out.contains("io.out.common <= io.in.common"))
      assert(out.contains("io.in.commonFlipped <= io.out.commonFlipped"))
      assert(!out.contains("io.out.b <= io.in.b"))
      assert(!out.contains("io.in.a  <= io.out.a"))
    }
  }

  describe("(7): Connectable between Vec and Seq") {
    it("(7.a) :<>= works between Vec and Seq, as well as Vec and Vec") {
      class ConnectVecSeqAndVecVec extends Module {
        val a = IO(Vec(3, UInt(3.W)))
        val b = IO(Vec(3, UInt(3.W)))
        a :<>= Seq(0.U, 1.U, 2.U)
        b :<>= VecInit(0.U, 1.U, 2.U)
      }
      val out = ChiselStage.emitCHIRRTL { new ConnectVecSeqAndVecVec() }
      assert(out.contains("""a[0] <= UInt<1>("h0")"""))
      assert(out.contains("""a[1] <= UInt<1>("h1")"""))
      assert(out.contains("""a[2] <= UInt<2>("h2")"""))
      assert(out.contains("""b[0] <= _WIRE[0]"""))
      assert(out.contains("""b[1] <= _WIRE[1]"""))
      assert(out.contains("""b[2] <= _WIRE[2]"""))
    }
  }

  describe("(8): Use Cases") {
    it("(8.a.a) Initalize wires with default values and :<>= to connect wires of mixed directions") {
      class MixedBundle extends Bundle {
        val foo = UInt(3.W)
        val bar = Flipped(UInt(3.W))
      }
      class MyModule extends Module {
        val lit = new MixedBundle().Lit(
          _.foo -> 0.U,
          _.bar -> 1.U
        )
        val w0 = Wire(new MixedBundle)
        w0 :#= lit
        val w1 = Wire(new MixedBundle)
        w1 :#= lit
        w1 :<>= w0
      }
      val out =
        ChiselStage.emitCHIRRTL({ new MyModule() }, args = Array("--full-stacktrace", "--throw-on-first-error"))
      testCheck(
        out,
        Seq(
          """wire w0 : { foo : UInt<3>, flip bar : UInt<3>}""",
          """w0.bar <= UInt<1>("h1")""",
          """w0.foo <= UInt<1>("h0")""",
          """wire w1 : { foo : UInt<3>, flip bar : UInt<3>}""",
          """w1.bar <= UInt<1>("h1")""",
          """w1.foo <= UInt<1>("h0")""",
          """w1 <= w0"""
        ),
        Nil
      )
    }
    it(
      "(8.a.b) Initialize wires with different optional fields with :#= and using :<>= to connect wires of mixed directions, waiving extra field for being unconnected or dangling"
    ) {
      class MixedBundle extends Bundle {
        val foo = UInt(3.W)
        val bar = Flipped(UInt(3.W))
      }
      class Parent(hasOptional: Boolean) extends Bundle {
        val necessary = new MixedBundle
        val optional = if (hasOptional) Some(new MixedBundle) else None
      }
      class MyModule extends Module {
        val lit = new Parent(true).Lit(
          _.necessary.foo -> 0.U,
          _.necessary.bar -> 1.U,
          _.optional.get.foo -> 2.U,
          _.optional.get.bar -> 3.U
        )
        val hasOptional = Wire(new Parent(true))
        hasOptional :#= lit
        val lacksOptional = Wire(new Parent(false))
        lacksOptional :#= lit.waive(_.optional.get)
        hasOptional.waive(_.optional.get) :<>= lacksOptional
      }
      val out =
        ChiselStage.emitCHIRRTL({ new MyModule() }, args = Array("--full-stacktrace", "--throw-on-first-error"))
      testCheck(
        out,
        Seq(
          """lacksOptional.necessary.bar <= hasOptional.necessary.bar""",
          """hasOptional.necessary.foo <= lacksOptional.necessary.foo"""
        ),
        Nil
      )
    }
    it("(8.b) Waiving ok-to-dangle field connecting a wider bus to a narrower bus") {
      class ReadyValid extends Bundle {
        val valid = Bool()
        val ready = Flipped(Bool())
      }
      class Decoupled extends ReadyValid {
        val data = UInt(32.W)
      }
      class MyModule extends Module {
        val in = IO(Flipped(new Decoupled()))
        val out = IO(new ReadyValid())
        out :<>= in.waiveAs[ReadyValid](_.data)
      }
      val out =
        ChiselStage.emitCHIRRTL({ new MyModule() }, args = Array("--full-stacktrace", "--throw-on-first-error"))
      testCheck(
        out,
        Seq(
          """out.valid <= in.valid""",
          """in.ready <= out.ready"""
        ),
        Nil
      )
    }
    it(
      "(8.c) Waiving ok-to-not-connect field connecting a narrower bus to a wider bus, with defaults for unconnected fields set via last connect semantics"
    ) {
      class ReadyValid extends Bundle {
        val valid = Bool()
        val ready = Flipped(Bool())
      }
      class Decoupled extends ReadyValid {
        val data = UInt(32.W)
      }
      class MyModule extends Module {
        val in = IO(Flipped(new ReadyValid()))
        val out = IO(new Decoupled())
        out :<= (new Decoupled()).Lit(_.data -> 0.U)
        out.waiveAs[ReadyValid](_.data) :<>= in
      }
      val out =
        ChiselStage.emitCHIRRTL({ new MyModule() }, args = Array("--full-stacktrace", "--throw-on-first-error"))
      testCheck(
        out,
        Seq(
          """out.data <= UInt<1>("h0")""",
          """in.ready <= out.ready""",
          """out.valid <= in.valid"""
        ),
        Nil
      )
    }
    it(
      "(8.d) Waiving ok-to-not-connect field connecting a narrower bus to a wider bus will error if no default specified"
    ) {
      class ReadyValid extends Bundle {
        val valid = Bool()
        val ready = Flipped(Bool())
      }
      class Decoupled extends ReadyValid {
        val data = UInt(32.W)
      }
      class MyModule extends Module {
        val in = IO(Flipped(new ReadyValid()))
        val out = IO(new Decoupled())
        (out: ReadyValid) :<>= in
      }
      intercept[Exception] {
        ChiselStage.emitCHIRRTL({ new MyModule() }, args = Array("--full-stacktrace", "--throw-on-first-error"))
      }
    }
    it("(8.e) A structurally identical but fully aligned monitor version of a bundle can easily be connected to") {
      class Decoupled extends Bundle {
        val valid = Bool()
        val ready = Flipped(Bool())
        val data = UInt(32.W)
      }
      class MyModule extends Module {
        val in = IO(Flipped(new Decoupled()))
        val out = IO(new Decoupled())
        val monitor = IO(Output(new Decoupled()))
        out :<>= in
        monitor :#= in
      }
      val out =
        ChiselStage.emitCHIRRTL({ new MyModule() }, args = Array("--full-stacktrace", "--throw-on-first-error"))
      testCheck(
        out,
        Seq(
          """monitor.data <= in.data""",
          """monitor.ready <= in.ready""",
          """monitor.valid <= in.valid"""
        ),
        Nil
      )
    }
    it(
      "(8.f) A structurally different and fully aligned monitor version of a bundle can easily be connected to, provided missing fields are ok-to-dangle"
    ) {
      class ReadyValid extends Bundle {
        val valid = Bool()
        val ready = Flipped(Bool())
      }
      class Decoupled extends ReadyValid {
        val data = UInt(32.W)
      }
      class MyModule extends Module {
        val in = IO(Flipped(new Decoupled()))
        val out = IO(new Decoupled())
        val monitor = IO(Output(new ReadyValid()))
        out :<>= in
        monitor :#= in.waiveAs[ReadyValid](_.data)
      }
      val out =
        ChiselStage.emitCHIRRTL({ new MyModule() }, args = Array("--full-stacktrace", "--throw-on-first-error"))
      testCheck(
        out,
        Seq(
          """monitor.ready <= in.ready""",
          """monitor.valid <= in.valid"""
        ),
        Nil
      )
    }
    it("(8.g) Discarding echo bits is ok if waived ok-to-dangle (waived dangles)") {
      class Decoupled extends Bundle {
        val valid = Bool()
        val ready = Flipped(Bool())
        val data = UInt(32.W)
      }
      class DecoupledEcho extends Decoupled {
        val echo = Flipped(UInt(3.W))
      }
      class MyModule extends Module {
        val in = IO(Flipped(new Decoupled()))
        val out = IO(new DecoupledEcho())
        out.waiveAs[Decoupled](_.echo) :<>= in
      }
      val out =
        ChiselStage.emitCHIRRTL({ new MyModule() }, args = Array("--full-stacktrace", "--throw-on-first-error"))
      testCheck(
        out,
        Seq(
          """in.ready <= out.ready""",
          """out.valid <= in.valid""",
          """out.data <= in.data"""
        ),
        Nil
      )
    }
    it("(8.h) Discarding echo bits is an error if not waived (dangles default to errors)") {
      class Decoupled extends Bundle {
        val valid = Bool()
        val ready = Flipped(Bool())
        val data = UInt(32.W)
      }
      class DecoupledEcho extends Decoupled {
        val echo = Flipped(UInt(3.W))
      }
      class MyModule extends Module {
        val in = IO(Flipped(new Decoupled()))
        val out = IO(new DecoupledEcho())
        (out: Decoupled) :<>= in
      }
      intercept[Exception] {
        ChiselStage.emitCHIRRTL({ new MyModule() }, args = Array("--full-stacktrace", "--throw-on-first-error"))
      }
    }
    it("(8.i) Partial connect on records") {
      class BoolRecord(fields: String*) extends Record {
        val elements = SeqMap(fields.map(f => f -> Bool()): _*)
      }
      class MyModule extends Module {
        val in = IO(Flipped(new BoolRecord("a", "b")))
        val out = IO(new BoolRecord("b", "c"))
        out.waiveAll :<>= in.waiveAll
      }
      testCheck(
        ChiselStage.emitCHIRRTL({ new MyModule() }, args = Array("--full-stacktrace", "--throw-on-first-error")),
        Seq("out.b <= in.b"),
        Nil
      )
    }
    it("(8.i) Partial connect on bundles") {
      class BoolBundleA extends Bundle { val foo = Bool() }
      class BoolBundleB extends Bundle { val foo = Bool() }
      class MyModule extends Module {
        val in = IO(Flipped(new BoolBundleA))
        val out = IO(new BoolBundleB)
        out.waiveAllAs[Bundle] :<>= in.waiveAllAs[Bundle]
      }
      testCheck(
        ChiselStage.emitCHIRRTL({ new MyModule() }, args = Array("--full-stacktrace", "--throw-on-first-error")),
        Seq("out.foo <= in.foo"),
        Nil
      )
    }
    it("(8.j) WaiveEach with a cast") {
      class BoolBundleA extends Bundle { val foo = UInt(); val bar = Bool() }
      class BoolBundleB extends Bundle { val foo = UInt() }
      class MyModule extends Module {
        val in = IO(Flipped(new BoolBundleA))
        val out = IO(new BoolBundleB)
        (out: Bundle) :<>= in.waiveEach[Bundle] { case x: Bool => Seq(x) }
      }
      testCheck(
        ChiselStage.emitCHIRRTL({ new MyModule() }, args = Array("--full-stacktrace", "--throw-on-first-error")),
        Seq("out.foo <= in.foo"),
        Nil
      )
    }
    it("(8.k) Use unsafe") {
      class BoolBundleA extends Bundle { val foo = UInt(); val bar = Bool() }
      class BoolBundleB extends Bundle { val foo = UInt() }
      class MyModule extends Module {
        val in = IO(Flipped(new BoolBundleA))
        val out = IO(new BoolBundleB)
        out.unsafe :<>= in.unsafe
      }
      testCheck(
        ChiselStage.emitCHIRRTL({ new MyModule() }, args = Array("--full-stacktrace", "--throw-on-first-error")),
        Seq("out.foo <= in.foo"),
        Nil
      )
    }
    it("(8.l) Use as") {
      class BoolBundleA extends Bundle { val foo = UInt() }
      class BoolBundleB extends Bundle { val foo = UInt() }
      class MyModule extends Module {
        val in = IO(Flipped(new BoolBundleA))
        val out = IO(new BoolBundleB)
        out.as[Data] :<>= in.as[Data]
      }
      testCheck(
        ChiselStage.emitCHIRRTL({ new MyModule() }, args = Array("--full-stacktrace", "--throw-on-first-error")),
        Seq("out.foo <= in.foo"),
        Nil
      )
    }
    it("(8.m) Erroring connections are Builder.error, not Exception as") {
      class MyModule extends Module {
        val in = IO(Flipped(Bool()))
        val out = IO(Bool())
        val connectionGoesThrough =
          try {
            in :<>= out
            true
          } catch {
            case e: Throwable => false
          }
        // Don't throw exception immediately
        assert(connectionGoesThrough)
      }
      // Still catches error at the end
      intercept[Exception] {
        ChiselStage.emitCHIRRTL({ new MyModule() })
      }
    }
  }
}
